revano%8 Tension (physics) - Wikipeca
WIKIPEDIA
Tension (physics)
In physics, tension may be described as the pulling
force transmitted axially by the means of a string, cable,
chain, or similar one-dimensional continuous object, or
by each end of a rod, truss member, or similar three-
dimensional object; tension might also be described as
the action-reaction pair of forces acting at each end of
said elements, Tension could be the opposite of
compression.
At the atomic level, when atoms or molecules are pulled
apart from each other and gain potential energy with a
restoring force still existing, the restoring force might create what is also called tension, Each end of a string or rod under
such tension could pull on the object itis attached to, in order to restore the string/rod to its relaxed length.
In physics, tension, as a transmitted force, as an action-reaction pair of forces, or as a restoring force, may be a foree and
has the units of force measured in newtons (or sometimes pounds-force). The ends of a string or other object transmitting
tension will exert forces on the objects to which the string or rod is connected, in the direction of the string at the point of
attachment. These forces due to tension are also called "passive forces". There are two basic possibilities for systems of
objects held by strings:("| either acceleration is zero and the system is therefore in equilibrium, or there is acceleration, and
therefore a net force is present in the system.
Contents
Tension in one dimension
Tension in three dimensions
‘System in equilibrium
‘System under net force
Strings in modern physics
See also
References
External links
Tension in one dimension
Tension in a string is a non-negative scalar quantity. Zero tension is slack. A string or rope is often idealized as one
dimension, having length but being massless with zero cross section, If there are no bends in the string, as occur with
vibrations or pulleys, then tension is a constant along the string, equal to the magnitude of the forces applied by the ends
of the string. By Newton's Third Law, these are the same forces exerted on the ends of the string by the objects to which
the ends are attached. Ifthe string curves around one or more pulleys, it will still have constant tension along its length in
the idealized situation that the pulleys are massless and frictionless. A vibrating string vibrates with a set of frequencies
hipster. wikipedia orghwik/Tension_ (physics) 492oiar0%8 “Tension (physi) - Wikipedia
that depend on the string’s tension. ‘These frequencies ean be
derived from Newton's laws of motion. Each microscopic
segment of the string pulls on and is pulled upon by its
neighboring segments, with a force equal to the tension at that
position along the string, tension = r(x) where 2 is the position
along the string.
Ifthe string has curvature, then the two pulls on a segment by its, jocmmnet
two neighbors will not add to zero, and there will be a net foree fecmamet
on that segment of the string, causing an acceleration. ‘This net
force is a restoring force, and the motion of the string can
include transverse waves that solve the equation central to
Sturm-Liouville theory:
dole)
dz
+ ofa)ple) = wo(2)ol2)
where v(z) is the force constant per unit length [units force per
area] w* are the eigenvalues for resonances of transverse
displacement p(z) on the string, with solutions that include
the various harmonics on a stringed instrument.
Tension in three dimensions
Tension is also used to describe the force exerted by the ends of a three-dimensional, continuous material such as a rod or
truss member. Such a rod elongates under tension. The amount of elongation and the load that will cause failure both
depend on the force per eross-sectional area rather than the force alone, so stress = axial foree / cross sectional area is
‘more useful for engineering purposes than tension. Stress is a 3x3 matrix called a tensor, and the 9}; element of the stress
tensor is tensile force per area, or compression force per area, denoted as a negative number for this element, if the rod is
being compressed rather than elongated.
System in equilibrium
A system is in equilibrium when the sum of all forces is zero.
YoF=0m
For example, consider a system consisting of an object that is being lowered vertically by a string with tension, T, at a
constant velocity. The system has a constant velocity and is therefore in equilibrium because the tension in the string,
which is pulling up on the object, is equal to the weight force, mg ("m” is mass, "g" is the acceleration caused by the gravity
of Earth), which is pulling down on the object.
DFA F+mg=0l
System under net force
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A system has a net force when an unbalanced force is exerted on it, in other words the sum of all forces is not zero.
Acceleration and net force always exist together.
SF zo
For example, consider the same system as above but suppose the object is now being lowered with an increasing velocity
downwards (positive acceleration) therefore there exists a net force somewhere in the system. In this case, negative
acceleration would indicate that mg] > [T'.
FHT mg 4 01
In another example, suppose that two bodies A and B having masses my and ma, respectively, are connected with each
other by an inextensible string over a frictionless pulley. There are two forces acting on the body A: its weight (wi = mg)
pulling down, and the tension T in the string pulling up. Therefore, the net foree F, on body A is w —T, so
mya = mug ~T. Inan extensible string, Hooke's law applies.
Strings in modern physics
String-like objects in relativistic theories, such as the strings used in some models of interactions between quarks, or those
used in the modern string theory, also possess tension. These strings are analyzed in terms of their world sheet, and the
energy is then typically proportional to the length of the string. As a result, the tension in such strings is independent of
the amount of stretching.
See also
= Continuum mechanics
= Fall factor
= Surface tension
= Tensile strength
References
1. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics (htips://books. google. corn/books id=x2-UEdtRmzkC&print
sntcoveritv=onepage&
2. A. Fetter and J, Walecka. (1980). Theoretical Mechanics of Particles and Continua (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=nS4oAWAAQBA,J&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Tension&f=false). New York: McGraw-Hill
Tension&ffalse), Section 5.7. Seventh Edition, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2008,
External links
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