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    10 views14 pages

    Chapter 4 - Mind, Body, and Society - Clearscan

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    Maria Larisa
    Mind, Body, And Society_Clearscan

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Chapter MIND, Booy, AND SOCIETY Weeeereerenee eee EET EEE EE EE “ed em ao, inl as of wrk rite 4 th vere he saranda tla en eo oe ial commer apd ui ng ce ag ‘fecha lrg Ths Work jer a ar mh ol ch ‘Ragnelle ar pte ess irs sgl abet na a So: ul ay, Sl fan Hk Te Ba pens 199, 58 + "Sticks and Stones May Break My Bones, fond Names Cam Ale Hert Me™” ‘iebonA Cae of Mind or Boy? ‘The Open Quality of Hunan Bodies ‘The Newoomonal Cnmecton: Stor and Stes: Respanse The Reasons Boon Fie en Soepeyelogal Sess +A Question of Vyilogel Rely Cope inl Apps opis ‘Seem tnd Power + Sickening Schedules "Tone a Work Work Tine, "Fee" Time Wire ee iene se fe a in ih os lpia factors alec the quality and our te of ur materalenronmen In prev cus chper, we looked a physi determinant of bea and at thei soil com teas Here we examine cher ways our bis are affeced ess vsbly, but perhaps ‘nore deal, by socal relasonshipe and stacurs, In this chaper and the next, ‘refocus on the ise of socopeychologcal sess snd hea. Suess and elated oneepts provide the bss fora hob perspective in which inva minds ad Bris ae integrally iterrelted wit soil environments “STICKS AND STONES MAY BREAK MY BONES, [AND NAMES CAN ALSO HURT ME” Ta every if, we are sometimes aware tha sociopsyhalgia factors affect our Fee We might say, “lalvaye git a cold ater a tough exam” Conversations Contain various peychosomate references such ar, "ou'e pai in the neck” “Sel be de death of me ye” “Crandnis died ofa broken bean” These rel nce show a commonsense ayarenest ofthe connesions among the mind, body Sd sciy. Pray among msde class persons, there appears to bea recent lncreage in selfconscsousess about bis and ses. "Despite thi recent interest n mind ody relationships, peychologil and so cil factors are nox peeve to be euly important n determing helt beewse they ae at "ral that, countable and tingle. Viruses, ration, chemicals, ted smoking are physica factors whose effects onthe body can be measured ane ‘sere: Because medial science hat viewed nnd and body as separate ents 0 be studied and tested separately, doctors often do not assign dese factors much reality tng. Thu lthongh we may iit te realy of pychesomaticon- ‘evions, we aso elev that ack and tones may break my bones, but words ‘wines ute” atleast no pysclly) Yrs as adage ely rue? ‘Some evidence suggests at conversation with another perso (even onthzeteig one wil atomically rae our blood presure; a conversation tit tr bos, even more 20 yc, 1985; Lynch and Rose 190). What are we to make of accounts of "woodon death” when cifian ues a death case at {woman who votes a bal aboo, andthe woman, who believes het dea © be incre, soon dis of m0 clear phil causes (Canton, 1942) Modem Sea py e mee e ttnSlie ee hrc em eine Fe Sea apt ares epg alegre gO 2S ae oe ees “TG af body Bd‘ 2vtal cer Relaies ny wld woe andthe vit, beSewg Be Fete eden tered Pee cri echelon Ut naan Gre erent Csi cee fone ee ‘equivalent of voodoo death occ in sich cases as sudden death afer reirement ‘or widowhood. Engel (971) argued tht sich phenomena ae dato incase er ‘nal arousal, which nereps the regu yt ofthe her in ther wordy causes a carne ayia tht an be deadly. We donot with to overstate the ‘ase tat words can Kill buc we do wast make the point, developed farther Jae, hat human physiology x responsive tit socal envionment at sytnbulie meanings can pysially ac us Placebos: A Case of Mind or Body? Research on placebos provides some suggestive Hikages between mind aed body, A placebo chemically inet ornate suontance (or example mgt pl that looks ike eal mediation. ei sham eaten hats sappsed to have octal physical es. The Lain word lasd means “I wil plese” Doctors someiimes give placebos to patents who want and expec treatment yet see Inve no physical, organic basso thir eamplaints. Pecos ae lio sein ess of drug and treatments o determine how much of dr’ eetiveness de its specif physi properes and haw much r due to aubjsive or psyetoogical factors. The placebo is used ae sada fora consol) aginst which drag being tested eas be compared ‘Although chenicaly inex, placebo “pain sadiciton” can actully redace pin in at many as 85 percent of pens (Beecher, 1960), he ae 1950s there ‘yas even a contovesal experiment wih placebo surgery (Recent ter rls fo ‘speriments wih human subjects prob sach experiments) Iwas found that 2 «erly version of coronary bypass surgery (led mammary ary Hating surgery) wat no more effective than sham surgery, in which pasts wee putt ecard had an incision made, although no actual surgery wae performed on the hear a tere (Cobb etal, 1959. Some obervers have gered that current bypass surgery may kee derive par fie saces fom a placebo eee, Many ‘ypas patients experience considerable reli, even though ti surgery produced so working rls hat, sargery di no tspeome vensculrfuneson), Pe ope. ‘tion's symbolic and metaphorical effects may this account for mud of de ‘tens rele from angina pan (Moerman, 1997). Becrse patients wally hope ‘Bat teament will work, aloe al rentments involve an element ofthe placebo fle. Metal singsvith their impesive eget, diplomas and csiests on doctor’ office walls, white uniforms, ipoards, and sechoxcopes-comtite ‘0 this ah o expectancy. Even the calor of pace “mediate” ean intease is ‘tlecienes, Pacbo efletvenes varies, depending on the comlion being ‘cated, Cultural fiers such asthe meaning of coniton or symbolam of ‘seamen often infuence bow well placbo works (Moerman, 200) Some researchers view the pletbo eff a being all nthe man, wih no pltyscal basis. Others suggse tha placebor actly indice intel plyica) ‘hangin the body Baka, 1979; Cousins, 1988; isenberg eta, 198%; Horwitz al, 1990; Wel, 1988), For inscanee, placebos may aman the body's pro ‘ion of natural opiates, called endorpins (Davis, 1984; Levine eal, 1978 1 this mo,scor MMOSSCEY is oue tay be an oversimpifcaton to conse the planing proper ofa plnecbo mer prychologie. Doctors’ bedside manne, or communication, May Brewis have concrete physical eles, such as reducing pun oF speeding recovery (tee Mocnman, 2000) Ar one psn nots, ‘us wha fits demons in te fe dt sesuane provided by 8 ea ofionl scape of rng endogeons sortie obsnces win ue’ bra? Without dou ple “hing of Bands wl ie =F ‘ening Bla 107° 251) “The Weer assumption of division bereen mind and body isnt sized yall cures. In many entre being sick or being healed i either all ological or all prychologel, bur = pajehopiysclogal proces (Grossinger, 1990; leinmat, 1078). We examine ds sue in later chapters. For ou present purpose, research on plaehos irate tat dhey have = payehophysnlogial tet and Stat biomedcine’s assumption ofa mind body spi ot supportable. Indeed, the ‘sumpeon of mach a mind body uals limite medin's sity o vndertnd Heath and lass? Furthermore, mind and body exit in socal exvionment with which they also mera Thus, socal meanings, pressures, and velaionships Ive aleat swe inp on us, The following eco sketch see ofthe possble patiwaysthroagh which socal preures(orsrestor) can become the source of sydophysia woubls, Pree value of plccbos is omeiies misonsrved as a simple mind overmate argument, whic lads wo the wap of another form of mind-body dish isthe mind ling the body. Mind and body must be ren as ieracting ad ot as separate elements, Diseases deal have biological componens, bt they ako hive a prychosocal dimension, Pychosocal aco, however, do aoe magically transfor bodies. Prychovoetlprestures generally tke years to exact de Clk foriastance, sca sess does not generate coronary bear dease or hypertension oremight Some hells problems experienced in aduldiood may have begs ‘ch ear in the person's fe, even eal cldhood, when te orgasm i not et Seed in te pater of physi responses. Physical damages brug on by fongrerm sess, for example, tay not be easily reverable. The fact ha eal problem is allted by socal factors, however, docs aoe make any les The Open Quality of Huron Bodies: Bogs Bon' Brood All rearesintraetivimately with their environments; dey have an ia uct on thes environmental condons and in ur are affected by them. When ‘dying organisms and their surroundings, we have a tendency co make a sharp sg ee Hom «hr of crm wit heen ayo sae inching ol fcc A conan oping Sak ele a ES mcs ED ae mer te Se comet pen ore ca espns oad See icc, Sesh nm apne stincson benren the environment and the creatures ining it (Levins and “Lent, 1985), buc this dscnction 8 milan Animal ape to thir ci ronment, but they ao ransform the word they live in, often modifying it ther neds and in cum beng shaped by the world they have sbaped, Flumans, ‘more than other creature, can tansform thelr soc aad psa environmen, ‘ul they are also more afleed physically an mene by the word they cea ‘Creatures are shaped not only by physical surroundings but abo by their social rationsips and expecations, Social elaonship fet physical espouses, ‘The socal poion of animals, for ietance, ales thir behavioral raponses fo ampheumines Given amphetamines, both dominane and submissive monkeys -ncreased dominant and submisive beavis "appropri" thir tani, When 2 monkey changed is soc poison, so did ix reponse tothe dr. Ti, under Amphetamines, a monkey wih increased suns changed is Behavior from being fume to being more dueatening and making more dominan apy (ab and Barbas, 1984) Tha sma experimen wth humans fr objects were tod they would be sven lepng pl, but one ofthe four was actully given a simula Al four Filjecs beeame deomy and quiet inching the one who had akowingly been {ven the smlan) "This study shows the importance of vocal expects he {Biuence ofthe experimenter, andthe behavior of one's per it this case the ther tee subjes) for one's physical reperae Prychosocal factors were ths Seportne ar the dr’ biochemical propery in influencing people's Behavior (Baka, 1979: 180). Cltre and socal earning ale how the iad expt ences the efes of drugs (Becker, 1967). The ability of the allan LSD, for ‘tampleto produc a peychoi episode does ace depend merely on the chemistry ofthe drug but loon the sococleural singin which ts experienced. "Human physical naoning more responsive than tha of eter anil to ts environment (Berger and Luckmano, 1967: 47-50), "Tiss tre for 8mm ‘er of easone 1. Himan beings lave the womb more unfinished than other erates and ext in an extraterin social womb of dependence on oer. Soil learning, ‘begins before we are bologiallycomplee (fo instance, our central neous sy" ter isnot flly developed) fr an extended period sir bith. Because bursa ‘young are more open and malleable, early soil laring has a decper pact on them both pysically and mene Aldough rat are fr more ‘lsed” than fa ‘mans, suis show tht actvity and soil stimulation can modify the brain of Infant (od even aul ats (Diamond, 1988). The role of ery sdmulaon in cow _srucing human physiology it mich gester Indeed, there my be eres pesos ‘in which the boys parse “open soci enrironmentalinence Exe ‘ess early in ie may inluene how we respond physially eo sestors Inter in Ife becuse they “become baie Ineo our neous, immune and endocrine ‘sjstens-our selves” (Evans, Hoge, and Pls, 1094: 184) Beaute human inter pendence is parly a esl of beogy. human phyilogalfnctioing i store ‘deeply aleced by socal sroundings (Bike, 198685) 0.500% MD SOCEY 0 2. Hunan conmusicate trough the use of symbols, which allows hem — unlike other cearreso reflect on themselves and thei bodes, and vo attach ‘earings to evens (Berger and Luckmann, 1967. Synbols allow humans tov member experiences in a way that ober canes cannot, Homans rect onthe stand anscipate dhe Rare, but dogs cannot brood about old grader. Tis otto say dogs do notremembe pas pan ot wai in anicpation, bu rave toh ‘inns dey tend to be more grounded a he hee and now Sach capaci to ree fon de meaning of events may generate a choai, law level of sues because our Urooding ean contbut toa eonsant degre of peychophysial roa The pac snyto symbolize widens che range f events wo which humans spond as pSeholog ‘Elly and physically sresfl A human can respond to the fear of being homed ‘mde same way ta an anna esponds to physial year. Ualike animal, hoe tre, mans donot generally repond a treats motor (at, by runing or fighting but by cauling them over indeed Ths wesponee hae ta pact on ‘our beak, becase the wider range of ancy and gui sbout ou past, preset, ‘se ure hat may renal can aller pli ‘3. Research shows waysin which seemingly involuntary physical process, such at Mood pesture,digeion, and dhe anctoning ofthe mne ayer, ca be changed in “Tower” animals by condoning (namely, read and punishes) hd im oman by learning euch as learning though biofeedback). People ae Capable ofa great deal of vohuntaryselfuegulaton and, a yogic practiones (demonstte, can inate the roglaion of even “inwlantry”arpec of pyseal ‘ancsoniag (Peltier, 1992) Whereas one can amin an antl ole ta ood presue, humans ean plates ro sates of mid that wll aker ther blood resnueThi means dhe egulaton of blood pressure and other apposed invel ‘ntary physical fancsons are not closed syssems chat simply operate automatically, ‘but rater they ae responsive tothe prychovocal environments of which the pr sna par. Haman tual responses are modulated by“highee”cogncve fne- ‘Sos, Fatsies may amply or dinish excement (Coe and Taylor, 1970. All ‘organisms are capable of forguicing their physical functioning; m humans his apc seems gente. This cacy my beled by moods, eovions and fee Ings about oureives that ae in tir connesed to or acl erence Buytendk, 199, Tn sum, one might loosely characterize human physiology, eave wo that of other creatures, at more responsive to is eavtoment and more capable of sl regulation. Humans have more open and more controllable bodes; Bence, we ae ‘move "makeable” Our bodies have greater access wo the outer physical and socal World becaise humans are ie from fed insincnl pers and ave pret ‘api fr eliegustion, One human aspect of our body nate this parc [nr openner othe orl. "Our body ini relive dependence as an opening 104 formed outer world” Buytead, 1974: 19. “Through these mind-body thoroughfares, our movements are shaped by the physi cousins of our worl, and our internal exvoaent Socrates to some ‘tent with our experiences inthe social and piysical worl. The way in wick rE coaversation can rise blood pressure serves as an example. Our way of ein Society and how we experienc ths way of ie are lnk the Fanconi fou bodies through muscula, newrohormonal, cardowascul,espratory, al other systems. Dut to our developed slfconssoumess snd capacity to rele, the self ‘en dampen or incite che psi aytems and in tira be lleced by thems “The ably to communicate synbobaly (which enna ted wih his ‘open quality) makes us sueepable ta wider range of esors han eter forms of Ie experene. Humans respond pica to both physical and socal symbolic treats, Most psychosomaselnte at therefore pecan man, Humans 0 poste a greater ability modify suesor impact by the way we interpre thn, ‘Bosy and soc can inert n many ways. We have feviewed srs bn ‘ous connections, such asthe impact of eakural and social actos cm out de and hence on ou pisicalcondkion. Oterintrrationship beoreen boy and soc ty are more sub, sch as was ou biochemistry maybe infuenced by te ten poral shyt of socal evronments of tltionships. Some bodys ints cs involve snface modicadons of aur mucha skeletal scr, inching ‘our postre, movement, andthe shape of our bodies. Other any pence out body by changing blod presure or the responsiveness of our nervous syste Ahough showing eave iveraal sabity, our body systems are cheve coms ley withdrawn from 2 relasonaip to 2 way of existence” thats onsanly hanging and allceting thee boy suas Baye 1974: 2 ‘Respirsory functioning. whichis both volusary and inwohmcary, exes fics such bodysocy connections. We breathe stomatal, yet can hold cur ‘breath, How we breathe may be aleced by our suod. Anwious people breathe mote shallow. Azar in tm maybe proce by soil etigs. What we have ‘heres a kind of sociesymind body bridge (Lapton, 1994S, hod pres se, blood sugar, and immunity ar affected by pater of veutcendocrinsogia srousal(Gruchow, 1979, which are temelvs lake co the way we ive ae ‘spond to ur ie experiences. The early empirical and theoretical foandatons for Such linkages cane found in the pioneering work of W.B Cannon (1929) sel his sdent who became the father of eontemporary stress eseu lans Selye (1956), The Neurehormonal Connection: ‘Shessor ona Srese Response ‘The bodys respons wo sresons appear ovo the immune, hrm and nervous systems. Previously cansiered sel eoneined, thse systems ae wow incresngly seen ws interconnected (vane, Hodge, and Pls, 199), ‘Asuesior, ora sess satan Suter, 1988) cesta, or environmen ‘al condions or events, tat eb sess. We indade here tote sil ha compe fom cur minds, och eaing a ghtesing event. The dat of dog's ie 2 sresor and our body's respon to that stsuo sealed the sues response ot fightor tight response. The auss response the bods way of geting realy to del with the stesso by mobiising lf to cider Sight ort fee Ths “Reo. fight rele. as Cannon (1829) cad involves neurliorional changes inthe body (Suter, 1986: 78, which ec parca patter of rol oF exciton ia the nrvou system andl he rea of erin hormones, Oe huncion of these hee ‘monesisto simulate and coordiate dan cre Seles 75:18), Hormones are released by the endocrine lands del to the boy, and they simulate o depres various physical fanesons. These hormones act 2 the body’ chemical messengers, teling it sep up or to low down is aces ‘Adsenaline (ao Lnown s+ epneprinc) and noradrenaline (otepnepie) are ‘examples of cass of suess hormones Known at eatechlamines. These Te sponse involves changes the cata nervous system (CNS; the rain ad nerves {nthe spiral cor) and the release of some af thee hormonal rabstances. ‘Odier examples of sre hormones are the cotoseoid. Research since ‘Seve, however has suggested dha many ther hormonal mabeances, eluding Pep file hormones fr example, endorphins) play ale inthe ses respons. Ths. 10 speak of specie sues hoznones ay be misleading (Peller and Herring, 1988; eine, 1902). We could think of hormones at “anforaton sabes” (Hl, 1989). One fuseon of hormones i wo stmlite and coordinate dant organs (Selye, 1975). Another may be to provide communion Laks between dierent physological stems. Thus, pepe hormenes, for example, induence comm ‘tion between the brain and immune system (Peller and Hiring, 1988). Boch te organism and i relaonship with ts environment can be concepuaied in informational terms, with neuroendocrnologial fanesone acing informaton _etwarks within the organi (Wein 1992) ‘The ght or fight espoase,acoring to Sle, general physiological re: sponse that mele umber o ystems throughout the body ad canbe evoked by any numberof nospecie smal tess) i the envionment. Seve noted Sat ie media exning encouraged bind pot fo the ide of won actos. Inthe couse of his meal eduaton, specie daeacs and ther cases “assed 2 cre increasing imponance and pushed dhe syndrome of jst beng sick, the ‘questo wat is disease gee? out of ey conacoress nt hat hy ae {fry ofthe purely abuerace arguments ha are noe worth boering abot” (Sle, 1956: 17) In contastto ely, oer acarcher (Wine, 192) argue that tesors ‘voke physiological responses specticlly attuned o those specie stressors. Fur ‘ermore, prior rhe ofthe onan, genetic prepositions, socal one, nd other factors infuenc physilogcal responses to suesors. We cxamine ome Sources of vari in pylogcl responses to srestors erin his capt, ‘The sress respons, inthe form ofthis neurohormanal stv, cates 3 ‘numberof aonipese lange in the body tat adap the organism for ight or pe ae mend ey. Loar hei ‘thie sanding on he oui Buc, 1600) Sone menue we ick fe tain of SET ESTSASY ie pal he sean neh Se que of caren Sein pring ch Tobvemees becwer ee people wil ast ch rans me igh (Sapo, 1900) 1. Mod prams eree, Bod ow ode mans and ea, dh ‘Sere Go he erro) par of he bays it hy cold et od [andr ar fe ssc of es. Blond a dvd nay anton Ihe dgnson nc aed for Song Sing 2. Soar ad Ging cole! are rel 0 ge he by neg. 2 immany temporarily depres lw the body sles pone av ‘These changes sggest hw prolonged, uninterupted sues igh create physical problema. For example, dos the conned relene of fats and sogars ino the ‘ood help explain the connection beeen sss aed coronary fart ease? Gan prolonged sues allt the mechanams that regulate Blood preseure? These ae Some of the issues investigated by ses esearch “Weise (1992) sugges tha esearch shoul foot on dsuancevat he calls “perturbations” of neuroeadocinlogalrhyns snd ways in which ses ‘al experience ete wo tose diearbances, He adeses looking a ot ngeic (disease) and funesonal (i) held) problems rom his holete model. Some seseachers believe that szesrnduced newroendocrnologial changes generally nly contibut to causing disence (asa ence alng wih oder, sch a prior structural damage and genese fcrs).Furermor, they argue srs nduced Sanges contribute more oH hah than wo the onset of dzease, Die (ch a8 ‘roma hear diese) har a easly clear bilogcl basis, Bod also manifest 1 hei ina wide runge of synpoms such a seeplestese, fatigue, hypervento ‘on, chronic pin, and soon. These symptoms onthe oer hand, donot have 3 clearcut organic basis (Weiner, 1992 Eventhough such forms of cismes ae ‘common medial complaints, medicine hae neglected them because they lack dear fnganc sours, Given the tndency for medicine 10 ae mind and body 8 sep ‘t,o docors do no take sch problems seriou. "The events in modern fe hat cic the ras reeponse inhuman xe ot ‘ually phyial bat more ypc social and symbolic ia nace (or example {hueat of being humisted), Furthermore, modera conditions donot alway ake ‘he apie response of fecing r fighting a practical oe. We maybe proved by a boss to ght or fun, but we have Iarned that neither response would be appropriate. Ths, the body may be cootiuousy geared up for acon but not allowe bythe rls of vied behavior to 2 “Any demanding smaon, such as cimbing a dangerous wal or enjoyment coe ining coal ine dangerous mine shaft for a ving can be steal Noa ster for are neqatne, however; some can energize ani cillenge Ses ise ot ‘nese unheldhy Iisa par of ie, ans ally sees environment would be bosh pose and born "Neyative and postive suesor are not nes eal inher impacto Ae thre quale cdifeenesin how people respond o negative or porte ses tors? Research (Dobrenvend and Part, 182) suggests that t's na jut change (or exvzonmental demands tht ae ees, The unconlaly of the sresor ‘eat Seams to increase is destracive consequences for the body. Seesors ae They to havea negative lf when dhe nvidia fee bless inthe ceo hes he Relationship Between Physical ‘end Sostopsychological sressors Jost as physical factors affecting heath (such as dict) cannot be separated from locoeltural ones [auc a eng pater), 50100 socopsychologeal sues sors may bedi o separate from physical stressors. A physical tresor may ‘nme at inact on payeologia ste ike mood Bulinge, 1990). For example, oie levels may noc only ave physical consequences, suchas damage to hearing, ‘pumas nluence mood and act as peycholoical seston Furthennore + ‘dence indicates that physical and sodopsycholgial sceseors interact with ach ‘ther By lowering immunity, rest can aggravate an nid’ valnerty {nfecios microorganisms Being physically rundown my alo make tarde © cope with vol trees. en ferns kinds of reson interact wis ech er Sd may infact ncease one anther’ inact oa the body Such a mutually es ‘baci interaction salle synergic elatonhip. Each fzor may “eed” > dhe other, ampiying else da either one alone might have ha, "The relaonship beoreen de and ses exerplis rymergim. I ou as ‘mented ways flocking at health and ins, we ain foes on one facta Such as (Git) st determinant of health, Some think hat easing prope ll save them From heart disease and ober wees, yee dit canna be eonaidered insolation fom ‘ther factors. high cholesterol diet combined with high level of roca sees ea Increase de Wlihood of atbeosderos Qurdenog of the ater), over and above the effec of diet by isl (ye, 1984; Kaplan etal, 1983). Smoking and {tsext combined snay interact syengiticaly to ae Wood pre and Beat ate (Karasek and There, 1980; Raft Crain and Bau, 1990, ‘Not only physi stresors (or example, workplace ergonomic cndtions) bot also mental ones ean influence level of muscu tension lening 9 mses loskleal disorders (Ldherg cal, 199). Mental sess can prose muscalar tension in the absence ofa physical workload it canbe aggravated by te fact hat ruc are Being “readied for uae but a bing sed. Mental and ply es. sors can gt together synergistically to increase muscular tension. For example, the tevabinaton ofthe inability to reac at home because of "seconds of howe ho labor and physical work conditions fata computer eermial, for instance) nay lead tothe high inence of nec snd shoulder problema sxnong wornen (Lundberg etal, 1994, /A.QUESTION OF SUSCEPTBILTY Why do wo people reac ery diferenly co de same stressors? Some of us face sca with conidence others wi fear, despa» sera of hopeless. Some people sem to weather Li's crise without much damage, others break esl (Ceacy it isnot only the stressor itself hat determines the eatin, ut also howe the individual expeiences and dese with dhe eressr Fartermor, research sug es tat even physiological eas la stres vary frm pesont person, Some People’s bodies reat very stongy to 2 stressor ober less so. What cor: cco fr such variadons in individual suscep? “Athough there are imporant inva variations in reactions to ses, we Should avoid individual ierpetasons that ignore che socal reamsances contribu to these varinons. Such approaches tnd to lame dhe via of ‘vest aer dh o examine the oil statons that might account or variations in inivdoal cep. Tice interested nds of individual varasons in Stesoe reaction exemplify he problem: he mere presence ofa saesor docs ot account fora person's physi resco oF there ae difeences in he way peoples bode respon eo stesor phyilogialventvt). Second tere ae ‘aration in how people perceive stressors and assess whats happening to them (coynitve-emotonal appeal) Third, there ae diferences in he way pple manage tresors coping. Physiologica Reactity Although the basic patem of the stress sesponse remains ewsentaly the same rom person person, researchers have ound ecusring sual pera i ‘he way people's bodies respond to ress Some indidalred physialesponses ‘re more fixed or rigid than others. Two people faced withthe sme sso wll, Show difences isthe level to which ther blood presere rises, The presse of persons wo have kypertenson tend to cua nore daca han that of "hse whose blood pressure arte “normal” Buyeendk, 174; Ste, 1986) Inviual lo difer in thi panes of neurological exciton. In some people the egorophic reponse, n which sympathee sonal igh, more ae ly ected, Other people respond more qucly with a toposrophic response, in ‘which parasympathe exsicion predominates ter, 1086), Individuals ay tls der in how realy thcix bodies su beeen these two responses, pyar fally changing foe being ina sae of Sight or Bight to beng ina sae of ela ‘tin (Geom, 1969), Individuals have varying hormonal reactions (Biebauskas, 182: 5 Ta some laboratory studies, mea produced move epnepluine ia response trees thin ‘women dA sy of women in notradtional "male acupatioal roles, how Cre, showed that women meet demands wih almost 20 akarp incase in ep ‘eplvine ke theme's (Frankenhaeater 1991), nonetilest pose at is ‘lence has nei and natural bven espe men erento tes ds pro ducing an inecient exces of sess hormones (frankeahaeuses, 1991; Over, 1985; Polefone and Manuch, 1987). Some pysslogial variations may reflect (erences in iological makeyp.Pechape men and women dois bilgi to Some extent in hormonal eacons. Peshaps some mvidale are genetically pre

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