Contrastive stress Diphthong Inflections Intonation Intrusive r Glossary of phonological terms Assimilation is when & phoneme in 2 wor salted by the phoneme net tot This cen happen whether “ais eahboiing phonemes in he same werd or in a soar wed. For xamgl, nthe phrase ‘tally the second (an dd may aval be pronounced as a. Consequerty, the phase would sound ~The hg erty fo keofal. Consonants made by locking the Now of a coming ot fom the ngs. Sounds prodvced witht his bose are vowels. ne case ofthe sounds (in elon) an f(a in west) he isnt otiery oa Thce ee cated semi-vawels. The bacage lai may be accompanied by vibrato feel chores n whic ease th cnsonant is lon: thers iso vibration of he vocal ‘ors, tb ort is unvoiced conan is wo ox mae consonant sounds oar, fr ape esp he besnnng of the wor S/R spr There are mary combinations of cansoan's Pala ot possba, such s/f. These conbinaons aa diteret in dtr engages, Contrast srs is where wo give emphasis toa wo to coast it with a word which has gone before ‘This happens tor example when we correct someone 8 inthis xchange: ‘AY My moter same is John. B You main your father’ name is John! ‘Aciphthong isa complex vowel. It lars sounding ke one vowal sound and then changes and ends sounting tke ance. An examples he vow! sound in ain rein, The past ers infesion eds pronounced in thre lilerent way, decending onthe last sound in the web, ‘he man verb ends with th sounds /t or /a, eds pronounced /. te ver ends with aVoiceless. ‘consonant oer tani, eis pronounced fv. he verb ends with any other sound, eds pronounced Erarples of these tee infections are 1 vanted = /nyontidl! 2 valhed =/Wwarktl 3 called = kod From the lamer’ point of view, the most important hing stat in 1a syllable is added whereas in 2 and 3 no syllable fs ced. The cases sini with te nfltion sores fo poral forms, possessive or vers inthe presen simple tense, fa verb, for exapl, ends with one ofthese sounds /s/, fd 3), tf! otf, the sis ‘Pronounced /z tends witha voiceless consonant, hess pronounced /s/ the verb ends wih any cer sound, the sis pronounce /. Examples ate A washes « ofa! 2 chinks = /drmks/ 3 ives = /drarved ‘Aeain, a spable is aced in 1 but not in 2 oF 3 Intonation s the pater of prominence and tone in speech. These can be compared to rhythm and melody music, Itoraion i used to convy axta meaning in speech beyond the meaning of he wor. For ‘example, intonation canbe used io make How nce/sound entusiastic cr srcas, The intusive rs nr sound itodvoed between words whee the ist word ends wth a vowe! sound and the sacond word begins with vowel sound The intusive ris no evident inthe spelng ofthe wards, For ‘xampl,faand orermay be pronounced MIa-ran‘o:dy: he sound inthe mil isan intrusive PRO eno mm om om oe om om om momo ooo E © Ee & E ei &ow aaa woo asta Prey we we woe aaa Prominence Received pronunciation Rhythm Sound Stress inking sous & sound intouoedbetaeen words where the fist word ends with a vowel sound and he second word begs wi 2 vowel sound. The linking sounds may be (as in Yeon), /w! (asin we orf? (as ined Which of these sounds inserted depends on te vowe hal comes befor it, Examples ae: Ime and you misjon' goand 2 /'gavwon'si! fer and wide fa:ran’waid (Not in RP, fron it own is pronounced ft.) Iran 7s introduces where itis not evident in he speing this then called an intrusive r. Some speakers regard this a core! pronunciation, Acinimal pli a ait of words that citer ony in one sound, fr example ightand right or cut and ct t ‘he Spar ls pronoun tat one sound stint in one of the words, he listener coud in thaory think ‘ele peste hd said the oer wor. For exzrpe, ita spake fais to distinguish the sounds /e/ and AV ‘ih Saying {fad a eribe Mgt, he or she may be understood to have sai had @ tbl ght. a pactic, ‘he conte usiy mats it obvious which word was meant, However, minal pais are useful in teaching because they los atenton clearly on individual sounds. Agen und bch ssn ina linia For eal a a minimal pal, te wo words fer onty In: one phoneme. Different languages have different phonemes. For example, Portuguese does not contain the phonemes /1/ (as in fit /Ert/) or Ji:f (as in feet /f-t/), instead, it has a phoneme somewhere ‘between the two, This may cause difficulty when the Portuguese learner of English tries to distinguish these phonemes, Afiother word for phoneme is sound. ‘Aphonatic sr is n alphabet in which there is one symbol to represent each phoneme in language. ‘The ermal English alphabet is lrgely conventional, thats, words ae pelt according to agreed coavertion ‘aber than accotng to sound. A ohoneic scrips hen need to show how words ae pronounced, is a etl angage leaning tol because it enables the lear to anaise pronunciation more clearly an reler {0 Be ccionary for pronunciton. Breminene is emphasis given to particular wor in spech to highlight them as important. Fr example, in ‘contrastive sires, prominence is piven toa word which cortas's wth one that went before, This is a standard tis English aocent which shows no regional variaon Ls sometimes called Bish English Rhythm isthe way language sounds a a result ofthe pater ot stressed and unstressed syllables in sees. Rythns ae deen belveen languages and contbul to the charactestic sound elie languagas have. Acstincion can ba made here between stress-timed languapes and syllable-timed languages. ‘sound is @ phoneme, in tactng pronunciation, safer necassiry to make tear when you ae aking out sounds and wen you are taking about ltrs For exam, MP (Mamba of Pao gis witha consonant we are talking shout writen ters, but we pronounce iRbesns wih a one sound serapic ‘Stress is emphasis given to syllables in words. For examole, in he word feleision telo'vrgeny, the stress is onthe tid sable. Of, words tht look vty similar in two languages actualy have the sss in 4 lleren place, making tem sount quite fret, is useful n teaching abou stress to use symbols to represent sess pats, For sxangt,flvision could be represented a5 eewe. Here, each circle represents aslable andthe bigger ice represents the sessed syllable. These symbols are used in this book. The stiess pate of words can change inthe cone of speech under te influence of surrounding words, For exampl, the stress on fen in fourteen >:'c:n/ may be os inthe phase fourteen dys. This called stress shit. ‘tess may aso move in words when suff ae added. For erale, look a the changed poston of he stressed sylble (urceined) in these two words; ahotegraph,photgrapy. Changing the poston ofthe ‘Stressed sylable in a word can change its meaning in some cases. Fr example, export (wit he ses on the fit syabe is @ noun wile expo (withthe sess onthe second sylble) i ver,Stress-timed Syllable Tone Tonic syllable Vowel Weak form Glossary ‘A sliess-imed language suchas English asthe sressed sylales in speech l more or less equal nerves This happens however many unsressad sylcbtes occur betwen the stressed syllables there re alot of -sylles, they hao be compressed. Fr example, thse wo phases should take about the same time to sy sine each hes thee stressed sylabls(nderlined): Ring Jac soon, Telephone Alison aftervads. ‘silts one vel sound and any consonant sounds tha te pronounoed wih itin a word The vowel is the essntal element except inte case of syllabic consonants. These ae consonants thet may frm a sable on hi own, fo ample they sound ine word ctor Aen The impotence ofthe val in ‘forming a slate cn besten inthe lloing expe; want vont and ef Mel ae both words ‘one sfebl. nthe pas lense wanted wontid has to sylebes but hed Ahetpt stil has only oe. n he is ao, boa wove anda corsorant ate ae, but nthe secon, ely 2 consorant is 2dced, ‘We at etinguth te idea of a yb in pronunciation rom he tea of slab in wing. The writen syllable Is ofp cf eters which may not be spl betwen ines when a word ssp, but in ronunciation ti lable fs died ty sounds ate than lets A slabl-fmed nquae such as Ferch gives mae o ss equa emphasis to echo the sls in speech ip const oa stress-limet language such es English, Toe she etoy of soech, the ise ising and fang i ich, Tone as an ea level of mening to what sai. For xa, hea question in Macs Ini, is may bate a sing or ‘ling ton. A tisg toe makes it sound asthe speaker isnot very sure tht Maca iin nda, so that itis a genuing (yest fag tone makes it sound ifthe speakers aly sure tht Macs i in Inia and merely ‘aanis confirmation, Alona units a saon of speech conning one stint itch movement or tone, Within te one unit, one ‘N66 emphasstby he speaker an ite sessed syle in this words he tani syllable in th tone Unt The ic orem, tne begins on hs nc lable and continues othe end of toe nit The tonic syle the stressed syle inthe word a speaker has chosen to emphasis, The speaker may choos to emphasise a word to icicae ts importance, Consider tis exchenge: ‘A How long have you lived hee? B About to yas. How ong have you ted ete? Her, B emphasises yout sonal change in the subject othe conversation Kom B's personal history to AS persona hist. A vowel is sound produced wen the flow ofa from the lungs s ot blocked and the vocal chords ate vibrating Difrent vowels can be produced by changing the positon ofthe tongue. Which vowel i pcduced tepends on which pat ofthe tongue i raised and how fri is rasa. sound which stats as one vowel sound and ends as anther is calied a diphthong. Vowels can vay in length ain the IPA phonetic cil the longer vous tave two dois or smal rangle ater them, Aweak orm she way one ofa nub of common words in English s pronounced wher it is act being ‘emphasise fr some reason, For exanple, the word herin What’ her name? wets (ho “nen wil be Dronounced with a shor owe sound and posibiy without the h/ sound, Buin 8 er that a, /nts ‘har Bat ot sf, haris emphasised and so the vowel sound i longer and the /h/ fs pronounced, ‘Words which tend to have weak forms are grammatical words such as pronouns eg, ha, him, auxllany ers, eg, can, ar, des, has, was, prepostons, ep, oa, for, ram and connectives, ey, bu, and The short vowel sound in weak forms is alas the weak wowel /a/, except when te orginal vowel was ‘a, in-whh casei stays te sae, ear eee E E E E E E Ry E E m rm rm 1m mo mom mw E E mm mm