Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Collection of Number Based Programs Using Recursion Second Edition PDF
Collection of Number Based Programs Using Recursion Second Edition PDF
)DFWRULDORIDQXPEHU
5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG 5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG
1RWH7KHVWPHWKRGLVWKHPRVWZLGHO\XVHGDQGWKHVKRUWHVWRIDOOWKHDERYHPHWKRGVKHQFHVWXGHQWVDUHDGYLVHGWRXVHWKH
VWPHWKRGZKLOHILQGLQJIDFWRULDORIDQXPEHUXVLQJUHFXUVLRQ
------------------------------------ © www.guideforschool.com -------------------------- Page 1 ---
GUIDE FOR SCHOOL 723,& RECURSION
Study Guide For Students Programs Related to Numbers
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6RPH3URJUDPVGHDOLQJZLWK)DFWRULDO
Q
(YDOXDWLQJWKH3HUPXWDWLRQ)XQFWLRQRU3QU
ۡ˟ۥ
LPSRUWMDYDXWLO
LIQ
FODVV3HUPXWDWLRQ UHWXUQ
^ HOVH
VWDWLF6FDQQHUVF QHZ6FDQQHU6\VWHPLQ UHWXUQQ
IDFWRULDOQ
LQWQU `
3HUPXWDWLRQ YRLGFRPSXWH
^ ^
Q LQWD IDFWRULDOQ
U LQWE IDFWRULDOQU
` LQWUHV DE
YRLGUHDG,QSXW 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ$QVZHUUHV
^ `
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUWKHYDOXHRIQ SXEOLFVWDWLFYRLGPDLQ6WULQJDUJV>@
Q VFQH[W,QW ^
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUWKHYDOXHRIU 3HUPXWDWLRQRE QHZ3HUPXWDWLRQ
U VFQH[W,QW REUHDG,QSXW
` REFRPSXWH
LQWIDFWRULDOLQWQ `
^ `
Q
(YDOXDWLQJWKH&RPELQDWLRQ)XQFWLRQRU&QU
UሺܚିܖሻǨ
LPSRUWMDYDXWLO
LIQ
FODVV&RPELQDWLRQ UHWXUQ
^ HOVH
VWDWLF6FDQQHUVF QHZ6FDQQHU6\VWHPLQ UHWXUQQ
IDFWRULDOQ
LQWQU `
&RPELQDWLRQ YRLGFRPSXWH
^ ^
Q LQWD IDFWRULDOQ
U LQWE IDFWRULDOU
` LQWF IDFWRULDOQU
YRLGUHDG,QSXW LQWUHV DE
F
^ 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ$QVZHUUHV
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUWKHYDOXHRIQ `
Q VFQH[W,QW SXEOLFVWDWLFYRLGPDLQ6WULQJDUJV>@
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUWKHYDOXHRIU ^
U VFQH[W,QW &RPELQDWLRQRE QHZ&RPELQDWLRQ
` REUHDG,QSXW
LQWIDFWRULDOLQWQ REFRPSXWH
^ `
`
,QERWKWKHDERYHH[DPSOHVZHDUHXVLQJWKHUHFXUVLYHIXQFWLRQµLQWIDFWRULDOLQWQ¶IRUILQGLQJWKHIDFWRULDORIDQXPEHU
DQGZHDUHFDOOLQJWKLVIXQFWLRQIURPLQVLGHWKHFRPSXWHIXQFWLRQWRILQGWKHYDOXHVRIQUDQGQUDQGWKHPDSSO\LQJ
WKHJLYHQIRUPXODWRFDOFXODWHWKH3HUPXWDWLRQRUWKH&RPELQDWLRQ)XQFWLRQ
------------------------------------ © www.guideforschool.com -------------------------- Page 2 ---
GUIDE FOR SCHOOL 723,& RECURSION
Study Guide For Students Programs Related to Numbers
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
&KHFNLQJZKHWKHUDQXPEHULVD6SHFLDO1XPEHU.ULVKQDPXUWK\1XPEHURUQRW
LPSRUWMDYDXWLO
`
FODVV.ULVKQDPXUWK\ YRLGGLVSOD\
^ ^
VWDWLF6FDQQHUVF QHZ6FDQQHU6\VWHPLQ 6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU
LQWIDFWRULDOLQWQ LQWQ VFQH[W,QW
^ LV6SHFLDOQ
LIQ `
UHWXUQ SXEOLFVWDWLFYRLGPDLQ6WULQJDUJV>@
HOVH ^
UHWXUQQ
IDFWRULDOQ .ULVKQDPXUWK\RE QHZ.ULVKQDPXUWK\
` REGLVSOD\
YRLGLV6SHFLDOLQWQ `
^ `
LQWGV FRS\ Q
ZKLOHQ!^ 1RWH ,Q VXFK SURJUDPV \RX PD\ EH DVNHG WR WDNH WKH
G Q YDULDEOH
Q
DVLQVWDQFHYDULDEOHV,QWKDWFDVH\RXGRQ¶WQHHG
V VIDFWRULDOG WRWDNHLWDVSDUDPHWHUWRWKHIXQFWLRQLV6SHFLDO
Q Q
` ,W FDQDOVREH JLYHQWKDW \RX FUHDWH D VHSDUDWH IXQFWLRQ IRU
LIV FRS\ WDNLQJLQSXWVIURPWKHXVHUWRWKHYDULDEOH
Q
,QWKDWFDVH\RX
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ7KHQXPEHULV6SHFLDO FUHDWHWKDWVHSDUDWHIXQFWLRQDQGZULWHWKHFRGHIRULQSXWWLQJ
HOVH
Q
LQVLGHLW,I\RXGRWKLVWKHQ\RXGRQ¶WQHHGWRLQSXW
Q
LQ
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ7KHQXPEHULV1RW6SHFLDO WKHGLVSOD\PHWKRG
)LQGLQJSRZHURIDQXPEHUDE
5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG 5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG &RUUHVSRQGLQJ,WHUDWLYH&RGH
LQWSRZHULQWDLQWE LQWS LQWS
^ LQWSRZHULQWDLQWE LQWSRZHULQWDLQWE
LIE ^ ^
UHWXUQ LIE LQWL
HOVH UHWXUQS ZKLOHL E
UHWXUQD
SRZHUDE HOVH ^
` ^ S S
D
S S
D L
YRLGGLVSOD\ UHWXUQSRZHUDE `
^ ` UHWXUQS
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU ` `
LQWP VFQH[W,QW
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUWKHSRZHU 7KH GLVSOD\ PHWKRG ZLOO EH WKH 7KH GLVSOD\ PHWKRG ZLOO EH WKH
LQWQ VFQH[W,QW VDPHDVRQWKHOHIW VDPHDVRQWKHOHIW
LQW[ SRZHUPQ
6\VWHPRXWSULQW5HVXOW [
`
1RWH,IWKHUHWXUQW\SHRIWKHIXQFWLRQLVµGRXEOH¶DVLQGRXEOHSRZHULQWDLQWEWKHQLQPHWKRGUHSODFHµUHWXUQ¶ZLWK
µUHWXUQ¶,QPHWKRGUHSODFHµLQWS ¶ZLWKµGRXEOHS ¶
LPSRUWMDYDXWLO
HOVH
FODVV6HULHV6XP UHWXUQD
SRZHUDE
^ `
VWDWLF6FDQQHUVF QHZ6FDQQHU6\VWHPLQ YRLGFDOF6HULHV
LQW[Q ^
GRXEOHVXP
6HULHV6XPLQW[[LQWQQ `
^ YRLGGLVSOD\
[ [[ ^
Q QQ FDOF6HULHV
` 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ6XPRIWKHVHULHVVXP
GRXEOHIDFWRULDOLQWQ `
^ SXEOLFVWDWLFYRLGPDLQ6WULQJDUJV>@
LIQ ^
UHWXUQ 6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUWKHYDOXHRIQ
HOVH LQWQ VFQH[W,QW
UHWXUQQ
IDFWRULDOQ 6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUWKHYDOXHRI[
` LQW[ VFQH[W,QW
GRXEOHSRZHULQWDLQWE 6HULHV6XPRE QHZ6HULHV6XP[Q
^ REGLVSOD\
LIE `
UHWXUQ `
YRLGFDOF6HULHV YRLGFDOF6HULHV
^ ^
GRXEOHQXPGHQ GRXEOHQXPGHQ
IRULQWL L QL^ IRULQWL L QL^
QXP SRZHU[
L QXP SRZHU[L
GHQ IDFWRULDO
L GHQ IDFWRULDOL
VXP VXPQXPGHQ LIL
` VXP VXPQXPGHQ
` HOVH
VXP VXPQXPGHQ
`
`
YRLGFDOF6HULHV YRLGFDOF6HULHV
^ ^
IRULQWL L QL IRULQWL LQL
^ ^
QXP SRZHU[L QXP SRZHU[
L
GHQ IDFWRULDOL GHQ IDFWRULDOL
VXP VXPQXPGHQ VXP VXPQXPGHQ
` `
` `
)LERQDFFL6HULHV
5HFXUVLYH&RGHIRUJHQHUDWLQJWKHQWKWHUPRIWKH)LERQDFFL ,IZHZDQWWRSULQWVWWHUPVWKHQZHZLOOFDOOWKHDERYH
6HULHV7KLVLVWKHPRVWZLGHO\XVHGIXQFWLRQIRUJHQHUDWLQJ PHWKRGWLPHVDVIROORZV
WKH)LERQDFFLVHULHV
LQWF
LQWILELQWQ IRULQWL L L
^ ^
LIQ F ILEL
UHWXUQ 6\VWHPRXWSULQWF
HOVHLIQ `
UHWXUQ
,QWKHDERYHFRGHWKHYDULDEOH
F
LVVWRULQJWKHYDOXHRIWKH
HOVH
VWWHUPWKHQWKHQGWHUPWKHQWKHUGWHUPWLOOWKWHUPV$V
UHWXUQILEQILEQ
VRRQDV
F
JHWVDYDOXHZHDUHSULQWLQJLW+HQFHWHUPVRI
`
WKH)LERQDFFLVHULHVLVJHQHUDWHG
$QRWKHU5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG &RUUHVSRQGLQJ,WHUDWLYH0HWKRG
LQWD E F LQWD E F
YRLGILELQWLLQWOLPLW YRLGILELQWOLPLW
^ ^
LIL OLPLW LQWL
^ ZKLOHL OLPLW
F DE ^
6\VWHPRXWSULQWF F DE
D E 6\VWHPRXWSULQWF
E F D E
ILELOLPLW E F
` L
` `
`
YRLGGLVSOD\
^ YRLGGLVSOD\
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUWKHOLPLW ^
LQWOLPLW VFQH[W/LQH 6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUWKHOLPLW
6\VWHPRXWSULQW7KH6HULHVLVDE LQWOLPLW VFQH[W/LQH
ILEOLPLW 6\VWHPRXWSULQW7KH6HULHVLVDE
` ILEOLPLW
`
*HQHUDWLQJWKH(QWLUH)LERQDFFL6HULHV,6&
LPSRUWMDYDXWLO
HOVHLIQ
FODVV5HFXUVLRQ UHWXUQE
^ HOVH
VWDWLF6FDQQHUVF QHZ6FDQQHU6\VWHPLQ UHWXUQILEQILEQ
LQWDEFOLPLW `
YRLGJHQHUDWHBILEVHULHV
5HFXUVLRQ ^
^ 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ7KH)LERQDFFL6HULHVLV
D IRULQWL L OLPLWL
E ^
F F ILEL
OLPLW 6\VWHPRXWSULQWF
` `
`
YRLGLQSXW SXEOLFVWDWLFYRLGPDLQWKURZV([FHSWLRQ
^ ^
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUWKHOLPLW 5HFXUVLRQRE QHZ5HFXUVLRQ
OLPLW VFQH[W,QW RELQSXW
` REJHQHUDWHBILEVHULHV
`
LQWILELQWQ `
^
LIQ 1RWH$OOWKHIXQFWLRQVXVHGKHUHDUHZKDWZDVJLYHQLQWKH
UHWXUQD TXHVWLRQ,6&
)LQGLQJ+&)RU*&'RIQXPEHUV
5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG 5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG 5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG 5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG
$SURJUDPRQILQGLQJ+&)RIQXPEHUVXVLQJWKHUHFXUVLYHWHFKQLTXHFDPHLQ,6&
&KHFNLQJIRU3ULPH1XPEHU
5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG &RUUHVSRQGLQJ,WHUDWLYH0HWKRG
1RWH,QWKHDERYHPHWKRG
L
LVLQFUHDVLQJHYHU\WLPHZHGLGQRWJHWDQ\IDFWRUDQGWKHUHFXUVLYHPHWKRGORRSZLOOHQGZKHQ
L
LVHTXDOWR
Q
+HQFHLI
L
EHFRPHVHTXDOWRWKHQXPEHUWKHQWKDWPHDQVWKDWWKHQXPEHULVQRWGLYLVLEOHE\DQ\RWKHU
QXPEHUH[FHSWDQGLWVHOI+HQFHLWLV3ULPH
$QRWKHU5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG0RGLILHGIRUPRIDERYHFRGH
L ,IµQ¶LVGLYLVLEOHE\DQ\YDOXHRIµL¶DSDUWIURPDQGµQ¶RU
UHWXUQLVSULPHQ LIµQ¶LVHTXDOWRWKHQLQERWKFDVHWKHQXPEHULVQRW
`` SULPH
&KHFNLQJIRU7ZLQSULPH
LPSRUWMDYDXWLO
^
FODVV(PLUS G FRS\
^ UHY UHY
G
LQWQUHYI FRS\ FRS\
(PLUSLQWQQ^ `
Q QQ LQWD LVSULPHI&KHFNLQJRULJLQDOQXPEHUµQ¶
UHY Q UHY6DYLQJUHYHUVHLQµQ¶
I I
` LQWE LVSULPHI&KHFNLQJUHYHUVHRIQXPEHUµQ¶
1RWH7KHIXQFWLRQLV3ULPHZLOOFKHFNZKHWKHU
Q
LV LID E
SULPHRUQRWDQGQRWµ[¶9DULDEOH
[
LVMXVWDFRXQWHU
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ,WLVDQ(PLUS1XPEHU
LQWLVSULPHLQW[^ HOVH
LI[ Q 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ,WLV1RWDQ(PLUS1XPEHU
UHWXUQ `
HOVHLIQ[ __Q
SXEOLFVWDWLFYRLGPDLQ6WULQJDUJV>@
UHWXUQ ^
HOVH 6FDQQHUVF QHZ6FDQQHU6\VWHPLQ
UHWXUQLVSULPH[ 6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU
` LQWQ VFQH[W,QW
YRLGLV(PLUS^ (PLUSRE QHZ(PLUSQ
LQWFRS\ QG RELV(PLUS
ZKLOHFRS\!FRGHIRUUHYHUVLQJDQXPEHU ``
*HQHUDWLQJ3ULPH7ULSOHWVZLWKLQD5DQJH
7KHFRQVHFXWLYHSULPHQXPEHUVDUHNQRZQDV3ULPH7ULSOHWVLIWKH\VDWLVI\WKHIROORZLQJFRQGLWLRQVQQQDUHDOO
SULPH25QQQDUHDOOSULPHZKHUHQLVDQLQWHJHUQXPEHU
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUWKHVWDUWOLPLW
LPSRUWMDYDXWLO
LQWS VFQH[W,QW
FODVV3ULPH7ULSOHWV 6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUWKHHQGOLPLW
^ LQWT VFQH[W,QW
LQWLV3ULPHLQWQLQW[^ 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ7KH3ULPH7ULSOHWVDUH
LI[ Q LQWDEFG
UHWXUQ IRULQWL SL TL^
HOVHLIQ[ __Q D RELV3ULPHL
UHWXUQ E RELV3ULPHL
HOVH F RELV3ULPHL
UHWXUQLV3ULPHQ[ G RELV3ULPHL
` LID E G
SXEOLFVWDWLFYRLGPDLQ6WULQJDUJV>@ 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQL?WL?WL
^ LID F G
6FDQQHUVF QHZ6FDQQHU6\VWHPLQ 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQL?WL?WL
3ULPH7ULSOHWVRE QHZ3ULPH7ULSOHWV ```
2SHUDWLRQIURP)LUVWGLJLWRQZDUGV 2SHUDWLRQIURP/DVWGLJLWRQZDUGV
YRLGQXP2SLQWQ YRLGQXP2SLQWQ
^ ^
LIQ! LIQ!
^ ^
LQWG Q LQWG Q
QXP2SQ
Write the operation you want to perform with
Write the operation you want to perform with the the digits coming out from the end over here.
digits coming out from the beginning over here. QXP2SQ
` `
` `
,QWKHVWFRGHZHDUHWDNLQJRXWWKHGLJLWVIURPWKHHQGRIWKHQXPEHUDQGZLWKRXWSHUIRUPLQJDQ\RSHUDWLRQZLWKWKH
GLJLWVH[WUDFWHGIURPWKHODVWZHDUHDJDLQFDOOLQJWKHUHFXUVLYHIXQFWLRQZLWKWKHQXPEHUUHGXFHGE\WLPHV
:HWKHQZULWHWKHRSHUDWLRQZHZDQWWRSHUIRUPDIWHUWKHOLQHZKLFKLVFDOOLQJWKHIXQFWLRQUHFXUVLYHO\EHFDXVHE\GRLQJ
VRZHZRXOGEHXVLQJWKH/,)2SURSHUW\RIWKHVWDFNXVHGLQUHFXUVLRQ'LJLWVH[WUDFWHGIURPWKHHQGZHUHSODFHGLQWKH
EHJLQQLQJRIWKHVWDFNKHQFHZKHQZHSRSRXWWKHGLJLWVZHZRXOGEHJHWWLQJWKH)LUVWGLJLWRIWKHQXPEHUILUVWWKHQWKH
VHFRQGDQGVRRQ7KXVLQWKLVFDVHZHJHWGLJLWVIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJRIDQXPEHU
,QWKHQGFRGHDERYHFRGHZHDUHWDNLQJRXWWKHGLJLWVIURPWKHHQGRIWKHQXPEHUDQGDUHSHUIRUPLQJWKHRSHUDWLRQZLWK
WKHGLJLWVH[WUDFWHGEHIRUHFDOOLQJWKHUHFXUVLYHIXQFWLRQZLWKWKHQXPEHUUHGXFHGE\WLPHV
7KXVLQWKLVFDVHZHJHWGLJLWVIURPWKHHQGRIDQXPEHU
6RPH3URJUDPVGHDOLQJZLWKGLJLWVRIDQXPEHU
)LQGLQJWKHVXPRIWKHGLJLWVRIDQXPEHU
5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG 5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG
LQWV LQWV
LQWVXP'LJLQWQ LQWVXP'LJLQWQ
^ ^
LIQ! LIQ!
^ ^
LQWG Q LQWG Q
VXP'LJQ V VG
V VG VXP'LJQ
` `
UHWXUQV UHWXUQV
` `
YRLGGLVSOD\ ,QWKHVWPHWKRGZHDUHDGGLQJGLJLWVIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJ
^ ZKLOHLQWKHQGPHWKRGZHDUHDGGLQJWKHGLJLWVIURPWKH
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU HQG
LQWQ VFQH[W,QW
LQW[ VXP'LJQ 7KHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHPHWKRGLVRIVKLIWLQJWKHOLQH
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ6XPRIGLJLWV [ V VGZKLFKLQWKHVWPHWKRGLVZULWWHQDIWHUWKHUHFXUVLYH
` FDOOZKLOHLQWKHQGLVZULWWHQEHIRUHWKHUHFXUVLYHFDOO
,PSRUWDQW1RWH
)RU ILQGLQJ WKH VXP RI WKH VTXDUH RI WKH GLJLWV ZULWH WKH DERYH FRGH -XVW FKDQJH WKH OLQH V VG LQWR V VG
G RU
V VLQW0DWKSRZG
)RU ILQGLQJ WKH VXP RI WKH FXEH RI WKH GLJLWV ZULWH WKH DERYH FRGH -XVW FKDQJH WKH OLQH V VG LQWR V VG
G
G RU
V VLQW0DWKSRZG
,PSRUWDQW 1RWH ,Q VXFK SURJUDPV \RX PD\ EH DVNHG WR YRLGJHWQXPLQWQXP
LQSXW WKH QXPEHU LQ D VHSDUDWH IXQFWLRQ OLNH ZH KDYH XVHG ^
DERYH Q QXP
:HKDYHWDNHQWKHYDOXHRI
Q
DVLQSXWIURPWKHXVHULQWKH `
IXQFWLRQJHWQXP 7KHQWKHPDLQPHWKRGZLOOEH
SXEOLFVWDWLFYRLGPDLQ6WULQJDUJV>@
<RX FDQDOVREH DVNHG WR LQLWLDOL]H WKHYDULDEOH
Q
LQVLGH D
^
IXQFWLRQZLWKVRPHSDUDPHWHUSDVVHGWRWKDWIXQFWLRQ,QVXFK
0DJLFRE QHZ0DJLF
FDVH\RXGRQ¶WLQSXW
Q
LQWKDWIXQFWLRQEXW\RXLQSXWLWLQVLGH
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU
PDLQDQGSDVVWKLVLQSXWWRWKDWLQLWLDOL]LQJIXQFWLRQ
LQWE ,QWHJHUSDUVH,QWEUUHDG/LQH
([DPSOH,QWKHDERYHSURJUDP\RXFDQZULWHWKHJHWQXP REJHWQXPE
PHWKRGDV RELV0DJLF
`
------------------------------------ © www.guideforschool.com -------------------------- Page 11 ---
GUIDE FOR SCHOOL 723,& RECURSION
Study Guide For Students Programs Related to Numbers
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)LQGLQJZKHWKHUDQXPEHULVD+DSS\1XPEHURUQRW>,6&@
)LQGLQJZKHWKHUDQXPEHULVDQ$UPVWURQJ1XPEHURUQRW
LPSRUWMDYDXWLO
YRLGLV$UP
FODVV$UPVWURQJ ^
^ LQWD VXP&XEH'LJQ
VWDWLF6FDQQHUVF QHZ6FDQQHU6\VWHPLQ LID Q
LQWQ 6\VWHPRXWSULQWQLVDQ$UPVWURQJ1XPEHU
$UPVWURQJ HOVH
^ 6\VWHPRXWSULQWQLV1RWDQ$UPVWURQJ1XPEHU
Q `
` SXEOLFVWDWLFYRLGPDLQ6WULQJDUJV>@
YRLGUHDG1XP ^
^ $UPVWURQJRE QHZ$UPVWURQJ
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU REUHDG1XP
Q VFQH[W,QW RELV$UP
` `
LQWVXP&XEH'LJLQW[ `
^
LI[ 1RWH$Q$UPVWURQJ1XPEHULVDQXPEHUZKRVHVXPRIWKH
UHWXUQ FXEHRIWKHGLJLWVLVHTXDOWRWKHRULJLQDOQXPEHU([DPSOH
HOVH
^
LQWG [ ,QWKLVSURJUDPZHKDYHXVHGWKHUGPHWKRGRIILQGLQJWKH
UHWXUQG
G
GVXP&XEH'LJ[ VXPRIWKHFXEHRIWKHGLJLWV
`
`
------------------------------------ © www.guideforschool.com -------------------------- Page 12 ---
GUIDE FOR SCHOOL 723,& RECURSION
Study Guide For Students Programs Related to Numbers
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)LQGLQJIUHTXHQF\RIWKHGLJLWVRIDQXPEHU
LQW$>@ ^` 1RWH ,Q WKLV SURJUDP ZH KDYH WDNHQ DQ LQWHJHU $UUD\ RI
YRLGFRXQWLQWQ VL]H IRUFRXQWLQJWKHIUHTXHQF\RIHDFKGLJLWSUHVHQWLQD
^ QXPEHU7KLVDUUD\KDVWREHGHFODUHGDVDQLQVWDQFHYDULDEOH
LIQ!^ (DFKFHOORIWKHDUUD\KDVEHHQLQLWLDOL]HGWR]HUR
LQWG Q
$>G@ &HOOZLWKLQGH[ZLOOVWRUHWKHIUHTXHQF\RIGLJLWFHOOZLWK
FRXQWQ LQGH[ZLOOVWRUHWKHIUHTXHQF\RIGLJLWDQGVRRQ
`
` ,QWKHUHFXUVLYHIXQFWLRQZHDUHH[WUDFWLQJWKHGLJLWVRQHE\
YRLGGLVSOD\^ RQHDQGLQFUHPHQWLQJWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJFHOORIWKHDUUD\
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU
LQWQ VFQH[W,QW 6RDIWHUWKHUHFXUVLYHIXQFWLRQHQGVZHKDYHLQWKHDUUD\WKH
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ'LJLW?W?W)UHTXHQF\ IUHTXHQF\ RI HDFK GLJLW ,Q WKH GLVSOD\ PHWKRG ZH DUH
FRXQWQ SULQWLQJRQO\WKRVHFHOOVRIWKHDUUD\ZKRVHYDOXHLVQRW]HUR
IRULQWL LL^
LI$>L@ 7KH?WLVIRUJLYLQJWDEVSDFHV
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQL?W?W$>L@
``
3ULQWLQJWKHGLJLWVRIDQXPEHULQZRUGV>,6&@
&RUUHVSRQGLQJ,WHUDWLYH
:LWKRXW5HWXUQ7\SH 5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG
&RGH
5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG 5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG
YRLGUHYLQWQ LQWU LQWU LQWU
^ YRLGUHYLQWQ LQWUHYLQWQ LQWUHYLQWQ
LIQ!^ ^ ^ ^
LQWG Q LIQ!^ LIQ! ZKLOHQ!
6\VWHPRXWSULQWG LQWG Q ^ ^
UHYQ U U
G LQWG Q LQWG Q
` UHYQ U U
G U U
G
` ` UHWXUQUHYQ Q Q
HOVH ` `
1RWH 7KLV PHWKRG LV 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ5HYHUVH HOVH UHWXUQU
SULQWLQJ WKH GLJLWV RQ U UHWXUQU `
VFUHHQLQUHYHUVHRUGHU ` `
YRLGGLVSOD\ YRLGGLVSOD\
^ ^
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU 6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU
LQWQ VFQH[W,QW LQWQ VFQH[W,QW
6\VWHPRXWSULQW5HYHUVHRIWKHQXPEHU LQW[ UHYQ
UHYQ 6\VWHPRXWSULQW5HYHUVHRIWKHQXPEHU [
` `
&KHFNLQJIRU3DOLQGURPH1XPEHU
([WUDFWLQJ1XPEHUVIURPDOLPLWXSWRDQRWKHUOLPLW
5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG &RUUHVSRQGLQJ,WHUDWLYH)XQFWLRQ
YRLGH[WUDFWLQWSLQWT YRLGH[WUDFWLQWSLQWT
^ ^
LIS T ZKLOHS T
^ ^
:ULWHWKHRSHUDWLRQ\RXZDQWWRSHUIRUPZLWKWKH :ULWHWKHRSHUDWLRQ\RXZDQWWRSHUIRUPZLWKWKH
QXPEHUVFRPLQJRQHE\RQHLQ
S
QXPEHUVFRPLQJRQHE\RQHLQ
S
H[WUDFWST S
` `
` `
5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG &RUUHVSRQGLQJ,WHUDWLYH)XQFWLRQ
YRLGHYHQLQWSLQWT YRLGHYHQLQWSLQWT
^ ^
LIS T ZKLOHS T
^ ^
LIS LIS
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQS 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQS
HYHQST S
` `
` `
YRLGGLVSOD\
^
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUWKHORZHUOLPLW
LQWS VFQH[W,QW
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUWKHXSSHUOLPLW
LQWT VFQH[W,QW
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ7KHHYHQQXPEHUVDUH
HYHQST
`
)LQGLQJ6XPRIDOOWKH(YHQDQG2GG1XPEHUVVHSDUDWHO\IURP
S
WLOO
T
3ULQWLQJSULPHQXPEHUVIURP
S
WLOO
T
&KHFNLQJIRU3HUIHFW1XPEHU
YRLGGLVSOD\
LQWVXP
^
LQWIDFWRUVLQWQLQWL^
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU
LILQ^
LQWQ VFQH[W,QW
LIQL
LQWI IDFWRUVQ
VXP VXPL
LII Q
UHWXUQIDFWRUVQL
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ7KH1XPEHULV3HUIHFW
`
HOVH
HOVH
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ7KH1XPEHULV1RW3HUIHFW
UHWXUQVXP
`
`
&KHFNLQJIRU&RPSRVLWH1XPEHU
YRLGGLVSOD\
LQWFRXQW
^
LQWIDFWRUVLQWQLQWL^
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU
LILQ^
LQWQ VFQH[W,QW
LIQL
LQWI IDFWRUVQ
FRXQW
LII!
UHWXUQIDFWRUVQL
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ7KH1XPEHULV&RPSRVLWH
`
HOVH
HOVH
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ7KH1XPEHULV1RW&RPSRVLWH
UHWXUQFRXQW
`
`
)LQGLQJWKH3ULPH)DFWRUVRIDQXPEHU
5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG &RUUHVSRQGLQJ,WHUDWLYH0HWKRG
YRLGSULPH)DFWLQWQLQWL LQWSULPH)DFWLQWQ
^ ^
LIQ!^ LQWL
LIQL ^ ZKLOHQ!^
6\VWHPRXWSULQWL LIQL ^
SULPH)DFWQLL 6\VWHPRXWSULQWL
` Q QL
HOVH `
SULPH)DFWQL HOVH
`` L
YRLGGLVSOD\^ ``
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUWKHDQ\QXPEHU YRLGGLVSOD\^
LQWQ VFQH[W,QW 6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUWKHDQ\QXPEHU
6\VWHPRXWSULQW3ULPH)DFWRUVRIWKHQXPEHU LQWQ VFQH[W,QW
SULPH)DFWQ 6\VWHPRXWSULQW3ULPH)DFWRUVRIWKHQXPEHU
` SULPH)DFWQ
`
YRLGELQDU\LQWQ LQWELQ LQWELQ F LQWELQ F
^ LQWELQDU\LQWQ LQWELQDU\LQWQ LQWELQDU\LQWQ
LIQ! ^ ^ ^
^ LIQ! LIQ! ZKLOHQ!
LQWG Q ^ ^ ^
ELQDU\Q LQWG Q LQWG Q LQWG Q
6\VWHPRXWSULQWG ELQDU\Q ELQ ELQ
` ELQ ELQ
G ELQG
LQW0DWKSRZF ELQG
LQW0DWKSRZF
` `
UHWXUQELQ UHWXUQELQDU\Q Q Q
` ` `
HOVH UHWXUQELQ
UHWXUQELQ `
`
YRLGGLVSOD\ YRLGGLVSOD\
^ ^
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUD 6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQXPEHU
QXPEHU LQWQ VFQH[W,QW
LQWQ VFQH[W,QW LQW[ ELQDU\Q
6\VWHPRXWSULQW%LQDU\ 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ%LQDU\ [
`
ELQDU\Q
`
1RWH,QPHWKRGZHKDYHPDGHXVHRIWKHVWDFNPHPRU\WRUHYHUVHWKHUHPDLQGHUVRIWKHQXPEHUZKHQGLYLGHGE\
1RWH ,QPHWKRGZHDUHPDNLQJXVHRIWKH$6&,,YDOXHVWRFRQYHUWDQLQWHJHUGLJLWWRDFKDUDFWHUGLJLW:HDUHFRQYHUWLQJ
DQLQWHJHUWRDFKDUDFWHUµ¶DQGWKHQDGGLQJWKHPWRD6WULQJ
1RWH$OOWKHIXQFWLRQVDUHZULWWHQDVSHUWKHTXHVWLRQRI,6&&RPSXWHU6FLHQFH3DSHU7KHRU\
(YLO1XPEHU6ROXWLRQWR4XHVWLRQRI>,6&3UDFWLFDO6SHFLPHQ@
$Q(YLOQXPEHULVDSRVLWLYHZKROHQXPEHUZKLFKKDVHYHQQXPEHURI¶VLQLWVELQDU\HTXLYDOHQW
LQWF YRLGGLVSOD\
LQWELQDU\LQWQ^ ^
LIQ!^ 6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQXPEHU
LQWG Q LQWQ VFQH[W,QW
LIG LQW[ ELQDU\Q
F LI[
UHWXUQELQDU\Q 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQQLVDQ(YLO1XPEHU
` HOVH
UHWXUQF 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQQLV1RWDQ(YLO1XPEHU
` `
%LQDU\WR'HFLPDO&RQYHUVLRQ
5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG &RUUHVSRQGLQJ,WHUDWLYH0HWKRG
LQWGHF F LQWGHF F
LQWGHFLPDOORQJQ LQWGHFLPDOORQJQ
^ ^
LIQ!^ ZKLOHQ!^
LQWG LQWQ LQWG LQWQ
GHF GHFG
LQW0DWKSRZF GHF GHFG
LQW0DWKSRZF
UHWXUQGHFLPDOQ Q Q
` `
HOVH UHWXUQGHF
UHWXUQGHF `
`
YRLGGLVSOD\^ YRLGGLVSOD\^
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU 6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU
ORQJQ VFQH[W/RQJ ORQJQ VFQH[W/RQJ
LQW[ GHFLPDOQ LQW[ GHFLPDOQ
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ'HFLPDO(TXLYDOHQW [ 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ'HFLPDO(TXLYDOHQW [
` `
YRLGRFWDOLQWQ LQWRFW LQWRFW F LQWRFW F
^ LQWRFWDOLQWQ LQWRFWDOLQWQ LQWRFWDOLQWQ
LIQ! ^ ^ ^
^ LIQ! LIQ!^ ZKLOHQ!
LQWG Q ^ LQWG Q ^
ELQDU\Q LQWG Q RFW LQWG Q
6\VWHPRXWSULQWG ELQDU\Q RFWG
LQW0DWKSRZF RFW
` RFW RFW
G RFWG
LQW0DWKSRZF
` ` UHWXUQRFWDOQ
UHWXUQRFW ` Q Q
` HOVH `
UHWXUQRFW UHWXUQRFW
` `
YRLGGLVSOD\^ YRLGGLVSOD\
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUD ^
QXPEHU 6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQXPEHU
LQWQ VFQH[W,QW LQWQ VFQH[W,QW
6\VWHPRXWSULQW2FWDO LQW[ RFWDOQ
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ2FWDO [
RFWDOQ `
`
1RWH 7KH DERYH UHFXUVLYH PHWKRGV KDYLQJ UHWXUQ W\SHV DQG SDUDPHWHUV FDQ DOVR EH ZULWWHQ ZLWKRXW UHWXUQ W\SHV DQG
SDUDPHWHUV,QVXFKDFDVH\RXQHHGWRWDNHWKHGHFLPDOQXPEHU
Q
DVDQLQVWDQFHYDULDEOH([DPSOH
2FWDOWR'HFLPDO&RQYHUVLRQ
5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG &RUUHVSRQGLQJ,WHUDWLYH0HWKRG
LQWGHF F LQWGHF F
LQWGHFLPDOLQWQ LQWGHFLPDOLQWQ
^ ^
LIQ!^ ZKLOHQ!^
LQWG Q LQWG Q
GHF GHFG
LQW0DWKSRZF GHF GHFG
LQW0DWKSRZF
UHWXUQGHFLPDOQ Q Q
` `
HOVH UHWXUQGHF
UHWXUQGHF `
` YRLGGLVSOD\
YRLGGLVSOD\ ^
^ 6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU LQWQ VFQH[W,QW
LQWQ VFQH[W,QW LQW[ GHFLPDOQ
LQW[ GHFLPDOQ 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ'HFLPDO(TXLYDOHQW [
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ'HFLPDO(TXLYDOHQW [ `
`
YRLGGLVSOD\ YRLGGLVSOD\
^ ^
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU 6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\QXPEHU
LQWQ VFQH[W,QW LQWQ VFQH[W,QW
6\VWHPRXWSULQW+H[DGHFLPDO(TXLYDOHQW 6WULQJK KH[DQ
KH[DQ 6\VWHPRXWSULQW+H[DGHFLPDO(TXLYDOHQW K
` `
1RWH ,Q WKH DERYH PHWKRGV ZH DUH PDNLQJ XVH RI WKH $6&,, YDOXHV WR FRQYHUW DQ LQWHJHU UHPDLQGHU WR D FKDUDFWHU
UHPDLQGHU:HDUHFRQYHUWLQJUHPDLQGHUWRDFKDUDFWHUµ¶DUHPDLQGHUWRFKDUDFWHUµ$¶DQGDGGLQJWKHPWRD6WULQJ
+H[DGHFLPDOWR'HFLPDO&RQYHUVLRQ
5HFXUVLYH0HWKRG &RUUHVSRQGLQJ,WHUDWLYH0HWKRG
LQWGHF F LQWGHF F
LQWGHFLPDO6WULQJQLQWL LQWGHFLPDO6WULQJQLQWL
^ ^
LIL! ZKLOHL!
^ ^
FKDUFK QFKDU$WL FKDUFK QFKDU$WL
LIFK!
FK
LIFK!
FK
GHF GHFFK
LQW0DWKSRZF GHF GHFFK
LQW0DWKSRZF
LIFK!
$
FK
)
LIFK!
$
FK
)
GHF GHFFK
LQW0DWKSRZF GHF GHFFK
LQW0DWKSRZF
UHWXUQGHFLPDOQL L
` `
HOVH UHWXUQGHF
UHWXUQGHF `
` YRLGGLVSOD\
YRLGGLVSOD\ ^
^ 6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\KH[DGHFLPDOQXPEHU
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQ\KH[DGHFLPDOQXPEHU 6WULQJQ VFQH[W
6WULQJQ VFQH[W Q QWR8SSHU&DVH
Q QWR8SSHU&DVH LQWOHQ QOHQJWK
LQWOHQ QOHQJWK LQW[ GHFLPDOQOHQ
LQW[ GHFLPDOQOHQ 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ'HFLPDO(TXLYDOHQW [
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ'HFLPDO(TXLYDOHQW [ `
`
------------------------------------ © www.guideforschool.com -------------------------- Page 21 ---
GUIDE FOR SCHOOL 723,& RECURSION
Study Guide For Students Programs Related to Numbers
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6RPHRSHUDWLRQVEDVHGRQ$UUD\V
/LQHDU6HDUFK %LQDU\6HDUFK>,6&@
$VVXPLQJ WKDW WKHUH LV DQ DUUD\ $> @ WKH EHORZ IXQFWLRQ Assuming that there is an array A[ ] sorted in ascending order,
VHDUFKHVIRUDYDOXHDQGUHWXUQVµ¶LIWKHVHDUFKLVVXFFHVVIXO the below function searches for a value and returns ‘1’ if the
search is successful, otherwise returns ‘-1’.
RWKHUZLVHUHWXUQVµ¶
LQWELQ6HDUFKLQWOLQWXLQWVHDUFK
LQWOLQHDU6HDUFKLQWLLQWVHDUFK
^
^
LQWPLG OX
LIL $OHQJWKFRQGLWLRQLIWKHVHDUFKLVXQVXFFHVVIXO
LIXOFRQGLWLRQLIWKHVHDUFKLVXQVXFFHVVIXO
UHWXUQ
UHWXUQ
HOVHLIVHDUFK $>L@LIWKHVHDUFKLVVXFFHVVIXO
HOVHLIVHDUFK $>PLG@LIWKHVHDUFKLVVXFFHVVIXO
UHWXUQ
UHWXUQ
HOVH
HOVHLIVHDUFK!$>PLG@
UHWXUQOLQHDU6HDUFKLVHDUFK
UHWXUQELQ6HDUFKPLGXY
`
HOVH
YRLGGLVSOD\
UHWXUQELQ6HDUFKOPLGY
^
`
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQXPEHUWRVHDUFK
YRLGGLVSOD\
LQWY VFQH[W,QW
^
LQWI REOLQHDU6HDUFKY
6\VWHPRXWSULQW(QWHUDQXPEHUWRVHDUFK
LII
LQWY VFQH[W,QW
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ1XPEHUIRXQG
LQWI REOLQHDU6HDUFK$OHQJWKY
HOVH
LII
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ1XPEHU1RWIRXQG
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ1XPEHUIRXQG
`
HOVH
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ1XPEHU1RWIRXQG
`