Professional Documents
Culture Documents
th Economics
of 9 to
th
(अथशा )
12 class Overview
NCERT
Kindly Note that
• I m gonna once again use HINGLISH
• I will be covered 9th to 12th class NEW NCERT
Economy summary for govt. exam 1+1+1+2→ total 5
books
• My focus more on concept clarity so u can Hit Correct
MCQ in prelims exam
• All most 40 video i hv to make to complete the
syllabus with in 75 Days
• And u will get free PDF
Join us on YOUTUBE
we did not create any website
becz we believe in charity
mail id→
justupscexam@gmail.com
Guys support to Miss Bajpai madam
• We will not charge anything .. And u will get
free video and PDF of this series
Why Economic video
• Becz u cannot do ratta → wrong MCQ Hit →
less chance to crack IAS Exam
• So U hv to understand the topic at any cost
(like maths )
And off course we want to crack Prelims and
mains + interview exam → finally selection in
UPSC
What is Economics
• Economics→ study of how people allocate their limited resources in an
attempt to satisfy their unlimited wants
• We hv unlimited wants
(Example – u r living in ORN ( karol bagh near IAS coaching hub
• → you want full furnished AC room with big hall with good food but cost
is too high+good libarary + weeking movie in PVR) etc.
• Resources are very less ( ur or ur dad income is limited)– so u canot take
tht room→ u hv to adjust with urself
• So u hv to give priority→ room rent→ food → coaching notes→ joining
Library -→after that movie-→etc
• To satisfy their unlimited wants that’s called economics
Boss In simple term
• Micro means→( small) • Macro means→ ( Large)
• Suppose ur all 3 friends
• Suppose ur income is only also teaching landlord
6000 per month( giving son ( individual)– so
tuition classes to landlord where is macro ?
son( individual) –that’s • 6000+6000+6000+6000
called micro economic → total 24000 that’s
called macro economic
Micro VS Macro
History
• the history of indian economy can be broadly
divided into three phase
• pre-colonial-(पूव औप नवे शक)
• Colonial-(औप नवे शक)
• post colonial (औप नवे शक के बाद)
Pre-colonial (पूव औप नवे शक)
• pre-colonial--> the economy history of india since INDUS
valley civilization to 1700 A.D. can be categorized under
this phase.
• during this phase indian economy was very well
developed.
• it has very good trade relation with other parts of world.
• before the advent of the east india company each village
in the india was a self sufficient entity and was
economically independent as all the economies needs
were fulfilled with in the village
Colonial(औप नवे शक)
• Colonial→ the arrival of British company in india
caused a huge strain to the indian economy and
there was a two way depletion of resources.
• the British would buy raw materials from india at
cheaper rates and finished foods were sold
higher than normal price in indian market
Post colonial-(औप नवे शक के बाद)
• Post colonial →after india got AZAADI from colonial
rule in 1947, the process of rebuilding started various
policies and schemes were formulated
• 5th year plan introduced
• indian economy is bound for slower growth. in recent
months , indian govt has introduced pro business
economic reforms and outlined plans to increase,
• spending on capital investment and large scale social
programs
Now back to the point
Summary Lecture-2
th Economics
of 9 (अथशा )
CLASS Chapters-1
&2
NCERT ENG+HINDI
In last video
• We had discussed about
• What is economic (Basic definition)
• What is micro and macro economic ( Basic Part only)
• History of Indian Economic ( just overview)
• All these topic I will cover with Broad View in 11th
+12th class NCERT Summary
• Mail id→ justupscexam@gmail.com ( for any
feedback)
th
9 class NCERT chapters
• Chapter-1→The story
of village palampur
• Chapter-2→People as
resource
• Chapter-3→Poverty
as a challenge
• Chapter -4→Food
security in india
Message to those aspirants who did not open
9th class NCERT
• Some aspirants may advice to u .. 9th class and
10th class NCERT not good
• But at least try to read at least 3 times before pre
exam
becz its really important –UPSC may ask indirectly
questions from this class
Even upsc ask questions for mains exam ? HOW
–watch this video till end
Lets check Summary first
Chapter-1
Overview ( firstly:-we will see what NCERT Told
us in this chapter … after that we will see
some good points ..which will be important
from exam point of view.
Palampur village
• Where is the palampur village in the india ?
• Example of this is given to imagine a type of
village in India so that we can understand the
topic easily.
• When u see the village ,,,u will be able to
co-relate the village told in the book to ur
real life.
Conti…
• well in palampur main production activity in
the village is farming
• other such activities carried out on limited
scale like dairy, transport, small scale
manufacturing etc in same village
th
Overview of chapter -1 ( 9 class)
• Palampur Story talks about Basic concepts :--
What are those??
1. Production:---
• land,
• labour, Deep analysis in
• capital and upcoming slide try to
• entrepreneurship wait for some
movements
After that
• palampur has a well developed road system ,
electricity, irrigation, health centre, schools
and transport ( but what about Jharkhand or
Chhattisgarh state ?)( think Mains GS-paper
2+3)
• LAND and other requirements such as water,
minerals and forests use in the village
FARMING IN PALAMPUR
• land is fixed
• --> 75% of the people in palampur are dependent
on farming. some are farmers and some are farm
labourers
• As all the land has already been used for
cultivation, there is no possibility of increasing
production by adding more land
increasing production
land rent
labour wages
Entrepreneurship profit
Lets have deep look into it (Factor of
production )
• Land
• Labour ( Living thing)
• Capital
• Entrepreneurship
What is Land (भू म)
• in gernal sense→ land is regarded as soil. ( wht d
hell boss I know this)
• However, in economics, land, a factor of
production, has a much wider scope
• Land refers to a natural resource that can be
utilized to produce income. It is a useful factor of
production, but is available in limited quantity.
Land
• Features-→
• Free Gift of Nature
• Fixed Quantity
• Land is Permanent
• Land is a Primary Factor of Production ( what about
online shop ?)
• Land is Immovable
• Land Differs in Fertility
Factor of production
• Land
• Labour ( Living thing)
• Capital
• Entrepreneurship
What is labor ( म)
• Labor constitutes one of the important factors of
production.
• This factor involves human services and efforts for the
production of goods or services.
• Labor is commonly thought of a group of unskilled labor
working in factories.
• However, in economic terms, a work, physical or mental,
carried out for monetary purpose is called labor
• Among all the factors of production, labor is the only
factor that is living
Labour
• Features-→
• Labourer is a Human being and not a Machine
• A Labourer sells his Labour and not Himself
• Labour is Perishable
• Labor is considered as the weakest commodity in
terms of bargaining power
Summary Lecture-3
th Economics
of 9 (अथशा )
CLASS Chapters-1
&2
NCERT ENG+HINDI
Factor of production
• Land
• Labour ( Living thing)
• Capital
• Entrepreneurship
Capital (पूँजी)
• Features of capital
• Capital is a manmade factor
• Capital is a productive factor
• Capital is durable
• Capital is a wealth
3 Capital (पूंजी)
fixed Working
Use for many years→ Raw material and
like tools , machine , money → used up in
building process
Physical capital –(भौ तक पूंजी)
• Can be touched
• Physical capital" refers to fixed capital
• any human-made resource that is used to create
other goods and services( like tractors,
machinery, building, factories, tools,etc)
• Physical" is used to distinguish physical capital
from human capital
Factor of production
• Land
• Labour ( Living thing)
• Capital
• Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
• An entrepreneur is a person, who undertakes
risks, mobilizes resources, and generates
employment by establishing and running an
enterprise.
Entrepreneurship
Features
• Creativity
• Innovation
• Risk Taking and Decision Making Ability
• Self-Motivation
• Self-Confidence
• Time Management, etc
4
Human capital
• Chapter-1→The story
of village palampur
• Chapter-2→People as
resource
• Chapter-3→Poverty
as a challenge
• Chapter -4→Food
security in india
We will
cover only
Overview or summary
• sectors under economic activities--->
✓ primary sector,
✓ secondary sector,
✓ tertiary sector
• two parts of economic activities ---> market activities,
non market activities
• quality of population---> education, health,
unemployment
1-primary sector ( ाथ मक े )
sectors under economic activities
1-primary sector ( ाथ मक े ) -- also called agriculture
sector.
• its considers directly using of natural resources.
✓ eg--> agriculture,
✓ fishing ,
✓ mining ,
✓ animal husbandry etc.
2 Secondary sector (मा य मक े
2 Secondary sector (मा य मक े ) --->
also called manufacturing sector ...
its considers with manufacturing of goods
Eg
• Machine
• cars
3-tertiary sector (सेवा े )
• 3-tertiary sector (सेवा े )→called services .
eg transport , banking , education , health ,
tourism , insurance etc
two parts of economic activities
• market activities • non market
(बाजार ग त व ध) --> – activities (गैर बाजार
means production ग त व ध )--> means
of goods or services production of goods
including govt or services for self-
service for salary consumption
• their is difference between men and women work
• women doing cooking of food , washing of clothes etc
• men are paid for their work in the field but women
are not paid for their work in the home
• men work count in national income
• women domestic work not count in national income
Quality of population
• thanks to indian people we are going to beat china soon
• literate and healthy populations are assets for a country
• education--its a imp input for growth of a person
• educated person can earn more income compared than an
uneducated person becz of their skill ---hence national
income of a country can increase
• it will increase governance efficiency through learning
process
Health ( वा य)
• an unhealthy person is burden for a country in
terms of economics. a healthy mind create
healthy environment
• in india , states like bihar are UP hv less medical
colleges , and hv poor health conditions
• karnataka andhara T.N. maharashtra hv majority
in number of medical colleges
Basic terms(health)
• crude birth rates - is the
• infant mortality rate ( शशु मृ यु दर)
number of living births
• The infant mortality rate (IMR) is
occurring in a given the number of
geographical area per 1000 deaths of infants under one year
• त 1000 ब चो पर दए गए old per 1,000 live births. This rate is
भौगो लक े म रहने वाले often used as an indicator of the
जी वत ज म क सं या है level of health in a country.
( शशु मृ यु दर त 1000 जी वत ज मे
शशुओं मे से एक वष या इससे कम उ
मे मर गये शशुओं क सं या है )
• Unemployment (बेरोजगार )
• means --a person want to do work but
unable to find work
• unemployment is liability to the nation. it
leads to wastage of manpower resources
• two types of unemployment found in rural areas
• seasonal unemployment (मौसमी बेरोजगार )--> means people are not
able to find jobs during some months of the year
• eg agriculture sector -> some seasonal food grains are produced. so,
the farmers are employed only in that season
• Disguised (Hidden)unemployment ( छ न बेरोजगार )--> it happens
when people appear to be employed
• for eg--> in a field it requires only six people and nine people are
worked in the same field then , 3 people are come under the
category of disguised unemployed .
• production will not decrease when three people
are removed
• urban areas unemployment
• mostly educated unemployment are seen
• number of graduated and post graduated
unemployed has increased faster than among
high school pass out unemployed
What we have grab for our exam ?
• primary sector ( ाथ मक े )
• secondary sector (मा य मक े )
• tertiary sector सेवा े -- called services
• women domestic work not count in national
income
• literate and healthy populations are assets for a
country
• educated person can earn more income
compared than an uneducated person becz of
their skill ---hence national income of a country
can increase
• an unhealthy person is burden for a country in
terms of economics. a healthy mind create
healthy environment
•
• Unemployment (बेरोजगार )
• seasonal unemployment (मौसमी बेरोजगार )-->
means people are not able to find jobs during
some months of the year
• Disguised (Hidden)unemployment ( छ न
बेरोजगार )--> it happens when people appear to
be employed
• urban areas unemployment
• mostly educated unemployment are seen
Summary
th
9
गर बी
of CLASS
NCERT
Economics
(अथशा )
Lecture-4
Chapters-3
Poverty
th
9 class NCERT chapters
• Chapter-1→The story of village palampur
• Chapter-2→People as resource
• Chapter-3→Poverty as a challenge
• Chapter -4→Food security in india
What we are going to cover in this
video
• Summary of chapter 3
• Poverty –(chota pack ) – small view
• Poverty – ( bada pack )- Vast view
• Types of poverty → focus more on concepts
• Causes of poverty
• Issues related to poverty
• Poverty line
• Global Poverty Scenario
• Anti-Poverty Measures
• Problem in schemes
• What we learned from this chapter for prelims and mains (imp)
Essay Practice
•गर बी का कोई समाजवाद नह
होता (नेह जी)
Poverty (गर बी)
Poverty →Poverty is the lack of basic human needs
such as Nutrition, health care education, clothing
and shelter, because of the inability to afford
them
Analysis
• % of poor living below poverty line -→ Declined,
• But absolute number has increased.
• Vulnerability to poverty is the extent to which a
community, person, society , country etc. can be
affected by the impact of the poverty.
• Women’s, less paid workers + beggars + people living
in less developed area, or in slums
• farm + laborers + ST + SC group→ vulnerable to
poverty.
• women, children and elderly are the worst sufferers
because of poverty ( fodder for mains exam)
Let analysis data wch is given in NCERT
book
26
• Poverty Level Across India
• Kerala has the least poverty →15%
• Out of 22 crore households in India, 15.6%
earn less than Rs. 45,000 per annum.
Global Poverty Scenario
• % of people living from
• 28% in 1991
• 21% in 2001; in the developing countries.
• Poverty declined substantially in China and some
South Asian countries because of rapid economic
development.
• On the other hand, reduction was not as sharp in
countries; like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, etc.
(fodder for essay + mains exam)
Global Poverty Scenario
developing countries
• below poverty line has
fallen
• Poverty declined in China
+ some South Asian
1991 2001
countries → due to rapid
eco growth
• On the other hand,
reduction was not as
sharp in countries; like
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri 28% poor 21% poor
Lanka, etc
Global Poverty Scenario
• In Sub Saharan Africa, poverty increased from 41% in 1981 to
48% in 2001.
• The poverty level has remained the same in Latin America.
• Poverty has resurfaced in Russia and some of the former
communist countries.
• The Millennium Development Goal of the United Nations has
targeted to reduce the poverty level to half of the 1990 level by
2015
• ( important fodder for GS mains and Essay)
Anti –poverty measures
Govt strategy based on two planks
• 1- promotion of economic growth
• 2- targeted anti-poverty programmes
Anti-Poverty Measures
• MNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme):
• programme was originally started in 2005 as NREGA.
• Under this programme, one member of each rural household
shall be given 100 days employment in a year.
• The person should be willing to work for unskilled job.
• If the government fails to provide employment to a person
within 15 days, he would be getting unemployment allowance in
lieu of that.
• National Food for Work Programme (NFWP) has also been
merged with MNREGA.
Anti-Poverty Measures
• Prime Minister Rojgar Yojna was launched in 1993.
• Rural Employment Generation Scheme was launched in 1995.
• Swarnajayanti Gram Rojgar Yojna was launched in 1999.
• All the previous employment programmes have now been replaced with
MNREGA.
• The results of these programmes have been mixed. However, MNREGA
has helped in arresting the tide of migration from rural areas. It has also
helped in improving the wages in rural areas
• Q- why date boss ?... Upsc prelims pattern now has been changed little
bit .. Shocked by this year prelims ☺
Problem in schemes
Political instability
Lack of implementation of laws
Caste system
No patriotism among the people
No interest for the rich to feed the poor
Less subsidy provided by the government
Poor are not being employed
What we learnt for prelims
Relative poverty
• When households/people are comparatively poorer to others
• Increases as distribution of income gets wider
• Like USA Poor (those doesnot having car they called as a poor)vs
India poor ( those … CAR ?)
Absolute poverty
• When an individual or households income is insufficient for them
to afford basic shelter, food , clothing
• Apne ander dekho boss
Absolute poverty
concept
• There is a class of 100 IAS aspirants students. Majority of
the students were not good at studies. The teacher hence
decides a criteria that out of a paper of 100 marks, the
student must score a minimum of 35 marks to pass the
exam. Anyone scoring below 35 would be considered as
fail.
• If a student fails an exam then the professor would focus
more on him and motivate him to pass the exam.
• Here,
• The teacher is akin to Government.
• The minimum marks required to pass is akin to Poverty line.
• The students failing are akin to poor population.
• This is what happens in case of Absolute Poverty which is used
in underdeveloped and developing nations like India.
• India uses Absolute Poverty to measure Poverty.
• In India, there is a concept of Poverty line which decides the amount of
money a person must earn for not being considered as poor.
• As per Poverty line a person is not considered as poor if he is earning
Rs.32 in a village and Rs.47 in a city. ( I will give vast view in 11th class
NCERT)
Relative poverty
concept
• Continuing the above analogy,
• If the class of 100 students have majority of the students who
are doing extremely well academically then the approach of a
teacher towards the students would change.
• Say if 95 students out of 100 score above 90 marks and only 5
students score above 80 marks. Then the teacher would
motivate these 5 students to work hard so as to be in the same
league as other 95 students.
• This analogy applies in case of developed nations where
everyone is having enough money for satisfying their basic
needs.
• In a hypothetical situation in a developed country if
80 out of 100 are having a car then the remaining 20
would be considered as poor (not because they are
actually not having money for basic needs but just
because they are not enjoying the same standard of
living).
• This method requires the use of Gini coefficient
which is used to measure the income inequality.
• USA and other developed nations use this method.
What is Gini coefficient?
Analysis
• % of poor living below poverty line -→ Declined,
• But absolute number has increased.
Let analysis data wch is given in NCERT
book
26
• Kerala has the least poverty →15%
th
with 9 Class
• Chapter-4
Summary
• Food security in
india th FREE PDF
Of 9 CLASS
Economics
(अथशा )
Chapters-4
Today Topics
• What is food security (NCERT view + Board View)
• But why we Need for Food Security
• What is Buffer Stock
• What is MSP
• Public Distribution System (PDS)+ benefits and
problems
• One Mains Question also
Food security
Availability Accessibility Affordability
of food of food of food
Means food
production within means food is implies that
the country + Food individual has
within reach of
imports + previous enough money to
years stock in govt. every person. buy sufficient food
store
Apart from
NCERT
But why we Need for Food Security
• For the poor sections of the society like BPL
family
• Natural disasters -→ earthquake, drought, flood,
tsunami happen
• Shortage of Food → Price UP→ affordability
DOWN→ starvation UP
• Famine-→ Deaths by starvation and Epidemics
by contaminated (दू षत )water
Famines and Starvation Deaths in
India
1. Kalahandi and Kashipur in Orissa
2. Baran district of Rajasthan,
3. Palamau district of Jharkhand and many
other remote areas during the recent years.
Food insecure groups →worst affected
groups
• landless people
• traditional artisans
• traditional services providers
• petty self-employed workers
• Homeless, beggars etc.
Conti…
• Families employed in ill-paid occupations
• casual labourers (seasonal activities+ very low wages)
• SCs, STs and some sections of the OBCs–having poor
land-base or very low land productivity
• Migrants ( as a result of natural disasters )
• Women and children
States facing problem of food
insecurity
• U.P. (eastern and south-eastern parts)
• Bihar,
• Jharkhand,
• Orissa,
• West Bengal,
• Chhattisgarh,
• Madhya Pradesh and
• Maharashtra
Hunger
• Inadequate diet in terms of quantity and
quality → low income group
• Seasonal→ food growing and harvesting
cycles
• Common in rural ( seasonal variation)
• Urban ( causal labour)
What is Buffer Stock
• Buffer Stock is the stock of foodgrains, namely wheat
and rice procured by the government through Food
Corporation of India (FCI)
• But ( another statement) ( Wch is not given 9th Class
NCERT)
• Buffer stock is the storage of stocks for the purpose
of stabilizing the prices. Its used in free markets
where prices are determined by demand and supply
What is MSP
• The farmers are paid a pre-announced price
for their crops.
• Declared before sowing season
• This price is called Minimum Support Price
ISSUE Price
• Distributed foodgrains in the deficit areas
and among the poorer state of society at a
price lower than the market price
How PDS Works
Government schemes
• PDS (initial Public Distribution System scheme)
• RPS (Revamped Public Distribution System)
• TPDS (Targeted Public Distribution
System)Special Schemes
• AAY (Antyodaya Anna Yojana)
• APS (Annapurna Scheme)
Basic
Established by Govt
Ministry → Consumer Affairs,
Public
Food, and Public Distribution
managed jointly with state
Distribution
governments in India, it
distributes
System
Distributed →wheat, rice, sugar,
(PDS)
and kerosene,
→ Ration shops
Benefits from the PDS
• Stabilizes prices of food grains
• Makes food available at affordable prices
• By supplying food from surplus regions of the
country to the deficit ones, it helps in combating
hunger and famine
• Prices set with poor households in mind
• Provides income security to farmers in certain
regions
Problems faced by PDS
• Problem of Hunger still exists in many areas of
India
• Foodstock in granaries often above specified
levels
• High storage costs
• Cultivation of rice has also led to environmental
degradation and fall in the water level
• Selling poor quality grains at ration shops,
• Irregular opening of the shops
Mains Question
• Q-Now these days international commodity
prices are low .. Do u think is it a good time for
India to import food to build stocks for food ?
Analyze
There are three kinds of ration cards:
• (a) Antyodaya cards for the poorest of the
poor;
• (b) BPL cards for those below poverty line; and
(c) APL cards for all others.
• Thanks
Regards
• Just UPSC Exam (Admin)
• Mail Id→justupscexam@gmail.com