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Bamboo As A Building Material PDF
Bamboo As A Building Material PDF
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,REFERENCE . . % \
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oo as a Rulldlna Material.a I-+ .
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.* I byi F.A. McClure'o, ,. n
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1 Published by:
t /. ‘Office of International Acfairs '
< , US Department of Housing and Urban Development, "
. . Washington, -DC 20410 USA -
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1 U.S. DEPART&NT Of: AG’R%.ULTUPE ” ’
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_., ” . .FOREIG&N AGkl.CUL,T(JEAL SERViCE
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“‘?,< “f’ DEPARTMENT 0~ H~.uSING’AND URBAN~DEVELOPMENT
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.:,‘2 7’ = OFFIC~~OaF”INTE~~~TlO~~L AFFAIRS
-‘Wi:iGn&n, D. C. 26410 9
BAMBOO AS A BUILDING MATERIAL
F.’ A. McClure’
5% formerly
L Field Service doi&ultant
c I Foreign Agricultqal Service
: / presently
Research’Associate i’n Botany ~
Smithsoniap Institutioq
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of the flUD.st@f>
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_ -,J, Servf ce, United States Department
to ‘use $$hotograph b$ Hoard Dorsett. Edward ~- -;- m,-,~$
*
Fi - ph of th@@orodja *house in” the,centr& Celebes,
II R the”fr&g@ec~;, it- was‘ ori&nally published ~$,&vid Fair- , -
World GrimaRouad &y Do&,’ and pern$sston to reproduce
&Tby Scribners.. I-l. E,“.‘d‘lehn,,,Vice-~irector,‘:‘~ngineerfng Experi- ’ i’-
South &$&a,~ granted, permission , ’
‘.; &-&&t,te
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e&nsfvelv’fromms
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bullet&’ B&boo-&&&&ment...of Portland Ce-ment s
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~Condrete Structires.. I&&l C. Pet&prepared @ g’line drawings t&t;beaf MS i J’.+,, $1 .-I
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CONTENTS - r
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I 1 Page
_.
Introduction*“. . . . . . -, . . . . . . . . P . . . 1
Parts of a House for Which.Bdmboos
Are Suitable %.1 . . . . . . . .‘. :. . .
Fo,nndation . ,. . . “_. . ,. . . . . . . . . . .
Frame . . . . . . . . . .. , . . . . . . . . . .>
*
,, Floors . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;
8
Walls, Partitibns ,I keilings . . . . . . .
Doors and Windows . ..-. . . . . . f .“. .
.., ‘, .Roof...................:..
Pipes and Troughs. . . . . . .. . . . . . .
‘, Ba’mboo Reinforc.ement of Concrete . . .
~
. Geographical Distribution of Bamboos . .
-u7 ,‘, * Differences Among Species . . . . . . . ; . 31 .’
i:. P
,’ f .. 32 -’
Some jBamboos Used in Housing .-, : . . . .
-s - . 2. Shortcomings of Bamboo and, How to i
- I) Overcome Th-em . . . . . .:. ./. .
.
?. , .h . :. cariable Dimensions . . . . . . “.. ,/ . .
.
‘,
., Uneven Surfaces . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
.
. “.__ i
. Extreme Fis sibility . . . . . . . . . .
.
~2 Low Durability . . . . .I. . . . . ‘1 m . i
,‘a . P P-reservation . . . ,i . . . .. . . . ‘. .‘. . . . . . 41 I ‘3
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Skiil. Requirements ” : . . . , . . . .’ . . . .
. ‘43
B’ - Tool Requirements ‘. .‘. . .’ . . . . . . . .
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Differentia-tion~dEvaluat&ff-Bf,~Species / c 46, -./ ‘Q 1
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Collecting Specimens for Identif’cation . 47 *
C’,; ‘! ! 50 !i .., .
’ .<.A-, Selected References . ‘. . .’ . . . . . ; . . . . q
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-* \ \,, “’
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,f bamboo posts ‘j
$nstead of a conventional foundation for . :
‘I : ‘low-co&f ‘houses may be seen in -both hem-!”
‘, ‘, ”
p: ,. ispheres’ (fig. 2). Wriless they are treated
‘with somkreffective fungicidal’preservative, - lection of materials for tl?e ’
of structural elements, the
: .,
,’ .; ” last more-than two or three years onythem
:,~, *
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1
are attached, they provide a suitable base If window openings are provided, they
may-be framed with b$mboo or%ood.
windows ace left unglazed and unscreened.
Closure m,a:r be provided i&the form of a ’
kitchen fife.
_'
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f I I
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reed with se,asoned bamboo treated /.
with me-thylolurea’did not develop greater .loa.d capacities’than did eq&l
sections in which the bambob reinforcqment yas seasoned culms tre
pith a-brush coat oj E asphalt emulsion. ~-~ . *L. ^ ,
23.. The load ca Lpacities;i”dr concrete members reinforced with n-
seasoned, seasox&d ‘or zia%oned and treated bamboo culms, were iB-
.,.
creased by using split bamboo dowels as-the diagonal tension rein rce-
ment along the sections of the beams where the .v.ertical shear wa high.
24. The load capacitifs for concrete memb&rs reinforced wi un-
i
seasoned, seasoned or seasoned and treated split sections of bamboo
\ .1,.“Im.
wereGreased by-the use, of.a combination .of split dowels and the bend-
ing up ‘of the upper rows of the split bamboo -from the bottom of hhe
beam into the ton and covering-ihm~eXioncof3he beams tiherelthe ver-
ticdl shear was high:
b
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: 25. Ultimate failure of bamboo reinforced concrete memb, i rs usu-
. I
arlly was ‘caused by diagonal tension failures even though diagonal ten-
sion reinforcement was provided. ‘_ m *
c
T ‘\ 4
-; . ” 26. A study of the deflection data for all ?he heam specimens tes@d
vi \, indicated; .
; -it,,: (a). Thit’thedefleition-s of the beams when tested follo&ed a fairly
:, , ,, ’ accurate straight l@e variation until the appearance of the first
i.,.-... -- , n
, ‘\ ,~ in. the concrete.
1;
,:(-_ (b).‘Immed,iately follov;~~~igah~.~_first cr.ack, there wasp pronounced :..
flattening of the deflection curve (probably due to local bond slippage)
.’ follow’ed, by another’period of fairly accuratestraight line variation, but
at a lesser slop$, until ultimate f$lure of the memb;~Sr occurred. This
flattening of the deflection curve was more pronouncWlGn,the members
‘\ where the amount of lo$itudinal bamboo reinforcei-nent was--s,mall.
‘..- ?\T- .(c)‘ In all’cases’notpd-, the deflection curve h,ad,a-lesser-,slope,after..
. :the appearance of the first, crack in thg concrete, even though Kigli per-,
----_--- --___.-- __..~_
pronounced,vcriations wereobserved when the beh$l&r of ‘A.
bamboo’reinforced concrete member: under flexure and hav&g “‘tee” 1 _ ..‘. I.:
area%jth that of equal members having rectangular .:I. L- A .,,
‘\
.~ ._.__.
in*cLrrPd-concrete members tinder flexure and con-
--.----
sisiing of “tee”,.sections~ wer,e no more effect-i$e than were equal zec- L:
tangular sections,, provided the breadth of-the ~~e’rn. of’the ‘\teeri sect,iqn _’
waL.equal, to that of the rec’ta%gular.‘sec,tion.:and the effective .depth of’ ,
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F .: Dision and Con&ruction Principl& _ . ..- ...I._...-+ .,---. -.
Recommended for Bamboo Reinforced Concrete, ~
_ In .i mi aortant concrete members, tl& use. of whole culms of I-
.* mended Bs the r,einforcing .nia?e.r$,l; ' f I!
InFrete slab?’ ,&id seconda* members, green,*@qeasoned, &hole ! I+
The c~&+ 30~riot
&fou!thT;of
1 -A I.,.. a&rich. ’ WEen~pos&ible, the bja\mboo*us.eii as ‘,
&‘in,.c$&&ete members, ‘subje.ct;t~flexur’~, should be cut 4~
m three weeks to on& month before __ $5
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renounced browri m’ -x
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,- color sho Id be selected for use from a native bamboo“&rove. This prac-
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_. tite will .msure that the culmq selected a.re.at-least three years old. *
‘, *
hen thoroughly seasoned whole bamboo culms are to be used as -
: /--
- orcement in important concrete members subject to flexure, l
j_’
-.
e of waterproofin$is recommend&+
!
4.; When seasoned sections of bamboo split
_.’ _. , culm c arc-to be used as the reinforcement in
&,2r- - recommended’for the bamboo in __
L . ..
However, for slabs and second-
sections are of a size as to.allow -
.;-:* with a clear distance of from 14 to 2 in- .
:1. k splints and between ‘*successive lay- ...
“1.i , 1 Crs, the use of unseasoned sections of b,amboo is recommended pro- “;
‘vided hGh early streng-th cement is used.*‘In no case should the s@it
._ bamboo sections have a width in excess of three-fourths of an inch,
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cr.et&‘membe*rs.reinforqed with conventional steel is recommended for
the desS.gn of concrete members reinforced with bamboo. Values have
been recbmmended for the allowable unit bond stress between concrete
stress in the longitudinal bam
for the modulus of elasticity for bamboo.- These
a concrete’member
also recommended
,ignoring the flange *
---- -. *
width in the cal+atiogs.
.3+. 10, Some of the important characteristics oncrete members re-
&forced vl;ith.bamboo on &c,h future research ould be done include :
’ (a); Use-otthose’%j%c,ies o~~~rnbd~~-w~~e-in~ulus of elas’---
ticity!ii higher’thaq th+of the species used in&hese experiqnts. ’
reinforcement. $
bamboo c&-q as’the
are such that the bambuo will. be ‘*
completely? seasoned’tihile
I encased in concrete,
,,i (d) Mqre,wact da.fa on the bond between cqncrete, and bamboo, *
-(e) Tha-use of othe r waterproofing agents than those used in these’
.;&sts to insur.e aga&f’the swellinn*act.ion .of seasoned bamboo’when
tifolia.
:
is made enti'rely-
T . -’
The pzsts
of native.bambpo,
may serve for&-five
-
Guadua angus-
years; _
the siidingl may remain in serviceable condition
a-
. ; ,...for decades.
'b,i ,_; w"ra ., @
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+e l.-- Bamboo scaffolding I
1 '. ._..
1s us&d in constructing zn e
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apartment house in Cali, Colom-
bia. In strsngth and 'durability a .
bamboo is we.ll-suited for the ' $.
. purpose; for edonomy-it is prob-
ably unequaled. ' '_. L ---- -
1
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1:.-Figure
sheathing,
4. - - Fr-Rework
cove-red with
scaffolding;
of this
bamboo mattin’g,
hous&!nder
and even the,‘la$$er
probably
construct&n
are bqboo.
in Java is hardwo’dd; but raf+.ers,
,halls &d partitions
ma&e; from species of Gigantochloa,
/
may be
commonly used
in Java for- this purpose. (.Photos by Dorsktt.)
I :.
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Figure .S.-- Bamboo is used for the- frame strud/ture of a peasant's cottage in Colanbia.
Walls,,'and partitioris will be made of bamboo'hoards. In fact, all materials but the
roof the<& will come from the native &a i' a angu stifolia, which, produces culms in>
sizes and form So suit&d to direct use -47tK t only the simplest of tools are required.
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i-gure.6,-- .DetGls df ,ba@bmo c6ns.truction:- A,, fitting and bigding culms at /
)ints ii roof and iran+;, B, fittin=g atid &$ing’bamboo boards‘of floor; s and
sad’dle joint; E and- r, bsi of inset block! to support horiFonta1 load-
tiring: elements; G *ani g, ;u se of stump.of;branch at node of post to,$upport
>r,$tont,al loadibe.aring elements. .*, .
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TENON KEY JOINT F’OR HEAVY
_ O.UTY OR FINE WORK
S/DE V/EW
0
---.
‘_ _:.. .- . ’ .I 0
-P v/n,? binding
JOINT FOR CilNNECilON ---
OF .SMAiL MEMBERS. St3 ’ -. ”
LARGE MEMBERS i
CONNECTION OF BAMBOO
TO ROUND PINS.ETC. , \\i I
1.
..- SINGLE I
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used in build.i"ng with bamboo.
.- - d
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Figure 1 l!. -;Wail s paneled in -native bamboo in horizontal array are an attractive
feature o.f this artistically designed but rather costly weekend cottage in Guayaquii,
. Ecuador. The roof covering is eternite. -/
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7 19
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-‘-Tim .I ‘ ‘.)
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strips support and $ktect an-adobe wall in El Salvador?, .‘L
construction called bajaie&e-in many Latin American countries. In b
common bamboo, Bambusa
‘!
\
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SPRUNG’ STRIP. CO~NSTRUC~ION .
Economical
altemotive /I *
,W’ .‘D
P
- -7 -- -
I
.
.
->+ .
I’ ----
Fi-&re 14 ‘--Barnbob ho’iise, bu<iyed ui by> .balsa log&‘, lies anchzs.+ in & E-*ado&an river.
~__.,,mX%dk‘wa 11 s: are made of bamboo\ boards, &3.;the .J,eaf-thatched I%&f is ‘held in &a%. by
# bamboo-‘~~de-is;re.s_t_ing across the c.omb. ), ‘\,. ”
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._- _--
-11
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1 Figure
' houses
16.-- Hinged
to the heat
panels
and rains
of,matting woven
of the .Tropics.
fran thin strips of-b*
. :
help to adapt
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i 23
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Figure 17.--A young \ Th plays his bamboo o&&\-again&t a background of bamboo mattirig
.
*' Such matting is a popular Gal-l.coverin& throughou<southeastern Asia:
it is dight in
both .color and weight, d;es <no-&%a-in, and is easily cl&aned. (Photo by &ate )
^ ' .
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Figure i9 .--Roof ,tiies of this laul(;dry in
.
Colombla,.as weil-as the troughs of its
water system, arC halved culms of Guadua-
ahgtistifolia, the common native bamboo
of Colombia and Ecuador, I
0 _.
., . .
> .
I----
Z6
Figure
of the
20. --Tile
wall
--covers the roof of this b&.o house in &at&ala.
are made from culms of Bambusa vulgaris.
-3 ‘Ibe “boardk’
\
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A-’
8
Figure 21 .--Bamboo is
standard material for
roof,-? timber in the ,
rural houses of Caldas‘
Department, Colombia.
It combines lightness,
strength, and hurabi-
l#ity and, being local-
ly abundant, costs but
little. I*
.;
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.
.
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FigurA 23 .--Some contrasts among different ba&oos,as seen in the nodes, internodes,i~'+ &I
and-branches'df the culms: E, Bambusa arundinacea, a thick-walled bamboo with in- . i s
fl-ated nodes and h,er%y, solitary, -thorny lo-r branches. ,B, Bhyllostachvs bambu-
.' I -__soidea, 'a‘moderate-ly
i, '. thin-walled b$mbo&~ with inflated nodes and paired~branch-
es, above -the -insertion of 'which the ,i$ternode isflattened and shallowly grooved. P
,G. BambusaPvulgaris, aTmoderately thick-wa~led~bambeq-~~-infl-at~odes,dormant'
". branchbids ,below, and pr0minen.t. branch cotnp&ments above. D, Bambusa textilis, _
;.
'. 'I'-a thin--wa,!led bamboo with cyiindrical internodes; noninftatedn=ared at the
I‘.. I ,sheatb .sc&; branch-‘buds lacking at the lovr nodes and tardily developehabove. *
'I
1,,.-~., E~~Schl~zos~achj&. lumampao, a' thintwailed bamboo with cylindrical internodes;' 3
,' &inflated \aodes; no- ,buds 'at lowe‘r nodI.~_~,ender, subequal, -easily
-
Figure' 24. --Devices for splitting heavy culms. .A, cross of iron,or hardwood bars I
(about--l in,ch thi'ck) supported, by posts (about 4 inches thick and3 feet) high) firmly :
a in‘ g~uylcl with a~~:a_,~_r,wo pairs of splits are opened at right angles to.aach '; ~
other--at .the t-op.end of the c,ulm;: these.are held.open .' with wedges -unti$ the culm.is ::."~
-p-La& in position on the cross;, the culm is then pushed and pulled,; -by hand, in the
by the arr&'(adapted fromSalcedo)i---B--a~ wedge for-. (:. ' .,:
polittina quartered culms. fi, block-with ,$ingl,e.and paire;? st~<ed~s'%r mounting
, ~-~ . djacent, f'ces of the paired:wedges shouldbe ..~__. slightly-closer to- .- _
A
at t,he cutting edge ,,t,han at the‘ back. ' I' 1 ,- - -7. .
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Sotie Barnb&bs Used in,Hoy
.- \ _ - .
:.,
,,.,’ As far as-‘ve know,, most of the bamboos ose of those who wish‘to
:I
< of greatest usefulnes-s and greatest’versa- ck of the best bamboos in
5’ tility for building construction-come from a :+I-- * ty, the vernacular names
o ;.fe,w groups af related species, Falled gen- ,‘;?i-‘%?: r than thelLatin. Latin
L..r--. __ ,.ZI
. era; The,se genera are -&rundinaria, Barn; $:- .? re generally rnoie* use-
Dendrocalamus; @
1. !’n .* fulV in correlating info%maeion *found”& the
r.;c‘
Phyllostachys, ‘:__ literature. In this section, which sets for,‘h
I Schizogtachyum.in,th’e Eastern Hemi- ’ , some of the most useful species, with their
1 Guadu,a and Chusquea in the ’ locations, sizes, and uses, both Latin and ‘,
ere._l>‘c 4s not-to,z%ay, vernacular names are given inspfar as they
Y
‘1,;: :th<t aM-of-thF&~~~&zeful s&Ties-&, fo<nd are a’vailable.
..I r_ ._. 3
/’ ;/. : ,,,
k (1 X- -I:-,-Arundinaria--
~.__ alpina: L Alpine ‘Bamboo, Bamb& Alpina.( Italian).
Z-A:. ‘Kenya; A-b-yssiiiiia,Sudan,~Congo, Uganda, Tanganyika;.
:’ .
_; 8,000- lO;ObO ft. *Abundant in grge%taria”s.
---__.1.- ,.
\ Culms : 60 ft.,by 4 in.; commonly 45-50 ft. by 2g in.; rather _’ ’
” _’
thin-walled.. .‘p
:. s -I D
-, 8.. I Uses: .General. <.
: .,.I
- ‘O2. Frundinaria
I cal’losa: Uskong. Uspar,-Spa (Khasia).. -
Y t, IND-IA: E. Himalaya~and,l$li6sia~ Hills,,Assam; to 6,500 ft.
. . !
l’png thatch.
.
. _~ ,-- -..
Gti Garr;;:Gorwa, Spikso; Ning&lo, Kewi, ;Tham, Utham,
: r \. ” ‘I
.i INDIA;-INDO-
.I _ 1
__ I .,.-
---T. Uses: Genefal.
\- * 16. Barn-b&a .khasi.ana: Serim, Tyrah (Khasia).
“\ INDIA: Khfsia and Jaintia Hills, Assam, and Manipur;’ to 4,000 ft.
‘, -
\‘\ Culms : 3 ‘-40 ft. by l-‘1. 2/5 in.
\.\\ i US~%L~~ s eral. I
..$ .
‘\x Bamhusa multiplex: Hedg‘e Bamboo, Silver L-daf Bamboo, Ngau Kan
\
.>A. ‘- Chuve).
* I -INA: ,Kwangtung;. to 1,000 ft.: now virtually pantropic in cul- -
_’
f&tion. /
.’ --sl. ._ _/.
i ,! > k. Culms$*~30 ft. byi in.i-*~- internodes long, thin-walled; resist-
ant to Dinoderus, the powder post beetle.
<
Uses: Sheathing for roofs, wattle-and-dbub wallconstruction.
-.- ,”
(Jamaica. f -~_ -...- 1
_’
I > ----- .-
Mahl, Paoshi-ding-ying, Jotia, Peo-bans, Wa-malang, Sering-
IV -i 0
jai.
INDIA: Lower Himalaya from the Jumna to Assam and E. Bengal,
and Sikkim; to 5,000 ‘ft.
dulms: 20~40 ft. by lb-3 in.; internodes 15-18 in.; wood strong,
straight, hard-, much esteemed.
Uses: General.
Bambusa polymorpha: Kyathaungwa (Burmese), Betua (Assam),, ,
Jama Betua (Bengali).
INDIA (E. Bengal) and BURMA: To 3,500 ft.
Culms : SO-SO. ft. by 3-6,.in. .
-,’ .~ ‘Uses’: General; “considered one of the best bamboos for walls,
floors, and roofs of houses” (Watt).
1’. 20. Bambusa textilis: Wong Chuk,.Mit Chuk (Chinese).
._,.,’ - ‘.., _*
.i :._ CHINA: Southeastern provinces. New cultivated in the United
a,:.. States (Georgia, F$orlda, and California) and Puerto Ricio.
18..‘, .*
? :* CuJms : I To 40 ft. by’2 &.; internodes longish; w.ood rather ,thin.
.I
I,’ ..‘. .*.” ( Uses: Withes for binding house frpes; matting ?or walls. __ ”
;~.‘, :
,Z.,.,’ 21. Bambusa’tulda: Tulda, Jowa, DyowgB+ans, Mak, Makor, ,Kiranti,
_.,.I MatxPeka M.frtenga, Wati, Wamuna, Wagi, Nalbans, Deo-
- bans, Bijuli, Jati, Jao, Ghora, Theiwa, Thaikwa..
; ,” \
;_ ‘j : INDIA (ce.ntra1.E. Bengal and Assam) and BURMA:.-f;lost common
r
2
.:_ J., . ’ 1 “’ ;i-. b-amboo of the riee_~co&itry. pi 7 e
20-70 ft. by 2-4 in.
r /
: : -." //' I
.',, .-I ._ .P .,
< '. ._', i I
,' ", .
26. Dendrotalamus ‘asper:’ Bultih Betoqg, B.‘Pa&hing (h.bix b )&uur
:s’- 1 [Sakai), DelingPetung, Jijdng Betung, Prjng Petung *(Jav&),
-3-;, A’wi Betung, ,Bitung (Sudlin), ,,~atuen~FPerirrg!~etung
3: ,. ‘1 , (Sumatra), Bont.ong (P.I., ugh Curran, Jr.).
-7 MALAYSIA: In java;.to and througwut.the archipelago
:-.‘_ .’ i <
‘_ to Luzon, P.I. Much planted. , ‘. _ I ‘---l. ,- :
%, (8 ‘. r. Culms: To 100 fti by 6-8 in;;%short lowzr internodes ;k‘ryth&k-
1,. *- ‘.
a I i . walled.. ‘,
‘, 8’ 73 cs * i
_.a Uges : Gene.r,al. ‘j .-
27. Dendrocalamus brand&ii: Kyellowa, Waya, Wa&u (Burme.s*e), Wakay
T, Waklu. ”
$ern slopes of Pegu Yoma. and’Martaban Hills; to 4‘;400
--.
i ft.) and BURMA: ‘ .
., C&-IS~ 60-120 ft. by 5-8 in. .: ‘- *s . K ’ ,
,r’, .. - _ 1 ”
‘t# ‘/.., : i. -- Uses:. Gmeral. ” .
;-,) ‘- 28. Dendr,ocalam&- giganteus : Wabo (Burma), Wdrra (Assdm). .
.-
,. r , :.
?/ INDIA:,’ Calcutta,,nor.thwards tz- Tenhsse;im, ./Burma, Ceylon.
-.
Culms: 80-100 ft.‘by 8-lo-in ’ ’ ,‘.< \*
.I >- I ‘f !I
Usesz-==.General., ‘* -- +
Dendr ocalamus hemiitoniii Wab&myetsdngye ~(~Burme;e$;‘Chye
iii~(lk&pi+) ) Pao_(Lepcha). Kpkwa (Assam),
.
.‘- . b Pecha (Bengali), To&y! (Mikis), -Wan,oke (Garo). ’ e = ‘f’
., ,
-- INDIA ‘and- BURMA: ‘N.E. Hix%alajrk., ~,As.saxri Valley, ‘&as& Hills .’
:
.‘I.’
.. * \ j. Sylhet, east to upper Burma!; ‘an&west to Sutlej.’ The common u
.1 2
:., bamboo’ of the Darjeeling’ Hills, Terai, etc.<-much aultivqted.
‘.
; ,. .. .. Culms: 40-60’ft. by 4-‘7 in:-; internodes 12-2p in, Icing; sor;l’ew,hat
,, .’ .w
goft and relatively thin-walled; : - - .
._ 1 l*
. .-..
_..
General; not highly esteemed.
‘-e ‘. .’ Uses: General; ‘$ot highly esteemed -as buildin’g, materigl, but II
: $. .
:L.c used when better kinds a’re not .availableI’ (Watt):.
.m-.-- ’ 32. Dendrocalamus ‘memb,ra,na&us.:
<.‘ Wa-yti, Wayyai, WaLi+u, Wapyu ., ‘.
,..$. .:” ,. ,-.
!. ” -’
(Malay): - 0/ . ;.-
q-_. . ti INDIA and BURMA:” Moist forests dt low ele’vations,. -‘
?.--.. .;
I>-;:
... _; -, ,. .e ‘C,’ 1. ,Culms: -To -70 ft. by 4 in .;,,,internodos 9-15 in. long; ,wood %. ” : ,,,
;,,:’, . ‘. . : . l/4-3/8.in.‘thiik. ’ ‘. .
:; internodds,thick-walled. strono”’ ’
/ ,! .: ..
i _ ;. , I P
‘. J. -_
“.,‘. l-f
_. _
,’ . . - Culms: 50ii-60’/rt,by 5-7 in./
.( I, 1.
r ‘.A Uses: General;: .’ .
\...>‘.j _ 3-5,. Dendrocalarrms strictus: Male Bamboo, Bans, Bans Kabrin: Bans
.h.‘ _
,z i. Khurd, Karail, Mathan, M.at,\Buru Mat, Salis Bans, H&a, ..
.’ f
_ Vadur, Bhiru, Kark, KaI Mungil, Kibi Bidaru, Radhanapa-
3:..*,! i I
_,, vedru, ‘kauka, Myinwa.. I I _
1if .?^ ‘i I.
._‘1 ;i ,& INDIA and BURMA: On all moderately dry hills exyept in N. and
.. . P SE. Bengal and Ass-am. .’ =I ‘>\
;;.:,., J l, ,+!T k
i -- _, Culms: 30-50 ft;;by- 1-3 in.; veryOstrong; ‘often solid. \I
7.. . _ ., Uses*: Gener& _ L .. p . Ff I
:,,.: x .’ I .!
flS. 2. y;- _ 36. Gig&tochloa apus: Bamb~~~~~Tg;~~~~,D~~gi Apoos,
-3. D. Tang%, D. Pring, Pring Apes,, ‘P. Xpoos, P. T&iii(Java),
._
‘*
, Q. - ~*’
Wabray. I /-
..:z 8.
I ,-‘. ’ .
L-’
j -. .,- INDIA (A&Sam., Chittagong) and’@URMA.\
5; ‘, yeneral.
ochloa v.er”ticilla&:: Whorled 3, amboo, * Bamboo Andong (M&lay
x, 1 -
Pring.Soorat,(Java)Y Andong Ke \7 es, Awi*Andong. A. Gam$ng;
A. ‘Liali, A. Soor af (Sundw). - \, .
,. .
- : JAVA. ,
ellow stripes;..,,
bamboo in
;hort; wood of _
‘., 0
41. Guadua &plexifolia::-Cauro (Nicarigua; M6squif).
v--mm--me-e . . -. --*e-i- -
m
;,es :
----
cf---i---
-----
en&al;
60 -$
‘the least
by 4 in.;.
desirable
internodes.rel6tively~hbrt,
of the listed,
lower i
..‘”
-. : ,
.
I.ath~
-----,
mnttino
‘--“‘-.-.~,,
_ L
1. / e
Ptachys olivers: : Thqnawa (Bprincse); Maitong ~Kach$.).. ‘. . :
INDIA and UPPEF L BURMA? ,To,‘2,000 ft. : ri’ . :*
is:’ 36-80 ft. by i,-2i’;n.; ” greatly in request’! (Gamble). 1
-_ .;
r,:: : ‘. uses:, General. “_. \/ ”
:, ‘.,, .’
*’ ..* .~._ 55. Thyrsoitachyi siameniis: Kvatinn-wa.
--Y
*’
.- . __
A. I.’
.’
,
,.
Preservdtion
or a. stick thruit ‘intf,the lower- end, raise each culm off- the ground to, ,_,
.‘.. .. - Y. .=. . : _. . ./
- .
\
. .,
Miscellaneous i felling and ’ d ..
. and trimming culms, aqd cut-’ -. ;=i--
.I
’ .- ting them_ io le-ngths; remov- p
ing fragments of diaphAragms .’ s
.. - .
; .. . .. . . . .. . Felling culms, removing + Large size;
\
ample supply of ‘;
generally available.
e .
a Gouge . . .‘: , . . .I’. . . Removing diaphragms to ’ Curved ifront
.
bent); l-inch
.
_.. .,
:. ,’ . _ I,
‘.
5 _ (8
make troughs and drain pipes and l$-inc.6 bits. * ‘\ ,.
--L ‘,,
:-
‘$:. y-
/(
.. . from split “or opened culms.
!..” .‘Q,j ’ --% . . .
,::;’ ., 1, , . I
?‘,?,.. ,( ), : ,, ._ \--*
Chisel . . ._. . . . . . . ..Making holes in culms to ac-- Best steel (“molybdenum __
comodate lashings for end steel if available); 3/4-inch
t’ies; . i.
. bit.
l
x. ..m
-5 .-
:i; ‘, . .. .‘.’ :
:,,: i:. ,.( .”
;.’ ,..’ .Wood rasps., . . . , . , . Leveling prominent culm Large size, with.one fiat
,~“,i. .. 3
node:. i - side., one convex; coarse; me- -
:;,; -!,_‘_ ;,-,- _, .. ., ,:. -
,,“,(, ,,-,-. ; : ,-, *. ” “dium, and fine teeth. ” ‘.
. 7.
1 Solittin% iin’ . ‘. ;.. . * . Facilitatmp. the sblitting of See sketches, .fig. 24. - -. I
‘i .,.
,’
Solittinn knives . . .’ ..,+, .[a) For split&g small culms: (a) Short handle;“broad blade 0
__,
-7------ _,
” ”
..--
. .’
g. Restudy structures and odjects~%Zidu-of @m&o0 with a view to-
\ ~1 ..
(1). Confirming or eliminating listed.uses a&~ reported by the bamboo
workers. :
. (2’) Ascertaining the actual .and .r,elative durability of the various
kind.s in use as building.&&erial; causes
sible means of increasing durability of
way first, either by~improved design
of bamboo, or by the use of
(3) Listing the characteristics
I
-...__
r various uses. ’ ..
._’ ‘. Our goal is the -rec.ognitjon and delinea-,
..(’ .tion of the distinct entities with, which’we.
,,, : @; ::
(, : ,
1,. E are to.deal, as botatiical tinits and as poten-my 7 3.
_ .:
:I tial spurces of u$eful riw mater&l-s. To, s mixtures caqcause much trouble.
-j Make spepimens fo; permanent preser-
(vation: Fragmentary ?‘jecimti& collected
‘hastily, “jusp. for identifica;l”oi, I’-frequently
+rn out to represent .n\ew species or new
’ r cords. Sych specimens, Often too frag-
$
mT,ntFry.to be identified with confidence but *
.: . bamboo an,d distinguisking i-m othe-ti - too\intriguing to discard, may be more of a .’
;>. *
,:.,, : kinds. ?‘rH, reproducti\;e stru&ures are’ burden thsn a help. ’ ’ --
‘.,‘- tradifionally requkcd for identifying barn- /’ To i’dent$fy;a bamboo with c&onfidence,, one +%
,. :’
should have ias coihplete a representatioq as 1 ,
.::. ; .( .bods -and many other .plaats, but veietative
;,; ‘- - sfructures haire. proved to be a practical - possible-&by specimens, photographs, 0;’ de-
;. ..i’
.’ I_ , , basis- for field identification of bqmboos: scriptioxis-of *he following s$rti&ures,:‘i Cuih- ,A!
:” ..)...: (P
;Ti-;‘:’ ,,. ,‘the average clump of bhmboo presents tr ..sheathS, leafy twigs, branch complement, j
ji’+./_ ’ ; flow6Zr.S’ only once, after nianjr .$&a+ df ’ ’ -culm nodes:, and internodes and rhizomei. 9.’
-‘ii. ._ .,
..! .gio&h. .. Flowering-bianche$$ qeeds, atid seedlings -:
8
.
\j ihrill add greatly to the value &d”qsefulness
..i- I?ever mjx ma+&1 from tvJ,o d&t&g D.
plqnts under the same r+u’mber on the. a&-- of thP dpecimen. Seedlings aa-&all $a& ..‘m:- -:.-.-
*z’. ‘.
s6mpt<on that they, .represe?t thd same bamd may be pressed enfire’.
.!,bo. (Be wa$y le,st you col&ct, under pne ~ ..
I. ’ I i R,‘.,. --.
,‘! “: ;
’ ,Gulm Sheath&. Gdllect:at least ,ten Sulm shea$bs, complete and in ’ )
I.
Qnzltide &E,a$d little’ ieaves,, young and. old: heqlthy * 1 . ,.! ‘> -, I(
.
Ipper- surface, sgme the. lqtier. “‘.
f
I
-. * *. t:
c
,: ,’ ._ -_ ca.rXed if space is limited.. Additional specimens, from lower an j,
.‘ ., __--.’ :l
’ -=r+ nf *~~~~,>;e,desirable but not necessary.
’
c&s and Internodes. Culm. nodes, and internodes are * :
, .:,. by a.segment of mature-sized culm .embracing nodes 4
,.
and, the.internode between. Mark with node and colle \, tor
Cuf back.branches, if any, to ‘b inches: Se’gment may be
commodategli’mited space, or to fadi.lita.te,drying.
Rhizomes. Obtai at lea.st one compl$te e$xnple &a ‘rhizome;
’ facilities permit, it i preferable to obtain two d.r more units attached
t
together’to show t$-pical branching habit. Wash and trim roots. Mark
.. -, or -tag withcollector &umber. A sketch or. photo, showing proportions
-. .._
‘-and branching’ habit, c ill wve ,in place of an actual Specimen if facil-
, - . ities are, ‘limited. -* ; . !,
L. . Flowering Brhn Psent): Collect as long a seAes of ,flow-, !,-
i
ering branches as possi’ble’to show‘range of variation in habit, leafiness, \
I
stages of dqvelopment, hnd so faith. ‘Seek fruits (matufe frets usually :’
_Yr
I fall q;ickly) and put s’ome in folded paper to call attention to them and ; _
’ , i
>,,.,- - ‘ prevent 10.s.s.~ Distribute specimens ‘thinly .between thick drier@; ichange .“;-’ J_
, _.;i,
often to.$rry. prompt19 ahd prevent b+eaking up of spikelets. Unless ab- ..
?:;.A .y =,
solutely-F cessary tosav‘e paper, do not pile ‘dried specimens tog-ethe-i “’ I j
D
but keep them in original fold&s to.avoid%erious damage to spikelets. , .‘p ’
,.,’ : - ,.
I:, (’ F Pug single. example .of Iopg, fragile -s&kelets (qrthrostylidium) in’ s.ep: il \
,I ‘(, ._ ‘.
5. _ -, garate envelope’or fqlded’p~per-topn~.~~~coir~ct floret:count. . ._
L.‘
,::;;,,
__ _’ . --.. Seedling$. Special search sh,ould be ma& for”seedlings under and _ .. ’ “’
I
near flowe@g bamboos. In case pf doubt*as.t,b their:identity, seedlings‘ I,’ . ’ “’
.- ._.. =- :.. -4
should be given a separate collector number from that of the supposed ” ,
parent plant, but gross-reference-should-be mhdi’in nbtes,,setting ;fdrth
‘: i ‘.
:r..
.‘I :i a- ‘..:evide,nce of their suppos&l gelationsh&‘. The “seed”cstiI1 attpched.fo
4’. -. _,
1,~. _ ;;. i. >ery ‘small see&ings ,is. &fficie.nt for identifi,&tidn if,kept’-intact, : ‘. qp* ’
.-~,,<:... _^. ii -’ .” -.
,I
&dec&ns that ca&& be. pressed shown’qn
-.. availab1.k map, so that it &an be -.:.‘_--
-.___ . ..-.
ial handling. Among these 2 found again, (6),hatdtat-, (7)’ local$names. ‘7:
i.!
a. /’
d I 10
: ‘i ’ I ,
;, ;- .? ..Bau&n, R. Veisuche’Gber die Elastizitgt ujd Festigheit von Bambus ..
..
. . . Zeitschraft des Vefeines deutscher! Ingenieure 56: 229-232. ‘0‘
.- .., II B
Bor, N. List of the Grasses of,Assam. Indian Forest Rec., new series ’ ” .. * -‘I
\-:---.-, , -. -- --. - ,_ -- .-
.a
0
* Broersma, G. Editorial apropos van der Woudo’s article on building i j .
_ ‘0i materialsJ OSR News (mvthly publication of Organization of ’ ’ _ bT .’ ‘-.<
.,. :
. ,’ Scientific R&search for Indonesia) 3i dl*, ,195I. j -,, .
2,
is Brown, W. H., and Fischer, F. Philippine Bamboos. In W. H. Brow o- I’ *
il’ _ _I * * .a
” . _ (ed.), M inor Products of Phiiippine Forests. Philipplze Dept. .Ag$+;
.I and Nat?.Res., Bur..Fore?try Bul. 22: v. 1, pp. 249-310. Illus.’ 1920. . * ’
r > *
Burkill. I. H. Dictionarv of the Economic Products ‘of the MalavePenink’
\-
‘, . .,/.
PTF
Car&s; E. G.- Le’s.Bd#lbusacegs. Illus. Paris, 1913.’ ’ ,-‘.
,I /-
,‘i
;_ ‘I ‘Cohe$;W. E. , Utilization of Bamboo in Japan. Australi Commonwealth ---.i-
i-- ., ..:,..~~~-~~$ci. and Indus. Res; 6rgan.T Div. F&rest Prod.. South Melbocrn*.-.__-_, ”
.v*,
8 0. ..’ ,/’.‘- -: ,’ E.
‘.,:.‘J
..I: . -. ‘Austr+ib, April 1947, .[Mimeograph,edJ _.
:’ - ‘.
-. C&oat, C.h., et Lemarik: ‘Ch. Catalogue des.Produits de I’Indochine, - .
_ .ap. 196-209. Published by ‘the .Government of Indochina, origin-
.,;,- .* 0. ‘
ally i.# fascicles in Bulletin Economique de-l’rndochine. Illus. 1919-21.
:. -._-_
.’ Deogun, P. N. Silvicultiire and Management of the Barn&o Dendrocala-
-
. . -. ‘:,,ri?$s strict& Nees, ‘Indian Forest. Rec., .new serjes (Si’I%icultur.e),
.~
,.“. 1. AILUI, a,-“. i
:.-.
,, J.’ C.. ..Testing;. ‘Bending and Compress.ive Strength of the .Comi
.‘.‘mbn %%%‘Iinnine ‘Bamboo (&mbusa‘ sninosa Roxb. I., Philinnine Iour.. i * ‘-. I
I
r----s"-- - __.__
: .
Illus. 1876.
Limaye; .V. D. Bamboo.Nail&@The-‘r Manufacture and Holding
Indian,Forest.Rec., new series b( tiletion).No. 3. 12 pp..
.' - {;
\ lad-4
a,--.
/..: _ ..
Strength of Ba’mboo {Dendrocalamus. strictus). Indian For;\ _ ---I: P
‘D
,_ ’
,, .+. ester 78: 558-575.,. Illus. 1942:’ \\ :
--. ---. I
. .L __
I. .’ ’ Marrero, Josi.. Utilinacidn de la Ca”ns Guadua on Ecuador: eaqibbeun _\
1 Foresis’ 5: 145-151, Illus. 1944. -.
” --..
_,McClure, F.-A. Bamboos for Fa_rm and Home. U. S. Dzpt. Agr. .Year- \ --
-1 --
book (separate No. ElOl), pp. 735-749. 1948.
BambGes para El Salvador. El Salvador, Min. A&: y Ganad., ~
’ Cent. Nat. Agr., Bol. T&c; 7”: Il\us. -1951. 4 .+ I %
... : ,> .
/ Some Preliminary Tests on the Longitudinal Crushing , . \
Strqgth Gf l&-me< ‘chu, a variety of Bambusa tuldoldes. Lingnan :3 s. ’
-4 Sci. Tour. 17: 9-15. Illus. 1938.‘ (This bamboo, was later described’ \
~,;,:;’.4L
._ ‘. I \‘ A
-I -,“&w ‘-T -- s&cies:
-IF------‘- Bambusa.Dkrvariabilis
* McClure.) Ac
< Li \
-* .
\
n .. :’ /, eyer, H. F., and Eklux@! B.-- -Tests of- the Mechanical Pr+operties of Bam-
,( : (‘b,h, ;.
3, .,, .: I
‘1 ‘~ boo. Enr~. Soc;‘dhina, 22; T-31.’ 1924.
c- ,-:: ;:
.‘? ;
,<..‘ :’ Misgion~de l*‘Ecole Nationale SupGrieuredes Beaux-Arts de Paris. Con-
.:I: __A
,< ‘.i:
:n,.c. ‘5 ,. .t
strucfion au Camaroun. Batir No. 27, ‘pp. 47-51. Published by’ *‘,
“^l>*- I , So&t; de Propagande et de Diffusion des Teclqiques dn Batiment.
i.
I;,, b
“1 I. ,‘, ;.. :.‘:’ ‘* J 6 - Paris.x”December 1952, B ,f=
-B’~ : ., : :‘- .
“-.‘,/- ,-*.:, ‘. Mo.rse, Edward S. Japanese Homes a&l-Their Sur.round&gs. Illus. \Bos-
tnn.
_--, 1ARK
m-w...
11 .\q 1.
Narayanamurti, D., P&shotham, A. f andII Pande, J. N.0 Preservative .
Treatment of Bamboos. Part I. ‘Treatment of Green Bamboos’ with j
:
,.Inorgahic P,res&rvatives. Indian Forest B 1. 137.’ Published by, the
R ,.Forest ResFaiich Institute, Dehra Dun, India.. Y Illus. 1947. ‘I,,
I
Parodi, L. R:. -‘Las Bambuseas Indigenas en la Mesopotamia Argentina.
il_ -‘x, Rev; Argentina Agron; 3: 229~244. @IS. 1936. . “.‘.
1. .
1 + -. Q
I’ .’ .,_ Loii Bamb&s Culti&& en la Arnenfina.’
-u “, .,. Rev.----- Arsentina
--mm----- \
A&&&. @: 89-116. illus. .:1943.. , .
,,, f . . -_ \
ii ,-
5”. !: 1
;,
- . )
,; .;,.”
..
. 1
-P&$&,,-$Sarpl‘&k.i-
._ ., .DD’T foG,Po&er Post B.eetle Control in Bamboo.
: 317. ’ 1947..- : , -. : ,. ; I- : \ i, .\
‘_ :I’ ,;.t ” _, t.7 :,.-,’ ,;, _ .
::. -__ .i ; ..:- ,- . . .,--
,; :-../.-/ 1 :;: ‘Biology of the.‘Bamboo Pow&&Post Beetle in Puerfo’Rico;
;~.~:~~~,~co,(hdayague=~d. ~xp~~.a~~Bu~~-~~_May_1946. ~~
,, ‘,-..l.;. 1 ;.t ,. ,_.
I;.‘-. ,:.“. .’ __ _ *’ C&iitrol of Powder.Post Beetle in Pue%o-Rico. Trop. Agr.
._, .;‘. Brhidao 26 (l-6): 64-,67. 1949.‘ ” ’ -’ --. _
.-., “.;“,:.~‘--
-..;9’ 9 I’ ’ ’ Studies of ,Factors Influenc-ing Attack and .Control. of the
‘._ .:,.;-: ,_. _-
.T-, ,. ,. :. B&&go .Powder.‘P&t Beetle. Puerto Rico‘ (Mayaguez) Fed. Exp.
., Bul. 48.:. IlluS;‘:-kuEi,ust.l~950.- ,. . ’ v7
-of .DD.T. in. Powde.r .’ :, .,J
Ent.‘42:. 9.63-965. ,1949.
St&rch and-other- &rbohydrates’in
in Freshly Ha!r.vyztgd ‘, i
_ ‘b‘, ‘. ‘,
ield, ‘:W’. M: Bambo”&hk ,Unive
183.:: Illus. $933: ‘- -\. \ ,!R ,‘_
-,.. i:’ ---- /
‘.
,-I .-. of Economic E&omology for .South
.’ 376-377).. Madras, 1940. 1 -.
<, ‘. , Seasoning and Shrinking of Bamboo.
,* -..;- ’ Illus. .Calcutta, 1947. ’ :‘..I
\
Timbers. Scienc’e
_I..\
,_ j
(-. .._.._
w:;-
.;