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???? 2.500 ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????.
??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????
(??? ?? ??? ???????)? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???
???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??
? ???? ????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????
???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????
???????? ????? ?????? ???????.

?????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????.

????? ??? ??????. ????? ??????? ?? - 30 ??? -
40 ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???
?? 120 ????? ?? ?????. ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??
1 ???? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????
30 ???? ????? ?? ?????. ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? 400 ???????
(15 ????). ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?
????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? 300 ???????
(12 ????). ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????.[70]

????? ??????
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ????? ?????: ????? ??????? ?? ?????
????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????
?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????????. ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??
??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ????. ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????
2008 ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ???????? ?????
2009 ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??? 9 ??????
2009 ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ????????? ???
???? 31 ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? 70 ????? ?????.[71][72]

???????? ????????
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ????? ?????: ???? ?????
??? ?????? ????????
????? ????? %� ??????
1927 13?554?000 �
1930 14?440?000 6.5%
1940 17?728?000 22.8%
1950 20?807?000 17.4%
1960 27?506?000 32.2%
1970 35?321?000 28.4%
1980 44?439?000 25.8%
1990 55?120?000 24.0%
2000 64?252?000 16.6%
2010 73?003?000 13.6%
2012 75?627?000 3.6%
2013 76?667?864 1.4%
??????: Turkstat[73]
???????? ??????? ?? ????? (2011).[74]
????? ??????
?????
?
70.2%
???
?
20.4%
?????
?
2.3%
???
?
2.2%
???
?
0.9%
????????
?
0.7%
??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? 2007 ???? ??? ???? ????? 70.586.256 ????.
[75] ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? 74.7 ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? 2011
(????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????)?
[76] ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ???? ???????? ???
2009? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? 1.5% ?????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????
92 ????? ??? ??????? ????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? 15- 64 ?? ?????
67% ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? 0 - 14 ?? ?????
26%? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 65 ???? ??? ??? ??????
7% [77] ??? ??? 1927? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ???????
13.6 ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????.[78]

????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? 71.1 ??? ?????? ? 75.3 ??? ??????? ??????
73.2 ??? ?????? ???.[79] ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? 6 ???
15. ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? 96% ?????? ?(80.4%) ??????? ??????
88.1% ?? ????????.
[80] ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????
????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????.[81]

?????? 66 ?? ??????? ?????? ???? �?????� ???? �?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????
????? ????????�? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ? �???????� ????? ?????? ?? ?????
????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????.
???? ?? ???? ???? 70 - 75% ??? ????? ????????? ???????? [82] ????
76.0% ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 2007.[83]

???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????
?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? 20% ?? ??????.
[74] ?? ??? ?? ????? �???????
� ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????
??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????.[84]

????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????????

(?? ?????? ?????)? ??: ?????? ??????????? ???????. ?? 30 ????? 1923? ?? ??????? ???
????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????
? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? 1.5 ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???????
(??? ?????) ?????? ?? ???????.
[85] ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????
???? ?�?????????�? ?�???�? ?????? (?????) ????.

??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????
�Levantenler� ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? (??????? ?? ???????
[86] ?????? [87]) ??? ???? ?????? ??????.

????????
?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????
??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????
?????? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????.[88]

?????
??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????.
[84] ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? 70 -
75% ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? 18% ??? ???? ?????
??? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????.[89] ????
TRT ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????
????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????.[90] ???? ????????? ??????? TRT
6? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? 2009.[91]

???????
??????? ?? ????? [92]
??????? ??????
???????
?
96.1%
?????????
?
3.2%
????????
?
0.6%
?????
?
0.1%

???? ?????? - ?????

???? ??????? ???? ?? ???????.

????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????
??? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????
99% ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 97%
??? 98 %[93] ?? ??????. ?????? ?? ?? ??? (85-90%) ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????
???? ?? ??? (10-15%) ????? ???? ????????[94]. ???? ????? ?? ??? 7 ???
10 ????? ????.[95] ??? ???? ?? ??? 0.6%-0.9%[96]
[97] ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????
?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? 310,000 ??????[98] ?????? ?????
0.04% ???????? ????? ????? ?????
23.000 ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ????????? ??
???? ????? ?? ?????
20% ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????
?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??
????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??
????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ? 250.000 ???
750.000 ???????/?????/????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??
?????? ??????[99][100][101]
[102] ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 1955
????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??
?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????????
??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????.
[103] ??? ??????? ??????? ?????
5:6% ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ?? ?????? 24 ?? ????? ???
1982 ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????
??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??
????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???
?? ?? ??????. ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????
(Diyanet Isleri Bakanligi) ???? ????? ?????
1924? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???
75.000 ???? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??
??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????.

??????? ???????? ???????

???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? 2429 ??? 19 ????
1981 ???? ?? ??? ????? 2739 ?? 27 ????
1935. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????.
????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????
1 ????? ??? ????? ????????? Yilbasi
??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????
23 ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? Ulusal Egemenlik ve �ocuk Bayrami
???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???
1920. ????? ???????.
1 ???? ??? ?????? ??????? Emek ve Dayanisma G�n�
19 ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? Atat�rk'� Anma Gen�lik ve
Spor Bayrami ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???
1919 ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????. ????? ??????.
30 ????? ??? ???????? Zafer Bayrami
????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???
1922? ????? ?????? ???????.
29 ?????? ??? ????????? Cumhuriyet Bayrami ????? ? ????? ????? ?????????
??? 1923. ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????.
??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????[104] ??? ????? Ramazan Bayrami or Seker
Bayrami ???? ????? ???? 3 ????. ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????.
70 ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? Kurban Bayrami
???? ????? ???? 4 ????. ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????.
?????? ???????
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ????? ?????: ?????? ??????? ???????

????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 1952.

????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??-35 ??????? ???????.
????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ????
??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????
???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????.
[105] ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????
? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????
????? 720 ???. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???
?????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?? 666.576 ????? ? 53 ???
434 ???? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????
458 ??? ?368.[106]

?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?
?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????
?? ?????? ??????.

??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?
?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????.[107][108]

????? ????? 737 (AEW&C) ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???
????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????..[109] ?? ??????
90 ?? ??????? ??????? ??? B61 ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????
40 ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????.[110]

?? ??? 1998? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? 160 ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????
??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????
? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.
[111] ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? (JSF).[112]

????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?
?? ???
1950? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????
? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?
36.000 ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????
??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????.
[75] ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?????
??? ??????? ?????? ???????.[113] ??? ???
2006? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????
??? 700 ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
(???????) ?? ????? ??? ????? 2006.[114]

???????
?????? ???????

??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????.

????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???
1923 ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????.
[115] ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???
? ????? ????? ?????? ?????.

???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????
? ?? ???? ???????? ???????. ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? 28 ??
2007? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????
?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 2014.[116]

?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????
? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??
????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?
???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??
????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????.[117]

?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?
? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??
?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????
??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?
????? ??? 2002? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? 2001? ?? 34 % ?? ????????
?????.[118]

??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????: ??? ??? 2002 (????? 34 % ??
??????? ???????)? ?? ??? 2007 (????? 47 %) ??? 2011 (49 %).
?? ?????????? ?????? ???2007 ? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? 46.6
% ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????.
[119] ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ????
?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????. ?? ???
2007? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??
???? ????????. ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??
?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?
[120]? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ??
??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????.
[121]

??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???
1933? ??? ????? ???? ???? 18 ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????. ???????? ?? ???
2004? ??? ???? 50 ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????.[122] ???? ??????? ????????? ??????
??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??
??? ?????? ?????.[123][124]

????
550 ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????
? ???????? ?????? ?? 85 ????? ???????? ????? ???? 81 ?????? ???????? ??????
(??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?
?? ?????? ????). ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???
?? ?? ??? ?? 10
% ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????????
.[122] ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???
2007 (????? ????? ?? 2002).[125][126]

??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ???????
????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? 1998 ? 2008 ???? ?? 1600 ???? ?? ????? ?? ????????
???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???
???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????
?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
[127] ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???
58 ?? ???????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?
??????? ??????? ?????
�????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????�.[128]

??????? ????????
????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???
1993. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???
1999 ????? ??????? ??????? ???
2004. ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????
?. ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?
???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????
???. ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????
??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??
?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????. ??? ??????? ????????? ??
?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???
?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???
?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????
??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???
1974 ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????.[129]

??????? ??????? ???????

????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? 20 ?????????? ????????.

????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????
??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????????. ?
?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????
???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ???
2009? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??
?? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???
???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????
????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?
?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?
????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????
??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???
??????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?
????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??
???
(?????) ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??
???? ????? ??????? .

?? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? 18 ??????
2009 ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????
?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????
? ?????. ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?
??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? 2011.
????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???
???? 2011? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? 3.000 ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????
[130] ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????
?? ??? ???? ???. ?? 9 ?????
2011? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??
? ????? ????? ????? ???? �???�.[131] ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? �?????� ???? ????
????? ?????? ??????????.[132]

????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????
2011 ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???
??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????
?? ?????? ?? ????????.[133]

??????? ????? ???????? ?????????

?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???
1936 ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??
??? ??????. ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????
???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??
????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????
15 ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????
?? ?????? ?? 15 ??? ??. ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??
15 ??? ??. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?
? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???????. ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??
??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????.

????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????.
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1998 9,750,000
1999 7,460,000
2000 8,000,000
2001 10,400,000
2002 12,800,000
2003 13,300,000
2004 16,800,000
2005 21,200,000
2006 18,500,000
2007 23,340,911[148]
2008 26,336,677
2009 27,077,114
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22 ???????. ?? ??? 2009? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????
17.105.353 ?? ?? ??????? ?
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33 ?? ??? ?????. ???????? ?? ??? 2009? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????
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[159] ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? 70
% ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????.

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2000 ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????. ???? ????? ??? ?????
?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????
2002 ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??
2008 ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????
2008. ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???
2005 ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????
? ??? ??????? ???????? 2009.

?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ????? ??????? ???
???? ????????? 2001 ???????? ????? ??????
2010 ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?.? (Efes
Pilsen S.K) ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1996? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???
1993? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????
2000 ? 2001.
[162] ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??
?????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? Eczacibasi ?
Vakifbank
Sigorta ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????????
.

?????? yagli g�res ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????????.

[163] ??????? ????? ???? ????? (Kirkpinar) ?????? ??? 1361.
[164] ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????
??? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????.[165]

????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????
???? ????????? ????????? [166] ??????????
[167] ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????
? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?
??????.

????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????
?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 2003?
[168] ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? 2005.
[169] . ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????
? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????
? ??
GP2 ?????? ?? ???. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???
???? ??????? ??????? ??????
F1 ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?
??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????
?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??
?.

????? ??????
?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1 ?????/ ????? ??????
2012. ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? 73 ?????
722 ??? ???? ???
1.5 ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????
???????? ?????? . ??? ????? ???????? ???????
(???????) ???? ???????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????
?? ?????? ??? 8 ?????? ?? ??? 2011 ?????
30% ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???
4 ????? ????? ??? ????? ???
2011. ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????
500 ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???
?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????
? ??? ????? 22 ?????? ????.

????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???

2003 ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?
?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? 15 ??? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??? 2008 ??????? ?
200 ??? ???.[170]

???????

?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????.

??????? ?????????
?????
25% ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????
? ???? ?? ???
1997. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ???? ??????
? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? 2004/2005 ?????? ??? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????????
??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ????
?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????. ?
?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????
??. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? 93% ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ????
?????? ??? ?????? 6% ???? ?????? 18% ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? 2000. ????
?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???
16 ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????
????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ????.[171]

??????? ??????

????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????.

????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??
76 ????? ??? 10 ????? ??? 146 ?????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? 3 ?????? ?107 ???
???? ??? 2010 ????? ??? 2 ??????? ?949 ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????
11.5 ????? ???? ???????? ???? 2011. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????
77.100. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????
(Y�K)? ???? ?? ?????? ???
1981. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????
?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????
? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ?????
16 ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????
? ???????.

?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????
??? ??????? ???????? ????????. ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??
??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????
? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? 2012/11/28 ?????? ??
2013/10/9 . ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????
? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????. ???? ????
(????? ????? ??????? ????????) ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????
???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???
?????. ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ????.[172]
?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? 500 ?????? ???? ????
�?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????
� ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???
??? ??????? 375? ????? ???? 467? ????? ??? ??? 489? ????? ???? 493? ????? ?????
496? ????? ??????? 497.

????? ??????
?????? ???? ?? ?????
70 ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? 150 ???. ???? ???
????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???
82.5 ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 500 ??? ????.
[173]. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? 8.5 ????? ???? ?? ???
2009 ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????
?????? ?????? ????????? ???????.

???? ?????
????? ????? ?????
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???

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???? ???????

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