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Yohanes WH George
THE BACKGROUND OF THE
“ICU WITHOUT WALLS” OR “CRITICAL
CARE OUTREACH” CONCEPT:
• Kekurangan oksigen
• Kehilangan energi (ATP)
• Toksin
• Kerusakan fisik
PROSES TERJADINYA SAKIT KRITIS
Shock Compensation;
Infection Preserve brain
Early Sign &
Trauma Symptom
and heart Fail/ decomp Death
Onset of
illness
Compensatory phase
Tachypnea
Tachycardia Depends on;
Hypertension • Age Bradycardia
pH • Severity of illness Hypotension
Lactate Alkalosis
CRP • Preexisting disease
Severe
Leucocyte Normal Acidosis
Asphyxia:
(Airway Obstruction) 5-12 min
(Apnea)
Circulatory Arrest
Exsanguination ?
Pulmonary Failure ?
Shock ?
Brain Failure ?
*Safar P. Cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest: research initiatives and future
directions. Ann Emerg Med 22:324,1993
BERHENTINYA SIRKULASI/ HENTI
JANTUNG/CARDIAC ARREST
• 10 detik
– Tidak sadar
• 15-25 detik
– Otak isoelektrik terjadi apnea
• 2 to 4 menit
– Penyimpanan Glucose dan glycogen di otak habis
• 3 to 5 minutes
– ATP habis
– Pompa listrik otak mati total
BERAPA LAMA KESEMPATAN YANG
KITA MILIKI UNTUK MENGEMBALIKAN
SIRKULASI SETELAH HENTI JANTUNG?
THE PROCESS OF DYING
*Safar P. Cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest: research initiatives and future
directions. Ann Emerg Med 22:324,1993
Mati klinis = henti sirkulasi total yang potensial reversibel sembuh sempurna
termasuk fungsi otak jika dilakukan resusitasi
Henti
-------
sirkulasi
5 min 10 min 15 min 20 min
Kembalinya sirkulasi
THE PROCESS OF DYING
*Safar P. Cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest: research initiatives and future
directions. Ann Emerg Med 22:324,1993
Mati klinis
Henti ?
-------
sirkulasi
5 min 10 min 15 min 20 min
Mati klinis
Henti ?
-------
sirkulasi
5 min 10 min 15 min 20 min
– Basic investigations;
• TACHYPNOEA (merupakan indikator sakit kritis yang paling
penting)
• TACHYCARDIA
• HYPOTENSION (gangguan kardiovaskular yg tersering pada
pasien sakit kritis yg akut, penyebabnya multipel;
hipovolemi/perdarahan/sepsis/gagal jantung)
• Acidosis (adanya metabolic acidosis salah satu dari
indikator penting dari sakit kritis)
IHCA
IN-HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST
ETIOLOGY OF CARDIAC ARREST
• Etiologi
– Cardiac (primary) Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest -
OHCA
• Heart attack (MCI)
• Another cardiac disease
– Non-Cardiac (secondary) In-Hospital Cardiac
Arrest - IHCA
• Internal
– Severe Pneumonia, Septic Shock, etc
• External
– Trauma hemorrhage, Intoxication etc
3. Post-resuscitation care:
The prognosis of patients admitted to the ICU after resuscitation from
cardiac arrest is poor in comparison with other ICU patients
Among 14,258 patients admitted to ICU in the United Kingdom after
IHCA the ICU mortality was 55% while hospital mortality was 69%
Interventions in the post-resuscitation period are likely to influence
the final outcome significantly
Guidelines of resuscitation 2010
RECOGNITION AND ASSESMENT
OF CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS
CONCLUSION
• Outcome from IHCA is determined by pre, intra- and post-arrest
factors.
• Some pre-arrest conditions are “time-dependent” disease such as
cancer, sepsis and renal failure are correlated with lower survival
• Many in-hospital arrests are preceded by warning signs, which
should be identified early to enable treatment to prevent patient
deterioration.
• Experience with specifically dedicated teams increased awareness
of warning signs by ward personnel
• After cardiac arrest has occurred, better resuscitation, early
defibrillation and induced-hypothermia can improve survival.
• Recent evidence that better CPR is associated with increased
resuscitation success should be translated into systematic training
and maintenance of skills among all healthcare providers.
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