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armifarmifvufxuf (ouú&mZf 1143-1143^ c&pf 1781-1781)wdkifatmif xdkumvudk
uke;f abmifa&Tbakd cwfO;D [lívnf;aumif;?
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uke;f abmifacwftv,fyikd ;f [lívnf;aumif;?
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oDaygrif;vufxuf (ouú&mZf 1240-1247^ c&pf 1875-1885)wdik af tmif xdu
k mvudk &wemykH
rEÅav;acwf[lí toD;oD;ydkif;jcm;vsuf owfrSwfxm;ygonf/
xkYdaMumifh &wemykrH EÅav;acwfonf uke;f abmiftEG,0f if aemufq;Hk rif;qufrsm;jzpfMuaom
rif;wke;f rif;w&m;ESiw
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ao;onf/
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k yf ikd [
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1218-ckEpS ?f 0gqkv
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f ta&SUbufü tkwt f *Fawjzifh
wnfaqmufvSL'gef;xm;aom om&rÍÆLodrfawmfBuD;wGif twifhtw,f rTrf;jc,fxm;ayonf/
yk(H 1)
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f qef;(7)&ufaeYü jreef;pHausmaf &Teef;awmfBu;D wGif wyfqifNy;D pD;aom
opfom;eef;ajymuftrTr;f tjc,frsm;ESihf tjcm;aom acwfNydKif jrefrmhvufrtI Ekynmypön;f rsm;wGif
rsufarSmufacwf\ tBudK[efESifhwuG udk,fydkif[efrsm;udk awGUjrifEdkifygonf/ ykH(2)
 2

tr&yl & aES m if ; acwf

ykH (1) (okdYr[kwf)
&wemykHrEÅav;acwftBudK
uEk w f y ef ; rsm;yk H

tr&yl&NrdKUawmf\
ta&SUbuf&Sd
om&rÍöLodrfawmfrS
tr&yl&NrdKUawmf\ ta&SUbuf&Sd
t*F a wuEk w f y ef ; yk H
om&rÍÆLodrfawmfrS
t*F a wuEk w f y ef ; yk H
 3

rsufarSmufacwftBudK &wemykH jreef;pHausmfa&Teef;awmfBuD;

uEk w f y ef ; rsm;yk H taqmifawmf&Sd ukef;abmifacwfOD;[ef
ysm;qG J o pf o m;uEk w f y ef ; yk H

ykH (2)

tr&yl & Nrd K Ua[mif ; &S d

a&Tpum;NrdKUaxmifhapwDawmfrS
uk e f ; abmif a cwf O D ; [ef
t*F a wuEk w f y ef ; yk H

&wemykH jreef;pHausmfa&Teef;awmfBuD;&Sd
abmif;awmfaqmifrS rkcfuyf0ifayguf
opf o m;uEk w f y ef ; yk H
 4

&wemykrH EÅav;acwf vufxufawmfBuD;tcgü a,mtwGi;f 0efBuD; OD;bd;k vIid o

f nf vuf&dS
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d´ jynfrS
yef;&efynm&Sifrsm;tm;ac:,lvsuf tDwvDEdkifiHwGif xGef;um;aeaom Adokumpepfudk twk,lNyD;
f wGi;f üÄ tkwaf usmif;awmfBuD;udk aiGusyw
jrefrmqefaom t*Fawyef;wkYdjzifh (2)ESpMf umtcsed t f pfoed ;f
tuket
f uscu
H m wnfaqmufav\/ Ny;D pD;aomtcg ]]£|um&mr}}tkwaf usmif;[lí urÜn;f wyfawmfrl
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Muygonf/

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&aom tajccHrsO;f aMumif;trsK;d rsK;d wkYd ukd tok;H jyK&avonf/ jzpfay:&&Sv
d maom oP²mefw[l efwl
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El;nHah ysmhaysmif;aom t*FawrsufEmS jyifnaD y:wGif yko
H P²meftrsKd;rsKd;wdYk ukd wdusaocsmpGm
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ayonf/ ykH(4) u? c
 5

&wemykHrEÅav;NrdKU&Sd ]]£|um&mr}}tkwfausmif;rS
t*Fawrkcfuyfyef;rsm;ykH

ykH (3) u
 6

nDrQwdusaom rsOf;rwf? rsOf;aysmh? rsOf;auG;rsm;jzifh

tqifhqifhvsmxm;vsuf xyfjyefwvJjyKvkyfxm;aom t*Fawyef;rsm;ykH

yef ; om;=t&G u f y k H "Ek a yguf

&wemykHrEÅav;NrdKU £|um&mr tkwfausmif;awmfBuD;&Sd

t*Fawyef;rsm;ESifh wdkifuvyfrS t*Fawyef;rsm;ykH
ykH(3) c
 7

&wemykHrEÅav;acwfqdkif&m aq;a&;yef;csD uEkwfyef;ykHrsm;udk oufqkdif&mae&mwkdYwGif

OD;pm;ay;í a&;jc,favhr&Sad omfvnf; opfom;yef;ykEiS hf tkwt
f *Fawyef;awmhvuf&mrsm;rSmrl omoedu
taqmuftODrsm;wGif oD;oefYjzpfap? Zmwfawmfqkdif&m ½kyfvkH;½kHckH;rsm;jzifhjzpfap qDavsmfatmif
aygif;pyfvsuf jyKvyk af vh&MdS uygonf/ ,cifacwfumv taxmuftxm;rsm;ü uEkwyf ef;bmom&yfEiS hf
oufqidk af om tao;pdwaf 0g[m& trnfemrrsm;yg0ifonfh rSww
f rf;rSw&f mtjynft
h pku
H kd rawGUbl;
ao;aomfvnf; &wemykaH cwf aemufqufwu
JG mvrS uEkwyf ef;bmom&yf\ tcsKUd aom tao;pdwf
a0g[m&trnfemrrsm;ESifhwuG tajccHenf;pepfrsm;udkrl q&mBuD; OD;ausmfNidrf; (yef;ykenf;jy
Edik if aH wmftEkynmESihf yef;cs^D yef;ykausmif; rEÅav;NrdKU)? q&m OD;0if;armif(wrÜ0wD)ESihf tjcm;aom
yef;csD^yef;ykynm&Sif q&mBuD;rsm;\ a[majymydYk cscsufrsm;tm; em,lrw
S o
f m;&ayonf/

Ä armifxif
a,mrif;BuD; OD;bdk;vIdiftx¬KyÜwådESifh
&mZ"r® o *F [ usrf ;
rif;vS*kPfa&mifrSwfpkrsm;
 8

nDrQwdusaom rsOf;rwf? rsOf;vJ? rsOf;,dkif? rsOf;tckH;(rsOf;aysmh)rsm;udk

tokH;jyKí vsmxm;jcif;

ykH (4) u

&wemyk H r EÅ a v;Nrd K UrS

puf0
r[mtwkva0,H dkif;jcr
f;rsOf;
twkr&Sdtkwfausmif;&Sd tckH;

rsOf ; rwf
t*FawtEkyef;rsm;ykH

, dkif
f ;
rsO

tv,f A [d k c suf rsOf ; vJ

rkcfckH;yef;tpdwftydkif;ykH

rkcfckH;yef;tpdwftydkif;ykH

rkcfckH;yef;tpdwftydkif;ykH
 9

nDrQwdusaom rsOf;rwf? rsOf;vJ? rsOf;,dkif? rsOf;tckH;(rsOf;aysmh)rsm;udk

tokH;jyKí vsmxm;jcif;

ykH (4) c

&wemyk H r EÅ a v;Nrd K UrS

r[mtwkva0,H
twkr&Sdtkwfausmif;&Sd
tkwft*FawrkcfckH;rsm;ykH

jref r m[ef
t*Faw
uEk w f y ef ; yk H r sm;

"Ek
yef ; om;
 10

yg;jyif ;
taxmuf? twufrsm;jzifh wG,fuyfxm;aom EG,facGBuD;udk yg;jyif;[líac:qkdaMumif;
avhvmod&&dS \/ ¤if;yg;jyif;EG,af cGBuD;\ jAufyrmPonf BuD;rm;us,jf yefYaomaMumifh Murf;aom
oabmudkaqmifonf[k xif&onf/ xdkYaMumifh tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm; ydkrkdjznfhpGufEdkifNyD;
tzsm;tem;ae&mü &Gux
f yd t
f vdyt
f ñGeYf yrHk sm;jzifh tqk;H owf&avonf/ yk(H 5)

rEÅ a v;Nrd K U
ykH (5)
a&T u sD ; jrif b k & m;twG i f ; &S d
t*FawwHuJrS uEkwfyef;rsm;ykH jAuf y rmPBuD ; rm;aom
yg;jyif ; EG , f a cG y k H

]]racG}}
jAufyrmPBuD;rm;aom EG,facGjzpfaomaMumifh r-acG [líac:qkdNyD;vQif uEkwfyef;ü
t"duusaomae&mrS OD;aqmifvsu&f adS eygonf/ r-qko d nfrmS tpkwpfpw k iG f t&G,yf rmPtm;jzifh
xl;jcm;pGm Bu;D rm;us,jf yefYvsu&f &dS m Oyrmtm;jzifh vl\cE¨mud,
k t
f pdwt
f ydik ;f xJrS ajcr? vufrwkYdonf
tjcm;aom ajcacsmif;? vufacsmif;rsm;xuf ydkrkdBuD;xGm;jcif;oabmESifh tvm;wlyifjzpfygonf/
r-acGwGif -
(1) tvsm;? teH? tjrifh
(2) jAuf (tus,f)
(3) t½k;d tuGmta0;
(4) acGpOft&pfrsm;
(5) taxmuf? twuf ponfh tpdwftydkif;rsm; yg0ifavonf/
 11

(1) tvsm;? teH? tjrifh

r-acGwiG f xufatmuf? 0J,m rsuEf mS csi;f qdik t
f em;rsm;\ t0ef;t0dik ;f yrmPonf wlnMD uvsuf
acGpOfrsm;pGmudq
k ufpyfí tok;H jyK&m tpDtpOfwusvnfywfvsu&f adS om c½kywfoP²mef oZifacG
qufyef;rsm;udk &&SEd ikd af vonf/ tcsKUd aomacGpOfrsm;rSmrl BuD;&mrSao;i,fpmG a&;qGjJ yKvkyMf uvsuf
tzsm;tem;ae&mrsm;ü &Guñ
f eG YftwGeYftcRejf zifh tqk;H owfwwfavonf/ ab;ESpzf ufEiS hf xufatmuf
ae&mrsm;ü 0ef;0dkif;jcif;r&Sdygu ajyvnfaom c½kywf oZifacGyef;rsm;jzpfrvmEdkifay/

(2) jAuf (tus,f)

r-acG\ jAuf(tus,)f onf tpt&if;ydik ;f ae&mrSonf tqk;H tzsm;ydik ;f wkid af tmif "EkaygufEiS hf
tcsK;d tpm;usepGm&Sad eygrS tao;pdwt
f csut
f vufrsm;udv
k nf; pnf;urf;ESit
hf nD jznfph u
G Ef ikd rf nf
jzpfygonf/ uEkwfwufESifh oZifacGwkdYwGif (1) "Ek? (2) tv,f½dk;? (3) t&GufjAuf [lí
tydik ;f (3)ydik ;f &Sad vonf/ vnfywfaeaom c½kywf r-acGBu;D tm; qGq
J efYíMunfu
h wDtwGeYfyo
Hk P²mef
tv,f½;kd wpfck jzpfay:vmygonf/ ¤if;\a&SUbufEiS hf aemufausmbufae&mwdYk wiG f tyd;k ? tyefY
ponfh tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;jzifh jznfph u
G v
f u
kd yf grl pdw0f ifpm;zG,f uEkwyf ef;ykMH urf;udk &&Sv
d mavonf/
tv,f½;kd onf uEkww f ufü tus,q f ;Hk ae&m\ ok;H ykw
H pfycHk efYxufrBuD;aom t&G,yf rmP
jzpfrSom t&GufcGJprsm; pdwfjzmxnfhoGif;&mwGif vGwfvyfpGm jznfhpGufEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/

(3) t½dk;tuGmta0;
0ef;0dkif;aom r-acGt½dk;onf tuGmta0;udk nDnmpGm&pfywfapvQuf tp? tv,f?
tqk;H ae&mrsm;ü us,jf yefY&mrS usO;f ajrmif;jcif;? usO;f ajrmif;&mrS us,jf yefYjcif; ponfh tcsK;d tpm;
rSm;,Gif;jcif;rjzpfap&ef owdjyKMu\/ tuGmta0;qkdonfrSm r-acG½dk;r[kwfaom vpfvyfae&m
("Ekayguf)udk qkv
d o
dk nf/ ¤if;vpfvyfae&m ("Ekayguf)rsm;\ tuGmta0; tusO;f tus,t
f &G,f
yrmPrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh wln[
D ef&o
dS jzifh t½d;k ? t&Gu?f tcuftvufrsm;ESiv
hf nf; vdu
k af vsm
nDaxGaomaMumifh rEÅav;&wemykaH cwf\ ud,
k yf ikd [
f ef uEkwyf ef;udk t*FawESihf opfom;rsm;ay:ü
xkxiG ;f tok;H jyKMuonf/
 12

(4) acG p Of t &pf r sm;

c½kywfacG&mwGif t&pfrsm;rSm renf;vGe;f ? rrsm;vGe;f aomta&twGuw
f iG f &Sad e&ygonf/
oifw
h ifrh Qwaomt&pfrsm;&So d nfh acGpOfrsm;üom tcsK;d tpm;useaom taxmuftwuftjznft
h pGurf sm;
xnfo h iG ;f Edik v
f rd rhf nfjzpfygonf/ acGpOft&pfonf rsm;vGe;f ygu taxmuftwufrsm;\t&G,rf mS
ao;i,fNyD; Muyfwwfygonf/ acGpOft&pfrsm;onf enf;vGef;ygu taxmuftwufrsm;\
t&G,t
f pm;rSm BuD;NyD;usJwwfygonf/

(5) taxmuftwuf tjznfhtpGufrsm;

acGpOfESifh uEkwfwufrsm;wGif -
(u) tacGaxmuf (pdefacGaxmuf)
( c) twufaxmuf (csdwfaxmuf)
( *) t&Guaf xmuf
(C) tyGiahf xmuf
( i) toD;axmuf (oD;tkd;axmuf)
( p) tEG,af xmuf (EG,v
f rd af xmuf)
(q) udu
k af xmuf
ponfh tpdwftydkif;rsm;jzifh jznfhpGufMuayonf/ ykH (6)
 13

taxmuf (oD;tdk;taxmufrsm;ykH)
tyGifhaxmuf
twufaxmuf
o&ufuif;tzl; ykH (6)

t&G u f a xmuf
Ncd w f a xmuf
Ncd w f a xmuf
tvdefaxmuf (tEG,faxmuf)
tyGifhygtzl;

aZmif;csKdoD; &mZrwfuGufoD; ESmoD; &Gufzwfwef;oD; oD;tdk;

uEk w f t wuf y k H

y&pfvdyf

atmuf ½ d k ;

ykZGefñSyf racG csd w f = *sd w f

racGaxmuf "Ek
atmuf½dk;axmuf ig;zwftH
atmuf ½ d k ; uawmh
uawmh
 14

oZif a cG
obm0oZifyef;OrS xGujf yLvmaom tyGiihf ,frsm;ESihf tEG,t
f cufwYdk\ ykyH ef;oP²mefukd
tajccHjyKí jzpfay:vmonf[k ,lqEdkifavonf/ tajcwpfae&mwnf;rS tyifi,ftrTm;rsm;ESifh
tNyKd ijf zpfay:vmaom r-acGEiS w
hf uG tacGi,f? taxmuftwufrsm;udk qkv
d ydk gonf/ ¤if;tpdwt
f ydik ;f
wdkYwGif t&Guf? tzl;? tyGifh? toD;[lí xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ryg&Sdao;yJ c½kacG? pdefacG? Ncdwf ponfh
½d;k &Si;f aom (anmif&rf;acwfO;D [efuo
hJ Yd)k ykyH ef;oP²mefrsm;jzifh a&;jc,fjyKvyk Mf uonfukd avhvmawGU&S&d
ayonf/ ykH (7)

ykH (7)

ppfudkif;NrdKU a&Trif;0ef&yfuGuf
ajcawmf&mvdkPfbk&m;twGif;rS
oJausmuf oZifacGyef;yHkESifh
aq;a&;yef;csDyef;ykH

tyHhtydk;rsm;

uEkww
f ufwpfcrk S r-acGBu;D udk tao;pdwt
f csut
f vufrsm;u tjyifbufraS omfvnf;aumif;
yHyh ;kd jcif;? twGi;f bufraS omfvnf;aumif; xdíaxmufcjH cif;? cGmíBudKaxmufjcif;jyK&onf/ xko
d Ydk
tjyifbufryS yhH ;kd onfukd ]]tjyify;kd }}[kac:qku
d m tjriftm½kw
H iG f vef;qef;onf[k cHpm;&Ny;D twGi;f bufoYdk
ñTef;í axmufydk;xm;onfh ¤if;tpdwftydkif;udk ]]twGif;ydk;}}[kac:qkdvsuf xdktwGif;ydk;rsm;pGm
yg0ifvsuf&Sdaom uEkwfwufonf tjriftm½kHü ñSKd;avsmfonf[k xif&onf/ ykH (8)
 15

tyHhtydk;

&G u f y d k ; rsm;
rEÅav;NrdKU
'kwd,a&Ttifyifausmif;rS
opfom;uEkwfyef;ykH

tjyif & G u f y d k ;

ykH (8)

tjyif & G u f y d k ;

twG i f ; &G u f y d k ;

twG i f ; &G u f y d k ;
 16

tuefYtuGuf? pnf;abmifrsm;ESifhBudK;

uEkwt
f acG tEG,?f tyGi?hf t&Gurf sm;udk tuefYtuGuEf iS hf pnf;abmifrsm;twGi;f wGif
oifw
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h iG ;f ykaH zmfxm;onf/ ¤if;wkYdrmS -(u) q|*H? (c) t|*H? (*) &mZrwf?
(C) ykqpf? (i) ckdeef;? (p) qifpG,f0ef;,Suf paom tuGufrsm;jzpfMuonf/ tcsKdUaom
tuefYtuGuEf iS hf pnf;abmifrsm;wGif refusn;f &Guzf wfBudK;? a'gif;jrD;&Guzf wfBudK;? &GBJ udK;? ykvBJ udK;?
Muuf&ifBudK;rsm;udk cGrsO;f (odYkr[kw)f ñSyrf sO;f rsm;tMum;wGix
f m;vsuf ueYo
f wfjcm;em;Muonf/
ykH (9)

ykH (9)
tuefYtoyfBudK;rsm;ykH

a'gif;NrD;&GufzwfBudK;

refusnf;
&G u f z wf B ud K ;

rEÅav;NrdKU? csrf;jrompnfNrdKUe,f&Sd rif;xifausmif;

rm&bifaqmifrBuD;twGif; ta&SUbufcef;vuf&rf;rS
opf o m;yef ; yk y ef ; yk H
 17

t&G u f r sm;

&wemykHrEÅav;acwf taiGUtoufygaom uEkwfwufrsm;wGif jAufyrmPBuD;rm;aom

r-acG½;kd yg&So
d nfjzpfí tcsut
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h iG ;f ykaH zmf&ef vdt
k yfvmavonf/
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(u) &Gut
f (½d;k &Si;f aomt&Gu)f
( c) &Gufvdyf (&Gufacguf)
( *) &Guq
f ef;
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( i) ok;H q&Guf
( p) ig;q&Guf
ponfwkdYwGif y&pfvdyfzif? zifcsKdifh? zifajy [lí trsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;xm;onf/
&wemykHrEÅav;acwf uEkwfyef;wufrsm;\ xdyftzsm;ydkif;ae&mwGif tñGefYyg0ifavh&Sdí
tcsKdUaomxdyftñGefYwGif &Gufacgufudk okH;avh&Sdonfudk awGU&\/ t&Gufrsm;wGif okH;q&Guf?
ig;q&Gu?f &Guq f ef;? rkv
H mzwf? &Guo
f ef ponfyh rHk sm;tm; cGpJ ESihf &Guaf usmrsm;udk pnf;pepfusepGm
a&;qGJjcif;? xkqpfjcif;jyKvkyfMuonfudk awGU&onf/ ykH (10) u? c
&wemykrH EÅav;acwfvuf&m uEkwyf ef;rsm;udk rEÅav;NrdKUrS a&Tausmif; (a&Teef;awmfausmif;)
uif;0efrif;BuD;(omu0ef)ausmif;ESifh twkva0,H(twkr&Sd)ausmif;? tkwfavSum;twuf
rkcaf ygufae&mrsm;ESiw
hf uG tjcm;aom acwfNydKiftaqmuftODrsm;? tok;H taqmifypön;f tcsKdUwGif
avhvmEdkifygonf/ ykH (11)
 18

t&Gurf sm;
ykH (10) u

&Gut
f ½dk;í&Sif;onf/

zifajy
ok H ; qt&G u f

zifcsKduf y&pfvdyfzif

ausmif;ajymuf
opfom;uEkwfrSt&Gufrsm;ykH
 19

t&Gurf sm;

ykH (10) c

okH;q&Gufacguf

ig;q&Gufacguf

&G u f o ef

ESmwGefY

&G u f v d y f &G u f v d y f
 20

&wemykrH EÅav;acwfvuf&m
uEkwyf ef;rsm;
ykH (11)
rEÅav;NrdKU&Sd r[mtwkva0,H
(twkr&Sd)ausmif; rkcfaygufrS
t*FawuEkwfyef;ykH

rEÅav;NrdKU&Sd a&T e ef ; awmf a usmif ;

(a&T a usmif ; )twG i f ; rS
opf o m; uEkwfyef;ykH
m;uEk

rEÅav;NrdKU aMu;jrifrdzk&m;
(&EÅykd&Gmpm;)ausmif;rS opfom;u
m;uEkEkwfyef;ykH

rEÅav;NrdKU&Sd uif;0efrif;BuD;(omu0ef)ausmif;twGif;rS opfom;uEkwfyef;ykH

 21

&wemykrH EÅav;acwftvGef uEkwyf ef;rsm;

uEkwfyef;wufykHrsm;wGif t½dk;ESifht&Gufrsm;onf ao;oG,foGufvufaomoabmyg&SdNyD;
tao;pdwt f csut f vufrsm; pkv
H ifvaS y\/ &wemyHrk EÅav;acwftvGef uEkwyf ef;ykrH sm;wGif t"du
tpdwftydkif;jzpfaom t½dk;ESifh t&GufykHrsm;tjyif aus;iSufykHrsm;? Zmwfxkwf½kyfvkH;rsm; ponfh
pdwf0ifpm;bG,f tqef;wus,frsm;vnf; xnfhoGif;jyKvkyfMuonf/ ¤if;jyif t½dk;ESifht&Gufü
qufpyfyg&Sad om tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;rSm-
(u) aZmif;csKd;toD;
( c) &mZrwfuu
G t
f oD;
( *) ESmtoD;
(C) &Guzf wfwef;toD;
( i) oD;tdk;ykHrsm;ESifhwuG tzl;yHkrsm;? tyGifhykHrsm;? tcdkifykHrsm; yg0ifMuonf/
tzl;ykHrsm;rSm -
(u) o&ufuif;tzl;
( c) tyGiyhf g tzl;ykrH sm;
tyGiyhf rHk sm;-
(u) yGiahf rSmuftyGihf
( c) yGizhf wfyikd ;f tyGihf
( *) yGizhf wfcRet
f yGihf
(C) yGizhf wfacguftyGihf
( i) yGizhf wfweG YftyGihf
( p) ESi;f qDxwk t f yGihf ykH (12)
tcdik yf rHk sm;
(u) tyGiu
hf ;Hk tcdik f
( c) tyGichf ikd f
( *) &Guzf wftcdik f
(C) &Guq f ef;tcdik f ponfwYdkjzpfMuNyD; &wemykrH EÅav;acwftvGeu
f mvü jyKvyk Mf uaom
opfom;wHuJrsm;? t*FawwHuJrsm;? oGwfvif;EdkYawmifrsm;wGif awGU&wwfygonf/ ykH (13)
 22

tyGirhf sm;ykH
]]tyG i f h r sm;}}

yGifharSmuf yGifhzwfcdkif yGifhzwfcRef yGihfzwfacguf yG i f h z wf w G e f Y

ES i f ; qD x k w f

ykH (12)

tcdik rf sm;ykH

ykH (13)

tyGifhcdkif
&Gufzwfcdkif &Gufqef;cdkif
tyGifhukH;
 23

(1) acwfumvtqufquf vlawGzefwD;cJhNyD; a&S;ypönf;tjzpfeJY ajray:ajratmuf

<uif;usef&pforQawGrSm bmoma&;? omoema&;eJY qufpyfwJhypönf;u trsm;pk
jzpfw,f/
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I qift
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k ?f tawGUtBuKaH wG
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tJ'aD cwf&UJ [efawmh awGU&rSmjzpfw,f/
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