Graphene

Joshua Moskowitz*, Patrick Ho†, and Daniel Kuncik†

*Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University

†Department of Physics, Princeton University
 Outline

„ Introduction: What is graphene?

„ Background: Why is graphene sweet?
„ Objectives: What’d we try to do this summer?

„ Methods: How do you make this stuff?

„ Results: To show for the >$800 spent on the AFM.

„ Conclusions: Where do we go from here?

„ Acknowledgements
„ References
 Introduction—What is it?

3D Graphite in pencil 0D Buckyball 1D Carbon Nanotube

2D Graphene
Structure of graphite
http://guineapig.article7.co.uk/imager/pencil.jpg
wikipedia.com
 Background—Why is this exciting?
As an independent layer, graphene can display many exciting physical and electrical qualities.

One atom thick transistor?

For real.

Nanofilling applications in nanocomposites (proposed by

Hannes Schniepp in Prof. Aksay’
Aksay’s group). Bell Labs: this guy is
big

Ballistic electron transport (similar to

carbon nanotubes) up to room temperature e
Quantum Hall Effect 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics—Daniel Tsui (Princeton),
(from Kim’
Kim’s group)
Horst Stormer (Columbia), Robert Laughlin (Stanford)
Just For Perspective

How many graphene

sheets are in a 2mm
thick slab of graphite?

~6 million
 Objectives—Set our Goals
„ Objective #1: To get a working
sample of graphene in our lab
„ Objective #2: To get a working
sample of graphene to be examined
under the scanning tunneling
microscope (STM)
„ Objective #3: To learn as much as
we can this summer (i.e. the atomic
force microscope [AFM])
 Methods: Outline

„ Silicon Rubbing Method

„ Scotch Tape Method
„ Solution Dispersion Method
„ Silicon Carbide Method (we didn’t do this one)

„ Imaging
 Fabrication: The Main Idea
Mechanical Chemical

Break off a graphene layer with Sonicate in solution to separate all layers
mechanical force. and deposit onto substrate.
 Silicon Rubbing Method
Product of ourselves

Highly Oriented Pyrolytic

Graphite (HOPG)
10 x 10 x 2 mm ~$280

X-Acto knife

Thin silicon wafer

http://www.uline.com/images/product/Medium/HD_1166_M.JPG
Transparent Tape Method
Kim Group: Columbia University and Geim Group: University of Manchester, UK
 Solution Dispersion Method

+ =
Sonicate

Functionalized graphene* Tetrahydrofuran (THF) Functionalized

graphene in THF

Spin coat or deposit onto substrate

*Was produced by Prof. Haddon’s group in Chemistry at UC-Riverside and Prof. Aksay’s group in Chem-E at Princeton. It was
received in powder form.
Silicon Carbide Method

Begin
1. H2 etch
with the
a piece
(0001)of plane
silicon carbide
2. Heat
4. Measureby electron
relative bombardment
intensities of the
3. Crank
in UHV
Auger toup
peaks the
remove heat
using even
oxide
AES in more
order and
to
the Si will evaporate leaving
determine the thickness of the behind
a graphene
graphene layer
layer onacross the surface
the surface.

http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41256000/jpg/_41256334_sharesdown203.jpg
http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41256000/jpg/_41256334_sharesdown203.jpg
 Imaging

http://p.office1000.com/vp2/09610MEA.jpg

Initial identification of thin Take note of regions

features takes place under with interesting Definitive identification
the optical microscope (thin) features takes place under the AFM
(400x)

1 2 3
Results
 Results
Scotch Tape Method
 The Dead Space

Additional layers: 3.34 Å each

Graphene flake: 3.34 Å
Dead space: Up to 5 Å
where solvents can get
trapped

Silicon substrate

Possible Explanation: Stronger force interaction

a b
Image profile
The Monolayer
Silicon Rubbing Method
An ultrathin graphite crystal
(blue) was identified under an
optical microscope at 400x
magnification on 1300 Å oxide
(a). The left edge of this flake
was examined under the AFM.
The phase picture of this image
(b) describes the texture of the
flake. The feature of interest is
shown in (c). The image was
rotated 90° to confirm that
features in the image were not
artifacts (e) and a cross-section
was taken across the two
triangular crystals (d). A
surface profile of the triangles
is shown in (g). The step
height analysis (f) agrees with
the thickness predicted in the
section profile.
 Solution Dispersion AFM

Picture provided by Dr. Ramesh Palanisany—Haddon Group, UC-Riverside

 Conclusions
„ Graphene monolayers and FLGs were successfully fabricated
using simple laboratory equipment and techniques
„ Imaging and identification of these ultrathin crystals was effectively
performed using an atomic force microscope.
„ Some control over the size, distribution and concentration of the
crystals has been demonstrated.

Future Work
„ Produce a sample on a gold substrate for STM analysis
„ Take electrical measurements of large area graphene using
nanoprobes
„ Need to determine the optimum oxide thickness that will
provide the greatest contrast between the surface and the graphene
(300 nm?).
 Acknowledgements
„ Ali “Nothin’ but Results” Yazdani: For employment and inspiration
„ Kenjiro “Kimura or” Gomes: For knowing everything
„ Dale Kitchen “et al., Nature 442, 436—439 (2006).”: For significant help with our paper

„ Nan Yao: For teaching us the basics of the AFM

„ Ramesh Palanisany (Haddon’s group): For cooperative collaboration
„ Melinda Han (Kim’s group): For accepting our visit
„ Hannes Schniepp (Aksay’s group): For making us some material
„ Jane Woodruff: For helping us with the SEM
„ PCCM/PRISM/Shannon/Prof. Gmachl/Prof.Benziger: For organization and facilities
„ NSF: For sponsorship of this research

I don’t care if you have to go back to

Columbia 10 times, as long as you
get me graphene by the end of the
summer. (Week 2 of 9)
 Selected References
(i.e. the reference list from our paper)

„ Berger C, et al. (2004). Ultathin Epitaxial Grapheme: 2D Electron Gas Properties and a Route Toward Graphene
Graphene-
Nanoelectronics. J. Phys. Chem. B, 108:19912
Based Nanoelectronics. 108:19912– –19916.
„ Gunlycke D, Lawler HM, White CT. (2006). Room Temperature Ballistic Transport
Transport in Graphene Nanostips.
Nanostips.
arXiv:cond-
arXiv:cond-mat/0606693v1.
„ Han, Melinda. Personal Correspondence. July 5, 2006.
„ Hasegawa Y, Kohmoto M. (2006). Quantum Hall Effect and the Topological Number in Graphene. arXiv:cond- arXiv:cond-
mat/0603345v1.
„ Hiuara H, et al. (1994). Role of sp3 Defect Structures in Graphite and Carbon Nanotubes.
Nanotubes. Nature, 367:148
367:148– –151.
„ Nakada K, Fujita M, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS. (1996). Edge State in Graphene Ribbons: Nanometer Size
Effect and Edge Shape Dependence. Phys. Rev. B, 54:17954
54:17954– –17961.
„ Niyogi S, et al. (2006). Solution Properties of Graphite and Graphene. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 128:7720
128:7720– –7721.
„ Novoselov KS, et al. (2004). Electric Filed Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films.
Films. Science , 306:666
306 :666––669.
„ Novoselov KS, et al. (2005). Two-
Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystals. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 102:10451–
102:10451–10453.
„ Novoselov KS, et al. (2006). Unconventional quantum Hall effect and Berry
Berry’s phase of 2π
2π in bilayer graphene.
Nature, 2:177—
:177—180.
„ Schniepp HC. (2006). Functionalized Single Graphene Sheets Derived from Splitting Graphite Oxide. J. Phys.
Chem. B,110:8535
110:8535– –8539.
„ Structure Probe, Inc. (2006). Highly Ordered Pyrolitic Graphite: The Story of “Kish graphite”
graphite”. July 28, 2006.
http://www.2spi.com/catalog/new/hopg-
http://www.2spi.com/catalog/new/hopg-kish-kish-graphite.html.
graphite.html.
„ Wakabayashi K. Electronic Transport Properties of Nanographite Ribbon Junctions. Phys. Rev. ,64:125428
64:125428– –
125442.
„ Zhang Y, Tan YW, Stormer HL, Kim P. (2005). Experimental Observations of the Quantum hall Berry’s
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Phase in Graphene. Nature, 438:201
438:201– –204.