DATA BOOK FOR HEAT TRANSFER APPLICATIONS. CONTENTS, Preface Contents Nomenclature Section A: THERMO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Section B CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER Section C CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER Section D BOILING AND CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER Section E RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER Section F HEAT EXCHANGERS Page No. ot 43 53 59 69 @x SEEvi NOMENCLATURE : Specific heat, heat capacity (ku/kg K) : Grashof number : Thermal conductivity (W/m K) : Molar mass (kg/kmol) : Nusselts number : Pressure (Pa) : Prandtl number : Saturation pressure : Gas constant (kJ/kg K) : Reynolds number : Rayleighs number Temperature (K) Specific volume, molar volume (m%kmol) : Thermal diffusivity (m/s) : Coefficient of thermal expansion (1/K) : Boundary layer thickness (m) : Emissivity : Dynamic viscosity (kg/m s, Pa s) : Kinematic viscosity (m*/s) +: Density (kg/m*) : Enthaipy of vaporization (kJ/kg) : Heat exchanger effectiveness : Stanton number : Biot number : Fourier number Time (s) : Convective heat transfer coefficient (Wim? K) Subscripts for Temperatures aero : bulk temperature : film temperature : wall temperature + free stream temperature; SECTION A : THERMO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CONTENTS Table Nov | Page Figure No. | No. Molar Mass, Gas Constant and Critical properties of Table A1 2 Selected Substances Boiling and Freezing Point Properties of Selected Table A2 3 ‘Substances Properties of Selected Solid Metals Table A3 48 Properties of Selected Nonmetal Solids Tableas | 940 Properties of Insulating, Building and Other Materials Tableas | 11-14 | Properties of Saturated Water Tableas | 1616 Properties of Selected Liquid Metals Table A7 7 Properties of Selected Saturated Liquids Tableas | 1820 | Properties of Selected Gases (At 1 atmospheric Pressure) TableAS | 21-24 Emissivity of Selected Metals and Non Metals Table A10 | 2526 |2 Section A TABLE A.1 | MOLAR MASS, GAS CONSTANT AND CRITICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED SUBSTANCES 7 7 Properties at Critical point a Substance r P v kgikmol | kJikgK| K | MPa_|mivkmol fir 28.970 | 0.28700 | 1825| 3.770| 0.0863 “Ammonia (NHs) 17.030 | 0.48820 | 405.5 | 11.280 0.0724 I. "argon 30.948 | 020810 | 1510| 4.800] 0.0749 f Benzene (CaHe) 7e.118 | 0.1060 | 5620 4920| 0.2603 Bromine ; 759.208 | 0.05200 | 8840| 10.340| 0.1355 n= Butane (CaHv) 38.124 | 014300 | 4252| 3.800 0.2547 Carbon dioxide “44010 | 0.18800 | 3042| 7.990] 0.0983 ‘arbon monoxide ze.011 | 029680 | 1330] 3.600] 0.0930 ‘Carbon tetrachloride (CCl) 463.620 | 0.05405 | 6564 | 4560| 0.2759 Chlorine 70906 | 0.1790 | 4170] 7.710) 0.1242 Chloroform (CHCL) 719.380 | 0.06004 | 6366| 5.470| 0.2403, pee eet Rae 420.910 | 0.08876 | 384.7| - 4010]. 02179 7 Career fee 102.920 | 0.08078 | 451.7]. 5.170] 0.1973 Ethane (CaHe) 30070 | 027660 | 3055|" 4480] 0.1480 7 Ethyl loohol (Cz#0H) 46.070 | 018050 | 516.0 6.380| 0.1673 [ Ethylene (CoH) 28,054 | 029640 | 2824|- 5.120] 0.1242 Helium 4.003 | 2.07690 5.3] 0.230 | 0.0578 ni— Hexane (CoH) 86.179 | 0.09647 | 507.9] . 3.030]. .0.3677 Hydrogen (normal) 2016 | 412400 | 33a] 1900| 0.0649 xeypton : 3.800 | 0.09921 | 2004] 6.500 0.0924 Methane (CH.) 76.043 | 051820 | 1911 | 4640| 0.0993 ‘Methyt alcohol (CHsOH) 32.042 | 025050 | 6132| 7.950/ 0.1180 Moty! Chloride (CHsCI) 50400 | 016470 | 4163] 6680| 0.1430 Neon 2010s | o4tie0 | 445] 2.780| 0.0417 Nitrogen 28.013 | 029680 | 126.2| 3.390] 0.0809 I 2 ‘Nitrous oxide (NO) 44.013 | 0.18890 [3087 | 7.270| 0.0961 | ‘Oxygen 31.009 | 0.25080 | 1548] 5080] 0.0780 Propane (Cats) 44.097 | 0.18860 | 3700| 4.260| 0.1098 Propylene (CsHe) 42.081 _| 0.19760 | 3650] 4620] 0.1810 Sulfur dioxide 64.063 | 0.12900 | 4307] 7.880| 0.1217 Sena (R1342) 402.030 | oost4e | 3743| 4.067] 0.1847 : “richlorofluoromethane (RAN) (CORR) | 137.570 | 0.06052 | 4712| 4580) 0.2478 | Water 7.018 | 046160 | 647.3] 22,090 0.0568 ‘ \ [enon 731.300 | 006332 | 208[ 6800] 0.1186‘Thermo Physical Properties 3 TABLE A2 BOILING AND FREEZING POINT PROPERTIES OF SELECTED SUBSTANCES Boiling data at 1 atm | Freezing data Liquid properties Substance [| NBP_ | LHV | FP | LHI | 7 | p Cp K kitkg | K | kalkg | K|_kgim® [idikg Ammonia 239.85 1367.0 | 195.45 | 322.4 | 239.65 682.0 | 4.430 253.15 665.0 | 4.520 273.15 639.0 | 4.600 208.16 | 602.0| 4.800 [Argon 87.25 yore | 6385| 28.0/21060| 1304.0| 1.140 Benzene 353.35, 394.0 | 278.65 | 126.0 | 293.16 879.0| 1.720 Brine (20% NaCl by mass) 377.05 ooo | 265.75 | 293.15) 1150.0] 3.110 n-Butane 272.65, 385.2 | 134.65 80.3 | 272.65. 601.0 |_2.310 Carbon dioxide toa7s| 2208) 21655 | 273.15 | 298.0} 0.690 Ethanol 351.35, 838.3 | 168.95 | 109.0 | 298.15 783.0 | 2.460 Ethylene glycol 471.25, 800.1 | 262.35 | 181.1 | 293.15 | 1109.0/ 2.840 Ethyl alcoho! 351.75, 855.0 | 117.15 | 108.0 | 293.15 789.0 |_ 2.840 Glycerine 453.05. 974.0 | 292.05 | 200.6 | 293.15 | 1261.0] 2.320 Helium [ 4.25 22.8. = =_ 4.25 146.2 | 22.800 Hydrogen. 20.35, 445.7 13.95 59.6 | 20.36 70.7| 10.000 Isobutane 261.45 367.1} 113.15 | 105.7 | 261.45 593.8] 2.280 Kerosene 177.15-666.15_ 251.0 | 248.25 -— | 293.15. 820.0 | 2.000 Mercury 629.85, 294.7 | 234.25 11.4 | 298.15 | 13560.0| 0.130 Methane 414.65 510.4 90.95. 58.4 | 141.65 423.0 | 3.490 173.15. 301.0} 5.790 Methanol 337.65, 1100.0 |_175.45 99.2 | 298.15 787.0} 2.550 Nitrogen 77.35, 198.6 63.15 26.3 | 77.35 809.0 | 2.060 413.15, 596.0 | 2.970 Octane 397.95, 306.3 | 215.65 | 180.7 | 293.15 703.0 | _2.100 Oil (light) — = ~ =~ | 298.15. 910.0 1.800 Oxygen 90.15 212.7 54.35 43.7 | 90.15 | 1441.0) 1.740. Petrolium | 230-284 _ = | 293.15. 640.0 | 2.000 Propane 231.05 427.8 85.45 80.0 | 231.05. 581.0| 2.250 273.15 529.0 | 2.530 323.15 449.0 | 3.130 R 134a 247.05 216.8 | 176.55 — | 223.16 | 1443.0 | _ 1.230 247.05 | _1374.0| 1.270 273.16 | 12940 | 1.340 298.15 |_1206.0| 1.420 Water 373.15, 2257.0 | 273.15 | 333.7 | 273.15 | _1000.0| 4.230 298.15 997.0 | 4.180. 323.15, 988.0 | 4.180 348.15 975.0 | 4.190 373.15, 958.0 | 4.220 formal boiling point : Freezing point LHV:: Latent heat of vaporization, hig LHI : Latent heat of fusion, hypanuyuog cosh [Oty [OTP pees [9 oozse | rose [06s oeey | 4 | 00%) [color [see | ee6s_T eset ein SKore Si pe ISS | dose [oss | otOs vee | ores “fees [#19 azo | ¥ |oo0e Tore [zy [ese | eort a Weqoo [ove | ores | oars ‘veer | oreo [ei | 708 vest | 9 [orez [ores [err lose [are TanuoNS = = oesr | —— = eos | 9 [over Tomes [rez [osse 1 ¥68 wingwpeD ‘ooetee [Oosiz | ozee eet | % s86 {096 ‘dosr| » ere [ooze [aor [oosz_[ersz aI = = oer | s9b ¥ {erg [oes [eet [ose [so wanuisis BoRTOE ‘ov08e ‘oeoe | | 08°06 eh ‘o066 | ¥ | 0ees | ov0ce | seer | Oser | ossr wnieR = —__|0s8) 7 —~[ozes [oorest [ess | o6ze [= CS H)ISES SEL AO = = Tozvor [osze | oozes [oe | > _ — | = Joos love fooear tose | ¥ loves [oo |sze Jouz [su | GNBSTON%ss Tari | veo | Oere | ooser [Seer | Oe [oree [oor |oozez [ozs | ¥ [ore [oozee [ee [zoe [ee6 ain ‘SKowe sy pue UNETUINIY 4g 3/4 so0ot | 008 | 009 | x oor | wooe | a oor |“? | yore |u| BME | HBX | yy ¥ 2 * a s yeveveW sounyesodutoy snowea ye (4 6y/¢ ‘°2) qujod yeoy ayjads pur (4 waa ‘¥) Ayanonpuoo jeune 21006 98 sepiedord Suniow SLAW GINOS G31L9374s 40 SaLLuadOdd ev a1avi vuonsg~penuyuog Ceo [ose [oes OMT = [= 1% oe jeer joer jres [= 4 orm [soa [vey [sar [== CLE Se UM) US SI081S UOTE 7a16 [0089 [ors [oosr [ore [ose | eze [eer [ves [7ee |o0a [oes | ¥ [oree [fer [iv Tolar [= CINE KET GH) COUN os16 | 01089 | obs | 0067 | ores [oelz | % wee leer [ze [eco [ove [over |» lovee [eos [irr [ome [over [ema ET ost _[om [oser o06 oszt_[ozer_| oer ‘elt oeos [Our [oat [oosee [ozz wnipaT Ost [oor | o'ser ‘'601 Ooz | ovee | O6e ‘ous | ¥ [oozes [one [eer [oovsr [ate BIOS, ose louse | ove ‘oe! | vii [eer eve ozez | 9 lores [oes [eee [ons [iat Cane, = =, = one | == = = foer foer | 9 ire ee Trae [0268 [err Nh "FO SBI URIURISUOD, = _ [= [oxen [ose [oo [= SoHIEPeete : A 5 CZ HOE TD KO, vor joust joss jose | ¥ [osee joo [ose forse joo | ea ebpunes = p= p= —= p= )= or coli 7 i a . 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Os. sre0e prey Tedanel weer [wb wi, y outer: a é * i I SIVMSLVW USHLO ONY ONIGTING ‘ONILVINSNI 4O SSLLNAdOUd SV ede L yuonzg ZI“penuituog = = ip xamnsuy oz 16 221 oze oF 'umoIq 8800} “JEqy SSeID be ze 0UI JONP ‘JEAY SSeID oe ve [OOM SEI i i ove reog Bugeinsut ‘soa 7 i oee = 7 002-08} 4e4 "Wed = = ze pes snosoewio}eIg i ost unosB 205 ese eat Ozh -Sy eyeinuesbos 09 i = oat ue0q 1109 7 i 910189 am cA = PayeBnuoo ‘pueog pied i se oom wesieg i - _ payebnui09 Big OVX 5 | ae — STVIMALVIN YSHLO GNV ONIGIING 'ONILVINSNI 40 SAUYAdOUd SV AgeL 1 somedorg porskyg omy,| | = = = 6800 S962 ‘SBuAeYs POOR fe = - e600 SP'S0e We}UKS = - OPL ¥200 si'soe 16098 eous = = fn 6500 g196z snp MES i = Es = 280°0 svees I = = +9 2900 seer exyoed £72800} [00M YOO% = = co ‘oro0 s1s08 100% 400% = = = 0800 sviey = i = vio veer = i = +200 1998 i i = uz, 2900 sys 58 “eISoUBeN ! = i = sev ste0e yoden \ sox | Ey satin y am - x ee SWIUALWI Y3HLO ONY ONIGTING ‘ONILVINSNI 4O S3LLYAdONd S"v PIGeL yuonses plPoe So So “panuyog 8s8°0 L byl 962"L zéz'0_| $2200 | €89°0 | Octe | wher | Eze | OlZL'L | P'E"6 | OOES‘6L | SL'e6E eez0 | + [est [192t |sszo | zozoo | zea‘ | 1202 | ézer | oece | e9ce0 | o0s6 | ooZeens | Grese oseo | + |szt [deer [eaco | iszo0 | 6z9°0 | ezoc | Zier | sez | e/es'o | ezs6 | ooeeLo1 | steve gizo | + [set [orzt | 2620 | 9200 | 2290 | ol0z | zter | ozez | srogo | S496 | ooss'¥e | sige zoro | + [9st [esrt |s1e0 [oreo | s/90 | eat | a0er | esze | acevo | e996 | oobl'os | Sr'e9e. ogo | + [soe [ost |eeeo |sezoo | e290 | 2261 | tOer | geez | oece0 | Ve96 | oves'zs | si'ese eso0_| 1 |erz [esi | soe | oezo'o | 0290 | zo6r | ery | 60ez | seezo | 8126 | OOse Zr | sr'ece 409°0 L gee ered 9260 | Szz0'0 | 299°0 | er6) | c6ly | bzez | Lzpe'0 | 226 | OOSS'E SI 'Sre ais0_| + |ssz [sett | vor0 | t2zo0 | e990 | 9e61 | osty | veec | evero |SZ/6 | OOSLLE | Sleve ero | + [see jot |eero |orzoo | es90 | ezer | zeby | avez | vior0 | yes | ooeo'se | srece uso | + | 662 |e601 |z9r0 |zrzo | ¥e90 | 9LeL | sary | 6cec | porto | eess | OoresL | Siece vero | + [see | 2201 | vos0 | eozoo | era0 | eosr | ealy | rez | sporo [zoe6 | ooszsr | srece usyo | + [sce |zo01 | zrs0 | vozo'o | rao | 006! | Lely | esez | 1ee00 [reas |oseet | srece siy0 | + | tee |or0r | 960 [00200 | Ze90 | coer | oat | Seez | ss90'0 | F066 | Ocss'6 | Srere ueo | + [zev [101 |esoo | 96100 | te90 | seer | 62ty | Z0re [zisoo [126s |ovees | srere zse0 | + [esr [9101 [ozzo | 6100 | eza0 | oser | aziy | rte | Zec00 | ves | ogzas | si e0e vez | + [evs | 1001 | 86z'0_| 68100 | si90 | Svar | eztv | reve | poe00 [0966 | Ogrey | sVe0e Lye0 +9 | 4860 | b6z'°0 | 98t070 | 4090 | over | osry | zvve | vezo'o |o'z66 | ossr'e | si'e6z sero | + | 102 | €z60 [zoo |zeroo | seco | zoe | zety | pore [ezto70 | oes | odeez | _sie6c sero | + [608 [ese [seit | 62100 | eas | coer | oat | 99ve [ecio'°o | V'e66 | rs0z | sieec sexo | + [sve [oreo |20cr [ezio0 [eso | zoe | ver | ere | re000 | 7666 | o2ec) | Stee St0'0 L eu ve6'o |6ist | €zto'o | bso | 2981 | soe | O6be | 8900'0 | 6°666 | 1729°0 Shale eo00- | + [se |zzeo | zezt | b2b00 | 1950 | oer | zi2y | rose | epoo0 [e666 | ergo | or eze xto | «10° x10" Pr K kgm? | kk K | Wim | ae | ae | 323,15. 1299 1,369 176.8 0.100 0.162 1.61 i METHYL CHLORIDE | 223.15 1052 1.474 215.2 0.139 0.319 2.31 233.15. 1033 41.482 209.3 0.137 0.317 2.32 243.15. 1016 1.491 202.4 0.134 0.314 2.35 | 253.15 999 4,503 195.4 0.130 0.309 2.38 263.16 | 981 | 1.520 | 187.2 | 0.126 0.305 243 273.15 962 1.537 177.9 0.121 0.302 2.49 / 283.15 942 1,562 171.0 0.117 0.293 2.55 293.15, 923 1.587 162.8 0.141 0.292 2.63 303.15 903 1.616 153.5 0.106 0.288 2.72 | 313.15 883 1.650 144.2 0.400 0.281 2.83 | 323.15 861 1,687 133.8 0.093 0.274 2.97 REFRIGERANT - 12 223.15 1547, 0.875, 67.5. 0.050 0.310 6.20 233.15 1518 0.883, 69.2 0.054 0.279 5.40 243.15 41490 0.896 69.2, 0.053 0.253 4.80 253.15 4460. 0,909. 70.9 0.054 0.235 4.40 263.15 1429, 0.917. 72.7 0.055 0.221 4.00 273.15 1387 0.934 72.7 0.056 0.213 3.80 283,15 1364 0,950. 72.7 0.056 0.203 3.60 293.15 1330 0.963, 72.7 0.056 0.198 3.50 303.15 1205, 0.984 70.9 0.056 0.194 3.50, 313.15 1287, 1.005 69.2 0,056 0.191 3.50. 323.15 1216 1.022 68.2 0.054 0.189. 3.50 EUTECTIC CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION (29.9% CaCl.) | 223.15. 1320 2.608 401.2. 0.117 36.352 312.00 233.15 1314 2.634 415.2. 0.420 24.971 208.00 | 243.15 1310, 2.663, 429.2 0.423 ATATT 139.00 253.15, 7305 | 2.688 | 445.4 | 0.127 | 11.036 87.10 | 263.15 1300_ 2.713 458.2. 0.430 6.956 53.60 273.18 | 1296 | 2.738 | 472.2 | 0.193, 4304 | 33.00 . | 283.15 1291 2.763, 485.0 0.136 3.353 24.80. 293.15 1286 2.788 498.9 0.139 2.722 19.60 303.15, 1282 2.813 510.6 0.142 2.267 18.00 | 313.15 4277. 2.839 523.4 0.144 1.923 13.30 | 323.15 1272 2.868 535.0 0.147 1.654 11.30 ETHYLENE GLYCOL 273.15 4131 2.294 244.9 0.093 57.523 615.00 293.15 1116 2.382 248.9 0.094 19.174 204.00. 313.15 4401 2.474 255.9 0.004 8.686 93.00 i 333.15 1087 2.562 259.4 0.093 ATAT 51.00 | | 353.15, 4077 2.650. 261.7 0.092. 2.982 32.40 i 373.45, 1058 2.742 262.8 0.004 2.025 22.40 Continued...eee 20. Section A Table A.8 PROPERTIES OF SELECTED SATURATED LIQUIDS T 2 Cp k a v 2 x10 x 10° x10" Pr K koi? | Kalk K | wim | mis | mits ENGINE OIL (UNUSED) (273.15. 899 1,796 447.7 0.091 4282. 47100, 293.15, 883, 1,880 145.4 0.087, 901 10400 313.15, 876 1.964 144.2 0.083 241 2870 333.15 864 2.047 140.7 0.080 83 1050, 353.15, 852. 2.131 138.4 0.077 37 490 373.15, 840 2.219 137.2 0.074 20 276 393.15 828 2.307 134.9 0.074 12. 475 413.15 816 2.395, 133.8 0.069 7 416 433.15. 805 2.483 131.4 0.066, 5 84{At 1 Atmospheric Pressure) TABLE A9 PROPERTIES OF SELECTED GASES Conduction Heat Transfer 21 T 2 Cp k a w ve K kgm? | sige | wimk | <1 win eee i AIR, Dry 200 1766 [1003 0.0181 4.02 134] 0.76] 0.740 250 1413| 1003 0.0223| 1.57 161 144] 0.724 280 1271 | 1004 | o.o246 [1.95 4.75 140] 0.747 290 iz2a| i005 | 0.0253 | 2.08 4.80 148 | 0.714 298 1486 | 1005 | o.0259| 2.18 1.84 1.550.712 300 1.177 | 1005 | 0.0264 221 1.85 157 |_o712 310. 1.143 | 1006 |" 0.0268 | 2.35 1.90 167| 0711 320, 1.110 1006 | 0.0275. 2.49 1.94 177 | 0.710 330 1.076 | 1007 | 0.0283 | 2.64 4.99) 4.86 | 0.708 340 1.043 |" 1007 | 0.0280 [2.78 2.08 4.95 | 0.707 360 1.009 | 1008 | 0.0207 | _2.92 2.08| 2.05] 0.706 400 oges| 1013 | 0.0331 370 229| 260| 0.703 450 o7es| 1020 | 0.0363 | 4.54 249| 3.18] 0.700 500 o7o6| 1020 | 0.0305 | 5.44 268| 3.80| 0,699 550 ‘0.642 | 1030 | 0.0026 | 6.30 206] 445| 0608 600 0.568 | 1051 | “0.0456 137 3.03 [5.15] 0.608 700 osoa| 1075] o.0513| 946| 3.35] 6.64{ 0.702 800 o4ai | 1099] oosco| i170] 3.64] 8.25| 0.704 900 0.392 | 1120] 0.0625 | 14.20 302| 9.99 | 0.705 1000) oass| 1141 |" 0.0672| 1670| 4.18 11.8 | 0.709 1200 0.204| 1175] corsa] 22.2 4.65 15.8 | 0.720 1400) o2s2| 1201 | 0.0835 | 27.6 soa | 202] 0.732 41600 0.221 1240] 0.0904 | 33.0 sag | 249] 0.753 1800, 0.196 | 1276 | 0.0970 38.3 se7| 209] 0772 2000 o.t77 | 1327] 0.1032 | 44.4 623| 353] 0801 ‘AMMONIA 200 1.038] 2199] 0.0158 0.67 89] 0.66 | "0.990 250 0.831 | 2248 | 0.0197 1.05 8.53 1.03 | 0.973 300 oes2| 2208 | ooze] 1.85] 10.27 1.48 | 0.959 350 0.593 | 2349| o.0302| 2.17| 12.06| 2.03] 0.938 400, osto| 2402] o.0se4| 2.92 1390| 2.68] 0.917 450, 0.461 | 2455] 0.0433 | 3.82] 15.76| 3.42] 0.894 500 oats| 2607] 0.0506 | 4.86| 17.63| 4.25] 0.873 550 o376| _2550| 0.0580| __600| _19.60| 5.56 | 0.860 600 0.346] 2611 | 0.0656 | 726| 2140| 6.18] 0.852 700 0.297 2710 | 00811] “t0.10| 25.10 8.45 | 0.839 800 o260| 2810 | o.oe77 | 1340| 2880] 11.101 0.828 Continued., ra22 Section A (At Atmospheric Pressure) Table AS PROPERTIES OF SELECTED GASES a Vv Te ? ee x 40° cy x40" | Pr K gin? | kg | wink | Tis | kgims | mils ARGON 200, 2.435, 523.6 | 0.0124 0.98 1.60 0.66 | 0.674 250. 1.948 522.2 | 0.0152 1.49 1.95 1.00 | 0.672: 300 1,623 521.6 | 0.0177 2.09 227 1,40 | 0.669 350 1.392 521.2 | 0.0201 2.78 2.57 1.85 | 0.666 400. 1.248 521.0 |_ 0.0223 3.52 2.85. 2.34 | 0.665 450 1.082 520.9 | 0.0244. 4.33 3.12 2.88 | 0.665. 500 0.974 520.8 | 0.0264 5.20 3.37, 3.45 |_ 0.664 550. 0.886. 520.7 | 0.0283 6.14 3.60 4.07 |_0.662 600 0.812 520.6 | 0.0301 7.12 3.83. 4.72 | 0.662 700, 0.696. 520.6 | __0.0336 9.28 4.25 6.11 | 0.658 800 0.609 520.5 | 0.0369 44.60. 464 7.62 | 0.655 goo | 0.641 | 620.5] 0.0308] 14.10! 501| 9.26 | 0.654 14000. 0.487 520.5 | 0.0427 16.80 5.35, 14.00 | 0.652 1200 0.406 520.5 | _0.0481 22.80 5.99 14.80 | 0.648 1400 0.348. 520.4 | 0.0535, 29.60. 6.56 18.90 | 0.638 CARBON DIOXIDE 200_| 2.683| 758] o.0095[ 047 [4.02 03s] 0814 250. 2.146 806 | 0.0129 0.75 4.26 0.59 | 0.790 300 4.789 852 | 0.0166 4.09 1.50 0.84} 0.768 350 4,533 897 | 0.0205 1.49 4.73 4.13 | 0.755 400. 4.341 939 |__0.0244 1.94 1.94 4.45 | 0.747 450. 41.492 979 | 0.0283 2.43 2.45 1.80 | 0.743 00 | 1.073| 1017 | 0.0323 | 206 | 235[ 2.19 { 0.740 550 0.976 1049 | 0.0363 3.56, 2.54 2.60 | 0.734 00 | oso] 1077| ooss| 4as|272| 304] 0727 700 0.767. 1126 | 0.0487. 5.64 3.06. 3.99 | 0.708 800 0.671 4169 | 0.0580. 7.14 3.39 5.05 |_0.708 900 0.596 1205 | 0.0621 8.65 3.69 6.19 | 0.716 4000. 0.537 1235 | 0.0680 10.25 3.97 7.40 | 0.724 4200 0.447 1283 | 0.0780 13.60 449 10.04 | _ 0.739 1400 0.383 1315 | 0.0867 47.20 4.97 13.00 | _0.754 ‘CARBON MONOXIDE 200 1,708 4045 | 0.0175 | 0.98 4.27 0.75 |_ 0.763 250, 1.366 1048 | 0.0214 4.50 41.54 1.43 | 0.753 300. 1.138 1051 | 0.0252 2.44 4.78 4.56 |_ 0.743 350 0.976 1056 | 0.0288 2.80 2.01 2.05 | 0.735 400, 0.854 1060 | 0.0323 3.57 2.21 2.59 | 0.727 450, 0.759 1065 | 0.0355. 4.39 2.41 3.18 | 0.723 500 0.683 1071 | 0.0386 5.28 2.60 3.80 | 0.720 550, 0.621 1077 | 0.0416 6.22 277 4.46 | 0.717. [_ 600, 0.569 | —1084| 0.0444 7.20 204] 5.17] 0718 Continued...‘Thermo Physical Properties 23 Table A9 PROPERTIES OF SELECTED GASES {At 1 Atmospheric Pressure) T 2 Cp k a u v K | aim? | ag | wim | <1 iin ce eae [eee 700 0.486] 4099 | 0.0497" 9.270|325| 6.66| o716 800 o427| 1114] 0.0549 | i1500[ 354| 8.20| 0718 900) 0.379] 1126 | 0.0596 | 13.900 |" 3.81 | 10.04] 0721 tooo | os42| 1142} 0.0544 | 16.500[ 4.06] 11.90] 0.720 1100 0310] 1185 | 0.0892] 19.300 4.30 13.9] 0718 1200 | 0.285] 1168] 0.0738] 22200| 4.53! 159| _o717 HELIUM 200 | ozaao| si97|_o1tso[ ooro| 750] 061] 0076 250_| 1982] si97 | o.1340 | 1.540| 1.75| 0.90 | 0.680 300_| 0.1627 | 197 | 0.1500| 0.150] 1.771 1.99 | 0.690 360_| 0.1304| st97| 0.1650] 0.165[2.28| 2.21] 0.698 400_| 0.1220] 5197 | 0.1800] 0.180 2.83| 2.43) 0703 450_| 01085] ste7| 0.1950] 0195|3.45[ 263] 0702 soo_| oos76| ster | ozo [021 [4.17] 2.83] 0.695 ss0_| ooss7| ste7| 0.2200] 0.220| 4.97/ 302] 0.684 goo | oosis| sis7| oze7o| o247| 684) 3.20] 0.673 zoo_| o.0se7| sis7| 0.2780] 0.278| 7.67] _3.55| 0.663 200 | 0.0610] st97| 0.3070] 0307} 9.68| 3.88 | 0487 s0o_| 0.0542| "5197 | 0.3350 | 0.335| 11.90] 4.20| o6s2 tooo _| o.o4se| sie7] o.s630[ o363| 14.30[ 4.501 0.645 1200 | oogo7| sis7| o.ateo| 0416! 19.70] 5.08] 0.635 1400 _| o.0349| sie7| o.4690| oaso| 25.90] _5.61| 0.622 1g00_[ 0.0305] siez] 05210 | 0521] 3290] 6.10| 0.608 1900 | 0.0271 |" s197| 0.5700 | 0.570] _40.40| _6.57| 0.599 2000_| 0.0244 | 5197 | 0.6200] 0.620] 48.90| _7.00| 0587 HYDROGEN 200 | o1ze9[ 13540 [ 01280[ o.770[ oes] 055] 077 250 | 0.0989 | 14070 | 0.1560| 1.130[ 0.79 os | 0713 300_| 0.0819 | 14320] “o.1820| 1.550] 0.89| 1.09] 0.705 3s0_| 00702] 14420| 0.2030| 2.010| 0.99] 1.42 | 0.705 400_| 0.0614] t4aa0| o2210| 2490|1.09| 4.78] 0714 450_| 0.0546 | 14500| 0.2390] 3.020! 4.18| _2.17| 0.719 500 | oose2| 14510] o2560| sss0| 1.27| 2.591 0.721 960_| 0.0447} 14520| o.2740| 4220] 136| 3.04/ o722 soo | oo4io| 14540 | 0.2010| 4.890] 145| 3.54] 0.724 roo | oo3si | 14610| o3250| 6340 161] 4.59| 0.724 goo _| ooso7| 14710] 0.3600] 7.970] 4.77| _6.76| 0.723, go0_| o.0273| 14840 | 0.3940 | “10.800! 192] _7.03| 0.723 1000 _| 0.0246 | 14990 | 0.4200} 11.800! 207{ 8.42} 0.724 1200_| 0.0205] 15370] 0.4950| 15.700! 236{ 115 | 0733 NITROGEN 200 1.708 1043] 0.0183] 1.020 1.29 0.75] 0.734 Continued...24 Section A Table AQ PROPERTIES OF SELECTED GASES. (At4 Atmospheric Pressure) tr 2 Co. k a fiw v «| kgm? | akgk | wim | X20 gi i: ag 7 250 736r| saz | oozaa [156 455| 1.43 0.725 300 1139 | 1040] o.0260| 219/479) 1.67] 0.715 350 [0.967 | 1041 | o.0204[202| 2.01[ 208/711 400 | 0.864 1046 | 0.0825] 3.64] 2.21 | 2.60| 0.710 450 | 0.750] 1050| 0.0356 4a7[ 2413.17 | 0.709 500 | 0.683 | 1087 | 0.0387] 536] 2.50 |" 3.70 0.708 350 | 0.621 1085 | 0.0414 | 626| 276] 4.45 0.711 00 | 0.569} 1075] 0.0441 | 7.20] 203 6.14| 0.713 “700 o4s8| 1098 | o.o4e3| 9.20] 3.24] 6.63] 0.720 a00 | 0.427 | 1122 | 0.0541] 14.30[ 3.62] 8.24 0.730 300 | 0380, 1148 | 0.0587 |_ 1350/ 3.79| 9.97 | 0.739 4000} 0.342) 1168 [0.0631 | 16.90 [ 4.04| 11.80 | 0.747 42007 | 0.285| 1205| o0713| 2080] 4.50| 1580| 0.761 7400 {0.244 | 1233 | 0797 | 26.50] 492| 2020) o.761 ‘OXYGEN 200 | 1951] 906] oote2| 103] 147] 075] 0.728 250 | 1.561| _914| 00825] 158] 47a| 1.14] 0.724 300 | 1.301[ _920| 00267 | 2.23) 207] 1s0| 0714 350 | 1.115 _920| 0.0306|~2.95| 234[ 2.10[ 0.710 ‘400 |0.976| _ e42| o0sa2|a72| 250| 265] 0719 450. | 0.867| _956[ 00377] 4.55| 283/326] 0717 500] 0.780| 971] o04i2| 6.44] 3.05] 3.91 | 0.720 550] 0.709| _967| 00447| 638 327| 461 0.722 oo | 0.650] 1003] oosso| 736! sa7[ 54/0725 700 | 0.587| 1032] o0saa| 9.46| ses [6.91 | 0.730 g00 | 0.488| 1054] 00603 11.70| 421 863| 0.736 00 | o434{ tora! ooser | 1420| 464] 10.50| 0.738 “yo00 | 0.390 1091] o0717| 1660] 425] 12.40| 0.738 1200 | 0.326| 1116| 0821] 22.60/ 542|~ 1670[ 0737 yao | o27e| 1136 [ o0921| 2910) 595 { 21.30) 0.794 WATER VAPOUR (STEAM) 300 [0.0253] 2041 [ o01@i] 351 | os] sar] 1.030 360_|_o2se| 2037 | 0.0222 | 422°| 1.12 | 4.33" | 1.020 ‘400 | 0.555 | 2000] 0.0264] 2381.92" 2.981.000 4501 0.491] 1968 0.0307 | 3.17] 1.52| 3.10 | 0.980 500 | 044i! 1977 o0s57| 409] ~ 173| 3.92] 0.960 350 0401 _1904| 00411] 5.15| 1.93 | 482] 0.940 000.367] 2022 | 00464] 625| 213[ 582| 0.930 Too [0.34] 2083 | 0.0572| 874} 2.64 8.09 0.930 00. | 0275 2148| 008s! 11.6| 295] 1070{ 0.920 000 | 0.244| _2217| o07e0| 144 336] 13.70] 0.950 7000 [022 | 2286 | 0.0870 173] 376{ 17.10] 0.990 * at Saturation Pressure (less than 1 atm)‘Thermo Physical Properties 25 3 TABLE A10 EMISSIVITY VALUES OF SELECTED METALS AND NON METALS. A. METALS Matorial z € Material 1 € ‘Aluminum Polished | 300-900 | 0.04-0.06 Polished | 300-500 | 007-013 Commercial sheet | 400 0.08 Mercury 300-400 | 0.09-0.12 Heavily oxidized | 400-800 | 02-03 | | Molybdenum Anodized | 300 08 Polished | 300-2000 | 0.05-0.21 Bismuth Oxidized | 600-800 | 08-082 Bright [350 0.34 Nickel Brass Polished [ 500-1200 | 0.07-0.17 Highly polished [500-650 | 0.03 - 0.04 Oxidized | 450-1000 | 037-057 Polished | 350 0.09 Platinum Dull plate | 300-600 | 022 Polished | 500-1500 | 0.06-0.18 Oxidized | 450- 800 06 Silver Chromium Polished | 300-1000 | 0.02 -0.07 Polished | 300-1400 | 0.08-0.4 | | Stainless steel Copper Polished | 300-1000 | 0.17-0.3 Commercial sheet | 300 0.15 Lightly oxidized | 600-1000 | 03-04 Highly polished | _300 (0.02 Heavily oxidized | 600-1000 | 07-08 Polished | 300-500 | 0.04-0.05 | | Steet Oxidized | “600-1000 | 05-08 Polished sheet | 300-500 | 008-014 Black Oxidized |” 300 078 Commercial sheet | 500-1200 | 02-032 Gold Heavily oxidized | 300 0.81 Highly polished | 300-1000 | 0.03-0.06 | [Tin Bright foi | _300 0.07 Polished | 300 0.05 tron Tungsten Highly polished | 300-500 | 0.05- 0.07 Polished | 300-2500 | 003-020 Case iron | 300 0.44 Filament | 3500 0.39 Wrought iron | 300-500 | 0.28 Zine Rusted | 300 061 Polished | 300-800 | 0.02-0.05 Oxidized | 300-900 | 0.64-0.78 ‘Oxidized | _ 300 025 Lead Polished |” 300-500 | 0.06- 0.08 Unoxidized, rough | _300 0.43 Oxidized | 300 0.63 Continued.26 Section A Table A.10 EMISSIVITY VALUES OF SELECTED METALS AND NON METALS B. NON METALS T T : | Material : e | Material x € / ‘Alumina 800-1400 | 0.65-0.45 | | Paper, white 300 080 | ‘Aluminum oxide | 600-1500 | 0.69-0.41 | | Plaster, white 300 0.93 \ ‘Asbestos | 300 0.96 Porcelain, glazed 300 0.92 ‘Asphalt [300 | 085-0.93 | | Quartz, Rough, fused | 300 0.93 Brick: Rubber: [Red {common} | __300 0.93 - 0.96 Hard | 300 0.93 Firectay| 1200 0.76 soft] 300 0.86 Carbon filament | 2000 0.53 ‘Sand 300 0.90 Gioth 300 | 075-09 | | Silicon carbide 600- 1800 | 0.87- 0.85 onerete 300 | 0.88-0.94 | | Skin, human 300 0.95 Glass: ‘Snow 273 08-09 Window! 300 | 09-095 | | Soll, earth 300 | 0.93-0.98 Pyrex | 300-1200 | 0.82-0.62 | | Soot 300-500 | 0.95 Pyroceram | 300-1500 | 0.85-0.57 | | Teffon 300-600 | 0.85-0.92 ee 273 | 095-0.99 | | Water, deep 273-373 | 0.95-0.96 Magnesium oxide | 400-800 | 0.69-0.55 | | Wood: Masonry 300 0.80 Beech | 300 0.94 Oak | 300 0.90 ‘Auminum [ 00 04-05 Lacquer, shiny, | 300 082 black Cil,allcolors| 300 | 0.92-0.96 Red primer | 300 093 | ‘Acrylic enamal | 300 0.90 white | ‘Acrylicenamel| 300, 0.876 blackConduction Heat Transfer 27 SECTION B CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER | CONTENTS Table Noy | Page Figure No. No. B.1__ STEADY STATE CONDUCTION B.1.7 One Dimensional Heat Transfer in Extended i Surfaces Efficiency of Rectangular and Triangular Fins Fig. 8.1.1 28 Efficiency of Circumferential Fins of Rectangular Profile| Fig. B.1.2 28 5.1.2 Multi-Dimensional Heat Conduction Conduction Shape Factor Relations | Table B. B.2__ TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION The Error Function Table B.2.1 32 ‘Temperature distribution in the semi-infinite solid with 29-31 convection boundary condition eae 3 Midplane temperature for an infinite plate of thickness 2. | Fig, B.2.2, 34 Axis temperature for an infinite cylinder of radius rp Fig. B.2.3 35 Center temperature for a sphere of radius ry Fig. B.2.4 36 Temperature as a function of center temperature in an : infinite plate of thickness 2 Pear Temperature as a function of axis temperature in an Fig. 8.2.6 infinite cylinder of radius rp Pee Temperature as a function of canter temperature fora [> : sphere of radius 7 ia B:2. Dimensionless heat loss /Q, of an infinite plane of Peas 7 thickness 2£ with time Dimensionless heat loss Q/Q, an infinite cylinder of % 7 Fig. B.2.9 a radius 7, with time Dimensionless heat loss Q/Q, of a sphere of radius 7, Gidea Fig. 2.10 4228 Section B B.1. STEADY STATE CONDUCTION i B.1.1 One Dimensional Heat Transfer in Extended Surfaces. j (a) Relations Assumptions: Fins of finite length and loses heat by convection from its end. = cosh m(L —x)+(h/ mk)sinh m(L—x) cosh mL+(hi/ mk) sinh mL. sinh mL + (h/ mk) cosh mL = VaPRACr, ~7,) Sth me + (h/ mk) cosh me 1 PIA, To) + (oT mb) sinh mL (b) Fin Efficiency _ 100 i LH2 rectangular 30 ard a 7 ZL tiangular fa = 12, rectangular € ph Ane 3 20) U2 L, triangular & | 0 05 10 15 20 25 ve Le WkAn) Fig. B.1.1 Efficiency of rectangular and triangular fins. 8 i Lebel i | bower \ 5 80 a8 wf 1 Ae9 a ny aL é ube 5 0 SI] & 8 40 i T Z,, rh i: 0 05.10 15 20 25 30 32 Le (kA, Fig. B1.2 Efficiency of circumferential fins of rectangular profile.B.1.2 Multi-Dimensional Heat Conduction Conduction Heat Transfer 29 TABLE B.1.1 CONDUCTION SHAPE FACTOR RELATIONS Physical system ‘Schematic Shape factor Remarks Isothermal cylinder of Isotherm, ae fadius rand length L, cosh” (D/r) ior buried in semi-infinite lo medium having 2nd b>r isothermal surface | + In(D/r) De3r Isothermal sphere of x radius r, buried in infinite 4ne ‘medium Isothermal sphere of Isothermal radius r, buried in semi- 1 er infinite medium having o isothermal surface. So! ied AT = Tout Tra fold Conduction between two isothermal cylinders of nee length L buried in infinite ; pe medium. ri, r2 are the D-1- bop radii of bigger and nr smaller cylinders respectively Buried cube in infinite medium, L on a side oe Isothermal cylinder of | tsothermal length L, radius r placed 2k Lp>or in semi-infinite medium It InQL/r) as shown. Isothermal rectangular | other parallelepiped buried in vo ae om som infinite medium | & ressspoa(ie2) | (E lhaving isothermal surface! | F= One Plane wall, thickness L a A and area A as shown Ie T Sean Continued,30 Section B Table B.1.1 CONDUCTION SHAPE FACTOR RELATIONS Physical system Schematic ‘Shape factor | Remarks Hollow cylinder, length L 2ak inner radius 7 and outer te by radius ro (2) 7 Hollow sphere inner radius rand outer radius ro Thin horizontal disk at D=0 buried in semi-infinite eta r D>>2r medium with isothermal | — 222222! D surface. ris radius of > eat disc; Dis the distance ar between surface of (@/2)~tan"(r/2D) (J) medium and disc. 2D Hemisphere, radius r, ‘nadians buried in semi infinite medium AT =Teptom — Tarot Isothermal sphere, radius 7, buried in semi infinite medium with insulated surface Two isothermal spheres buried in infinite medium. i, f2are the radii of bigger and smaller DOS Foes spheres respectively m0 D=0 Isothermal In(4w/Z) wei Thin rectangular plate of : length L, buried in semi- |, a D>>w infinite medium Sr =) in radians Concentric cylinders of length L; r1 and rz are the radii of smaller and bigger cylinders. Eccentric cylinders of length L; my and r2 are the radii of smaller and bigger cylinders; Dis the eccentricity. bn Cylinder centered in square tube of length L; is the radius of the cylinder 1n(0.54w/r), bw Horizontal cylinder of length L centered in infinite plates (isothermal)| rris the radius of cylinder 2ak. in(4D/r) Thin horizontal disk of radius r buried in semi infinite medium with adiabatic surface AT = Teise — T tar ota assanssh.-AORSARaAe (#/2)+tan"\(r/2D) Di>t “3 in radians32. Section B 7 B.2 TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION i TABLE B24 THE ERROR FUNCTION x | ert) x | erfie) x | ef 00 | o00000 | [0.80 | o7a210| [160 | 0576360 0.02 | 0.02266 | [0.82 {0.76361 | |_1.62 | 0.978040 0.04 {-0.0451| [0.24 [o7esis| [1.64 | 0.979520 \ 0.06 | 0.06762 0.6_| 0.77610 | [1.66 | 0.981100 | 0.08 | 0.09008 | | 0.88 [o.7e6s} [1.68 | 0.982490 | 0.10 | 0.11246 | | 0.90 | o7ses1| [1.70 |” 0.989790 0.12 | 0.19476 | [0.92 | og0677 | [1.72 | 0.985000 | 014 | 0.15605 | [0.94 | osie27| [1.74 | 0.986130. 0.16 [0.17901] [0.96 | 0.82642 | [1.76 | 0.987190 018 | 0.20094] [0.98 | ossa3| [178 | 0.981700 0.20 1022270 | [1.00 [0.84270.| {1.80 | 0.989090 I 022 | 0.24430 | [1.02 [ossoea| [1.82 | 0.980040 0.24 | 0.26670 ‘o4__| 0.85865 | | 1.94 | 0.990740 10.26 | 0.28600 | | 1.068 | ogesia | [1.96 | 0.991470 | 028 | 0.307e8_| [1.08 | 0.87333] [1.88 | 0.992160 0.30 |-0.32863| [1.10 [0.88020] [1.90 | 0.902790 032 | 0.34913 | [1.12 [ossore| | 1.92 | 0.993380 7 0.34 | 0.36936 | [1.14 | 0.89308] [14.94 | 0.993920 036 [0.38933 | [1.16 |osesto | [1.98 | 0.994430 o38__| 0.40901 1.48 | 0.90484] [1.98 | 0.994800 ' ‘040_| 0.42839" [1.20 | 091031 | [2.00 | 0.905322 0.42 | 0.44749 422 | 0.91653 | | 210 | 0.997020 |" 044 | 0.40022] [424 | 0.82050] [220 | 0.598197 048 | 0.4e406 | [126 | 0.9254 | [ 230 | 0.908857 ‘04a [0.50275 | |_128 | 092973] [240 | 0.900314 ‘0.50 | 0.52050 | [130 | os34o1 | [250 | 0.909593 ose | 053790 | | 1.32 | 0.93806] [260 | 0.999764 054 | 0.55404 | [124 | aosto1| [270 | 0.990866 055 [os7tez| [126 | 094556] [280 | 0.990025 0.58_| 0.58782 | |_ 138 | 0.04902] [2.90 | 0.999969 0.60 | 0.60386] [140 | 0.95228] [3.00 | 0.990978 062 | o.6tes1 | [142 | 0.95538] [320 | 0.999904 064 | 0.62450} [1.44 [0.958301] [3.40 | 0.990008 ‘066 | 0.64936 | |_ 146 | 0.98105] [360 | 1.000000 ‘068 | 066278 | [148 | 0.98385 a 0.70 | 0.6770 | | 1.50 | 0.96810 3 072 | o69ies | [1.52 | 0.96844 074 | 0.70488 | [1.54 | 0.97059 . 076 [ots | [1.56 [0.97263 ("078 T7301} [158 [os7assConduction Heat Transfer 33. 10 aepeeseeseeeses—ese— 08 04 Sek 02 we NE 00.1 + 0.08 ecier 0.06 Vt 0.04) RIK 0 0.5 1.0 15 x 2Var Fig. B.2.1 Temperature distribution in the semi-infinite solid with i convection boundary condition —004009 nF co 006 “7 ssaupoNp Jo ayeyd oyruyUT we 10y amyesodunsy ouepdpI 77a “Bld og =gnn zoe MoM os Oy auons pf0S€ 006 0g osI ost ol SE ysueA, aH WoRoNpUED -% snipes Jo sopuyco ayuyur ue soy amerodmay sy ETE “BL g-gn a aa“24 sniper jo szoyds 8 soy amyesoduigy Joya 7" “Th og = fan ore 0 OL _ofl_ 06 —S i OKIE SL Os ye sez 1 on so OL, ‘000 000 pov $000 2000 100 wo <0 roo $00 200 ro. zo 0 ro 0 Lo ot quomes 9¢Le ps og woronpsag (T-DCI-D= 0“% snmpex so sopurjdo oyruyuy we wy ampexedusay syxe Jo UoHOUNY e sv amyeredweL, O'7'q ‘BU 4-4 vo os of Ol ¢ ¢€ Z O01 $90 7% 10 S00. 20 100 0 ot 0 On lay CE DAED = 89 auonas ge94 snypex so azayds v soy ampezeduroy Jo u90 Jo uonouny v se amyeiodwiay 17" “Big iat Tr so OO S00 00 100 0 CI DCT = 98 GE eysueLy, yee] BoHONPUEo “aun EM 7z ssauyoN Jo ounyd yuyu ue Jo"G/O ssoy way ssofuorsuamt g'z'q ‘Bl a pacity ot ot auonses OYTy Ryser], veo vonsapaED “our Upim % snypes jo sopurco oyruyjut ue Jo °G /G sso] way ssoquosuoun 67a “BL a o ' ol ot aou uptas °% smuper Jo auayds 870° /G sso] way ssoyuosuING OTs Ba soraghy 1 ot aquons0s ZpSECTION C Convection Heat Transfer 43, CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER CONTENTS Table No/ Figure No. €.1 FORCED CONVECTION RELATIONS For Flow over Flat Plate Table c.1.1 | 4445 For Flow across Cylinders, Spheres Table C.1.2 | 46 For Flow across Tube Banks Table C.1.3 | 47 For Internal Flows Table C.1.4 48 €.2 NATURAL CONVECTION RELATIONS Natural Convection from external Surfaces Table .2.1 | 49.60 Natural Convection in Enclosed Spaces Tablec.2.2 | 6144 Section C 1. FORCED CONVECTION RELATIONS TABLE C.1.1 FORCED CONVECTION RELATIONS FOR FLOW OVER FLAT PLATE (Nu, is Nusselt number at any x) FLOW CONDITIONS CORRELATION REMARKS. Laminar Flow Constant wail a 05 ppoan onperahire Nu, = 0.332Re% Pr' 0.6100; for silicones (high <-Te.osss/Py*]> — | Pr>50 Prandil numbers) fue For liquid metals only Nu, = 0.565(Re, Pr] Pr <0.08 Nu, = 0.453Rey* Prt? Constant heat flux tet (qilk) 0.650 Feta ant | yy, CARR, fant abs 7 on eat fx fi+coo207/R5°*P* | and for Re,Pr>100 ‘Average values of Nuc for constant heat =. fluxes or constant Nu = Niger wall temperature ‘Turbulent Flow (5x10° < Re,<10") Hydrodynamic boundary layer Spy = 0.381 Re; thickness at x Fully turbulent from eo teas ieading edge ‘Nu, = 0,0296Re?* Pr? ‘Nu, =1.04 times Nu, calculated Constant heat flux as per constant wall temperature. Drug coefiicient correlation for laminar flow O& 333 Continued... Nu 0-036 Rep PeeConvection Heat Transfer 45 Table C.1.1_ FORCED CONVECTION RELATIONS FOR FLOW OVER FLAT PLATE (Nu, is Nusselt number at any x) FLOW CONDITIONS CORRELATION REMARKS | Laminar-Turbulent Combined Flow Sy, =0.381Re;*? ~0.10256Re;! | Cyis local skin Hs a friction Cp = 0.0592 Rey; peace (600000>Re,<10") 7 Local and average Chie sion skin friction coefficient Cp = 0.37Tl0gy9 Re, J?9 7 : fe Ant | oe [Skin fiction Ca 0.074Rex°? ~1742Rey' coefficient up to (with critical Re as 5x10°) length /. ‘Wu = Pr (0,037Re9* -871] Re, 40°; 0.6 Sid 1.25 Sd =1.5 | Sid c a c a Cc a c a in-line 1.25 |_0.386 0.592 | 0.305 | 0.608 | 0.111 0.704 | 0.0703 |" 0.752 1.5 | 0.407 0.586_| 0.278 | 0.62 0.112 _| 0.702 | 0.0753 | 0.744 : 2.0 |_ 0.464 0.57 [0.332 | 0.602 _| 0.254 [| 0.632 0.22 0.648 3.0] 0.322 0.601 | 0.396] 0.584 | 0.415 | 0.581 | 0.317 | 0.608 — Staggered 06 = = = = = 0.236 _| 0.636 09 = = = 0.495 | 0.571 | 0.445 | 0587 1.0 es = 0.552 | 0.558 = = = — 1.425 = 0.531 0.565 | 0.575 | 0.560 1.25 [0575 | 0566 | O56 [0554 [0.576 _| 0.556 | 0.579 | 0562 1.5 [0.601_| "0.568 [0.511 |~0.562 | 0.502 | 0.568 | 0.542 | 0.568 2.0 [0.448 |" 0.572 [0.462 | 0.568 | 0.535 | 0.856 | 0.408 | 0.570 30[ 0.344” [0.502 [0.305| 0.58 | 0.488 | 0.562 | 0.467 | 0.574 Ratio of ‘h’ for “N’ rows deep to that for 10 rows deep 3 6 NT = 4 5 Z 8 9 40 Ratio for staggered | 0.68 | 0.75 | 0.83 | 089 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.99 1.0 arrangement Fateroonme |0ss| 08 | 087 | 09 | 092 | 094 | 096 | oss | ov | 10 N 2207 ny = CRe},, Pr?” (PriPr, ‘Geometry Renz | 7 In-line 10 -100. 0.8 04 700 - 1000 _| Treat as individual tubes 40°-2x 10° [0.27 063 >2x10°_ [0.9 04 Staggered |~ 10-700 [0.9 oa 100 - 1000 _| Treat as individual tubes 10°- 2x 10° | 0.35(s/s) * for (s/s)<2 06 c= 10°-2x 10° [0.4for (5/s)>2 06 i >2 x 10° 0.022 0.84 Ratio of ‘h’ for ‘N’ rows deep to that for 20 rows deep + Ni 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 | 16 20 _ | Ratio for’ iH staggered | 0.77 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.99 4 _ arrangement Ratio for inline arrangement 07 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.92] 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.99 1 _ ‘Subscripts: b: bulk temperature; f film temperature; «0: free stream temperature, w wall temperature. Sq: Transverse pitch; Sp : Longitudinal pitch48 Section C TABLE €.1.4 FORCED CONVECTION RELATIONS FOR INTERNAL FLOWS FLOW ‘Where f = (1.82log,. Re,~1.64)? CONDITIONS CORRELATION Tube fiow, fully 7 developed Nu, = 0.023Re8* Pr" turbulent flow, ‘ 7 0.610 flow Rough tubes, fully developed St, Pr” = 18 turbulent flow Non-cirolar tubes | Althe above equations can be used ‘Subscripts; b: bulk temperature; ffm temperature; o: free stream temperature; w. wall temperature.Convection Heat Transfer 49 .2 NATURAL CONVECTION RELATIONS TABLE 6.2.1 NATURAL CONVECTION FROM EXTERNAL SURFACES CONDITIONS] peel, RELATION REMARKS A variety of isothermal surfaces Values of C and m Vertical planes and GP) | | m Cylinders 10*- 10° | 0.590 | 0.250 — 40°- 10" | 0.100 10*- 10° | 0.530 10° - 107 | 0.130 7-40" | 0.675 Horizontal cylinders 107-107 |" 1.020 10°- 10" | 0.850 10*- 10" | 0.480 407-107 | 0.125 Upper surface of heated oxi0"- elses or lower surface HH aig? | 0-540 le a a Upper surface of heated Nu, = (Gr, Pry) aaa plates or lower surface zo" | 0-150 | 0.333 of cooled plates Lower surface of heated plates or upper surface 10°- 10" | 0.270 | 0.280 of cooled plates - Vertical cylinder, height ameter, Characteristic length is 10-10 | 0.775 | 0.210 diam Irregular solids, Characteristic length is distance fluid particle 10*- 10° | 0.520 | 0.250 travels in boundary layer. : Vertical isothermal | 337° 0.387Ra"™ Li Na’? =0.825+ *< Re, <10% surface lh + (0.492/ Pry =| eee Vertical surface, constant heat flux, local h Het Gr; is modified Nu = C(Gr;Pr,y C=0.17in=0.25 for Grashof number Gr, 2x10°10%4.tx10" | 05-2 [11a2z} 007s | oss3 Toot 14 Gas | Horizontal <1700 _ ~ fl oO 0 plate, isothermal | 1700-7000 | 05-2 | — | 0.059 0.4 0 font 7000-3.2x10°| 06-2 | — | 0212 | 0.25 0 below >3.2x10° 05-2 | 0.061 0.333 0 Vertical <2000 ~ _ 1 0 oO plate, Lye constant 7 Nity =0.42(Gr,P pa prem heat flux 108-10’ 1-2x10* | 10-40 | Nis =0.42(Gr, Pr) a or isothermal | 498_ 49? 4-20 | 4-40 Nu, =0.046(Gr, Pr) Uquid <1700 _ — 1 0 0 eee 1700 - 6000 | 14-5000 0.012 06 0 isothermal, | 6000 - 37000 | 14-5000 _ 0.375, 0.2 oO Heated from below |_37000-10° | 1-20 | -—~ 0.13 0.3 0 >10® 1-20 _ 0.057 | 0.33333 0 Vertical | Same as annulus_| vertical plate Gas | Horizontal | ¢000- 10° |1-6000| — | 041 0.29 0 (OF | annulus, Liquid | isothermal | 10°-10° | 14-5000 — 04 0.2 0 Spherical ° annulus | 120-1.1x10° | 0.7-4000} - | 0.228 | 0.226 052. Section C ‘Boiling and Condensation Heat Transfer 53 SECTION D BOILING AND CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER CONTENTS Table Nod | Page Figure No. | No. D.1_ Relations for condensation heat transfer (2) Vertical plate (laminar film condensation) 54 (b) Outside horizontal tubes (laminar film condensation) (c) Inclined surfaces/eylinders 54 (d) Inside horizontal tubes (laminar film condensation of a refrigerants) (e) The condensation number 85 D.2. Relations for boiling heat transfer (a) Nucleate poo! boiling 85 Vapor-liquid surface tension for water and value of the coefficient Csf for various tiquid- surface combinations | Table D.2.1| $6 (b) Peak boiling heat flux on horizontal cylinder 57 (c} Peak heat flux on infinite horizontal plat s (a) Heat transfer coefficient in the stable film-boiling a region on a horizontal tube (e) The total heat transfer coefficient with convection = and radiation effects in to consideration Simplified relation for beting heat-transfer to water at | TabieD.2.2| 5g atmospheric pressure54° Section D D1 RELATIONS FOR CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER (a) Vertical plate (laminar film condensation) duke, a ‘The film thickness, 5 = Bh, (Py ia Local heat transfer coefficient, h, = [eee 4 PLP ~ Pr)Bhg™ , Nu, =| AP Pee Local Nusselt number, Nu, [ ahaa, =.) ~p)ehgth V" Average heat transfer coefficient, = 0,943] PAP! —Pu)Biaky Lu, (, -T.) Film Reynolds number, Re, | ; tly SLC | (b) Outside horizontal tubes (laminar film condensation) Average heat transfer coefficient, ft ond (c)_ Inclined surfaces/cylinders, If the plate/cylinder is inclined at an angle “®" with horizontal, replace the gravitational force with its component parallel to the heat transfer surface, or g’ = gsin®. rc) Inside horizontal tubes (laminar film condensation of refrigerants) For low vapor flow rates (Rem < 35,000): For higher flow rates: 24. o,026Pr\" Rett ky where, Rens mixture Reynolds number given by os Re, =4}G, -o(24) Ay Pe Subscripts / and v denote liquid and vapor, respectivelyRadiation Heat Transfer 55 {e) The condensation number a Wa “ Co=h| __“~_—\_. lpad =a] : 3 or Con cin( Snell?) Re?? For vertical plate: ‘When turbulence is encountered: Co=0.0077Re!* for Re;>1800 D.2_ RELATIONS FOR BOILING HEAT TRANSFER (a) Nucleate pool boiling where, 0333 CAT, A C, hy Pr | "| Why Vo a C, = Specific heat of saturated liquid, J/kg K AT, = Excess temperature, K hig = Enthalpy of vaporization, Jikg Pr, = Prandtl number of saturated liquid q/A = heat flux per unit area, W/m? K H, = Liquid viscosity, kg/m s © = Surface tension of liquid-vapor interface, N/m (See Table D.2.1) g = gravitational acceleration, m/s? Pp, = Density of saturated liquid, kg/m? P, = Density of saturated vapor, ke/m? Cy = Constant, determined from experimental data (See Table D.2.1) = 1.0 for water and 1.7 for other liquids56 Section D TABLE D.2.1 1 \VAPOR-LIQUID SURFACE TENSION FOR WATER AND VALUE OF THE { COEFFICIENT Csf FOR VARIOUS LIQUID- SURFACE COMBINATION Saturation | Surface Se etert ae Fluid-neating-surface combination Cy \ °C o,mNim 0.00 75.60 _ | Water-copper 0.01300 | 18.56 73.30 | Weter-platinum 0.01300 37.78 69.80 _| Water-brass 0.00600 60.00 66.00 _| Water-emery-polished-copper 0.01280 93.33 60.10 _| Water-ground and polished stainless ste! 0.00800 7100.00 58.80 _| Water-chemically etched stainless ste! 0.01830 760.00 48.10 _ | Water-mechanically polished stainless steel 0.01320 226.87 32.00 | Water-emery polished and paratfin-treated copper | 0.01470 293.33 76.20 _| Water-scored copper =, } 0.00680: 360.00 1.46 | Water-Teflon pitted stainless ste! 0.00580 374.10 (0.00 _ | Carbon tetrachtoride-copper 0.01300 Carbon tetrachloride-emery polished copper 0.00700 Benzene- chromium 0.01000 ‘butyl alcohol-copper 0.00305 Ethyl eleohol-chromium ‘0.02700 ‘opropyi alcohol-copper 0.00225 T-pentane-chromium 0.01500 n-pentane-emery polished copper 0.01540 repentene-emery polished nickel 0.01270 ‘epentene-lapped copper 0.00490 j rrpentane-emery-rubbed copper 0.00740 | 35% KeCOs -copper 0.00540 ‘80% KCO3-copper 0.00270 ()__ Forlow pressure boiling water: gq! A=2.253(AT,)°% Wim? For 0.7 a Disks Radiation Shape Factor for Radiation between Fig. £3 7 Perpendicular Rectangles with a Common Edge : Radiation. Shape Factor for Two Concentric Cylinders of Fig.e4 | e506 Finite Length (@) Outer Cylinder to itself. 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Ee Nal [s | fa : : \EE eo oo —————_——== P|, avons ZL-pexTUuUn rom1o amp ‘PextU pny suo ‘raFuEyoXs moy sso19 ssed-offuss 105 O[d 20WDEY-UoDANOD HA Bld (- DG- Dead or 60 go ° ae 7 \ : he | VAT y =a 3 2 ba a 0.8. as 1s 29 Ly | 3.0. = [—R=4 S s J 10y9Ry WOKDaLI0;) €L sBumpeg eH74 Section F TABLE F.1 HEAT EXCHANGER EFFECTIVENESS RELATIONS a ns e Coin i ‘mx FLOW GEOMETRY RELATION Parallel flow aa We Double 1-expl-N0-C)] pipe | Counter flow 1-Cexl-N0-O)] Counterfiow, | Cat Nei Both fluids =} —exn| SXPCNCn) 1 =Nt2 ean e=l eno NOD ] where = Both fluids ia 1 Ee c 1 Grose mixed 1-exp(-N) 1-exp(-NC) Flow . Cras mineds Coin | 5 = (/C)ft-expf-C0-e™")] Geet | e=t-expl-W/Ofl-en-vol] ‘One shell pass, L ayy 2.4, 6, tube exafecenecy ste ace passes 1-exp[-N(+C7)"? Shell and [Multiple shell tube passes, 2n, 4n, 6n tube passes N= No. of shelt passes gu fice e)f- (0=2,0-«,)f -C“soueutoyiod 1o8ueyoxo Moy-[ojfered 105 ssouaanoaya 4B 29 = (om) ping pjog 998. 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