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Catalogue
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`çéóêáÖÜí=«=OMMQ=^KpîáêáåK=^ää=oáÖÜíë=oÉëÉêîÉÇK=
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qÜáë=é~ÖÉ=áë=áåíÉåíáçå~ääó=äÉÑí=Ää~åâK=
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Preface
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qÜáë= Ü~åÇÄççâ= áë= ~= ÅçãéäÉíÉ= ÇÉëâíçé= êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ= Ñçê= ëíì-
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ÉÅçåçãáÅëI=éÜóëáÅ~ä=ëÅáÉåÅÉëI=~åÇ=ã~íÜÉã~íáÅëK=qÜÉ=ÉÄççâ=
Åçåí~áåë= ÜìåÇêÉÇë= çÑ= Ñçêãìä~ëI= í~ÄäÉëI= ~åÇ= ÑáÖìêÉë= Ñêçã=
kìãÄÉê= pÉíëI= ^äÖÉÄê~I= dÉçãÉíêóI= qêáÖçåçãÉíêóI= j~íêáÅÉë=
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aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=bèì~íáçåëI=pÉêáÉëI=~åÇ=mêçÄ~Äáäáíó=qÜÉçêóK==
qÜÉ= ëíêìÅíìêÉÇ= í~ÄäÉ= çÑ= ÅçåíÉåíëI= äáåâëI= ~åÇ= ä~óçìí= ã~âÉ=
ÑáåÇáåÖ= íÜÉ= êÉäÉî~åí= áåÑçêã~íáçå= èìáÅâ= ~åÇ= é~áåäÉëëI= ëç= áí=
Å~å=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=~ë=~å=ÉîÉêóÇ~ó=çåäáåÉ=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÖìáÇÉK===
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ii
Contents
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1 krj_bo=pbqp=
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OKQ= oççíë==15=
OKR= içÖ~êáíÜãë==16=
OKS= bèì~íáçåë==18=
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OKU= `çãéçìåÇ=fåíÉêÉëí=cçêãìä~ë==22=
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iii
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QKQ= qêáÖçåçãÉíêáÅ=cìåÅíáçåë=çÑ=`çããçå=^åÖäÉë==87=
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QKS= oÉÇìÅíáçå=cçêãìä~ë==89=
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QKNP= e~äÑ=^åÖäÉ=q~åÖÉåí=fÇÉåíáíáÉë==94=
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vii
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qÜáë=é~ÖÉ=áë=áåíÉåíáçå~ääó=äÉÑí=Ää~åâK=
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viii
Chapter 1
Number Sets
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1.1 Set Identities
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pÉíëW=^I=_I=`=
råáîÉêë~ä=ëÉíW=f=
`çãéäÉãÉåí=W= ^′ =
mêçéÉê=ëìÄëÉíW= ^ ⊂ _ ==
bãéíó=ëÉíW= ∅ =
råáçå=çÑ=ëÉíëW= ^ ∪ _ =
fåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=ëÉíëW= ^ ∩ _ =
aáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çÑ=ëÉíëW= ^ y _ =
=
=
1. ^ ⊂ f=
=
2. ^ ⊂ ^=
=
3. ^ = _ =áÑ= ^ ⊂ _ =~åÇ= _ ⊂ ^ .=
=
4. bãéíó=pÉí=
∅⊂^=
=
5. råáçå=çÑ=pÉíë==
` = ^ ∪ _ = {ñ ö ñ ∈ ^ çê ñ ∈ _}=
=
1
CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS
===== =
=
Figure 1.
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6. `çããìí~íáîáíó=
^∪_ = _∪^=
=
7. ^ëëçÅá~íáîáíó=
^ ∪ (_ ∪ ` ) = (^ ∪ _ ) ∪ ` =
=
8. fåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=pÉíë=
` = ^ ∪ _ = {ñ ö ñ ∈ ^ ~åÇ ñ ∈ _} = =
=
===== =
=
Figure 2.
=
9. `çããìí~íáîáíó=
^∩_ = _∩^=
=
10. ^ëëçÅá~íáîáíó=
^ ∩ (_ ∩ ` ) = (^ ∩ _ ) ∩ ` =
=
2
CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS
11. aáëíêáÄìíáîáíó=
^ ∪ (_ ∩ ` ) = (^ ∪ _ ) ∩ (^ ∪ ` ) I=
^ ∩ (_ ∪ ` ) = (^ ∩ _ ) ∪ (^ ∩ ` ) K=
=
12. fÇÉãéçíÉåÅó=
^ ∩ ^ = ^ I==
^∪^ = ^=
=
13. açãáå~íáçå=
^ ∩ ∅ = ∅ I=
^∪f = f=
=
14. fÇÉåíáíó=
^ ∪ ∅ = ^ I==
^∩f= ^
=
15. `çãéäÉãÉåí=
^′ = {ñ ∈ f ö ñ ∉ ^}
=
16. `çãéäÉãÉåí=çÑ=fåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=~åÇ=råáçå
^ ∪ ^′ = f I==
^ ∩ ^′ = ∅ =
=
17. aÉ=jçêÖ~å∞ë=i~ïë
(^ ∪ _ )′ = ^′ ∩ _′ I==
(^ ∩ _ )′ = ^′ ∪ _′ =
=
18. aáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çÑ=pÉíë
` = _ y ^ = {ñ ö ñ ∈ _ ~åÇ ñ ∉ ^} =
=
3
CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS
===== =
=
Figure 3.
=
19. _ y ^ = _ y (^ ∩ _ )
=
20. _ y ^ = _ ∩ ^′
=
21. ^y^=∅
=
22. ^ y _ = ^ =áÑ= ^ ∩ _ = ∅ .
=
===== =
=
Figure 4.
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23. (^ y _) ∩ ` = (^ ∩ `) y (_ ∩ `)
24. ^′ = f y ^
25. `~êíÉëá~å=mêçÇìÅí
` = ^ × _ = {(ñ I ó ) ö ñ ∈ ^ ~åÇ ó ∈ _}
=
=
4
CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS
27. tÜçäÉ=kìãÄÉêë
`çìåíáåÖ=åìãÄÉêë=~åÇ=òÉêçW= kM = {MI NI OI PI K} K=
=
28. fåíÉÖÉêë
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêë=~åÇ=íÜÉáê=çééçëáíÉë=~åÇ=òÉêçW=
w + = k = {NI OI PI K}I=
w − = {KI − PI − OI − N} I=
w = w − ∪ {M} ∪ w + = {KI − PI − OI − NI MI NI OI PI K} K=
=
29. o~íáçå~ä=kìãÄÉêë
oÉéÉ~íáåÖ=çê=íÉêãáå~íáåÖ=ÇÉÅáã~äëW==
~
n = ñ ö ñ = ~åÇ ~ ∈ w ~åÇ Ä ∈ w ~åÇ Ä ≠ M K=
Ä
=
30. fêê~íáçå~ä=kìãÄÉêë
kçåêÉéÉ~íáåÖ=~åÇ=åçåíÉêãáå~íáåÖ=ÇÉÅáã~äëK
=
5
CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS
31. oÉ~ä=kìãÄÉêë==
råáçå=çÑ=ê~íáçå~ä=~åÇ=áêê~íáçå~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=oK=
=
32. `çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉêë
` = {ñ + áó ö ñ ∈ o ~åÇ ó ∈ o}I==
ïÜÉêÉ=á=áë=íÜÉ=áã~Öáå~êó=ìåáíK
=
33. k⊂ w⊂n⊂ o ⊂ `=
=
=== =
=
Figure 5.
=
=
=
=
=
=
6
CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS
7
CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS
43. ^ëëçÅá~íáîÉ=çÑ=jìäíáéäáÅ~íáçå=
(~ ⋅ Ä)⋅ Å = ~ ⋅ (Ä ⋅ Å )
=
44. aáëíêáÄìíáîÉ=i~ï=
~(Ä + Å ) = ~Ä + ~Å =
=
45. aÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=aáîáëáçå=
~ N
= ~⋅ =
Ä Ä
=
=
=
1.4 Complex Numbers
=
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêW=å=
fã~Öáå~êó=ìåáíW=á=
`çãéäÉñ=åìãÄÉêW=ò=
oÉ~ä=é~êíW=~I=Å=
fã~Öáå~êó=é~êíW=ÄáI=Çá=
jçÇìäìë=çÑ=~=ÅçãéäÉñ=åìãÄÉêW=êI= êN I= êO =
^êÖìãÉåí=çÑ=~=ÅçãéäÉñ=åìãÄÉêW= ϕ I= ϕN I= ϕO =
=
=
46. áN = á = áR = á = á Q å +N = á =
á O = −N = á S = −N = á Q å+ O = −N =
á P = −á = á T = −á = á Q å + P = −á =
áQ = N= áU = N = á Qå = N =
=
47. ò = ~ + Äá =
=
48. `çãéäÉñ=mä~åÉ=
=
8
CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS
===== =
=
Figure 6.
=
49. (~ + Äá ) + (Å + Çá ) = (~ + Å ) + (Ä + Ç )á =
=
50. (~ + Äá ) − (Å + Çá ) = (~ − Å ) + (Ä − Ç )á =
=
51. (~ + Äá )(Å + Çá ) = (~Å − ÄÇ ) + (~Ç + ÄÅ )á =
=
~ + Äá ~Å + ÄÇ ÄÅ − ~Ç
52. = + ⋅á =
Å + Çá Å O + Ç O Å O + Ç O
=
53. `çåàìÖ~íÉ=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉêë=
|||||||
~ + Äá = ~ − Äá =
=
54. ~ = ê Åçë ϕ I= Ä = ê ëáå ϕ ==
=
9
CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS
=
=
Figure 7.
=
55. mçä~ê=mêÉëÉåí~íáçå=çÑ=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉêë=
~ + Äá = ê(Åçë ϕ + á ëáå ϕ) =
=
56. jçÇìäìë=~åÇ=^êÖìãÉåí=çÑ=~=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉê=
fÑ= ~ + Äá =áë=~=ÅçãéäÉñ=åìãÄÉêI=íÜÉå=
ê = ~ O + ÄO =EãçÇìäìëFI==
Ä
ϕ = ~êÅí~å =E~êÖìãÉåíFK=
~
=
57. mêçÇìÅí=áå=mçä~ê=oÉéêÉëÉåí~íáçå=
ò N ⋅ ò O = êN (Åçë ϕN + á ëáå ϕN ) ⋅ êO (Åçë ϕO + á ëáå ϕO ) =
= êNêO [Åçë(ϕN + ϕO ) + á ëáå(ϕN + ϕO )] =
=
58. `çåàìÖ~íÉ=kìãÄÉêë=áå=mçä~ê=oÉéêÉëÉåí~íáçå=
|||||||||||||||||||||
ê(Åçë ϕ + á ëáå ϕ) = ê[Åçë(− ϕ) + á ëáå(− ϕ)] =
=
59. fåîÉêëÉ=çÑ=~=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉê=áå=mçä~ê=oÉéêÉëÉåí~íáçå=
N N
= [Åçë(− ϕ) + á ëáå(− ϕ)] =
ê(Åçë ϕ + á ëáå ϕ) ê
10
CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS
60. nìçíáÉåí=áå=mçä~ê=oÉéêÉëÉåí~íáçå=
ò N êN (Åçë ϕN + á ëáå ϕN ) êN
= = [Åçë(ϕN − ϕO ) + á ëáå(ϕN − ϕO )] =
ò O êO (Åçë ϕO + á ëáå ϕO ) êO
=
61. mçïÉê=çÑ=~=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉê=
ò å = [ê(Åçë ϕ + á ëáå ϕ)] = ê å [Åçë(åϕ) + á ëáå(åϕ)] =
å
=
62. cçêãìä~=±aÉ=jçáîêÉ≤=
(Åçë ϕ + á ëáå ϕ)å = Åçë(åϕ) + á ëáå(åϕ) =
=
63. kíÜ=oççí=çÑ=~=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉê=
ϕ + Oπâ ϕ + Oπâ
å
ò = å ê(Åçë ϕ + á ëáå ϕ) = å ê Åçë + á ëáå I==
å å
ïÜÉêÉ==
â = MI NI OI KI å − N K==
=
64. bìäÉê∞ë=cçêãìä~=
É áñ = Åçë ñ + á ëáå ñ =
=
=
11
Chapter 2
Algebra
=
=
=
=
2.1 Factoring Formulas
=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=~I=ÄI=Å==
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêW=å=
=
=
65. ~ O − ÄO = (~ + Ä)(~ − Ä) =
=
66. ~ P − ÄP = (~ − Ä)(~ O + ~Ä + ÄO ) =
=
67. ~ P + ÄP = (~ + Ä)(~ O − ~Ä + ÄO ) =
=
68. ~ Q − ÄQ = (~ O − ÄO )(~ O + ÄO ) = (~ − Ä)(~ + Ä)(~ O + ÄO ) =
=
69. ~ R − ÄR = (~ − Ä)(~ Q + ~ P Ä + ~ O ÄO + ~ÄP + ÄQ ) =
=
70. ~ R + ÄR = (~ + Ä)(~ Q − ~ P Ä + ~ O ÄO − ~ÄP + ÄQ ) =
=
71. fÑ=å=áë=çÇÇI=íÜÉå=
~ å + Äå = (~ + Ä)(~ å−N − ~ å −O Ä + ~ å −P ÄO − K − ~Äå −O + Äå −N ) K==
=
72. fÑ=å=áë=ÉîÉåI=íÜÉå==
~ å − Äå = (~ − Ä)(~ å −N + ~ å −O Ä + ~ å −P ÄO + K + ~Äå−O + Äå −N ) I==
12
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
13
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
2.3 Powers
=
_~ëÉë=EéçëáíáîÉ=êÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëFW=~I=Ä==
mçïÉêë=Eê~íáçå~ä=åìãÄÉêëFW=åI=ã=
=
=
82. ~ ã ~ å = ~ ã+å =
=
~ã
83. å
= ~ ã −å =
~
=
84. (~Ä)ã = ~ ã Äã =
=
ã
~ ~ã
85. = ã=
Ä Ä
=
86. (~ )
ã å
= ~ ãå =
=
87. ~ M = N I= ~ ≠ M =
=
88. ~N = N =
=
N
89. ~ −ã = =
~ã
=
ã
90. ~ = å ~ã =
å
=
=
=
=
=
14
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
2.4 Roots
=
_~ëÉëW=~I=Ä==
mçïÉêë=Eê~íáçå~ä=åìãÄÉêëFW=åI=ã=
~ I Ä ≥ M =Ñçê=ÉîÉå=êççíë=E å = Oâ I= â ∈ k F=
=
=
91. å
~Ä = å ~ å Ä =
=
92. å
~ ã Ä = åã ~ ã Äå =
=
~ å~
93. å = I= Ä ≠ M =
Ä åÄ
=
å
~ åã ~ ã åã ~ ã
94. = = I= Ä ≠ M K=
ã
Ä åã Äå Äå
=
95. (~ )
å ã
é
= å ~ ãé =
=
96. ( ~)
å
å
=~=
=
åé
97. å
~ã = ~ ãé =
=
ã
98. å
~ =~ =
ã å
=
99. ã å
~ = ãå ~ =
=
100. ( ~)
å
ã
= å ~ã =
=
15
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
N å ~ å −N
101. = I= ~ ≠ M K=
å
~ ~
=
~ + ~O − Ä ~ − ~O − Ä
102. ~± Ä = ± =
O O
=
N ~m Ä
103. = =
~± Ä ~−Ä
=
=
=
2.5 Logarithms
=
mçëáíáîÉ=êÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=ñI=óI=~I=ÅI=â=
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêW=å==
=
=
104. aÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=içÖ~êáíÜã=
ó = äçÖ ~ ñ =áÑ=~åÇ=çåäó=áÑ= ñ = ~ ó I= ~ > M I= ~ ≠ N K=
=
105. äçÖ ~ N = M =
=
106. äçÖ ~ ~ = N =
=
− ∞ áÑ ~ > N
107. äçÖ ~ M = =
+ ∞ áÑ ~ < N
=
108. äçÖ ~ (ñó ) = äçÖ ~ ñ + äçÖ ~ ó =
=
ñ
109. äçÖ ~ = äçÖ ~ ñ − äçÖ ~ ó =
ó
16
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
17
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
2.6 Equations
=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=~I=ÄI=ÅI=éI=èI=ìI=î=
pçäìíáçåëW= ñ N I= ñ O I= ó N I= ó O I= ó P =
=
=
119. iáåÉ~ê=bèì~íáçå=áå=låÉ=s~êá~ÄäÉ=
Ä
~ñ + Ä = M I= ñ = − K==
~
=
120. nì~Çê~íáÅ=bèì~íáçå=
− Ä ± ÄO − Q~Å
~ñ + Äñ + Å = M I= ñ NI O =
O
K=
O~
=
121. aáëÅêáãáå~åí=
a = ÄO − Q~Å =
=
122. sáÉíÉ∞ë=cçêãìä~ë=
fÑ= ñ O + éñ + è = M I=íÜÉå==
ñ N + ñ O = −é
K=
ñ N ñ O = è
=
Ä
123. ~ñ O + Äñ = M I= ñ N = M I= ñ O = − K=
~
=
Å
124. ~ñ O + Å = M I= ñ NI O = ± − K=
~
=
125. `ìÄáÅ=bèì~íáçåK=`~êÇ~åç∞ë=cçêãìä~K==
ó P + éó + è = M I==
18
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
N
ó N = ì + î I= ó OI P = − (ì + î ) ± P (ì + î ) á I==
O O
ïÜÉêÉ==
O O O O
è è é è è é
ì=P − + + I= î = P − − + K==
O O P O O P
=
=
2.7 Inequalities
s~êá~ÄäÉëW=ñI=óI=ò=
~ I ÄI ÅI Ç
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW= I=ãI=å=
~N I ~ O I ~ P I KI ~ å
aÉíÉêãáå~åíëW=aI= añ I= aó I= aò ==
=
=
126. fåÉèì~äáíáÉëI=fåíÉêî~ä=kçí~íáçåë=~åÇ=dê~éÜë==
=
fåÉèì~äáíó= fåíÉêî~ä=kçí~íáçå= dê~éÜ=
~ ≤ ñ ≤ Ä= [~I Ä]=
=
~ < ñ ≤ Ä= (~I Ä] =
=
~ ≤ ñ < Ä= [~I Ä) =
=
~ < ñ < Ä= (~I Ä) =
=
− ∞ < ñ ≤ Ä I= (− ∞I Ä] =
ñ≤Ä= =
− ∞ < ñ < Ä I= (− ∞I Ä) =
ñ<Ä= =
~ ≤ ñ < ∞ I= [~I ∞ ) =
ñ≥~= =
~ < ñ < ∞ I= (~I ∞ ) =
ñ >~= =
19
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
20
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
~N + ~ O + K + ~ å
142. å ~N~ O K~ å ≤ I=ïÜÉêÉ= ~N I ~ O I KI ~ å > M K=
å
=
Ä
143. fÑ= ~ñ + Ä > M =~åÇ= ~ > M I=íÜÉå= ñ > − K=
~
=
Ä
144. fÑ= ~ñ + Ä > M =~åÇ= ~ < M I=íÜÉå= ñ < − K==
~
=
145. ~ñ O + Äñ + Å > M =
=
= ~ > M= ~ <M=
= = =
=
=
a>M=
=
= =
ñ < ñ N I= ñ > ñ O = ñN < ñ < ñ O =
= =
=
=
a=M=
=
=
ñ N < ñ I= ñ > ñ N = ñ ∈∅ =
= =
=
=
a<M=
=
=
= =
−∞< ñ <∞= ñ ∈∅ =
=
21
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
146. ~+Ä ≤ ~ + Ä =
=
147. fÑ= ñ < ~ I=íÜÉå= − ~ < ñ < ~ I=ïÜÉêÉ= ~ > M K=
=
148. fÑ= ñ > ~ I=íÜÉå= ñ < −~ =~åÇ= ñ > ~ I=ïÜÉêÉ= ~ > M K=
=
149. fÑ= ñ O < ~ I=íÜÉå= ñ < ~ I=ïÜÉêÉ= ~ > M K=
=
150. fÑ= ñ O > ~ I=íÜÉå= ñ > ~ I=ïÜÉêÉ= ~ > M K=
=
Ñ (ñ ) Ñ (ñ ) ⋅ Ö (ñ ) > M
151. fÑ= > M I=íÜÉå= K=
Ö (ñ ) Ö (ñ ) ≠ M
=
Ñ (ñ ) Ñ (ñ ) ⋅ Ö (ñ ) < M
152. < M I=íÜÉå= K=
Ö (ñ ) Ö (ñ ) ≠ M
=
=
=
2.8 Compound Interest Formulas
=
cìíìêÉ=î~äìÉW=^=
fåáíá~ä=ÇÉéçëáíW=`=
^ååì~ä=ê~íÉ=çÑ=áåíÉêÉëíW=ê=
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=óÉ~êë=áåîÉëíÉÇW=í=
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=íáãÉë=ÅçãéçìåÇÉÇ=éÉê=óÉ~êW=å=
=
=
153. dÉåÉê~ä=`çãéçìåÇ=fåíÉêÉëí=cçêãìä~=
åí
ê
^ = ` N + =
å
=
22
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
154. páãéäáÑáÉÇ=`çãéçìåÇ=fåíÉêÉëí=cçêãìä~=
fÑ=áåíÉêÉëí=áë=ÅçãéçìåÇÉÇ=çåÅÉ=éÉê=óÉ~êI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=éêÉîáçìë=
Ñçêãìä~=ëáãéäáÑáÉë=íçW=
^ = `(N + ê ) K=
í
=
155. `çåíáåìçìë=`çãéçìåÇ=fåíÉêÉëí=
fÑ=áåíÉêÉëí=áë=ÅçãéçìåÇÉÇ=Åçåíáåì~ääó=E å → ∞ FI=íÜÉå==
^ = `É êí K=
=
=
23
Chapter 3
Geometry
=
=
=
=
3.1 Right Triangle
=
iÉÖë=çÑ=~=êáÖÜí=íêá~åÖäÉW=~I=Ä=
eóéçíÉåìëÉW=Å=
^äíáíìÇÉW=Ü=
jÉÇá~åëW= ã ~ I= ã Ä I= ã Å =
^åÖäÉëW= α I β =
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 8.
=
156. α + β = VM° =
=
24
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
~
157. ëáå α = = Åçë β =
Å
=
Ä
158. Åçë α = = ëáå β =
Å
=
~
159. í~å α = = Åçí β =
Ä
=
Ä
160. Åçí α = = í~å β =
~
=
Å
161. ëÉÅ α = = Åçë ÉÅ β =
Ä
=
Å
162. Åçë ÉÅ α = = ëÉÅ β =
~
=
163. móíÜ~ÖçêÉ~å=qÜÉçêÉã=
~ O + ÄO = Å O =
=
164. ~ = ÑÅ I= Ä = ÖÅ I==
O O
ïÜÉêÉ= Ñ= ~åÇ= Å= ~êÉ= éêçàÉÅíáçåë= çÑ= íÜÉ= äÉÖë= ~= ~åÇ= ÄI= êÉëéÉÅ-
íáîÉäóI=çåíç=íÜÉ=ÜóéçíÉåìëÉ=ÅK=
=
===== =
=
Figure 9.
=
25
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
165. Ü O = ÑÖ I===
ïÜÉêÉ=Ü=áë=íÜÉ=~äíáíìÇÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=~åÖäÉK==
=
O O
~ Ä
166. ã O~ = ÄO − I= ã OÄ = ~ O − I===
Q Q
ïÜÉêÉ= ã ~ =~åÇ= ã Ä =~êÉ=íÜÉ=ãÉÇá~åë=íç=íÜÉ=äÉÖë=~=~åÇ=ÄK==
=
=
=
Figure 10.
=
Å
167. ã Å = I==
O
ïÜÉêÉ= ã Å =áë=íÜÉ=ãÉÇá~å=íç=íÜÉ=ÜóéçíÉåìëÉ=ÅK=
=
Å
168. o = = ã Å =
O
=
~ +Ä−Å ~Ä
169. ê = = =
O ~ +Ä+Å
=
170. ~Ä = ÅÜ =
=
=
26
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
~Ä ÅÜ
171. p = = =
O O
=
=
=
3.2 Isosceles Triangle
=
_~ëÉW=~=
iÉÖëW=Ä=
_~ëÉ=~åÖäÉW= β =
sÉêíÉñ=~åÖäÉW= α =
^äíáíìÇÉ=íç=íÜÉ=Ä~ëÉW=Ü=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 11.
=
α
172. β = VM° − =
O
=
O
~
173. Ü O = ÄO − =
Q
27
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
174. i = ~ + OÄ =
=
O
~Ü Ä
175. p = = ëáå α =
O O
=
=
=
3.3 Equilateral Triangle
=
páÇÉ=çÑ=~=Éèìáä~íÉê~ä=íêá~åÖäÉW=~=
^äíáíìÇÉW=Ü=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 12.
=
~ P
176. Ü = =
O
=
28
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
O ~ P
177. o = Ü = =
P P
=
N ~ P o
178. ê = Ü = = =
P S O
=
179. i = P~ =
=
O
~Ü ~ P
180. p = = =
O Q
=
=
=
3.4 Scalene Triangle
E^=íêá~åÖäÉ=ïáíÜ=åç=íïç=ëáÇÉë=Éèì~äF=
=
=
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=íêá~åÖäÉW=~I=ÄI=Å=
~ +Ä+Å
pÉãáéÉêáãÉíÉêW= é = ==
O
^åÖäÉë=çÑ=~=íêá~åÖäÉW= αI βI γ =
^äíáíìÇÉë=íç=íÜÉ=ëáÇÉë=~I=ÄI=ÅW= Ü ~ I Ü Ä I Ü Å =
jÉÇá~åë=íç=íÜÉ=ëáÇÉë=~I=ÄI=ÅW= ã ~ I ã Ä I ã Å =
_áëÉÅíçêë=çÑ=íÜÉ=~åÖäÉë= αI βI γ W= í ~ I í Ä I í Å =
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
29
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
===== =
=
Figure 13.
=
181. α + β + γ = NUM° =
=
182. ~ + Ä > Å I==
Ä + Å > ~ I==
~ + Å > Ä K=
=
183. ~ − Ä < Å I==
Ä − Å < ~ I==
~ − Å < Ä K=
=
184. jáÇäáåÉ=
~
è = I= è öö ~ K=
O
=
===== =
=
Figure 14.
=
30
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
185. i~ï=çÑ=`çëáåÉë=
~ O = ÄO + Å O − OÄÅ Åçë α I=
ÄO = ~ O + Å O − O~Å Åçë β I=
Å O = ~ O + ÄO − O~Ä Åçë γ K=
=
186. i~ï=çÑ=páåÉë=
~ Ä Å
= = = Oo I==
ëáå α ëáå β ëáå γ
ïÜÉêÉ=o=áë=íÜÉ=ê~Çáìë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉK==
=
~ Ä Å ÄÅ ~Å ~Ä ~ÄÅ
187. o= = = = = = = =
O ëáå α O ëáå β O ëáå γ OÜ ~ OÜ Ä OÜ Å Qp
=
188. êO =
(é − ~ )(é − Ä)(é − Å ) I==
é
N N N N
= + + K=
ê Ü~ ÜÄ ÜÅ
=
189.
α
ëáå =
(é − Ä)(é − Å ) I=
O ÄÅ
α é(é − ~ )
Åçë = I=
O ÄÅ
í~å
α
=
(é − Ä)(é − Å ) K=
O é(é − ~ )
=
O
190. Ü ~ = é(é − ~ )(é − Ä)(é − Å ) I=
~
O
ÜÄ = é(é − ~ )(é − Ä)(é − Å ) I=
Ä
O
ÜÅ = é(é − ~ )(é − Ä)(é − Å ) K=
Å
31
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
===== =
=
Figure 15.
=
O O O
193. ^j = ã ~ I= _j = ã Ä I= `j = ã Å =EcáÖKNRFK=
P P P
=
QÄÅé(é − ~ )
194. í O~ = I==
(Ä + Å )O
Q~Åé(é − Ä)
í OÄ = I==
(~ + Å )O
Q~Äé(é − Å )
í OÅ = K=
(~ + Ä)O
=
32
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
~Ü ~ ÄÜ Ä ÅÜ Å
195. p = = = I==
O O O
~Ä ëáå γ ~Å ëáå β ÄÅ ëáå α
p= = = I==
O O O
p = é(é − ~ )(é − Ä)(é − Å ) =EeÉêçå∞ë=cçêãìä~FI=
p = éê I==
~ÄÅ
p= I=
Qo
p = Oo O ëáå α ëáå β ëáå γ I=
α β γ
p = éO í~å í~å í~å K=
O O O
=
=
=
3.5 Square
páÇÉ=çÑ=~=ëèì~êÉW=~=
aá~Öçå~äW=Ç=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
Figure 16.
33
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
196. Ç = ~ O ==
=
Ç ~ O
197. o = = =
O O
=
~
198. ê = =
O
=
199. i = Q~ =
=
200. p = ~ =
O
=
=
=
3.6 Rectangle
=
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=êÉÅí~åÖäÉW=~I=Ä=
aá~Öçå~äW=Ç=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 17.
=
201. Ç = ~ O + ÄO ==
34
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Ç
202. o = =
O
=
203. i = O(~ + Ä) =
=
204. p = ~Ä =
=
=
=
3.7 Parallelogram
=
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=é~ê~ääÉäçÖê~ãW=~I=Ä=
aá~Öçå~äëW= ÇN I Ç O =
`çåëÉÅìíáîÉ=~åÖäÉëW= αI β =
^åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=Çá~Öçå~äëW= ϕ =
^äíáíìÇÉW=Ü==
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
===== =
=
Figure 18.
=
205. α + β = NUM° =
=
206. Ç + Ç = O(~ + Ä ) =
O
N
O
O
O O
35
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
===== =
=
Figure 19.
=
36
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
210. α + β = NUM° =
=
211. Ç + Ç = Q~ =
O
N
O
O
O
=
ÇNÇ O
212. Ü = ~ ëáå α = =
O~
=
Ü ÇÇ ~ ëáå α
213. ê = = N O = =
O Q~ O
=
214. i = Q~ =
=
215. p = ~Ü = ~ ëáå α I==
O
N
p = ÇNÇ O K=
O
=
=
=
3.9 Trapezoid
=
_~ëÉë=çÑ=~=íê~éÉòçáÇW=~I=Ä=
jáÇäáåÉW=è=
^äíáíìÇÉW=Ü=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
37
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 20.
=
~+Ä
216. è = =
O
=
~+Ä
217. p = ⋅ Ü = èÜ =
O
=
=
=
3.10 Isosceles Trapezoid
=
_~ëÉë=çÑ=~=íê~éÉòçáÇW=~I=Ä=
iÉÖW=Å=
jáÇäáåÉW=è=
^äíáíìÇÉW=Ü=
aá~Öçå~äW=Ç=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
38
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 21.
=
~+Ä
218. è = =
O
=
219. Ç = ~Ä + Å = O
=
N
220. Ü = Å O − (Ä − ~ ) =
O
Q
=
Å ~Ä + Å O
221. o = =
(OÅ − ~ + Ä)(OÅ + ~ − Ä)
=
~+Ä
222. p = ⋅ Ü = èÜ =
O
=
=
=
=
=
=
39
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 22.
=
223. ~ + Ä = OÅ =
=
~+Ä
224. è = =Å=
O
=
225. Ç = Ü + Å =
O O O
40
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Ü ~Ä
226. ê = = =
O O
=
ÅÇ ÅÇ Å O
Å Å ~+Ä ~ Ä
227. o = = = N+ = ÜO + Å O = +S+ =
OÜ Qê O ~Ä OÜ U Ä ~
=
228. i = O(~ + Ä) = QÅ =
=
229. p =
~+Ä
⋅Ü =
(~ + Ä) ~Ä = èÜ = ÅÜ = iê ==
O O O
=
=
=
3.12 Trapezoid with Inscribed Circle
=
_~ëÉë=çÑ=~=íê~éÉòçáÇW=~I=Ä=
i~íÉê~ä=ëáÇÉëW=ÅI=Ç=
jáÇäáåÉW=è=
^äíáíìÇÉW=Ü=
aá~Öçå~äëW= ÇN I Ç O =
^åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=Çá~Öçå~äëW= ϕ =
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
41
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 23.
=
230. ~ + Ä = Å + Ç =
=
~+Ä Å+Ç
231. è = = =
O O
=
232. i = O(~ + Ä) = O(Å + Ç ) =
=
~+Ä Å+Ç
233. p = ⋅Ü = ⋅ Ü = èÜ I==
O O
N
p = ÇNÇ O ëáå ϕ K=
O
=
=
=
3.13 Kite
=
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=âáíÉW=~I=Ä=
aá~Öçå~äëW= ÇN I Ç O =
^åÖäÉëW= αI βI γ =
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
42
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 24.
=
234. α + β + Oγ = PSM° =
=
235. i = O(~ + Ä) =
=
ÇNÇ O
236. p = =
O
=
=
=
3.14 Cyclic Quadrilateral
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=èì~Çêáä~íÉê~äW=~I=ÄI=ÅI=Ç=
aá~Öçå~äëW= ÇN I Ç O =
^åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=Çá~Öçå~äëW= ϕ =
fåíÉêå~ä=~åÖäÉëW= αI βI γ I δ =
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
pÉãáéÉêáãÉíÉêW=é==
^êÉ~W=p=
43
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 25.
=
237. α + γ = β + δ = NUM° =
=
238. míçäÉãó∞ë=qÜÉçêÉã=
~Å + ÄÇ = ÇNÇ O =
=
239. i = ~ + Ä + Å + Ç =
=
N (~Å + ÄÇ )(~Ç + ÄÅ )(~Ä + ÅÇ )
240. o = I==
Q (é − ~ )(é − Ä)(é − Å )(é − Ç )
i
ïÜÉêÉ= é = K=
O
=
N
241. p = ÇNÇ O ëáå ϕ I==
O
p = (é − ~ )(é − Ä)(é − Å )(é − Ç ) I==
i
ïÜÉêÉ= é = K=
O
=
=
=
44
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 26.
=
242. ~ + Å = Ä + Ç =
=
243. i = ~ + Ä + Å + Ç = O(~ + Å ) = O(Ä + Ç ) =
=
ÇNOÇ OO − (~ − Ä) (~ + Ä − é )
O O
244. ê = I==
Oé
i
ïÜÉêÉ= é = K==
O
=
45
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
N
245. p = éê = ÇNÇ O ëáå ϕ =
O
=
=
=
3.16 General Quadrilateral
=
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=èì~Çêáä~íÉê~äW=~I=ÄI=ÅI=Ç=
aá~Öçå~äëW= ÇN I Ç O =
^åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=Çá~Öçå~äëW= ϕ =
fåíÉêå~ä=~åÖäÉëW= αI βI γ I δ =
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
======= =
=
Figure 27.
=
246. α + β + γ + δ = PSM° =
=
247. i = ~ + Ä + Å + Ç =
=
46
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
N
248. p = ÇNÇ O ëáå ϕ =
O
=
=
=
3.17 Regular Hexagon
=
páÇÉW=~=
fåíÉêå~ä=~åÖäÉW= α =
pä~åí=ÜÉáÖÜíW=ã=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
pÉãáéÉêáãÉíÉêW=é==
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 28.
=
249. α = NOM° =
=
~ P
250. ê = ã = =
O
47
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
251. o = ~ =
=
252. i = S~ =
=
O
~ P P
253. p = éê = I==
O
i
ïÜÉêÉ= é = K=
O
=
=
=
3.18 Regular Polygon
=
páÇÉW=~=
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ëáÇÉëW=å=
fåíÉêå~ä=~åÖäÉW= α =
pä~åí=ÜÉáÖÜíW=ã=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
pÉãáéÉêáãÉíÉêW=é==
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
48
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 29.
=
å−O
254. α = ⋅ NUM° =
O
=
å−O
255. α = ⋅ NUM° =
O
=
~
256. o = =
π
O ëáå
å
=
~ ~O
257. ê = ã = = oO − =
π Q
O í~å
å
=
258. i = å~ =
=
åo O
Oπ
259. p = ëáå I==
O å
~O
p = éê = é o O − I==
Q
49
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
i
ïÜÉêÉ= é = K==
O
=
=
=
3.19 Circle
=
o~ÇáìëW=o=
aá~ãÉíÉêW=Ç=
`ÜçêÇW=~=
pÉÅ~åí=ëÉÖãÉåíëW=ÉI=Ñ=
q~åÖÉåí=ëÉÖãÉåíW=Ö=
`Éåíê~ä=~åÖäÉW= α =
fåëÅêáÄÉÇ=~åÖäÉW= β =
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
α
260. ~ = Oo ëáå =
O
=
=
=
Figure 30.
=
50
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 31.
=
262. ÉÉN = ÑÑN =
=
===== =
=
Figure 32.
=
263. Ö O = ÑÑN =
=
51
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
===== =
=
Figure 33.
=
α
264. β = =
O
=
=
=
Figure 34.
=
265. i = Oπo = πÇ =
=
πÇO
io
266. p = πo O = = ==
Q O
=
52
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 35.
=
267. ë = oñ =
=
πoα
268. ë = =
NUM°
=
269. i = ë + Oo =
=
oë o ñ πo α
O O
270. p = = = ==
O O PSM°
=
=
53
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 36.
=
271. ~ = O OÜo − Ü O =
=
N
272. Ü = o − Qo O − ~ O I= Ü < o =
O
=
273. i = ë + ~ =
=
54
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=== =
=
Figure 37.
=
275. Ç = ~ P =
=
~
276. ê = =
O
=
55
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
~ P
277. o = =
O
=
278. p = S~ =O
=
279. s = ~ ==P
=
=
=
3.23 Rectangular Parallelepiped
=
bÇÖÉëW=~I=ÄI=Å==
aá~Öçå~äW=Ç=
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
===== =
=
Figure 38.
=
280. Ç = ~ O + ÄO + Å O =
=
281. p = O(~Ä + ~Å + ÄÅ ) =
=
282. s = ~ÄÅ ==
56
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.24 Prism
=
i~íÉê~ä=ÉÇÖÉW=ä=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
i~íÉê~ä=~êÉ~W= p i =
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW= p_ =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
===== =
=
Figure 39.
=
283. p = p i + Op_ K==
=
284. i~íÉê~ä=^êÉ~=çÑ=~=oáÖÜí=mêáëã=
p i = (~ N + ~ O + ~ P + K + ~ å )ä =
=
285. i~íÉê~ä=^êÉ~=çÑ=~å=lÄäáèìÉ=mêáëã=
p i = éä I==
ïÜÉêÉ=é=áë=íÜÉ=éÉêáãÉíÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åêçëë=ëÉÅíáçåK=
=
57
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
286. s = p_ Ü =
=
287. `~î~äáÉêáDë=mêáåÅáéäÉ==
dáîÉå=íïç=ëçäáÇë=áåÅäìÇÉÇ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=é~ê~ääÉä=éä~åÉëK=fÑ=ÉîÉêó=
éä~åÉ=Åêçëë=ëÉÅíáçå=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=ÖáîÉå=éä~åÉë=Ü~ë=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=
~êÉ~=áå=ÄçíÜ=ëçäáÇëI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=îçäìãÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëçäáÇë=~êÉ=Éèì~äK=
=
=
=
3.25 Regular Tetrahedron
=
qêá~åÖäÉ=ëáÇÉ=äÉåÖíÜW=~=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW= p_ =
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=
=
Figure 40.
=
O
288. Ü = ~=
P
=
58
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
P~ O
289. p_ = =
Q
=
290. p = P~ =O
=
N ~P
291. s = p_ Ü = K==
P S O
=
=
=
3.26 Regular Pyramid
=
páÇÉ=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=~=
i~íÉê~ä=ÉÇÖÉW=Ä=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
pä~åí=ÜÉáÖÜíW=ã==
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ëáÇÉëW=å==
pÉãáéÉêáãÉíÉê=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=é=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ëéÜÉêÉ=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=ê=
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW= p_ =
i~íÉê~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W= pi =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
59
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 41.
=
~O
292. ã = ÄO − =
Q
=
π O
QÄO ëáå O −~
293. Ü = å =
π
O ëáå
å
=
N N
294. p i = å~ã = å~ QÄO − ~ O = éã =
O Q
=
295. p_ = éê =
=
296. p = p_ + p i =
=
N N
297. s = p_ Ü = éêÜ ==
P P
=
=
=
60
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 42.
=
ÄN ÄO ÄP Ä Ä
298. = = =K= å = = â =
~N ~ O ~ P ~å ~
=
61
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
pO
299. = âO =
pN
=
ã(mN + mO )
300. p i = =
O
=
301. p = p i + pN + pO =
=
Ü
(
302. s = pN + pNpO + pO =
P
)
=
Üp Ä Ä Üp
O
303. s = N N + + = N N + â + â O =
P ~ ~ P
[ ]
=
=
=
3.28 Rectangular Right Wedge
=
páÇÉë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=~I=Ä=
qçé=ÉÇÖÉW=Å=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
i~íÉê~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W= p i =
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW= p_ =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
62
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 43.
=
N
304. p i = (~ + Å ) QÜO + ÄO + Ä ÜO + (~ − Å )O =
O
=
305. p_ = ~Ä =
=
306. p = p_ + p i =
=
ÄÜ
307. s = (O~ + Å ) =
S
=
=
=
3.29 Platonic Solids
=
bÇÖÉW=~=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
63
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
308. cáîÉ=mä~íçåáÅ=pçäáÇë=
qÜÉ= éä~íçåáÅ= ëçäáÇë= ~êÉ= ÅçåîÉñ= éçäóÜÉÇê~= ïáíÜ= Éèìáî~äÉåí=
Ñ~ÅÉë=ÅçãéçëÉÇ=çÑ=ÅçåÖêìÉåí=ÅçåîÉñ=êÉÖìä~ê=éçäóÖçåëK==
=
pçäáÇ= kìãÄÉê= kìãÄÉê= kìãÄÉê= pÉÅíáçå=
çÑ=sÉêíáÅÉë çÑ=bÇÖÉë= çÑ=c~ÅÉë=
qÉíê~ÜÉÇêçå== Q= S= Q= PKOR=
`ìÄÉ= U= NO= S= PKOO=
lÅí~ÜÉÇêçå= S= NO= U= PKOT=
fÅçë~ÜÉÇêçå= NO= PM= OM= PKOT=
açÇÉÅ~ÜÉÇêçå= OM= PM= NO= PKOT=
=
=
Octahedron
=
=
=
Figure 44.
=
~ S
309. ê = =
S
=
~ O
310. o = =
O
=
64
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
311. p = O~ O P =
=
~P O
312. s = =
P
=
=
Icosahedron
=
=
=
Figure 45.
=
313. ê =
(
~ P P+ R
=
)
NO
=
314. o =
~
Q
(
O R+ R = )
=
315. p = R~ O P =
=
316. s =
(
R~ P P + R
=
)
NO
=
=
65
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Dodecahedron
=
=
=
Figure 46.
=
317. ê =
(
~ NM OR + NN R
=
)
O
=
318. o =
(
~ P N+ R
=
)
Q
=
(
319. p = P~ O R R + O R = )
=
320. s =
(
~ P NR + T R
=
)
Q
=
=
=
3.30 Right Circular Cylinder
=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=o=
aá~ãÉíÉê=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=Ç=
66
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
eÉáÖÜíW=e=
i~íÉê~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W= p i =
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW= p_ =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
===== =
=
Figure 47.
=
321. p i = Oπoe =
=
Ç
322. p = p i + Op_ = Oπo(e + o ) = πÇ e + =
O
=
323. s = p_ e = πo O e =
=
=
=
67
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 48.
=
324. p i = πo(ÜN + Ü O ) =
=
O
Ü − ÜO
325. p_ = πo + πo o + N
O O
=
O
=
68
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
ÜN − Ü O
O
326. p = p i + p_ = πo ÜN + Ü O + o + o +
O
=
O
=
πo O
327. s = (ÜN + ÜO ) =
O
=
=
=
3.32 Right Circular Cone
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=o=
aá~ãÉíÉê=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=Ç=
eÉáÖÜíW=e=
pä~åí=ÜÉáÖÜíW=ã=
i~íÉê~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W= pi =
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW= p_ =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=
=
Figure 49.
69
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
328. e = ã O − o O =
=
πãÇ
329. p i = πoã = =
O
=
330. p_ = πo O =
=
N Ç
331. p = p i + p_ = πo (ã + o ) = πÇ ã + =
O O
=
N N
332. s = p_ e = πo O e =
P P
=
=
=
3.33 Frustum of a Right Circular Cone
=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉëW=oI=ê=
eÉáÖÜíW=e=
pä~åí=ÜÉáÖÜíW=ã=
pÅ~äÉ=Ñ~ÅíçêW=â=
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉëW= pN I= pO =
i~íÉê~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W= p i =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
70
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 50.
=
333. e = ã O − (o − ê ) =
O
=
o
334. =â=
ê
=
p oO
335. O = O = â O =
pN ê
=
336. p i = πã(o + ê ) =
=
[ ]
337. p = pN + pO + p i = π o O + ê O + ã(o + ê ) =
=
Ü
(
338. s = pN + pNpO + pO =
P
)
=
ÜpN o o ÜpN
O
339. s = N + + =
P ê ê P
[ ]
N+ â + âO =
=
=
=
71
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.34 Sphere
=
o~ÇáìëW=o=
aá~ãÉíÉêW=Ç=
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=
Figure 51.
=
340. p = Qπo O =
=
Q N N
341. s = πo P e = πÇ P = po =
P S P
=
=
=
3.35 Spherical Cap
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ëéÜÉêÉW=o=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=ê=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
^êÉ~=çÑ=éä~åÉ=Ñ~ÅÉW= p_ =
^êÉ~=çÑ=ëéÜÉêáÅ~ä=Å~éW= p` =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
72
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 52.
=
ê O + ÜO
342. o = =
OÜ
=
343. p_ = πê O =
=
344. p` = π(Ü O + ê O )=
=
345. p = p_ + p` = π(Ü O + Oê O ) = π(OoÜ + ê O ) =
=
π π
346. s = Ü O (Po − Ü ) = Ü(Pê O + Ü O ) =
S S
=
=
=
3.36 Spherical Sector
=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ëéÜÉêÉW=o=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉ=çÑ=ëéÜÉêáÅ~ä=Å~éW=ê=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
73
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
====== === =
=
Figure 53.
=
347. p = πo(OÜ + ê ) =
=
O
348. s = πo O Ü =
P
=
kçíÉW= qÜÉ= ÖáîÉå= Ñçêãìä~ë= ~êÉ= ÅçêêÉÅí= ÄçíÜ= Ñçê= ±çéÉå≤= ~åÇ=
±ÅäçëÉÇ≤=ëéÜÉêáÅ~ä=ëÉÅíçêK=
=
=
=
3.37 Spherical Segment
=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ëéÜÉêÉW=o=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉëW= êN I= êO =
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
^êÉ~=çÑ=ëéÜÉêáÅ~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉW= pp =
^êÉ~=çÑ=éä~åÉ=ÉåÇ=Ñ~ÅÉëW= pN I= pO =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
74
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
===== =
=
Figure 54.
=
349. pp = OπoÜ =
=
350. p = pp + pN + pO = π(OoÜ + êNO + êOO ) =
=
351. s = πÜ(PêNO + PêOO + Ü O )=
N
S
=
=
=
3.38 Spherical Wedge
=
o~ÇáìëW=o=
aáÜÉÇê~ä=~åÖäÉ=áå=ÇÉÖêÉÉëW=ñ=
aáÜÉÇê~ä=~åÖäÉ=áå=ê~Çá~åëW= α =
^êÉ~=çÑ=ëéÜÉêáÅ~ä=äìåÉW= p i =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
75
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 55.
=
πo O
352. p i = α = Oo O ñ =
VM
=
πo O
353. p = πo O + α = πo O + Oo O ñ =
VM
=
πoP O
354. s = α = oP ñ =
OTM P
=
=
=
3.39 Ellipsoid
=
pÉãá-~ñÉëW=~I=ÄI=Å=
sçäìãÉW=s=
76
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
======= =
=
Figure 56.
=
Q
355. s = π~ÄÅ =
P
=
=
=
Prolate Spheroid
=
pÉãá-~ñÉëW=~I=ÄI=Ä=E ~ > Ä F=
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
~ ~êÅëáå É
356. p = OπÄ Ä + I==
É
~ O − ÄO
ïÜÉêÉ= É = K=
~
=
Q
357. s = πÄO~ =
P
=
77
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Oblate Spheroid
=
pÉãá-~ñÉëW=~I=ÄI=Ä=E ~ < Ä F=
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
ÄÉ
~ ~êÅëáåÜ
358. p = OπÄ Ä + ~ I==
ÄÉ L ~
ÄO − ~ O
ïÜÉêÉ= É = K=
Ä
=
Q
359. s = πÄO~ =
P
=
=
=
3.40 Circular Torus
=
j~àçê=ê~ÇáìëW=o=
jáåçê=ê~ÇáìëW=ê=
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
78
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
== =
Picture 57.
=
360. p = QπOoê =
=
361. s = OπOoê O =
=
=
79
Chapter 4
Trigonometry
=
=
=
=
^åÖäÉëW= α I= β =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêë=EÅççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=~=éçáåíFW=ñI=ó==
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêW=â=
=
=
4.1 Radian and Degree Measures of Angles
=
NUM°
362. N ê~Ç = ≈ RT°NT DQR? =
π
=
π
363. N° = ê~Ç ≈ MKMNTQRP ê~Ç =
NUM
=
π
364. N D = ê~Ç ≈ MKMMMOVN ê~Ç =
NUM ⋅ SM
=
π
365. N ? = ê~Ç ≈ MKMMMMMR ê~Ç =
NUM ⋅ PSMM
=
366. = ^åÖäÉ=
M= PM= QR= SM= VM= NUM= OTM= PSM=
= EÇÉÖêÉÉëF=
^åÖäÉ= π π π π Pπ
Eê~Çá~åëF= M= = = = = π= = Oπ =
= S Q P O O
=
=
80
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
= =
=
Figure 58.
=
ó
367. ëáå α = =
ê
=
ñ
368. Åçë α = =
ê
=
ó
369. í~å α = =
ñ
=
ñ
370. Åçí α = =
ó
=
81
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
ê
371. ëÉÅ α = =
ñ
=
ê
372. ÅçëÉÅ α = =
ó
=
373. páåÉ=cìåÅíáçå=
ó = ëáå ñ I= − N ≤ ëáå ñ ≤ N K=
=
=
Figure 59.
=
374. `çëáåÉ=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = Åçë ñ I= − N ≤ Åçë ñ ≤ N K=
82
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
=
=
Figure 60.
=
375. q~åÖÉåí=cìåÅíáçå=
π
ó = í~å ñ I= ñ ≠ (Oâ + N) I= − ∞ ≤ í~å ñ ≤ ∞K =
O
=
=
=
Figure 61.
=
83
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
376. `çí~åÖÉåí=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = Åçí ñ I= ñ ≠ âπ I== − ∞ ≤ Åçí ñ ≤ ∞ K=
=
=
=
Figure 62.
=
377. pÉÅ~åí=cìåÅíáçå=
π
ó = ëÉÅ ñ I= ñ ≠ (Oâ + N) K=
O
==
84
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
=
=
Figure 63.
=
378. `çëÉÅ~åí=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = Åçë ÉÅ ñ I= ñ ≠ âπ K=
=
Figure 64.
85
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
Figure 65.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
86
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
87
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
382. =
α° = α ê~Ç = ëáå α = Åçë α = í~å α = Åçí α =
π S− O S+ O
NR= = = = O− P = O+ P =
NO Q Q
π R −N NM + O R R−O R
NU= = = = R+O R =
NM Q Q R
R +N
π NM − O R R +N NM − O R
PS= = = NM − O R
R Q Q R +N
=
R +N NM − O R
Pπ R +N NM − O R
RQ= = = R +N
NM Q Q NM − O R
=
R−O R
Oπ NM + O R R −N
TO= = = R+O R = R
R Q Q
=
Rπ S+ O S− O
TR= = = = O+ P = O− P =
NO Q Q
=
=
=
4.5 Most Important Formulas
=
383. ëáå O α + Åçë O α = N =
=
384. ëÉÅ O α − í~å O α = N =
=
385. ÅëÅ O α − Åçí O α = N =
=
ëáå α
386. í~å α = =
Åçë α
88
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
Åçë α
387. Åçí α = =
ëáå α
=
388. í~å α ⋅ Åçí α = N =
=
N
389. ëÉÅ α = =
Åçë α
=
N
390. ÅçëÉÅ α = =
ëáå α
=
=
=
4.6 Reduction Formulas
=
391. = β= ëáå β = Åçë β = í~å β = Åçí β =
= −α= − ëáå α = + Åçë α = − í~å α = − Åçí α =
VM° − α = + Åçë α = + ëáå α = + Åçí α = + í~å α =
VM° + α = + Åçë α = − ëáå α = − Åçí α = − í~å α =
NUM° − α + ëáå α = − Åçë α = − í~å α = − Åçí α =
NUM° + α − ëáå α = − Åçë α = + í~å α = + Åçí α =
OTM° − α − Åçë α = − ëáå α = + Åçí α = + í~å α =
OTM° + α − Åçë α = + ëáå α = − Åçí α = − í~å α =
PSM° − α − ëáå α = + Åçë α = − í~å α = − Åçí α =
+ ëáå α = + Åçë α = + í~å α = + Åçí α =
= PSM° + α
=
=
=
=
=
89
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
90
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
α
O í~å
N − Åçë Oα O =
= =± =
N + Åçë Oα O α
N + í~å
O
=
Åçë α N + Åçë Oα ëáå Oα
399. Åçí α = = ± ÅëÅ O α − N = = =
ëáå α ëáå Oα N − Åçë Oα
α
N − í~å O
N + Åçë Oα O=
= =± =
N − Åçë Oα α
O í~å
O
=
α
N + í~å O
N O=
400. ëÉÅ α = = ± N + í~å O α =
Åçë α α
N − í~å O
O
=
α
N + í~å O
N O=
401. ÅëÅ α = = ± N + Åçí O α =
ëáå α α
O í~å
O
=
=
=
4.9 Addition and Subtraction Formulas
=
402. ëáå(α + β) = ëáå α Åçë β + ëáå β Åçë α =
=
403. ëáå(α − ó ) = ëáå α Åçë β − ëáå β Åçë α =
=
404. Åçë(α + β ) = Åçë α Åçë β − ëáå α ëáå β =
=
405. Åçë(α − β ) = Åçë α Åçë β + ëáå α ëáå β =
91
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
í~å α + í~å β
406. í~å(α + β ) = =
N − í~å α í~å β
=
í~å α − í~å β
407. í~å(α − β ) = =
N + í~å α í~å β
=
N − í~å α í~å β
408. Åçí(α + β) = =
í~å α + í~å β
=
N + í~å α í~å β
409. Åçí(α − β) = =
í~å α − í~å β
=
=
=
4.10 Double Angle Formulas
=
410. ëáå Oα = O ëáå α ⋅ Åçë α =
=
411. Åçë Oα = Åçë O α − ëáå O α = N − O ëáå O α = O Åçë O α − N =
=
O í~å α O
412. í~å Oα = = =
N − í~å α Åçí α − í~å α
O
=
Åçí O α − N Åçí α − í~å α
413. Åçí Oα = = =
O Åçí α O
=
=
=
=
=
=
92
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
93
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
N − NM í~å O α + R í~å Q α
425. Åçí Rα = =
í~å R α − NM í~å P α + R í~å α
=
=
=
4.12 Half Angle Formulas
=
α N − Åçë α
426. ëáå =± =
O O
=
α N + Åçë α
427. Åçë =± =
O O
=
α N − Åçë α ëáå α N − Åçë α
428. í~å =± = = = ÅëÅ α − Åçí α =
O N + Åçë α N + Åçë α ëáå α
=
α N + Åçë α ëáå α N + Åçë α
429. Åçí =± = = = ÅëÅ α + Åçí α =
O N − Åçë α N − Åçë α ëáå α
=
=
=
4.13 Half Angle Tangent Identities
=
α
O í~å
430. ëáå α = O =
α
N + í~å O
O
=
94
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
α
N − í~å O
431. Åçë α = O=
O α
N + í~å
O
=
α
O í~å
432. í~å α = O =
α
N − í~å O
O
=
α
N − í~å O
433. Åçí α = O=
α
O í~å
O
=
=
=
4.14 Transforming of Trigonometric
Expressions to Product
=
α+β α −β
434. ëáå α + ëáå β = O ëáå Åçë =
O O
=
α +β α −β
435. ëáå α − ëáå β = O Åçë ëáå =
O O
=
α+β α −β
436. Åçë α + Åçë β = O Åçë Åçë =
O O
=
α +β α −β
437. Åçë α − Åçë β = −O ëáå ëáå =
O O
=
95
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
ëáå(α + β )
438. í~å α + í~å β = =
Åçë α ⋅ Åçë β
=
ëáå(α − β)
439. í~å α − í~å β = =
Åçë α ⋅ Åçë β
=
ëáå(β + α )
440. Åçí α + Åçí β = =
ëáå α ⋅ ëáå β
=
ëáå(β − α )
441. Åçí α − Åçí β = =
ëáå α ⋅ ëáå β
=
π π
442. Åçë α + ëáå α = O Åçë − α = O ëáå + α =
Q Q
=
π π
443. Åçë α − ëáå α = O ëáå − α = O Åçë + α =
Q Q
=
Åçë(α − β)
444. í~å α + Åçí β = =
Åçë α ⋅ ëáå β
=
Åçë(α + β )
445. í~å α − Åçí β = − =
Åçë α ⋅ ëáå β
=
α
446. N + Åçë α = O Åçë O =
O
=
α
447. N − Åçë α = O ëáå O =
O
=
96
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
π α
448. N + ëáå α = O Åçë O − =
Q O
=
π α
449. N − ëáå α = O ëáå O − =
Q O
=
=
=
4.15 Transforming of Trigonometric
Expressions to Sum
=
Åçë(α − β) − Åçë(α + β )
450. ëáå α ⋅ ëáå β = =
O
=
Åçë(α − β ) + Åçë(α + β )
451. Åçë α ⋅ Åçë β = =
O
=
ëáå(α − β) + ëáå(α + β )
452. ëáå α ⋅ Åçë β = =
O
=
í~å α + í~å β
453. í~å α ⋅ í~å β = =
Åçí α + Åçí β
=
Åçí α + Åçí β
454. Åçí α ⋅ Åçí β = =
í~å α + í~å β
=
í~å α + Åçí β
455. í~å α ⋅ Åçí β = =
Åçí α + í~å β
=
=
=
97
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
98
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
=
=
Figure 66.
=
467. fåîÉêëÉ=`çëáåÉ=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = ~êÅÅçë ñ I= − N ≤ ñ ≤ N I= M ≤ ~êÅÅçë ñ ≤ π K=
=
99
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
=
=
Figure 67.
=
468. fåîÉêëÉ=q~åÖÉåí=cìåÅíáçå==
π π
ó = ~êÅí~å ñ I= − ∞ ≤ ñ ≤ ∞ I= − < ~êÅí~å ñ < K=
O O
=
===== =
=
Figure 68.
100
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
469. fåîÉêëÉ=`çí~åÖÉåí=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = ~êÅ Åçí ñ I= − ∞ ≤ ñ ≤ ∞ I= M < ~êÅ Åçí ñ < π K=
===== =
Figure 69.
=
470. fåîÉêëÉ=pÉÅ~åí=cìåÅíáçå==
π π
ó = ~êÅëÉÅ=ñ I ñ ∈ (− ∞I − N] ∪ [NI ∞ )I ~êÅ ëÉÅ ñ ∈ MI ∪ I πK
O O
=
Figure 70.
101
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
471. fåîÉêëÉ=`çëÉÅ~åí=cìåÅíáçå==
π π
ó = ~êÅÅëÅ ñ I ñ ∈ (− ∞I − N] ∪ [NI ∞ )I ~êÅ ÅëÅ ñ ∈ − I M ∪ MI K
O O
=
=
Figure 71.
=
=
4.18 Principal Values of Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
472. N O P
ñ= M= = = N=
O O O
~êÅëáå ñ = M° = PM° = QR° = SM° VM°
~êÅÅçë ñ = VM° SM° = QR° = PM° M° =
N O P
ñ= − − − − N= =
O O O
− PM° − VM°
~êÅëáå ñ = − QR° − SM° =
= =
NOM° NUM°
~êÅÅçë ñ = NPR° = NRM° = =
= =
102
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
473. P P
ñ= M= N= P= − − N= − P=
P P
− QR°
~êÅí~å ñ = M° = PM° QR° SM° − PM° − SM° =
=
NPR°
~êÅ Åçí ñ = VM° SM° QR° PM° NOM° = NRM° =
=
=
=
=
4.19 Relations between Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
=
474. ~êÅëáå(− ñ ) = − ~êÅëáå ñ =
=
π
475. ~êÅëáå ñ = − ~êÅÅçë ñ =
O
=
476. ~êÅëáå ñ = ~êÅÅçë N − ñ O I= M ≤ ñ ≤ N K=
=
477. ~êÅëáå ñ = − ~êÅÅçë N − ñ O I= − N ≤ ñ ≤ M K=
=
ñ
I= ñ < N K=
O
478. ~êÅëáå ñ = ~êÅí~å
N− ñ O
=
N− ñO
479. ~êÅëáå ñ = ~êÅ Åçí I= M < ñ ≤ N K=
ñ
=
N− ñO
480. ~êÅëáå ñ = ~êÅ Åçí − π I= − N ≤ ñ < M K=
ñ
=
481. ~êÅÅçë(− ñ ) = π − ~êÅÅçë ñ =
103
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
π
482. ~êÅÅçë ñ = − ~êÅëáå ñ =
O
=
483. ~êÅÅçë ñ = ~êÅëáå N − ñ O I= M ≤ ñ ≤ N K=
=
484. ~êÅÅçë ñ = π − ~êÅëáå N − ñ O I= − N ≤ ñ ≤ M K=
=
N− ñO
485. ~êÅÅçë ñ = ~êÅí~å I= M < ñ ≤ N K=
ñ
=
N− ñO
486. ~êÅÅçë ñ = π + ~êÅí~å I= − N ≤ ñ < M K=
ñ
=
ñ
487. ~êÅÅçë ñ = ~êÅ Åçí I= − N ≤ ñ ≤ N K=
N− ñO
=
488. ~êÅí~å(− ñ ) = − ~êÅí~å ñ =
=
π
489. ~êÅí~å ñ = − ~êÅ Åçí ñ =
O
=
ñ
490. ~êÅí~å ñ = ~êÅëáå =
N+ ñO
=
N
491. ~êÅí~å ñ = ~êÅÅçë I= ñ ≥ M K=
N+ ñO
=
N
492. ~êÅí~å ñ = − ~êÅÅçë I= ñ ≤ M K=
N+ ñO
=
104
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
π N
493. ~êÅí~å ñ = − ~êÅí~å I= ñ > M K=
O ñ
=
π N
494. ~êÅí~å ñ = − − ~êÅí~å I= ñ < M K=
O ñ
=
N
495. ~êÅí~å ñ = ~êÅ Åçí I= ñ > M K=
ñ
=
N
496. ~êÅí~å ñ = ~êÅ Åçí − π I= ñ < M K=
ñ
=
497. ~êÅ Åçí(− ñ ) = π − ~êÅ Åçí ñ =
=
π
498. ~êÅ Åçí ñ = − ~êÅí~å ñ =
O
=
N
499. ~êÅ Åçí ñ = ~êÅëáå I= ñ > M K=
N+ ñO
=
N
500. ~êÅ Åçí ñ = π − ~êÅëáå I= ñ < M K=
N+ ñO
=
ñ
501. ~êÅ Åçí ñ = ~êÅÅçë =
N+ ñO
=
N
502. ~êÅ Åçí ñ = ~êÅí~å I= ñ > M K=
ñ
=
N
503. ~êÅ Åçí ñ = π + ~êÅí~å I= ñ < M K=
ñ
=
=
105
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
106
Chapter 5
Matrices and Determinants
=
=
=
=
j~íêáÅÉëW=^I=_I=`=
bäÉãÉåíë=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= ~ á I= Äá I= ~ áà I= Äáà I= Å áà =
aÉíÉêãáå~åí=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= ÇÉí ^ =
jáåçê=çÑ=~å=ÉäÉãÉåí= ~ áà W= j áà =
`çÑ~Åíçê=çÑ=~å=ÉäÉãÉåí= ~ áà W= ` áà =
ú
qê~åëéçëÉ=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= ^ q I= ^ =
^Çàçáåí=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= ~Çà ^ =
qê~ÅÉ=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= íê ^ =
fåîÉêëÉ=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= ^ −N =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêW=â=
oÉ~ä=î~êá~ÄäÉëW= ñ á =
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=ãI=å===
=
=
5.1 Determinants
=
513. pÉÅçåÇ=lêÇÉê=aÉíÉêãáå~åí=
~ ÄN
ÇÉí ^ = N = ~ N Ä O − ~ O ÄN =
~ O ÄO
=
=
=
=
=
107
CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
514. qÜáêÇ=lêÇÉê=aÉíÉêãáå~åí=
~NN ~NO ~NP
ÇÉí ^ = ~ ON ~ OO ~ OP = ~NN~ OO~ PP + ~NO~ OP~ PN + ~ NP~ ON~ PO − =
~ PN ~ PO ~ PP
− ~NN~ OP~ PO − ~NO~ ON~ PP − ~ NP~ OO~ PN =
=
515. p~êêìë=oìäÉ=E^êêçï=oìäÉF=
=
=
Figure 72.
=
516. k-íÜ=lêÇÉê=aÉíÉêãáå~åí=
~NN ~NO K ~Nà K ~Nå
~ ON ~ OO K ~ O à K ~ Oå
K K K K K K
ÇÉí ^ = =
~ áN ~ á O K ~ áà K ~ áå
K K K K K K
~ åN ~ å O K ~ åà K ~ åå
=
517. jáåçê=
qÜÉ=ãáåçê= j áà =~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÉäÉãÉåí= ~ áà =çÑ=å-íÜ=çêÇÉê=
ã~íêáñ= ^= áë= íÜÉ= (å − N) -íÜ= çêÇÉê= ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí= ÇÉêáîÉÇ= Ñêçã=
íÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=^=Äó=ÇÉäÉíáçå=çÑ=áíë=á-íÜ=êçï=~åÇ=à-íÜ=ÅçäìãåK===
=
108
CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
518. `çÑ~Åíçê=
` áà = (− N) j áà =
á +à
=
519. i~éä~ÅÉ=bñé~åëáçå=çÑ=å-íÜ=lêÇÉê=aÉíÉêãáå~åí=
i~éä~ÅÉ=Éñé~åëáçå=Äó=ÉäÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=á-íÜ=êçï=
å
ÇÉí ^ = ∑ ~ áà` áà I= á = NI OI KI å K=
à=N
i~éä~ÅÉ=Éñé~åëáçå=Äó=ÉäÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=à-íÜ=Åçäìãå=
å
ÇÉí ^ = ∑ ~ áà` áà I= à = NI OI KI å K==
á =N
=
=
=
5.2 Properties of Determinants
=
520. qÜÉ==î~äìÉ==çÑ=~=ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí=êÉã~áåë==ìåÅÜ~åÖÉÇ=áÑ=êçïë=~êÉ=
ÅÜ~åÖÉÇ=íç=Åçäìãåë=~åÇ=Åçäìãåë=íç=êçïëK=
~ ~ O ~N ÄN
= N = ==
ÄN ÄO ~ O ÄO
=
521. fÑ=íïç==êçïë==Eçê=íïç=ÅçäìãåëF=~êÉ==áåíÉêÅÜ~åÖÉÇI=íÜÉ=ëáÖå=çÑ=
íÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí=áë=ÅÜ~åÖÉÇK=
~N ÄN ~ ÄO
=− O =
~ O ÄO ~N ÄN
=
522. fÑ=íïç=êçïë==Eçê=íïç=ÅçäìãåëF=~êÉ==áÇÉåíáÅ~äI=íÜÉ=î~äìÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=
ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí=áë=òÉêçK=
~N ~N
= M=
~O ~O
=
109
CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
523. fÑ==íÜÉ===ÉäÉãÉåíë==çÑ==~åó=êçï==Eçê=ÅçäìãåF=~êÉ=ãìäíáéäáÉÇ=Äó=====
~==Åçããçå==Ñ~ÅíçêI==íÜÉ==ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí==áë==ãìäíáéäáÉÇ==Äó==íÜ~í=
Ñ~ÅíçêK=
â~ N âÄN ~ ÄN
=â N =
~ O ÄO ~ O ÄO
=
524. fÑ==íÜÉ==ÉäÉãÉåíë==çÑ==~åó==êçï==Eçê==ÅçäìãåF=~êÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=Eçê=
ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉÇFÄó=Éèì~ä=ãìäíáéäÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=
çÑ=~åó=çíÜÉê=êçï==Eçê=ÅçäìãåFI==íÜÉ=î~äìÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí=
áë=ìåÅÜ~åÖÉÇK=
~N + âÄN ÄN ~N ÄN
= =
~ O + âÄO ÄO ~ O ÄO
=
=
=
5.3 Matrices
=
525. aÉÑáåáíáçå=
^å= ã × å =ã~íêáñ=^=áë=~=êÉÅí~åÖìä~ê=~êê~ó=çÑ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=Eåìã-
ÄÉêë=çê=ÑìåÅíáçåëF=ïáíÜ=ã=êçïë=~åÇ=å=ÅçäìãåëK==
~ NN ~ NO K ~ Nå
~ ~ OO K ~ Oå
[ ]
^ = ~ áà =
M
ON
M
==
M
~ ãN ~ ã O K ~ ãå
=
526. pèì~êÉ=ã~íêáñ=áë=~=ã~íêáñ=çÑ=çêÇÉê= å× å K==
=
[ ]
527. ^=ëèì~êÉ=ã~íêáñ== ~ áà ==áë==ëóããÉíêáÅ==áÑ== ~ áà = ~ àá I==áKÉK==áí==áë=
ëóããÉíêáÅ=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=Çá~Öçå~äK==
=
[ ]
528. ^=ëèì~êÉ=ã~íêáñ= ~ áà =áë=ëâÉï-ëóããÉíêáÅ=áÑ= ~ áà = −~ àá K==
=
110
CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
529. aá~Öçå~ä=ã~íêáñ==áë==~=ëèì~êÉ==ã~íêáñ=ïáíÜ=~ää==ÉäÉãÉåíë==òÉêç=
ÉñÅÉéí=íÜçëÉ=çå=íÜÉ=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=Çá~Öçå~äK==
=
530. råáí=ã~íêáñ==áë==~=Çá~Öçå~ä==ã~íêáñ==áå=ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=çå=
íÜÉ=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=Çá~Öçå~ä=~êÉ=~ää=ìåáíóK=qÜÉ=ìåáí=ã~íêáñ=áë===========
ÇÉåçíÉÇ=Äó=fK==
=
531. ^=åìää=ã~íêáñ=áë=çåÉ=ïÜçëÉ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=~êÉ=~ää=òÉêçK=
=
=
=
5.4 Operations with Matrices
=
532. qïç=ã~íêáÅÉë=^=~åÇ=_=~êÉ=Éèì~ä=áÑI=~åÇ=çåäó=áÑI=íÜÉó=~êÉ=ÄçíÜ=
çÑ==íÜÉ==ë~ãÉ==ëÜ~éÉ== ã × å ==~åÇ=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=~êÉ=
Éèì~äK=
=
533. qïç=ã~íêáÅÉë==^=~åÇ=_==Å~å=ÄÉ=~ÇÇÉÇ=Eçê=ëìÄíê~ÅíÉÇF=çÑI=~åÇ=
çåäó=áÑI=íÜÉó=Ü~îÉ=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ëÜ~éÉ= ã × å K=fÑ==
~NN ~NO K ~Nå
~ ~ OO K ~ Oå
[ ]
^ = ~ áà = ON
M M
I==
M
~ ãN ~ ã O K ~ ãå
ÄNN ÄNO K ÄNå
Ä ÄOO K ÄOå
[ ]
_ = Äáà = ON
M M
I==
M
ÄãN Äã O K Äãå
=
=
=
=
=
111
CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
íÜÉå==
~NN + ÄNN ~NO + ÄNO K ~Nå + ÄNå
~ +Ä ~ OO + ÄOO K ~ Oå + ÄOå
^+_= ON ON K=
M M M
~ ãN + ÄãN ~ ã O + Äã O K ~ ãå + Äãå
=
[ ]
534. fÑ=â=áë=~=ëÅ~ä~êI=~åÇ= ^ = ~ áà =áë=~=ã~íêáñI=íÜÉå=
â~NN â~NO K â~Nå
â~ â~ OO K â~ Oå
[ ]
â^ = â~ áà =
M
ON
M
K=
M
â~ ãN â~ ã O K â~ ãå
=
535. jìäíáéäáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=qïç=j~íêáÅÉë=
qïç= ã~íêáÅÉë= Å~å= ÄÉ= ãìäíáéäáÉÇ= íçÖÉíÜÉê= çåäó= ïÜÉå= íÜÉ=
åìãÄÉê= çÑ= Åçäìãåë= áå= íÜÉ= Ñáêëí= áë= Éèì~ä= íç= íÜÉ= åìãÄÉê= çÑ=
êçïë=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇK==
=
fÑ=
~NN ~NO K ~Nå
~ ~ OO K ~ Oå
[ ]
^ = ~ áà = ON
M M M
I==
~ ãN ~ ã O K ~ ãå
ÄNN ÄNO K ÄNâ
Ä ÄOO K ÄO â
[ ]
_ = Äáà = ON
M M
I=
M
ÄåN Äå O K Äåâ
=
=
=
=
=
112
CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
íÜÉå==
ÅNN ÅNO K ÅNâ
Å Å OO K Å O â
^_ = ` = ON I==
M M M
Ä ãN Å ã O K Å ãâ
ïÜÉêÉ==
å
Å áà = ~ áNÄNà + ~ á O ÄO à + K + ~ áå Äåà = ∑ ~ á λ Äλ à =
λ =N
E á = NI OI KI ã X à = NI OI KI â FK==
=
qÜìë=áÑ=
ÄN
[ ] ~ NN
^ = ~ áà =
~ NO ~ NP
I= _ = [Äá ] = ÄO I==
~ ON ~ OO ~ OP
ÄP
íÜÉå==
Ä
~ ~ NO ~ NP N ~ NNÄN ~ NO ÄO ~ NP ÄP
^_ = NN ⋅ Ä = K==
~ ON ~ OO ~ OP O ~ ONÄN ~ OO ÄO ~ OP ÄP
ÄP
=
536. qê~åëéçëÉ=çÑ=~=j~íêáñ=
fÑ=íÜÉ=êçïë=~åÇ=Åçäìãåë=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñ=~êÉ=áåíÉêÅÜ~åÖÉÇI=íÜÉå=
íÜÉ=åÉï=ã~íêáñ=áë=Å~ääÉÇ=íÜÉ=íê~åëéçëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=çêáÖáå~ä=ã~íêáñK===
fÑ= ^= áë= íÜÉ= çêáÖáå~ä= ã~íêáñI= áíë= íê~åëéçëÉ= áë= ÇÉåçíÉÇ= ^ q = çê=
ú
^ K==
=
537. qÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=^=áë=çêíÜçÖçå~ä=áÑ= ^^ q = f K==
=
538. fÑ=íÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=éêçÇìÅí=^_=áë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇI=íÜÉå==
(^_ )q = _ q ^ q K=
=
=
113
CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
539. ^Çàçáåí=çÑ=j~íêáñ=
fÑ=^=áë=~=ëèì~êÉ= å× å ã~íêáñI=áíë=~ÇàçáåíI=ÇÉåçíÉÇ=Äó= ~Çà ^ I=
áë=íÜÉ=íê~åëéçëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=çÑ=ÅçÑ~Åíçêë= ` áà =çÑ=^W=
[ ]
~Çà ^ = ` áà K==
q
=
540. qê~ÅÉ=çÑ=~=j~íêáñ=
fÑ= ^= áë= ~= ëèì~êÉ= å × å ã~íêáñI= áíë= íê~ÅÉI= ÇÉåçíÉÇ= Äó= íê ^ I= áë=
ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ==íÜÉ=ëìã=çÑ==íÜÉ=íÉêãë=çå=íÜÉ=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=Çá~Öçå~äW=
íê ^ = ~NN + ~ OO + K + ~ åå K=
=
541. fåîÉêëÉ=çÑ=~=j~íêáñ=
fÑ=^=áë=~=ëèì~êÉ= å × å ã~íêáñ=ïáíÜ=~=åçåëáåÖìä~ê=ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí=
ÇÉí ^ I=íÜÉå=áíë=áåîÉêëÉ= ^ −N =áë=ÖáîÉå=Äó=
~Çà ^
^ −N = K=
ÇÉí ^
=
542. fÑ=íÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=éêçÇìÅí=^_=áë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇI=íÜÉå==
(^_)−N = _ −N^ −N K=
=
543. fÑ==^==áë=~=ëèì~êÉ=== å × å ==ã~íêáñI==íÜÉ==ÉáÖÉåîÉÅíçêë==u===ë~íáëÑó=
íÜÉ=Éèì~íáçå=
^u = λu I==
ïÜáäÉ=íÜÉ=ÉáÖÉåî~äìÉë= λ =ë~íáëÑó=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=Éèì~íáçå=
^ − λf = M K===
=
=
=
5.5 Systems of Linear Equations
=
=
s~êá~ÄäÉëW=ñI=óI=òI= ñ N I= ñ O I K =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW= ~ N I ~ O I ~ P I ÄN I ~ NN I ~ NO I K =
114
CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
aÉíÉêãáå~åíëW=aI= añ I= aó I= aò ==
j~íêáÅÉëW=^I=_I=u=
=
=
~ ñ + ÄNó = ÇN
544. N I==
~ O ñ + ÄO ó = Ç O
a aó
ñ = ñ I= ó = =E`ê~ãÉê∞ë=êìäÉFI==
a a
ïÜÉêÉ==
~ ÄN
a= N = ~NÄO − ~ O ÄN I==
~ O ÄO
ÇN ÄN
añ = = ÇNÄO − Ç O ÄN I==
Ç O ÄO
~ ÇN
aó = N = ~NÇ O − ~ OÇN K==
~ O ÇO
=
545. fÑ= a ≠ M I=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=Ü~ë=~=ëáåÖäÉ=ëçäìíáçåW==
a aó
ñ = ñ I= ó = K=
a a
fÑ= a = M = ~åÇ= añ ≠ M Eçê= aó ≠ M FI= íÜÉå= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= Ü~ë= = åç==
ëçäìíáçåK=
fÑ= a = añ = aó = M I= íÜÉå= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= Ü~ë= = áåÑáåáíÉäó= = ã~åó==
ëçäìíáçåëK=
=
~Nñ + ÄNó + ÅNò = ÇN=
546. ~ O ñ + ÄO ó + Å Oò = Ç O I==
~ ñ + Ä ó + Å ò = Ç
P P P P
añ aó a
ñ= I= ó = I= ò = ò =E`ê~ãÉê∞ë=êìäÉFI==
a a a
=
115
CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
ïÜÉêÉ==
~N ÄN ÅN ÇN ÄN ÅN
a = ~ O ÄO Å O I= añ = Ç O ÄO Å O I=
~ P ÄP ÅP ÇP ÄP ÅP
~N ÇN ÅN ~N ÄN ÇN
aó = ~ O ÇO Å O I= aò = ~ O ÄO Ç O K==
~P ÇP ÅP ~P ÄP ÇP
=
547. fÑ= a ≠ M I=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=Ü~ë=~=ëáåÖäÉ=ëçäìíáçåW==
a aó a
ñ = ñ I= ó = I= ò = ò K=
a a a
fÑ= a = M =~åÇ= añ ≠ M Eçê= aó ≠ M =çê= aò ≠ M FI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=
Ü~ë=åç=ëçäìíáçåK=
fÑ= a = añ = aó = aò = M I= íÜÉå= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= Ü~ë= áåÑáåáíÉäó=
ã~åó=ëçäìíáçåëK=
=
548. j~íêáñ=cçêã=çÑ=~=póëíÉã=çÑ=å=iáåÉ~ê=bèì~íáçåë=áå=================
å=råâåçïåë=
qÜÉ=ëÉí=çÑ=äáåÉ~ê=Éèì~íáçåë==
~NNñ N + ~ NO ñ O + K + ~ Nå ñ å = ÄN
~ ñ + ~ ñ + K + ~ ñ = Ä
ON N OO O Oå å O
=
K K K K K K K K K K K K
~ åNñ N + ~ å O ñ O + K + ~ åå ñ å = Äå
Å~å=ÄÉ=ïêáííÉå=áå=ã~íêáñ=Ñçêã=
~ NN ~ NO K ~ Nå ñ N ÄN
~ ON ~ OO K ~ Oå ñ O Ä O
M ⋅ = I==
M M M M
~
åN ~ å O K ~ åå ñ å Ä å
áKÉK==
^ ⋅ u = _ I==
116
CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
ïÜÉêÉ==
~ NN ~ NO K ~ Nå ñN ÄN
~ ~ OO K ~ Oå ñO ÄO
^ = ON I= u = I= _ = M K==
M M M M
~
åN ~ å O K ~ åå ñ
å
Ä
å
=
549. pçäìíáçå=çÑ=~=pÉí=çÑ=iáåÉ~ê=bèì~íáçåë= å × å =
u = ^ −N ⋅ _ I==
ïÜÉêÉ= ^ −N =áë=íÜÉ=áåîÉêëÉ=çÑ=^K=
=
=
117
Chapter 6
Vectors
=
=
=
=
r r r r →
sÉÅíçêëW= ì I= î I= ï I= ê I= ^_ I=£=
r r
sÉÅíçê=äÉåÖíÜW= ì I= î I=£=
r r r
råáí=îÉÅíçêëW= á I= à I= â =
r
kìää=îÉÅíçêW= M =
r
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=îÉÅíçê= ì W= uN I vN I wN =
r
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=îÉÅíçê= î W= u O I vO I wO =
pÅ~ä~êëW= λ I µ =
aáêÉÅíáçå=ÅçëáåÉëW= Åçë α I= Åçë β I= Åçë γ =
^åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íïç=îÉÅíçêëW= θ =
=
=
6.1 Vector Coordinates
=
550. råáí=sÉÅíçêë=
r
á = (NI MI M) I=
r
à = (MI NI M) I=
r
â = (MI MI N) I=
r r r
á = à = â = N K=
=
r → r r r
551. ê = ^_ = (ñ N − ñ M ) á + (ó N − ó M ) à + (ò N − ò M ) â =
=
118
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
======= =
=
Figure 73.
=
→
r
552. ê = ^_ = (ñ N − ñ M )O + (óN − ó M )O + (òN − ò M )O =
=
→ →
r r
553. fÑ= ^_ = ê I=íÜÉå= _^ = − ê K=
=
=
=
Figure 74.
=
r
554. u = ê Åçë α I=
r
v = ê Åçë β I=
r
w = ê Åçë γ K=
119
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
===== =
=
Figure 75.
=
r r
555. fÑ= ê (uI v I w ) = êN (uN I vN I wN ) I=íÜÉå==
u = uN I= v = vN I= w = wN K==
==
=
6.2 Vector Addition
=
r r r
556. ï = ì + î =
=
== =
=
Figure 76.
120
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
== =
=
Figure 77.
=
r r r r r
557. ï = ìN + ì O + ìP + K + ì å =
=
== =
=
Figure 78.
=
558. `çããìí~íáîÉ=i~ï=
r r r r
ì+ î =î+ì=
=
559. ^ëëçÅá~íáîÉ=i~ï=
(ìr + îr ) + ïr = ìr + (îr + ïr ) =
=
r r
560. ì + î = (uN + u O I vN + vO I wN + wO ) =
=
=
=
=
=
=
121
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
=
=
Figure 79.
=
== =
=
Figure 80.
=
r r r r
562. ì − î = ì + (− î ) =
=
r r r
563. ì − ì = M = (MI MI M ) =
=
r
564. M = M =
=
r r
565. ì − î = (uN − u O I vN − vO I wN − w O ) I==
=
=
=
6.4 Scaling Vectors
=
r r
566. ï = λì =
122
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
=
=
Figure 81.
=
r r
567. ï = λ⋅ì=
=
r
568. λì = (λuI λv I λw ) =
=
r r
569. λì = ìλ =
=
r r r
570. (λ + µ ) ì = λì + µì =
=
r r r
571. λ(µì ) = µ(λì ) = (λµ )ì =
=
r r r r
572. λ(ì + î ) = λì + λî =
=
=
=
6.5 Scalar Product
=
r r
573. pÅ~ä~ê=mêçÇìÅí=çÑ=sÉÅíçêë= ì =~åÇ î =
r r r r
ì ⋅ î = ì ⋅ î ⋅ Åçë θ I==
r r
ïÜÉêÉ= θ =áë=íÜÉ=~åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=îÉÅíçêë= ì =~åÇ î K====
=
123
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
= =
=
Figure 82.
=
574. pÅ~ä~ê=mêçÇìÅí=áå=`ççêÇáå~íÉ=cçêã=
r r
fÑ= ì = (uN I vN I wN ) I= î = (u O I vO I w O ) I=íÜÉå==
r r
ì ⋅ î = uNu O + vNvO + wNwO K=
=
575. ^åÖäÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=sÉÅíçêë==
r r
fÑ= ì = (uN I vN I wN ) I= î = (u O I vO I w O ) I=íÜÉå==
uNu O + vNvO + wNw O
Åçë θ = K=
uN + vN + wN u O + vO + wO
O O O O O O
=
576. `çããìí~íáîÉ=mêçéÉêíó=
r r r r
ì⋅î = î ⋅ì=
=
577. ^ëëçÅá~íáîÉ=mêçéÉêíó=
(λìr ) ⋅ (µîr ) = λµìr ⋅ îr =
=
578. aáëíêáÄìíáîÉ=mêçéÉêíó=
r r r r r r r
ì ⋅ (î + ï ) = ì ⋅ î + ì ⋅ ï =
=
r r r r π
579. ì ⋅ î = M =áÑ= ì I î =~êÉ=çêíÜçÖçå~ä=E θ = FK=
O
=
r r π
580. ì ⋅ î > M =áÑ= M < θ < K=
O
=
124
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
r r π
581. ì ⋅ î < M =áÑ= < θ < π K=
O
=
r r r r
582. ì ⋅ î ≤ ì ⋅ î =
=
r r r r r r
583. ì ⋅ î = ì ⋅ î =áÑ= ì I î =~êÉ=é~ê~ääÉä=E θ = M FK=
=
r
584. fÑ= ì = (uN I vN I wN ) I=íÜÉå==
r r r rO
ì ⋅ ì = ì O = ì = uN + vN + wN K=
O O O
=
r r r r r r
585. á ⋅ á = à ⋅ à = â ⋅ â = N =
=
r r r r r r
586. á ⋅ à = à ⋅ â = â ⋅ á = M =
=
=
=
6.6 Vector Product
=
r r
587. sÉÅíçê=mêçÇìÅí=çÑ=sÉÅíçêë= ì =~åÇ î =
r r r
ì × î = ï I=ïÜÉêÉ==
r r r π
• ï = ì ⋅ î ⋅ ëáå θ I=ïÜÉêÉ= M ≤ θ ≤ X=
O
r r r r
• ï ⊥ì= ~åÇ= ï ⊥ î X=
r r r
• =sÉÅíçêë= ì I= î I= ï =Ñçêã=~=êáÖÜí-Ü~åÇÉÇ=ëÅêÉïK=
=
125
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
======= =
=
Figure 83.
=
r r r
á à â
r r r
588. ï = ì × î = u N vN wN =
uO vO wO
=
r r r v wN u wN uN vN
589. ï = ì × î = N I− N I =
vO w O u O w O u O vO
=
r r r r
590. p = ì × î = ì ⋅ î ⋅ ëáå θ =EcáÖKUPF=
=
591. ^åÖäÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=sÉÅíçêë=EcáÖKUPF=
r r
ì× î
ëáå θ = r r =
ì⋅î
=
592. kçåÅçããìí~íáîÉ=mêçéÉêíó=
r r r r
ì × î = −(î × ì ) ==
=
593. ^ëëçÅá~íáîÉ=mêçéÉêíó=
(λìr )× (µîr ) = λµìr × îr =
=
=
126
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
594. aáëíêáÄìíáîÉ=mêçéÉêíó=
r r r r r r r
ì × (î + ï ) = ì × î + ì × ï =
=
r r r r r
595. ì × î = M =áÑ= ì =~åÇ= î =~êÉ=é~ê~ääÉä=E θ = M FK=
=
r r r r r r r
596. á × á = à × à = â × â = M =
=
r r r r r r r r r
597. á × à = â I= à × â = á I= â × á = à =
=
=
=
6.7 Triple Product
=
598. pÅ~ä~ê=qêáéäÉ=mêçÇìÅí=
[ìr îrïr ] = ìr ⋅ (îr × ïr ) = îr ⋅ (ïr × ìr ) = ïr ⋅ (ìr × îr ) =
=
599. [ìr îrïr ] = [ïr ìr îr ] = [îrïr ìr ] = −[îrìr ïr ] = −[ïr îrìr ] = −[ìr ïr îr ] =
=
r r r rr r
600. âì ⋅ (î × ï ) = â[ìîï ] =
=
601. pÅ~ä~ê=qêáéäÉ=mêçÇìÅí=áå=`ççêÇáå~íÉ=cçêã=
uN vN wN
r r r
ì ⋅ (î × ï ) = u O vO wO I==
uP vP wP
ïÜÉêÉ==
r r r
ì = (uN I vN I wN ) I= î = (u O I vO I w O ) I= ï = (uP I vP I wP ) K==
=
602. sçäìãÉ=çÑ=m~ê~ääÉäÉéáéÉÇ=
r r r
s = ì ⋅ (î × ï ) =
=
127
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
============ =
=
Figure 84.
=
603. sçäìãÉ=çÑ=móê~ãáÇ=
Nr r r
s = ì ⋅ (î × ï ) =
S
=
=
=
Figure 85.
=
r r r r r r
604. fÑ== ì ⋅ (î × ï ) = M I=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=îÉÅíçêë== ì I= î I=~åÇ= ï =~êÉ=äáåÉ~êäó=
r r r
ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=I=ëç= ï = λì + µî =Ñçê=ëçãÉ=ëÅ~ä~êë= λ =~åÇ= µ K==
=
r r r r r r
605. fÑ== ì ⋅ (î × ï ) ≠ M I=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=îÉÅíçêë== ì I= î I=~åÇ= ï =~êÉ=äáåÉ~êäó=
áåÇÉéÉåÇÉåíK=
=
128
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
606. sÉÅíçê=qêáéäÉ=mêçÇìÅí=
r r r r r r r r r
ì × (î × ï ) = (ì ⋅ ï )î − (ì ⋅ î )ï ==
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
129
Chapter 7
Analytic Geometry
=
=
=
=
7.1 One-Dimensional Coordinate System
=
mçáåí=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW= ñ M I= ñ N I= ñ O I= ó M I= ó N I= ó O =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêW= λ ==
aáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íïç=éçáåíëW=Ç=
=
=
607. aáëí~åÅÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=mçáåíë=
Ç = ^_ = ñ O − ñ N = ñ N − ñ O =
=
=
=
Figure 86.
=
608. aáîáÇáåÖ=~=iáåÉ=pÉÖãÉåí=áå=íÜÉ=o~íáç= λ =
ñ + λñ O ^`
ñM = N I= λ = I= λ ≠ −N K=
N+ λ `_
=
======== =
=
Figure 87.
130
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
609. jáÇéçáåí=çÑ=~=iáåÉ=pÉÖãÉåí=
ñ + ñO
ñM = N I= λ = N K=
O
=
=
=
7.2 Two-Dimensional Coordinate System
=
mçáåí=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW= ñ M I= ñ N I= ñ O I= ó M I= ó N I= ó O =
mçä~ê=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW= êI ϕ =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêW= λ ==
mçëáíáîÉ=êÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=~I=ÄI=ÅI==
aáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íïç=éçáåíëW=Ç=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
610. aáëí~åÅÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=mçáåíë=
Ç = ^_ = (ñ O − ñ N )O + (ó O − óN )O =
=
=
=
Figure 88.
131
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
611. aáîáÇáåÖ=~=iáåÉ=pÉÖãÉåí=áå=íÜÉ=o~íáç= λ =
ñ + λñ O ó + λó O
ñM = N I= ó M = N I==
N+ λ N+ λ
^`
λ= I= λ ≠ −N K=
`_
=
======= =
=
Figure 89.
=
=
132
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
======= =
=
Figure 90.
=
612. jáÇéçáåí=çÑ=~=iáåÉ=pÉÖãÉåí=
ñ + ñO ó + óO
ñM = N I= ó M = N I= λ = N K=
O O
=
613. `ÉåíêçáÇ=EfåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=jÉÇá~åëF=çÑ=~=qêá~åÖäÉ=
ñ + ñ O + ñP ó + óO + óP
ñM = N I= ó M = N I==
P P
ïÜÉêÉ== ^(ñ N I ó N ) I== _(ñ O I ó O ) I==~åÇ== `(ñ P I ó P ) ==~êÉ=îÉêíáÅÉë=çÑ=
íÜÉ=íêá~åÖäÉ= ^_` K= =
=
133
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
========= =
=
Figure 91.
=
614. fåÅÉåíÉê=EfåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=^åÖäÉ=_áëÉÅíçêëF=çÑ=~=qêá~åÖäÉ=
~ñ + Äñ O + Åñ P ~ó + Äó O + Åó P
ñM = N I= ó M = N I==
~ +Ä+Å ~ +Ä+Å
ïÜÉêÉ= ~ = _` I= Ä = `^ I= Å = ^_ K==
=
======== =
=
Figure 92.
134
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
615. `áêÅìãÅÉåíÉê=EfåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=páÇÉ=mÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê======================
_áëÉÅíçêëF=çÑ=~=qêá~åÖäÉ=
ñ NO + ó NO ó N N ñ N ñ NO + ó NO N
ñ OO + ó OO ó O N ñ O ñ OO + ó OO N
ñ PO + ó PO óP N ñP ñ PO + ó PO N
ñM = I= ó M = =
ñN óN N ñN óN N
O ñO óO N O ñO óO N
ñP óP N ñP óP N
=
======== =
==
Figure 93.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
135
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
616. lêíÜçÅÉåíÉê=EfåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=^äíáíìÇÉëF=çÑ=~=qêá~åÖäÉ=
ó N ñ O ñ P + ó NO N ñ NO + ó O ó P ñ N N
ó O ñ P ñ N + ó OO N ñ OO + ó P ó N ñ O N
óP ñ Nñ O + ó PO N ñ PO + ó Nó O ñP N
ñM = I= ó M = =
ñN óN N ñN óN N
ñO óO N ñO óO N
ñP óP N ñP óP N
=
====== =
=
Figure 94.
=
617. ^êÉ~=çÑ=~=qêá~åÖäÉ=
ñ N óN N
N N ñ O − ñN ó O − óN
p = (± ) ñ O ó O N = (± ) =
O O ñ P − ñN ó P − óN
ñP óP N
=
=
=
136
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
618. ^êÉ~=çÑ=~=nì~Çêáä~íÉê~ä=
N
p = (± ) [(ñ N − ñ O )(ó N + ó O ) + (ñ O − ñ P )(ó O + ó P ) + =
O
+ (ñ P − ñ Q )(ó P + ó Q ) + (ñ Q − ñ N )(ó Q + ó N )] =
=
=== =
=
Figure 95.
=
kçíÉW=få=Ñçêãìä~ë=SNTI=SNU=ïÉ=ÅÜççëÉ=íÜÉ=ëáÖå=EHF=çê=E¥F=ëç=
íÜ~í=íç=ÖÉí=~=éçëáíáîÉ=~åëïÉê=Ñçê=~êÉ~K==
=
619. aáëí~åÅÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=mçáåíë=áå=mçä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
Ç = ^_ = êNO + êOO − OêNêO Åçë(ϕ O − ϕN ) =
=
137
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 96.
=
620. `çåîÉêíáåÖ=oÉÅí~åÖìä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=íç=mçä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
ñ = ê Åçë ϕ I= ó = ê ëáå ϕ K=
=
=
=
Figure 97.
=
621. `çåîÉêíáåÖ=mçä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=íç=oÉÅí~åÖìä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
ó
ê = ñ O + ó O I= í~å ϕ = K=
ñ
138
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 98.
=
624. bñéäáÅáí=bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=píê~áÖÜí=iáåÉ=EpäçéÉ-fåíÉêÅÉéí=cçêãF=
ó = âñ + Ä K==
139
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
qÜÉ=Öê~ÇáÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=äáåÉ=áë= â = í~å α K=
=
=
=
Figure 99.
=
625. dê~ÇáÉåí=çÑ=~=iáåÉ==
ó − óN
â = í~å α = O =
ñ O − ñN
=
=
=
Figure 100.
140
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
626. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=iáåÉ=dáîÉå=~=mçáåí=~åÇ=íÜÉ=dê~ÇáÉåí=
ó = ó M + â (ñ − ñ M ) I==
ïÜÉêÉ=â=áë=íÜÉ=Öê~ÇáÉåíI= m(ñ M I ó M ) =áë=~=éçáåí=çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉK=
=
=
=
Figure 101.
=
627. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=iáåÉ=qÜ~í=m~ëëÉë=qÜêçìÖÜ=qïç=mçáåíë=
ó − óN ñ − ñN
= ==
ó O − óN ñ O − ñN
çê=
ñ ó N
ñ N ó N N = M K=
ñO óO N
=
141
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 102.
=
628. fåíÉêÅÉéí=cçêã=
ñ ó
+ =N=
~ Ä
=
=
=
Figure 103.
=
=
142
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
629. kçêã~ä=cçêã=
ñ Åçë β + ó ëáå β − é = M =
=
=
=
Figure 104.
=
630. mçáåí=aáêÉÅíáçå=cçêã=
ñ − ñ N ó − óN
= I==
u v
ïÜÉêÉ= (uI v ) = áë= íÜÉ= ÇáêÉÅíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= äáåÉ= ~åÇ= mN (ñ N I ó N ) = äáÉë=
çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉK=
=
143
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 105.
=
631. sÉêíáÅ~ä=iáåÉ=
ñ =~=
=
632. eçêáòçåí~ä=iáåÉ=
ó=Ä=
=
633. sÉÅíçê=bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=píê~áÖÜí=iáåÉ=
r r r
ê = ~ + íÄ I==
ïÜÉêÉ==
l=áë=íÜÉ=çêáÖáå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëI=
u=áë=~åó=î~êá~ÄäÉ=éçáåí=çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉI==
r
~ =áë=íÜÉ=éçëáíáçå=îÉÅíçê=çÑ=~=âåçïå=éçáåí=^=çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉ=I=
r
Ä =áë=~=âåçïå=îÉÅíçê=çÑ=ÇáêÉÅíáçåI=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=äáåÉI==
í=áë=~=é~ê~ãÉíÉêI==
r →
ê = lu =áë=íÜÉ=éçëáíáçå=îÉÅíçê=çÑ=~åó=éçáåí=u=çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉK==
=
144
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 106.
=
634. píê~áÖÜí=iáåÉ=áå=m~ê~ãÉíêáÅ=cçêã=
ñ = ~N + íÄN
I==
ó = ~ O + íÄO
ïÜÉêÉ==
(ñ I ó ) ~êÉ=íÜÉ=ÅççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=~åó=ìåâåçïå=éçáåí=çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉI==
(~N I ~ O ) =~êÉ=íÜÉ=ÅççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=~=âåçïå=éçáåí=çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉI==
(ÄN I ÄO ) =~êÉ=íÜÉ=ÅççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=~=îÉÅíçê=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=äáåÉI==
í=áë=~=é~ê~ãÉíÉêK=
=
145
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
=
Figure 107.
=
635. aáëí~åÅÉ=cêçã=~=mçáåí=qç=~=iáåÉ=
qÜÉ=Çáëí~åÅÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=éçáåí= m(~ I Ä) =íç=íÜÉ=äáåÉ=
^ñ + _ó + ` = M =áë==
^~ + _Ä + `
Ç= K=
^O + _O
=
=
=
Figure 108.
146
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
636. m~ê~ääÉä=iáåÉë=
qïç=äáåÉë= ó = â Nñ + ÄN =~åÇ= ó = â O ñ + ÄO =~êÉ=é~ê~ääÉä=áÑ==
â N = â O K=
qïç= äáåÉë= ^Nñ + _Nó + `N = M = ~åÇ= ^ O ñ + _O ó + ` O = M = ~êÉ=
é~ê~ääÉä=áÑ=
^N _N
= K=
^ O _O
=
=
=
Figure 109.
=
637. mÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê=iáåÉë=
qïç=äáåÉë= ó = â Nñ + ÄN =~åÇ= ó = â O ñ + ÄO =~êÉ=éÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê=áÑ==
N
â O = − =çêI=Éèìáî~äÉåíäóI= â Nâ O = −N K=
âN
qïç= äáåÉë= ^Nñ + _Nó + `N = M = ~åÇ= ^ O ñ + _ O ó + ` O = M = ~êÉ=
éÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê=áÑ=
^N^ O + _N_ O = M K=
=
147
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 110.
=
638. ^åÖäÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=iáåÉë=
â − âN
í~å ϕ = O I==
N + â Nâ O
^N^ O + _N_ O
Åçë ϕ = K=
^NO + _NO ⋅ ^ OO + _ OO
=
148
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 111.
=
639. fåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=qïç=iáåÉë=
fÑ=íïç=äáåÉë= ^Nñ + _Nó + `N = M =~åÇ= ^ O ñ + _ O ó + ` O = M =áåíÉê-
ëÉÅíI=íÜÉ=áåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=éçáåí=Ü~ë=ÅççêÇáå~íÉë=
− `N_ O + ` O_N − ^N` O + ^ O`N
ñM = I= ó M = K=
^N_ O − ^ O_N ^N_ O − ^ O_N
=
=
=
7.4 Circle
=
o~ÇáìëW=o=
`ÉåíÉê=çÑ=ÅáêÅäÉW= (~ I Ä) =
mçáåí=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW=ñI=óI= ñ N I= ó N I=£=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=^I=_I=`I=aI=bI=cI=í=
149
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
640. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=`áêÅäÉ=`ÉåíÉêÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=lêáÖáå=Epí~åÇ~êÇ=
cçêãF=
ñ O + ó O = oO =
====== =
=
Figure 112.
=
641. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=`áêÅäÉ=`ÉåíÉêÉÇ=~í=^åó=mçáåí= (~I Ä)
(ñ − ~ )O + (ó − Ä)O = o O
Figure 113.
150
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
642. qÜêÉÉ=mçáåí=cçêã
ñO + óO ñ ó N
ñ NO + ó NO ñ N ó N N
=M
ñ OO + ó OO ñO óO N
ñ PO + ó PO ñP óP N
=
=
=
Figure 114.
=
643. m~ê~ãÉíêáÅ=cçêã
ñ = o Åçë í
I= M ≤ í ≤ Oπ K
ó = o ëáå í
=
644. dÉåÉê~ä=cçêã
^ñ O + ^ó O + añ + bó + c = M =E^=åçåòÉêçI= aO + b O > Q ^c FK==
qÜÉ=ÅÉåíÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅáêÅäÉ=Ü~ë=ÅççêÇáå~íÉë= (~ I Ä) I=ïÜÉêÉ==
a b
~=− I= Ä = − K=
O^ O^
qÜÉ=ê~Çáìë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅáêÅäÉ=áë
151
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
aO + b O − Q ^c
o= K
O^
=
=
=
7.5 Ellipse
=
pÉãáã~àçê=~ñáëW=~=
pÉãáãáåçê=~ñáëW=Ä=
cçÅáW= cN (− ÅI M) I= cO (ÅI M) =
aáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=ÑçÅáW=OÅ= =
bÅÅÉåíêáÅáíóW=É==
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=^I=_I=`I=aI=bI=cI=í=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
645. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~å=bääáéëÉ=Epí~åÇ~êÇ=cçêãF
ñO óO
+ =N
~ O ÄO
=
=
Figure 115.
152
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
646. êN + êO = O~ I=
ïÜÉêÉ== êN I== êO ==~êÉ==Çáëí~åÅÉë==Ñêçã==~åó==éçáåí== m(ñ I ó ) ==çå=
íÜÉ=ÉääáéëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=íïç=ÑçÅáK=
=
=
=
Figure 116.
=
647. ~ O = ÄO + Å O
=
648. bÅÅÉåíêáÅáíó
Å
É = <N=
~
=
649. bèì~íáçåë=çÑ=aáêÉÅíêáÅÉë
~ ~O
ñ=± =± =
É Å
=
650. m~ê~ãÉíêáÅ=cçêã
ñ = ~ Åçë í
I= M ≤ í ≤ Oπ K
ó = Ä ëáå í
=
=
153
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
651. dÉåÉê~ä=cçêã
^ñ O + _ñó + `ó O + añ + bó + c = M I==
ïÜÉêÉ= _ O − Q ^` < M K=
=
652. dÉåÉê~ä=cçêã=ïáíÜ=^ñÉë=m~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=`ççêÇáå~íÉ=^ñÉë
^ñ O + `ó O + añ + bó + c = M I==
ïÜÉêÉ= ^` > M K
=
653. `áêÅìãÑÉêÉåÅÉ
i = Q~b(É ) I==
ïÜÉêÉ==íÜÉ==ÑìåÅíáçå=b==áë==íÜÉ=ÅçãéäÉíÉ==ÉääáéíáÅ=áåíÉÖê~ä==çÑ=
íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ=âáåÇK==
=
654. ^ééêçñáã~íÉ=cçêãìä~ë=çÑ=íÜÉ=`áêÅìãÑÉêÉåÅÉ
( )
i = π NKR(~ + Ä) − ~Ä I==
i = π O(~ O + ÄO ) K=
=
655. p = π~Ä =
=
=
=
7.6 Hyperbola
=
qê~åëîÉêëÉ=~ñáëW=~=
`çåàìÖ~íÉ=~ñáëW=Ä=
cçÅáW= cN (− ÅI M) I= cO (ÅI M) =
aáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=ÑçÅáW=OÅ= =
bÅÅÉåíêáÅáíóW=É==
^ëóãéíçíÉëW=ëI=í=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=^I=_I=`I=aI=bI=cI=íI=â=
=
=
=
154
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
656. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=eóéÉêÄçä~=Epí~åÇ~êÇ=cçêãF=
ñO óO
− = N=
~ O ÄO
=
=
=
Figure 117.
=
657. êN − êO = O~ I=
ïÜÉêÉ== êN I== êO ==~êÉ==Çáëí~åÅÉë==Ñêçã==~åó=éçáåí== m(ñ I ó ) ==çå=
íÜÉ=ÜóéÉêÄçä~=íç=íÜÉ=íïç=ÑçÅáK=
=
155
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 118.
=
658. bèì~íáçåë=çÑ=^ëóãéíçíÉë=
Ä
ó=± ñ=
~
=
659. Å O = ~ O + ÄO =
=
660. bÅÅÉåíêáÅáíó
Å
É = > N=
~
=
661. bèì~íáçåë=çÑ=aáêÉÅíêáÅÉë
~ ~O
ñ=± =± =
É Å
=
=
=
156
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
662. m~ê~ãÉíêáÅ=bèì~íáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=oáÖÜí=_ê~åÅÜ=çÑ=~=eóéÉêÄçä~=
ñ = ~ ÅçëÜ í
I= M ≤ í ≤ Oπ K
ó = Ä ëáåÜ í
=
663. dÉåÉê~ä=cçêã
^ñ O + _ñó + `ó O + añ + bó + c = M I==
ïÜÉêÉ= _ O − Q ^` > M K=
=
664. dÉåÉê~ä=cçêã=ïáíÜ=^ñÉë=m~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=`ççêÇáå~íÉ=^ñÉë
^ñ O + `ó O + añ + bó + c = M I==
ïÜÉêÉ= ^` < M K=
665. ^ëóãéíçíáÅ=cçêã=
ÉO
ñó = I==
Q
çê==
â ÉO
ó = I=ïÜÉêÉ= â = K=
ñ Q
få= íÜáë= Å~ëÉ= I= íÜÉ= ~ëóãéíçíÉë= Ü~îÉ= Éèì~íáçåë= ñ = M = ~åÇ=
ó = M K==
=
157
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 119.
=
=
=
7.7 Parabola
=
cçÅ~ä=é~ê~ãÉíÉêW=é=
cçÅìëW=c=
sÉêíÉñW= j(ñ M I ó M ) =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=^I=_I=`I=aI=bI=cI=éI=~I=ÄI=Å=
=
=
666. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=m~ê~Äçä~=Epí~åÇ~êÇ=cçêãF
ó O = Oéñ
=
158
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 120.
=
bèì~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇáêÉÅíêáñ
é
ñ = − I=
O
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑçÅìë=
é
c I M I=
O
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=îÉêíÉñ=
j(MI M) K=
=
667. dÉåÉê~ä=cçêã
^ñ O + _ñó + `ó O + añ + bó + c = M I==
ïÜÉêÉ= _ O − Q ^` = M K=
=
N
668. ó = ~ñ O I= é = K=
O~
bèì~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇáêÉÅíêáñ
159
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
é
ó = − I=
O
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑçÅìë=
é
c MI I=
O
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=îÉêíÉñ=
j(MI M) K=
=
=
=
Figure 121.
=
669. dÉåÉê~ä=cçêãI=^ñáë=m~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=ó-~ñáë==
^ñ O + añ + bó + c = M =E^I=b=åçåòÉêçFI==
N
ó = ~ñ O + Äñ + Å I= é = K==
O~
bèì~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇáêÉÅíêáñ
é
ó = ó M − I=
O
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑçÅìë=
160
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
é
c ñ M I ó M + I=
O
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=îÉêíÉñ=
Ä Q~Å − ÄO
ñ M = − I= ó M = ~ñ OM + Äñ M + Å = K=
O~ Q~
=
=
=
Figure 122.
=
=
=
7.8 Three-Dimensional Coordinate System
=
mçáåí=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW= ñ M I= ó M I= ò M I= ñ N I= ó N I= ò N I=£=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêW= λ ==
aáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íïç=éçáåíëW=Ç=
^êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
161
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
670. aáëí~åÅÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=mçáåíë=
Ç = ^_ = (ñ O − ñ N )O + (ó O − óN )O + (ò O − òN )O =
=
=== =
=
Figure 123.
=
671. aáîáÇáåÖ=~=iáåÉ=pÉÖãÉåí=áå=íÜÉ=o~íáç= λ =
ñ + λñ O ó + λó O ò + λò O
ñM = N I= ó M = N I= ò M = N I==
N+ λ N+ λ N+ λ
ïÜÉêÉ=
^`
λ= I= λ ≠ −N K=
`_
=
162
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
======== =
=
Figure 124.
=
=
Figure 125.
163
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
672. jáÇéçáåí=çÑ=~=iáåÉ=pÉÖãÉåí=
ñ + ñO ó + óO ò +ò
ñM = N I= ó M = N I= ò M = N O I= λ = N K=
O O O
=
673. ^êÉ~=çÑ=~=qêá~åÖäÉ=
qÜÉ=~êÉ~=çÑ=~=íêá~åÖäÉ=ïáíÜ=îÉêíáÅÉë= mN (ñ N I ó N I òN ) I=
mO (ñ O I ó O I ò O ) I=~åÇ= mP (ñ P I ó P I ò P ) =áë=ÖáîÉå=Äó==
O O O
óN òN N òN ñN N ñN óN N
N
p= óO òO N + òO ñO N + ñO ó O N K=
O
óP òP N òP ñP N ñP óP N
=
674. sçäìãÉ=çÑ=~=qÉíê~ÜÉÇêçå=
qÜÉ=îçäìãÉ=çÑ=~=íÉíê~ÜÉÇêçå=ïáíÜ=îÉêíáÅÉë= mN (ñ N I ó N I òN ) I=
mO (ñ O I ó O I ò O ) I= mP (ñ P I ó P I ò P ) I=~åÇ= mQ (ñ Q I ó Q I ò Q ) =áë=ÖáîÉå=Äó==
ñ N óN òN N
N ñO óO òO N
s=± I==
S ñ P óP òP N
ñQ óQ òQ N
çê=
ñ N − ñ Q óN − ó Q òN − ò Q
N
s = ± ñ O − ñ Q ó O − ó Q ò O − ò Q K=
S
ñP − ñ Q óP − ó Q òP − òQ
kçíÉW=tÉ=ÅÜççëÉ=íÜÉ=ëáÖå=EHF=çê=E¥F=ëç=íÜ~í=íç=ÖÉí=~=éçëáíáîÉ=
~åëïÉê=Ñçê=îçäìãÉK==
=
164
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
==== =
=
Figure 126.
=
=
=
7.9 Plane
=
mçáåí=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW=ñI=óI=òI= ñ M I= ó M I= ò M I= ñ N I= ó N I= ò N I=£=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=^I=_I=`I=aI= ^N I= ^ O I=~I=ÄI=ÅI= ~N I= ~ O I= λ I=éI=íI=£==
r r r
kçêã~ä=îÉÅíçêëW= å I= åN I= å O =
aáêÉÅíáçå=ÅçëáåÉëW= Åçë α I= Åçë β I= Åçë γ =
aáëí~åÅÉ=Ñêçã=éçáåí=íç=éä~åÉW=Ç=
=
=
675. dÉåÉê~ä=bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=mä~åÉ=
^ñ + _ó + `ò + a = M =
=
=
165
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
676. kçêã~ä=sÉÅíçê=íç=~=mä~åÉ=
r
qÜÉ=îÉÅíçê= å (^I _I ` ) =áë=åçêã~ä=íç=íÜÉ=éä~åÉ=
^ñ + _ó + `ò + a = M K=
=
=== =
=
Figure 127.
=
677. m~êíáÅìä~ê=`~ëÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=mä~åÉ=
^ñ + _ó + `ò + a = M =
=
fÑ= ^ = M I=íÜÉ=éä~åÉ=áë=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=ñ-~ñáëK=
fÑ= _ = M I=íÜÉ=éä~åÉ=áë=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=ó-~ñáëK=
fÑ= ` = M I=íÜÉ=éä~åÉ=áë=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=ò-~ñáëK=
fÑ= a = M I=íÜÉ=éä~åÉ=äáÉë=çå=íÜÉ=çêáÖáåK==
=
fÑ= ^ = _ = M I=íÜÉ=éä~åÉ=áë=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=ñó-éä~åÉK=
fÑ= _ = ` = M I=íÜÉ=éä~åÉ=áë=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=óò-éä~åÉK=
fÑ= ^ = ` = M I=íÜÉ=éä~åÉ=áë=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=ñò-éä~åÉK=
=
166
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
678. mçáåí=aáêÉÅíáçå=cçêã=
^(ñ − ñ M ) + _(ó − ó M ) + `(ò − ò M ) = M I==
ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=éçáåí= m(ñ M I ó M I ò M ) =äáÉë=áå=íÜÉ=éä~åÉI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=îÉÅ-
íçê= (^I _I ` ) =áë=åçêã~ä=íç=íÜÉ=éä~åÉK===
=
==== =
=
Figure 128.
=
679. fåíÉêÅÉéí=cçêã=
ñ ó ò
+ + = N=
~ Ä Å
=
167
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
===== =
=
Figure 129.
=
680. qÜêÉÉ=mçáåí=cçêã=
ñ − ñP ó − óP ò − òP
ñ N − ñ P ó N − ó P ò N − ò P = M I==
ñ O − ñ P ó O − óP ò O − òP
çê==
ñ ó ò N
ñN óN òN N
= M K=
ñO óO òO N
ñP óP òP N
=
168
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
===== =
=
Figure 130.
=
681. kçêã~ä=cçêã=
ñ Åçë α + ó Åçë β + ò Åçë γ − é = M I==
ïÜÉêÉ==é==áë==íÜÉ==éÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê==Çáëí~åÅÉ==Ñêçã==íÜÉ=çêáÖáå=íç=
íÜÉ=éä~åÉ=I=~åÇ= Åçë α I= Åçë β I= Åçë γ =~êÉ=íÜÉ=ÇáêÉÅíáçå=ÅçëáåÉë=
çÑ=~åó=äáåÉ=åçêã~ä=íç=íÜÉ=éä~åÉK==
=
169
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
====== =
=
Figure 131.
=
682. m~ê~ãÉíêáÅ=cçêã=
ñ = ñ N + ~Në + ~ O í
ó = ó N + ÄNë + ÄO í I==
ò = ò + Å ë + Å í
N N O
ïÜÉêÉ= (ñ I ó I ò ) =~êÉ=íÜÉ=ÅççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=~åó=ìåâåçïå=éçáåí=çå=
íÜÉ=äáåÉ=I=íÜÉ=éçáåí= m(ñ N I ó N I ò N ) =äáÉë=áå=íÜÉ=éä~åÉI=íÜÉ=îÉÅíçêë=
(~N I ÄN I ÅN ) =~åÇ= (~ O I ÄO I Å O ) =~êÉ=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=éä~åÉK=
=
170
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
===== =
=
Figure 132.
=
683. aáÜÉÇê~ä=^åÖäÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=mä~åÉë=
fÑ=íÜÉ=éä~åÉë=~êÉ=ÖáîÉå=Äó==
^Nñ + _Nó + `Nò + aN = M I==
^ O ñ + _ O ó + ` Oò + aO = M I==
íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÇáÜÉÇê~ä=~åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉã=áë==
r r
åN ⋅ å O ^N^ O + _N_ O + `N` O
Åçë ϕ = r r = K=
åN ⋅ å O ^NO + _NO + `NO ⋅ ^ OO + _ OO + ` OO
=
171
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
====== =
=
Figure 133.
=
684. m~ê~ääÉä=mä~åÉë=
qïç=éä~åÉë= ^Nñ + _Nó + `Nò + aN = M =~åÇ=
^ O ñ + _ O ó + ` Oò + aO = M =~êÉ=é~ê~ääÉä=áÑ==
^N _N `N
= = K=
^ O _O `O
=
685. mÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê=mä~åÉë=
qïç=éä~åÉë= ^Nñ + _Nó + `Nò + aN = M =~åÇ=
^ O ñ + _ O ó + ` Oò + aO = M =~êÉ=éÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê=áÑ==
^N^ O + _N_ O + `N` O = M K=
=
686. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=mä~åÉ=qÜêçìÖÜ= m(ñ N I ó N I ò N ) =~åÇ=m~ê~ääÉä=qç=
íÜÉ=sÉÅíçêë= (~N I ÄN I ÅN ) =~åÇ= (~ O I ÄO I Å O ) =EcáÖKNPOF=
172
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
ñ − ñN ó − óN ò − òN
~N ÄN ÅN = M =
~O ÄO ÅO
=
687. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=mä~åÉ=qÜêçìÖÜ= mN (ñ N I ó N I òN ) =~åÇ= mO (ñ O I ó O I ò O ) I=
~åÇ=m~ê~ääÉä=qç=íÜÉ=sÉÅíçê= (~ I ÄI Å ) =
ñ − ñ N ó − óN ò − òN
ñ O − ñN ó O − óN ò O − òN = M =
~ Ä Å
=
=
Figure 134.
=
688. aáëí~åÅÉ=cêçã=~=mçáåí=qç=~=mä~åÉ=
qÜÉ=Çáëí~åÅÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=éçáåí= mN (ñ N I ó N I ò N ) =íç=íÜÉ=éä~åÉ=
^ñ + _ó + `ò + a = M =áë==
173
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
^ñ N + _ó N + `òN + a
Ç= K=
^ O + _O + `O
=
====== =
=
Figure 135.
=
689. fåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=qïç=mä~åÉë=
fÑ=íïç=éä~åÉë= ^Nñ + _Nó + `Nò + aN = M =~åÇ=
^ O ñ + _ O ó + ` Oò + aO = M = áåíÉêëÉÅíI= íÜÉ= áåíÉêëÉÅíáçå= ëíê~áÖÜí=
äáåÉ=áë=ÖáîÉå=Äó=
ñ = ñ N + ~í
ó = ó N + Äí I==
ò = ò + Åí
N
çê==
ñ − ñ N ó − óN ò − òN
= = I==
~ Ä Å
ïÜÉêÉ==
174
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
_N `N ` ^N ^ _N
~= I= Ä = N I= Å = N I==
_O `O `O ^O ^O _O
aN `N a _N
Ä −Å N
aO `O aO _ O
ñN = I==
~ + Ä + ÅO
O O
aN ^N a `N
Å −~ N
aO ^O aO ` O
óN = I==
~ + Ä + ÅO
O O
aN _N a ^N
~ −Ä N
aO _O aO ^ O
òN = K==
~ + Ä + ÅO
O O
=
=
=
7.10 Straight Line in Space
=
mçáåí=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW=ñI=óI=òI= ñ N I= ó N I= òN I=£=
aáêÉÅíáçå=ÅçëáåÉëW= Åçë α I= Åçë β I= Åçë γ =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=^I=_I=`I=aI=~I=ÄI=ÅI= ~N I= ~ O I=íI=£==
r r r
aáêÉÅíáçå=îÉÅíçêë=çÑ=~=äáåÉW= ë I= ëN I= ëO =
r
kçêã~ä=îÉÅíçê=íç=~=éä~åÉW= å =
^åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íïç=äáåÉëW= ϕ =
=
690. mçáåí=aáêÉÅíáçå=cçêã=çÑ=íÜÉ=bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=iáåÉ==
ñ − ñ N ó − óN ò − òN
= = I==
~ Ä Å
ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=éçáåí= mN (ñ N I ó N I òN ) =äáÉë=çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉI=~åÇ= (~ I ÄI Å ) =áë=
íÜÉ=ÇáêÉÅíáçå=îÉÅíçê=çÑ=íÜÉ=äáåÉK==
=
175
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
===== =
=
Figure 136.
=
691. qïç=mçáåí=cçêã=
ñ − ñN ó − óN ò − òN
= = ==
ñ O − ñ N ó O − óN ò O − òN
=
===== =
Figure 137.
176
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
692. m~ê~ãÉíêáÅ=cçêã==
ñ = ñ N + í Åçë α
ó = ó N + í Åçë β I==
ò = ò + í Åçë γ
N
ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=éçáåí= mN (ñ N I ó N I òN ) =äáÉë=çå=íÜÉ=ëíê~áÖÜí=äáåÉI=
Åçë α I= Åçë β I= Åçë γ =~êÉ=íÜÉ=ÇáêÉÅíáçå=ÅçëáåÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇáêÉÅíáçå=
îÉÅíçê=çÑ=íÜÉ=äáåÉI=íÜÉ=é~ê~ãÉíÉê=í=áë=~åó=êÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêK==
=
===== =
=
Figure 138.
=
693. ^åÖäÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=píê~áÖÜí=iáåÉë=
r r
ë ⋅ë ~N~ O + ÄNÄO + ÅNÅ O
Åçë ϕ = r N rO = =
ëN ⋅ ëO ~N + ÄNO + ÅNO ⋅ ~ OO + ÄOO + Å OO
O
177
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
===== =
=
Figure 139.
=
694. m~ê~ääÉä=iáåÉë=
qïç=äáåÉë=~êÉ=é~ê~ääÉä=áÑ==
r r
ëN öö ëO I==
çê==
~N ÄN ÅN
= = K=
~ O ÄO Å O
=
695. mÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê=iáåÉë=
qïç=äáåÉë=~êÉ=é~ê~ääÉä=áÑ==
r r
ëN ⋅ ëO = M I==
çê==
~N~ O + ÄNÄO + ÅNÅ O = M K=
=
696. fåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=qïç=iáåÉë=
ñ − ñ N ó − óN ò − òN
qïç=äáåÉë= = = =~åÇ=
~N ÄN ÅN
178
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
ñ − ñO ó − óO ò − òO
= = =áåíÉêëÉÅí=áÑ==
~O ÄO ÅO
ñ O − ñ N ó O − óN ò O − òN
~N ÄN ÅN = M K=
~O ÄO ÅO
=
697. m~ê~ääÉä=iáåÉ=~åÇ=mä~åÉ==
ñ − ñ N ó − óN ò − òN
qÜÉ=ëíê~áÖÜí=äáåÉ= = = =~åÇ=íÜÉ=éä~åÉ=
~ Ä Å
^ñ + _ó + `ò + a = M =~êÉ=é~ê~ääÉä=áÑ=
r r
å ⋅ ë = M I==
çê==
^~ + _Ä + `Å = M K=
=
===== =
=
Figure 140.
=
=
179
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
698. mÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê=iáåÉ=~åÇ=mä~åÉ==
ñ − ñ N ó − óN ò − òN
qÜÉ=ëíê~áÖÜí=äáåÉ= = = =~åÇ=íÜÉ=éä~åÉ=
~ Ä Å
^ñ + _ó + `ò + a = M =~êÉ=éÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê=áÑ=
r r
å öö ë I==
çê==
^ _ `
= = K=
~ Ä Å
=
==== =
=
Figure 141.
=
=
7.11 Quadric Surfaces
=
mçáåí=ÅççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=èì~ÇêáÅ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉëW=ñI=óI=ò=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=^I=_I=`I=~I=ÄI=ÅI= â N I â O I â P I=£=
180
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
699. dÉåÉê~ä=nì~Çê~íáÅ=bèì~íáçå=
^ñ O + _ó O + `ò O + Ocóò + Odòñ + Oeñó + Omñ + Onó + Ooò + a = M
=
700. `ä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=nì~ÇêáÅ=pìêÑ~ÅÉë=
=
`~ëÉ= o~åâEÉF= o~åâEbF= ∆= â=ëáÖåë= qóéÉ=çÑ=pìêÑ~ÅÉ=
N= P= Q= <M= p~ãÉ= oÉ~ä=bääáéëçáÇ=
O= P= Q= > M= p~ãÉ= fã~Öáå~êó=bääáéëçáÇ=
P= P= Q= > M = aáÑÑÉêÉåí= eóéÉêÄçäçáÇ=çÑ=N=pÜÉÉí=
Q= P= Q= < M = aáÑÑÉêÉåí= eóéÉêÄçäçáÇ=çÑ=O=pÜÉÉíë=
R= P= P= = aáÑÑÉêÉåí= oÉ~ä=nì~ÇêáÅ=`çåÉ=
S= P= P= = p~ãÉ= fã~Öáå~êó=nì~ÇêáÅ=`çåÉ=
T= O= Q= <M= p~ãÉ= bääáéíáÅ=m~ê~ÄçäçáÇ=
U= O= Q= > M= aáÑÑÉêÉåí= eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=m~ê~ÄçäçáÇ=
V= O= P= = p~ãÉ= oÉ~ä=bääáéíáÅ=`óäáåÇÉê=
NM= O= P= = p~ãÉ= fã~Öáå~êó=bääáéíáÅ=`óäáåÇÉê=
NN= O= P= = aáÑÑÉêÉåí= eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=`óäáåÇÉê=
NO= O= O= = aáÑÑÉêÉåí= oÉ~ä=fåíÉêëÉÅíáåÖ=mä~åÉë=
NP= O= O= = p~ãÉ= fã~Öáå~êó=fåíÉêëÉÅíáåÖ=mä~åÉë=
NQ= N= P= = = m~ê~ÄçäáÅ=`óäáåÇÉê=
NR= N= O= = = oÉ~ä=m~ê~ääÉä=mä~åÉë=
NS= N= O= = = fã~Öáå~êó=m~ê~ääÉä=mä~åÉë=
NT= N= N= = = `çáåÅáÇÉåí=mä~åÉë=
=
eÉêÉ==
^ e n m
^ e d
e _ c n
É = e _ c I= b = I= ∆ = ÇÉí(b ) I==
d c ` d c ` o
m n o a
â N I â O I â P =~êÉ=íÜÉ=êççíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Éèì~íáçåI==
^−ñ e d
e _−ñ c = M K=
d c `−ñ
=
=
181
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
701. oÉ~ä=bääáéëçáÇ=E`~ëÉ=NF=
ñO óO òO
+ + = N=
~ O ÄO Å O
=
===== =
=
Figure 142.
=
702. fã~Öáå~êó=bääáéëçáÇ=E`~ëÉ=OF=
ñO óO òO
+ + = −N =
~ O ÄO Å O
=
703. eóéÉêÄçäçáÇ=çÑ=N=pÜÉÉí=E`~ëÉ=PF=
ñO óO òO
+ − = N=
~ O ÄO Å O
=
182
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
===== =
=
Figure 143.
=
704. eóéÉêÄçäçáÇ=çÑ=O=pÜÉÉíë=E`~ëÉ=QF=
ñO óO òO
+ − = −N =
~ O ÄO Å O
=
= =
=
Figure 144.
183
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
705. oÉ~ä=nì~ÇêáÅ=`çåÉ=E`~ëÉ=RF=
ñO óO òO
+ − =M=
~ O ÄO Å O
=
== =
=
Figure 145.
=
706. fã~Öáå~êó=nì~ÇêáÅ=`çåÉ=E`~ëÉ=SF=
ñO óO òO
+ + =M=
~ O ÄO Å O
=
707. bääáéíáÅ=m~ê~ÄçäçáÇ=E`~ëÉ=TF=
ñO óO
+ −ò = M=
~ O ÄO
=
184
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
====== =
Figure 146.
708. eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=m~ê~ÄçäçáÇ=E`~ëÉ=UF=
ñO óO
− −ò = M=
~ O ÄO
==== =
Figure 147.
185
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
709. oÉ~ä=bääáéíáÅ=`óäáåÇÉê=E`~ëÉ=VF=
ñO óO
+ = N=
~ O ÄO
=
===== =
=
Figure 148.
=
710. fã~Öáå~êó=bääáéíáÅ=`óäáåÇÉê=E`~ëÉ=NMF=
ñO óO
+ = −N =
~ O ÄO
=
711. eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=`óäáåÇÉê=E`~ëÉ=NNF=
ñO óO
− = N=
~ O ÄO
=
186
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
====== =
=
Figure 149.
=
712. oÉ~ä=fåíÉêëÉÅíáåÖ=mä~åÉë=E`~ëÉ=NOF=
ñO óO
− =M=
~ O ÄO
=
713. fã~Öáå~êó=fåíÉêëÉÅíáåÖ=mä~åÉë=E`~ëÉ=NPF=
ñO óO
+ = M=
~ O ÄO
=
714. m~ê~ÄçäáÅ=`óäáåÇÉê=E`~ëÉ=NQF=
ñO
−ó =M=
~O
=
187
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
===== =
=
Figure 150.
=
715. oÉ~ä=m~ê~ääÉä=mä~åÉë=E`~ëÉ=NRF=
ñO
= N=
~O
=
716. fã~Öáå~êó=m~ê~ääÉä=mä~åÉë=E`~ëÉ=NSF=
ñO
= −N =
~O
=
717. `çáåÅáÇÉåí=mä~åÉë=E`~ëÉ=NTF=
ñO = M =
=
=
=
=
=
188
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
7.12 Sphere
=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=~=ëéÜÉêÉW=o=
mçáåí=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW=ñI=óI=òI= ñ N I= ó N I= ò N I=£=
`ÉåíÉê=çÑ=~=ëéÜÉêÉW= (~ I ÄI Å ) =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=^I=aI=bI=cI=j=
=
=
718. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=péÜÉêÉ=`ÉåíÉêÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=lêáÖáå=Epí~åÇ~êÇ=
cçêãF=
ñ O + ó O + ò O = oO =
=
====== =
=
Figure 151.
=
719. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=`áêÅäÉ=`ÉåíÉêÉÇ=~í=^åó=mçáåí= (~ I ÄI Å )
(ñ − ~ )O + (ó − Ä)O + (ò − Å )O = o O
720. aá~ãÉíÉê=cçêã
(ñ − ñ N )(ñ − ñ O ) + (ó − óN )(ó − ó O ) + (ò − òN )(ò − ò O ) = M I==
189
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
ïÜÉêÉ==
mN (ñ N I ó N I ò N ) I= mO (ñ O I ó O I ò O ) =~êÉ=íÜÉ=ÉåÇë=çÑ=~=Çá~ãÉíÉêK==
=
721. cçìê=mçáåí=cçêã=
ñO + óO + òO ñ ó ò N
ñ NO + ó NO + ñ NO ñ N ó N ò N N
ñ OO + ó OO + ñ OO ñ O ó O ò O N = M =
ñ PO + ó PO + ñ PO ñ P ó P ò P N
ñ OQ + ó OQ + ñ OQ ñ Q ó Q ò Q N
=
722. dÉåÉê~ä=cçêã
^ñ O + ^ó O + ^ò O + añ + bó + cò + j = M =E^=áë=åçåòÉêçFK==
qÜÉ=ÅÉåíÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëéÜÉêÉ=Ü~ë=ÅççêÇáå~íÉë= (~ I ÄI Å ) I=ïÜÉêÉ==
a b c
~=− I= Ä = − I= Å = − K=
O^ O^ O^
qÜÉ=ê~Çáìë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëéÜÉêÉ=áë
aO + b O + c O − Q ^ O j
o= K
O^
=
=
190
Chapter 8
Differential Calculus
=
=
=
=
cìåÅíáçåëW=ÑI=ÖI=óI=ìI=î=
^êÖìãÉåí=EáåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=î~êá~ÄäÉFW=ñ=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=~I=ÄI=ÅI=Ç=
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêW=å=
^åÖäÉW= α =
fåîÉêëÉ=ÑìåÅíáçåW= Ñ −N =
=
=
8.1 Functions and Their Graphs
=
723. bîÉå=cìåÅíáçå=
Ñ (− ñ ) = Ñ (ñ ) =
=
724. lÇÇ=cìåÅíáçå=
Ñ (− ñ ) = −Ñ (ñ ) =
=
725. mÉêáçÇáÅ=cìåÅíáçå=
Ñ (ñ + åq ) = Ñ (ñ ) =
=
726. fåîÉêëÉ=cìåÅíáçå=
ó = Ñ (ñ ) =áë=~åó=ÑìåÅíáçåI= ñ = Ö (ó ) =çê= ó = Ñ −N (ñ ) =áë=áíë=áåîÉêëÉ=
ÑìåÅíáçåK==
=
191
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
===== =
=
Figure 152.
=
727. `çãéçëáíÉ=cìåÅíáçå=
ó = Ñ (ì ) I= ì = Ö (ñ ) I= ó = Ñ (Ö (ñ )) =áë=~=ÅçãéçëáíÉ=ÑìåÅíáçåK=
=
728. iáåÉ~ê=cìåÅíáçå=
ó = ~ñ + Ä I== ñ ∈ o I== ~ = í~å α ==áë=íÜÉ=ëäçéÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=äáåÉI==Ä==áë=
íÜÉ=ó-áåíÉêÅÉéíK=
=
192
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
====== =
=
Figure 153.
=
729. nì~Çê~íáÅ=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = ñ O I= ñ ∈ o K=
=
====== =
=
Figure 154.
=
193
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
730. ó = ~ñ O + Äñ + Å I= ñ ∈ o K=
=
=== =
=
Figure 155.
=
731. `ìÄáÅ=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = ñ P I= ñ ∈ o K=
=
194
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
= =
=
Figure 156.
=
732. ó = ~ñ P + Äñ O + Åñ + Ç I= ñ ∈ o K=
=
195
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
== =
=
Figure 157.
=
733. mçïÉê=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = ñ å I= å∈ k K=
=
196
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
====== =
Figure 158.
=
=
Figure 159.
=
197
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
734. pèì~êÉ=oççí=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = ñ I= ñ ∈ [MI ∞ ) K=
=
======= =
Figure 160.
=
735. bñéçåÉåíá~ä=cìåÅíáçåë=
ó = ~ ñ I= ~ > M I= ~ ≠ N I=
ó = É ñ =áÑ= ~ = É I= É = OKTNUOUNUOUQSK =
=
= =
=
Figure 161.
198
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
736. içÖ~êáíÜãáÅ=cìåÅíáçåë=
ó = äçÖ ~ ñ I= ñ ∈ (MI ∞ ) I= ~ > M I= ~ ≠ N I=
ó = äå ñ =áÑ= ~ = É I= ñ > M K=
=
=
=
Figure 162.
=
737. eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=páåÉ=cìåÅíáçå==
Éñ − É−ñ
ó = ëáåÜ ñ I= ëáåÜ ñ = I= ñ ∈ o K=
O
=
199
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
==== =
=
Figure 163.
=
738. eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=`çëáåÉ=cìåÅíáçå==
Éñ + É−ñ
ó = Åçë Ü ñ I= Åçë Ü ñ = I= ñ ∈ o K=
O
====== =
=
Figure 164.
200
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
739. eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=q~åÖÉåí=cìåÅíáçå==
ëáåÜ ñ É ñ − É − ñ
ó = í~åÜ ñ I= ó = í~åÜ ñ = = I= ñ ∈ o K=
ÅçëÜ ñ É ñ + É − ñ
=
====== =
=
Figure 165.
=
740. eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=`çí~åÖÉåí=cìåÅíáçå==
ÅçëÜ ñ É ñ + É − ñ
ó = Åçí Ü ñ I= ó = Åçí Ü ñ = = I= ñ ∈ o I= ñ ≠ M K=
ëáåÜ ñ É ñ − É − ñ
=
201
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
====== =
=
Figure 166.
=
741. eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=pÉÅ~åí=cìåÅíáçå==
N O
ó = ëÉÅ Ü ñ I= ó = ëÉÅ Ü ñ = = ñ − ñ I= ñ ∈ o K=
ÅçëÜ ñ É + É
=
Figure 167.
202
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
742. eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=`çëÉÅ~åí=cìåÅíáçå==
N O
ó = ÅëÅÜ ñ I= ó = ÅëÅÜ ñ = = ñ − ñ I= ñ ∈ o I= ñ ≠ M K=
ëáåÜ ñ É − É
=
====== =
=
Figure 168.
=
743. fåîÉêëÉ=eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=páåÉ=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = ~êÅëáåÜ ñ I= ñ ∈ o K=
=
203
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
===== =
=
Figure 169.
=
744. fåîÉêëÉ=eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=`çëáåÉ=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = ~êÅÅçëÜ ñ I= ñ ∈ [NI ∞ ) K=
=
===== =
=
Figure 170.
=
745. fåîÉêëÉ=eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=q~åÖÉåí=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = ~êÅí~åÜ ñ I= ñ ∈ (− NI N) K=
=
204
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
===== =
=
Figure 171.
=
746. fåîÉêëÉ=eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=`çí~åÖÉåí=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = ~êÅÅçíÜ ñ I= ñ ∈ (− ∞I − N) ∪ (NI ∞ ) K==
=
205
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
===== =
=
Figure 172.
=
747. fåîÉêëÉ=eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=pÉÅ~åí=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = ~êÅëÉÅÜ ñ I= ñ ∈ (MI N] K=
=
206
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
=
Figure 173.
=
748. fåîÉêëÉ=eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=`çëÉÅ~åí=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = ~êÅÅëÅÜ ñ I= ñ ∈ o I= ñ ≠ M K==
=
Figure 174.
=
207
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
=
750. äáã[Ñ (ñ ) − Ö(ñ )] = äáã Ñ (ñ ) − äáã Ö (ñ ) =
ñ →~ ñ →~ ñ →~
=
751. äáã[Ñ (ñ ) ⋅ Ö (ñ )] = äáã Ñ (ñ ) ⋅ äáã Ö (ñ ) =
ñ →~ ñ →~ ñ →~
=
Ñ (ñ ) äáã Ñ (ñ )
752. äáã = ñ →~ I=áÑ= äáã Ö (ñ ) ≠ M K=
ñ → ~ Ö (ñ ) äáã Ö(ñ ) ñ →~
ñ →~
=
753. äáã[âÑ (ñ )] = â äáã Ñ (ñ ) =
ñ →~ ñ →~
( )
=
754. äáã Ñ (Ö(ñ )) = Ñ äáã Ö (ñ ) =
ñ →~ ñ →~
=
755. äáã Ñ (ñ ) = Ñ (~ ) I=áÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìåÅíáçå= Ñ (ñ ) =áë=Åçåíáåìçìë=~í= ñ = ~ K=
ñ →~
=
ëáå ñ
756. äáã = N=
ñ →M ñ
=
í~å ñ
757. äáã =N=
ñ →M ñ
=
ëáå −N ñ
758. äáã = N=
ñ →M ñ
208
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
í~å −N ñ
759. äáã = N=
ñ →M ñ
=
äå(N + ñ )
760. äáã = N=
ñ →M ñ
=
ñ
N
761. äáã N + = É =
ñ →∞
ñ
=
ñ
â
762. äáã N + = É â =
ñ →∞
ñ
=
763. äáã ~ ñ = N =
ñ →M
=
=
=
8.3 Definition and Properties of the Derivative
=
cìåÅíáçåëW=ÑI=ÖI=óI=ìI=î=
fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=î~êá~ÄäÉW=ñ=
oÉ~ä=Åçåëí~åíW=â=
^åÖäÉW= α =
=
=
Ñ (ñ + ∆ñ ) − Ñ (ñ ) ∆ó Çó
764. ó′(ñ ) = äáã = äáã = ==
∆ñ → M ∆ñ ∆ñ →M ∆ñ Çñ
=
209
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
== =
=
Figure 175.
=
Çó
765. = í~å α ==
Çñ
=
Ç(ì + î ) Çì Çî
766. = + =
Çñ Çñ Çñ
=
Ç(ì − î ) Çì Çî
767. = − =
Çñ Çñ Çñ
=
Ç(âì ) Çì
768. =â =
Çñ Çñ
=
769. mêçÇìÅí=oìäÉ=
Ç(ì ⋅ î ) Çì Çî
= ⋅ î + ì ⋅ ==
Çñ Çñ Çñ
=
=
210
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
770. nìçíáÉåí=oìäÉ=
Çì Çî
⋅î −ì⋅
Ç ì Çñ Çñ =
= O
Çñ î î
=
771. `Ü~áå=oìäÉ=
ó = Ñ (Ö(ñ )) I= ì = Ö(ñ ) I==
Çó Çó Çì
= ⋅ K=
Çñ Çì Çñ
=
772. aÉêáî~íáîÉ=çÑ=fåîÉêëÉ=cìåÅíáçå=
Çó N
= I==
Çñ Çñ
Çó
ïÜÉêÉ= ñ (ó ) áë=íÜÉ=áåîÉêëÉ=ÑìåÅíáçå=çÑ= ó (ñ ) K==
=
773. oÉÅáéêçÅ~ä=oìäÉ=
Çó
Ç N
= − ÇñO =
Çñ ó ó
=
774. içÖ~êáíÜãáÅ=aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~íáçå=
ó = Ñ (ñ ) I= äå ó = äå Ñ (ñ ) I==
Çó Ç
= Ñ (ñ ) ⋅ [äå Ñ (ñ )] K=
Çñ Çñ
=
=
8.4 Table of Derivatives
=
fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=î~êá~ÄäÉW=ñ=
oÉ~ä=Åçåëí~åíëW=`I=~I=ÄI=Å=
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêW=å=
211
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Ç
775. (`) = M =
Çñ
=
Ç
776. (ñ ) = N =
Çñ
=
Ç
777. (~ñ + Ä) = ~ =
Çñ
=
778.
Ç
Çñ
(~ñ O + Äñ + Å ) = ~ñ + Ä =
=
779.
Ç å
Çñ
(ñ ) = åñ å −N =
=
780.
Çñ
(
Ç −å
ñ ) = − å +N =
ñ
å
=
Ç N N
781. =− O =
Çñ ñ ñ
=
782.
Ç
Çñ
( ñ ) = O Nñ =
=
783.
Ç
( ñ )=
å N
=
Çñ å å ñ å −N
=
Ç
784. (äå ñ ) = N =
Çñ ñ
=
Ç
785. (äçÖ ~ ñ ) = N I= ~ > M I= ~ ≠ N K=
Çñ ñ äå ~
=
212
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
786.
Ç ñ
Çñ
(~ ) = ~ ñ äå ~ I= ~ > M I= ~ ≠ N K=
=
787.
Ç ñ
Çñ
(É ) = Éñ =
=
Ç
788. (ëáå ñ ) = Åçë ñ =
Çñ
=
Ç
789. (Åçë ñ ) = − ëáå ñ =
Çñ
=
Ç
790. (í~å ñ ) = NO = ëÉÅ O ñ =
Çñ Åçë ñ
=
Ç
791. (Åçí ñ ) = − NO = − ÅëÅ O ñ =
Çñ ëáå ñ
=
Ç
792. (ëÉÅ ñ ) = í~å ñ ⋅ ëÉÅ ñ =
Çñ
=
Ç
793. (ÅëÅ ñ ) = − Åçí ñ ⋅ ÅëÅ ñ =
Çñ
=
Ç
794. (~êÅëáå ñ ) = N O =
Çñ N− ñ
=
795.
Ç
(~êÅÅçë ñ ) = − N O =
Çñ N− ñ
=
Ç
796. (~êÅí~å ñ ) = N O =
Çñ N+ ñ
=
213
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Ç
797. (~êÅ Åçí ñ ) = − N O =
Çñ N+ ñ
=
Ç
798. (~êÅ ëÉÅ ñ ) = NO =
Çñ ñ ñ −N
=
Ç
799. (~êÅ ÅëÅ ñ ) = − NO =
Çñ ñ ñ −N
=
Ç
800. (ëáåÜ ñ ) = ÅçëÜ ñ =
Çñ
=
Ç
801. (ÅçëÜ ñ ) = ëáåÜ ñ =
Çñ
=
Ç
802. (í~åÜ ñ ) = N O = ëÉÅÜ O ñ =
Çñ ÅçëÜ ñ
=
Ç
803. (ÅçíÜ ñ ) = − N O = −ÅëÅÜ O ñ =
Çñ ëáåÜ ñ
=
Ç
804. (ëÉÅÜ ñ ) = −ëÉÅÜ ñ ⋅ í~åÜ ñ =
Çñ
=
Ç
805. (ÅëÅÜ ñ ) = −ÅëÅÜ ñ ⋅ ÅçíÜ ñ =
Çñ
=
Ç
806. (~êÅëáåÜ=ñ ) = NO =
Çñ ñ +N
=
Ç
807. (~êÅÅçëÜ=ñ ) = ON =
Çñ ñ −N
214
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Ç
808. (~êÅí~åÜ=ñ ) = N O I= ñ < N K=
Çñ N− ñ
=
Ç
809. (~êÅÅçíÜ=ñ ) = − ON I= ñ > N K=
Çñ ñ −N
=
810.
Ç î
Çñ
(ì ) = îì î −N ⋅
Çì
Çñ
Çî
+ ì î äå ì ⋅ =
Çñ
=
=
=
8.5 Higher Order Derivatives
=
cìåÅíáçåëW=ÑI=óI=ìI=î=
fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=î~êá~ÄäÉW=ñ=
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêW=å=
=
=
811. pÉÅçåÇ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉ=
O
′ Çó ′ Ç Çó Ç ó
Ñ ′′ = (Ñ ′) = = = O =
Çñ Çñ Çñ Çñ
=
812. eáÖÜÉê-lêÇÉê=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉ=
Ñ = å = ó (å ) = (Ñ (å −N) ) ′ =
(å ) Çå ó
Çñ
=
813. (ì + î )(å ) = ì (å ) + î (å ) =
=
814. (ì − î )(å ) = ì(å ) − î (å ) =
=
815. iÉáÄåáíò∞ë=cçêãìä~ë=
(ìî )′′ = ì′′î + Oì′î′ + ìî′′ =
215
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
=
817. (ñ )( ) = å> =
å å
216
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
217
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 176.
=
827. kçêã~ä=iáåÉ=
N
ó − óM = − (ñ − ñ M ) =EcáÖ=NTSF=
Ñ ′(ñ M )
=
828. fåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=~åÇ=aÉÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=cìåÅíáçåëK==
fÑ= Ñ ′(ñ M ) > M I=íÜÉå=ÑEñF=áë=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=~í= ñ M K=EcáÖ=NTTI= ñ < ñ N I=
ñ O < ñ FI=
fÑ= Ñ ′(ñ M ) < M I=íÜÉå=ÑEñF=áë=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=~í= ñ M K=EcáÖ=NTTI=
ñ N < ñ < ñ O FI=
fÑ= Ñ ′ (ñ M ) =ÇçÉë=åçí=Éñáëí=çê=áë=òÉêçI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=íÉëí=Ñ~áäëK==
=
218
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 177.
=
829. içÅ~ä=ÉñíêÉã~=
^=ÑìåÅíáçå=ÑEñF=Ü~ë=~=äçÅ~ä=ã~ñáãìã=~í= ñ N =áÑ=~åÇ=çåäó=áÑ=
íÜÉêÉ=Éñáëíë=ëçãÉ=áåíÉêî~ä=Åçåí~áåáåÖ= ñ N =ëìÅÜ=íÜ~í=
Ñ (ñ N ) ≥ Ñ (ñ ) =Ñçê=~ää=ñ=áå=íÜÉ=áåíÉêî~ä=EcáÖKNTTFK==
=
^=ÑìåÅíáçå=ÑEñF=Ü~ë=~=äçÅ~ä=ãáåáãìã=~í= ñ O =áÑ=~åÇ=çåäó=áÑ=
íÜÉêÉ=Éñáëíë=ëçãÉ=áåíÉêî~ä=Åçåí~áåáåÖ= ñ O =ëìÅÜ=íÜ~í=
Ñ (ñ O ) ≤ Ñ (ñ ) =Ñçê=~ää=ñ=áå=íÜÉ=áåíÉêî~ä=EcáÖKNTTFK=
=
830. `êáíáÅ~ä=mçáåíë=
^=ÅêáíáÅ~ä=éçáåí=çå=ÑEñF=çÅÅìêë=~í= ñ M =áÑ=~åÇ=çåäó=áÑ=ÉáíÜÉê=
Ñ ′ (ñ M ) =áë=òÉêç=çê=íÜÉ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉ=ÇçÉëå∞í=ÉñáëíK=
=
831. cáêëí=aÉêáî~íáîÉ=qÉëí=Ñçê=içÅ~ä=bñíêÉã~K=
fÑ=ÑEñF=áë==áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ==E Ñ ′ (ñ ) > M F=Ñçê==~ää==ñ==áå==ëçãÉ==áåíÉêî~ä=
(~I ñ N ] ==~åÇ==ÑEñF==áë==ÇÉÅêÉ~ëáåÖ==E Ñ ′ (ñ ) < M F==Ñçê=~ää==ñ=áå=ëçãÉ=
áåíÉêî~ä= = [ñ N I Ä) I= = íÜÉå= ÑEñF= Ü~ë= ~= = äçÅ~ä= ã~ñáãìã= = ~í= = ñ N =
EcáÖKNTTFK==
219
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
220
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
8.7 Differential
=
cìåÅíáçåëW=ÑI=ìI=î=
fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=î~êá~ÄäÉW=ñ=
aÉêáî~íáîÉ=çÑ=~=ÑìåÅíáçåW= ó ′(ñ ) I= Ñ ′(ñ ) =
oÉ~ä=Åçåëí~åíW=`=
aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=çÑ=ÑìåÅíáçå= ó = Ñ (ñ ) W=Çó=
aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=çÑ=ñW=Çñ=
pã~ää=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=áå=ñW= ∆ñ =
pã~ää=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=áå=óW= ∆ó =
=
=
838. Çó = ó ′Çñ =
=
839. Ñ (ñ + ∆ñ ) = Ñ (ñ ) + Ñ ′(ñ )∆ñ =
=
=
=
Figure 178.
221
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
840. pã~ää=`Ü~åÖÉ=áå=ó=
∆ó = Ñ (ñ + ∆ñ ) − Ñ (ñ ) =
=
841. Ç(ì + î ) = Çì + Çî =
=
842. Ç(ì − î ) = Çì − Çî =
=
843. Ç(`ì ) = `Çì =
=
844. Ç(ìî ) = îÇì + ìÇî =
=
ì îÇì − ìÇî
845. Ç = =
î îO
=
=
=
8.8 Multivariable Functions
=
cìåÅíáçåë=çÑ=íïç=î~êá~ÄäÉëW= ò (ñ I ó ) I= Ñ (ñ I ó ) I= Ö (ñ I ó ) I= Ü(ñ I ó ) ==
^êÖìãÉåíëW=ñI=óI=í=
pã~ää=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=áå=ñI=óI=òI=êÉëéÉÅíáîÉäóW= ∆ñ I= ∆ó I= ∆ò K=
=
=
846. cáêëí=lêÇÉê=m~êíá~ä=aÉêáî~íáîÉë=
qÜÉ=é~êíá~ä=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉ=ïáíÜ=êÉëéÉÅí=íç=ñ=
∂Ñ ∂ò
= Ñ ñ =E~äëç= = ò ñ FI=
∂ñ ∂ñ
qÜÉ=é~êíá~ä=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉ=ïáíÜ=êÉëéÉÅí=íç=ó=
∂Ñ ∂ò
= Ñ ó =E~äëç= = ò ó FK=
∂ó ∂ó
=
=
222
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
847. pÉÅçåÇ=lêÇÉê=m~êíá~ä=aÉêáî~íáîÉë=
∂ ∂Ñ ∂ OÑ
= = Ñ ññ I==
∂ñ ∂ñ ∂ñ O
∂ ∂Ñ ∂ OÑ
= = Ñ óó I==
∂ó ∂ó ∂ó O
∂ ∂Ñ ∂ OÑ
= = Ñ ñó I==
∂ó ∂ñ ∂ó∂ñ
∂ ∂Ñ ∂ OÑ
= = Ñ óñ K==
∂ñ ∂ó ∂ñ∂ó
fÑ=íÜÉ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=~êÉ=ÅçåíáåìçìëI=íÜÉå==
∂ OÑ ∂ OÑ
= K==
∂ó∂ñ ∂ñ∂ó
=
848. `Ü~áå=oìäÉë==
fÑ= Ñ (ñ I ó ) = Ö (Ü(ñ I ó )) =EÖ=áë=~=ÑìåÅíáçå=çÑ=çåÉ=î~êá~ÄäÉ=ÜFI=íÜÉå==
∂Ñ ∂Ü ∂Ñ ∂Ü
= Ö′(Ü(ñ I ó )) I= = Ö′(Ü(ñ I ó )) K==
∂ñ ∂ñ ∂ó ∂ó
=
∂Ñ Çñ ∂Ñ Çó
fÑ= Ü(í ) = Ñ (ñ (í )I ó (í )) I=íÜÉå= Ü′(í ) = + K==
∂ñ Çí ∂ó Çí
=
fÑ= ò = Ñ (ñ (ìI î )I ó (ìI î )) I=íÜÉå==
∂ò ∂Ñ ∂ñ ∂Ñ ∂ó ∂ò ∂Ñ ∂ñ ∂Ñ ∂ó
= + I= = + K==
∂ì ∂ñ ∂ì ∂ó ∂ì ∂î ∂ñ ∂î ∂ó ∂î
=
849. pã~ää=`Ü~åÖÉë=
∂Ñ ∂Ñ
∆ò ≈ ∆ñ + ∆ó =
∂ñ ∂ó
=
=
223
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
850. içÅ~ä=j~ñáã~=~åÇ=jáåáã~=
Ñ (ñ I ó ) =Ü~ë=~=äçÅ~ä=ã~ñáãìã=~í= (ñ M I ó M ) =áÑ= Ñ (ñ I ó ) ≤ Ñ (ñ M I ó M ) =
Ñçê=~ää= (ñ I ó ) =ëìÑÑáÅáÉåíäó=ÅäçëÉ=íç= (ñ M I ó M ) K==
=
Ñ (ñ I ó ) =Ü~ë=~=äçÅ~ä=ãáåáãìã=~í= (ñ M I ó M ) =áÑ= Ñ (ñ I ó ) ≥ Ñ (ñ M I ó M ) =
Ñçê=~ää= (ñ I ó ) =ëìÑÑáÅáÉåíäó=ÅäçëÉ=íç= (ñ M I ó M ) K=
=
851. pí~íáçå~êó=mçáåíë=
∂Ñ ∂Ñ
= = M K=
∂ñ ∂ó
içÅ~ä=ã~ñáã~=~åÇ=äçÅ~ä=ãáåáã~=çÅÅìê=~í=ëí~íáçå~êó=éçáåíëK=
==
852. p~ÇÇäÉ=mçáåí=
^=ëí~íáçå~êó==éçáåí==ïÜáÅÜ==áë==åÉáíÜÉê==~==äçÅ~ä==ã~ñáãìã=
åçê=~=äçÅ~ä=ãáåáãìã=
=
853. pÉÅçåÇ=aÉêáî~íáîÉ=qÉëí=Ñçê=pí~íáçå~êó=mçáåíë=
∂Ñ ∂Ñ
iÉí= (ñ M I ó M ) =ÄÉ=~=ëí~íáçå~êó=éçáåí=E = = M FK==
∂ñ ∂ó
Ñ ññ (ñ M I ó M ) Ñ ñó (ñ M I ó M )
a= K==
Ñ óñ (ñ M I ó M ) Ñ óó (ñ M I ó M )
=
fÑ= a > M I= Ñ ññ (ñ M I ó M ) > M I== (ñ M I ó M ) ==áë=~=éçáåí=çÑ=äçÅ~ä=ãáåáã~K=
fÑ= a > M I= Ñ ññ (ñ M I ó M ) < M I== (ñ M I ó M ) ==áë=~=éçáåí=çÑ=äçÅ~ä=ã~ñáã~K=
fÑ= a < M I= (ñ M I ó M ) =áë=~=ë~ÇÇäÉ=éçáåíK=
fÑ= a = M I=íÜÉ=íÉëí=Ñ~áäëK=
=
854. q~åÖÉåí=mä~åÉ=
qÜÉ=Éèì~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=í~åÖÉåí=éä~åÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ= ò = Ñ (ñ I ó ) =
~í= (ñ M I ó M I ò M ) =áë==
ò − ò M = Ñ ñ (ñ M I ó M )(ñ − ñ M ) + Ñ ó (ñ M I ó M )(ó − ó M ) K=
=
224
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
855. kçêã~ä=íç=pìêÑ~ÅÉ=
qÜÉ=Éèì~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=åçêã~ä=íç=íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ= ò = Ñ (ñ I ó ) =~í=
(ñ M I ó M I ò M ) =áë==
ñ − ñM ó − óM ò − òM
= = K=
Ñ ñ ( ñ M I ó M ) Ñ ó (ñ M I ó M ) −N
=
=
=
8.9 Differential Operators
=
r r r
råáí=îÉÅíçêë=~äçåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅççêÇáå~íÉ=~ñÉëW= á I= à I= â =
pÅ~ä~ê=ÑìåÅíáçåë=EëÅ~ä~ê=ÑáÉäÇëFW= Ñ (ñ I ó I ò ) I= ì(ñ N I ñ O I KI ñ å ) =
dê~ÇáÉåí=çÑ=~=ëÅ~ä~ê=ÑáÉäÇW= Öê~Ç ì I= ∇ì =
∂Ñ
aáêÉÅíáçå~ä=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉW= =
∂ä
r
sÉÅíçê=ÑìåÅíáçå=EîÉÅíçê=ÑáÉäÇFW= c (mI nI o ) =
r r
aáîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=çÑ=~=îÉÅíçê=ÑáÉäÇW= Çáî c I= ∇ ⋅ c =
r r
`ìêä=çÑ=~=îÉÅíçê=ÑáÉäÇW= Åìêä c I= ∇ × c =
i~éä~Åá~å=çéÉê~íçêW= ∇ O =
=
=
856. dê~ÇáÉåí=çÑ=~=pÅ~ä~ê=cìåÅíáçå=
∂Ñ ∂Ñ ∂Ñ
Öê~Ç Ñ = ∇Ñ = I I I==
∂ñ ∂ó ∂ò
∂ì ∂ì ∂ì
Öê~Ç ì = ∇ì = I IKI K=
∂ñ N ∂ñ O ∂ñ å
=
857. aáêÉÅíáçå~ä=aÉêáî~íáîÉ=
∂Ñ ∂Ñ ∂Ñ ∂Ñ
= Åçë α + Åçë β + Åçë γ I==
∂ä ∂ñ ∂ó ∂ò
225
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=ÇáêÉÅíáçå=áë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=îÉÅíçê=
r
ä (Åçë α I Åçë βI Åçë γ ) I= Åçë O α + Åçë O β + Åçë O γ = N K==
=
858. aáîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=çÑ=~=sÉÅíçê=cáÉäÇ=
r r ∂m ∂n ∂o
Çáî c = ∇ ⋅ c = + + =
∂ñ ∂ó ∂ò
=
859. `ìêä=çÑ=~=sÉÅíçê=cáÉäÇ=
r r r
á à â
r r ∂ ∂ ∂
Åìêä c = ∇ × c = =
∂ñ ∂ñ ∂ñ
m n o
∂o ∂n r ∂m ∂o r ∂n ∂m r
= − á + − à + − â =
∂ó ∂ò ∂ò ∂ñ ∂ñ ∂ó
=
860. i~éä~Åá~å=léÉê~íçê=
∂ OÑ ∂ OÑ ∂ OÑ
∇ OÑ = O + O + O =
∂ñ ∂ó ∂ò
=
( ) ( )
r r
861. Çáî Åìêä c = ∇ ⋅ ∇ × c ≡ M =
=
862. Åìêä(Öê~Ç Ñ ) = ∇ × (∇Ñ ) ≡ M =
=
863. Çáî (Öê~Ç Ñ ) = ∇ ⋅ (∇Ñ ) = ∇ OÑ =
=
( ) ( ) ( )
r r r r r
864. Åìêä Åìêä c = Öê~Ç Çáî c − ∇ Oc = ∇ ∇ ⋅ c − ∇ Oc =
=
=
226
Chapter 9
Integral Calculus
=
=
=
=
cìåÅíáçåëW=ÑI=ÖI=ìI=î=
fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=î~êá~ÄäÉëW=ñI=íI= ξ =
fåÇÉÑáåáíÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä=çÑ=~=ÑìåÅíáçåW= ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ I= ∫ Ö (ñ )Çñ I=£=
aÉêáî~íáîÉ=çÑ=~=ÑìåÅíáçåW= ó ′(ñ ) I= Ñ ′(ñ ) I= c′(ñ ) I=£=
oÉ~ä=Åçåëí~åíëW=`I=~I=ÄI=ÅI=ÇI=â=
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=ãI=åI=áI=à=
=
=
9.1 Indefinite Integral
=
865. ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ = c(ñ ) + ` =áÑ= c′(ñ ) = Ñ (ñ ) K=
=
866. (∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ ) ′= Ñ (ñ ) =
=
867. ∫ âÑ (ñ )Çñ = â ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ =
=
868. ∫ [Ñ (ñ ) + Ö(ñ )]Çñ = ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ + ∫ Ö(ñ )Çñ =
=
869. ∫ [Ñ (ñ ) − Ö(ñ )]Çñ = ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ − ∫ Ö(ñ )Çñ =
=
N
870. ∫ Ñ (~ñ )Çñ = ~ c(~ñ ) + ` =
227
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
N
871. ∫ Ñ (~ñ + Ä)Çñ = ~ c(~ñ + Ä) + ` =
=
N
∫ Ñ (ñ )Ñ ′(ñ )Çñ = O Ñ (ñ ) + ` =
O
872.
=
Ñ ′(ñ )
873. ∫ Ñ (ñ ) Çñ = äå Ñ (ñ ) + ` =
=
874. jÉíÜçÇ=çÑ=pìÄëíáíìíáçå=
∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ = ∫ Ñ (ì(í ))ì′(í )Çí =áÑ= ñ = ì(í ) K=
=
875. fåíÉÖê~íáçå=Äó=m~êíë=
∫ ìÇî = ìî − ∫ îÇì I==
ïÜÉêÉ= ì(ñ ) I= î (ñ ) =~êÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ÄäÉ=ÑìåÅíáçåëK==
=
=
=
9.2 Integrals of Rational Functions
=
876. ∫ ~Çñ = ~ñ + ` =
=
ñO
877. ∫ ñÇñ = O
+`=
=
ñP
∫ ñ Çñ = +`=
O
878.
P
=
ñ é +N
∫ ñ Çñ = + ` I= é ≠ −N K=
é
879.
é+N
=
228
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
(~ñ + Ä)
å +N
∫ (~ñ + Ä) Çñ = ~(å + N) + ` I= å ≠ −N K=
å
880.
=
Çñ
881. ∫ ñ
= äå ñ + ` =
=
Çñ N
882. ∫ ~ñ + Ä = ~ äå ~ñ + Ä + ` =
=
~ñ + Ä ~ ÄÅ − ~Ç
883. ∫ Åñ + Ç Çñ = Å ñ + ÅO
äå Åñ + Ç + ` =
=
Çñ N ñ+Ä
884. ∫ (ñ + ~ )(ñ + Ä) = ~ − Ä äå ñ + ~ + ` I= ~ ≠ Ä K=
=
∫ ~ + Äñ = Ä (~ + Äñ − ~ äå ~ + Äñ ) + ` =
ñÇñ N
885. O
=
ñ OÇñ N N
∫ ~ + Äñ = ÄP O (~ + Äñ ) − O~(~ + Äñ ) + ~ äå ~ + Äñ + ` =
O O
886.
=
Çñ N ~ + Äñ
887. ∫ ñ (~ + Äñ ) = ~ äå ñ
+`=
=
Çñ N Ä ~ + Äñ
888. ∫ ñ (~ + Äñ ) = − ~ñ + ~
O O
äå
ñ
+`=
=
ñÇñ N ~
889. ∫ (~ + Äñ ) O
= O
Ä
äå ~ + Äñ + +`=
~ + Äñ
=
229
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
ñ OÇñ N ~O
890. ∫ (~ + Äñ )O ÄP
= ~ + Äñ − O~ äå ~ + Äñ − +`=
~ + Äñ
=
Çñ N N ~ + Äñ
891. ∫ ñ (~ + Äñ ) O
= + O äå
~ (~ + Äñ ) ~ ñ
+`=
=
Çñ N ñ −N
892. ∫ñ O
= äå
−N O ñ +N
+`=
=
Çñ N N+ ñ
893. ∫ N− ñ O
= äå
O N− ñ
+`=
=
Çñ N ~+ñ
894. ∫~ O
−ñ O
= äå
O~ ~ − ñ
+`=
=
Çñ N ñ−~
895. ∫ñ O
−~ O
= äå
O~ ñ + ~
+`=
=
Çñ
896. ∫ N+ ñ O
= í~å −N ñ + ` =
=
Çñ N ñ
897. ∫~ O
+ñ O
= í~å −N + ` =
~ ~
=
= äå(ñ O + ~ O ) + ` =
ñÇñ N
898. ∫ñ O
+~ O
O
=
Çñ N Ä
899. ∫ ~ + Äñ O
=
~Ä
~êÅí~å ñ
~
+ ` I= ~Ä > M K=
=
230
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
ñÇñ N ~
900. ∫ ~ + Äñ O
=
OÄ
äå ñ O + + ` =
Ä
=
Çñ N ñO
901. ∫ ñ (~ + Äñ O ) O~ ~ + Äñ O + ` =
= äå
=
Çñ N ~ + Äñ
902. ∫~ O
−Ä ñ
O O
= äå
O~Ä ~ − Äñ
+`=
=
Çñ N O~ñ + Ä − ÄO − Q~Å
903. ∫ O = äå + ` I=
~ñ + Äñ + Å ÄO − Q~Å O~ñ + Ä + ÄO − Q~Å
ÄO − Q~Å > M K=
=
Çñ O O~ñ + Ä
904. ∫ ~ñ + Äñ + Å
O
=
Q~Å − ÄO
~êÅí~å
Q~Å − ÄO
+ ` I=
ÄO − Q~Å < M K=
=
=
=
9.3 Integrals of Irrational Functions
=
Çñ O
905. ∫ =
~ñ + Ä ~
~ñ + Ä + ` =
=
O
∫ (~ñ + Ä) O + ` =
P
906. ~ñ + Ä Çñ =
P~
=
ñÇñ O(~ñ − OÄ)
907. ∫ ~ñ + Ä
=
P~ O
~ñ + Ä + ` =
231
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
O(P~ñ − OÄ)
∫ñ (~ñ + Ä) O + ` =
P
908. ~ñ + Ä Çñ = O
NR~
=
Çñ N ~ñ + Ä − Ä − ~Å
909. ∫ (ñ + Å ) ~ñ + Ä
=
Ä − ~Å
äå
~ñ + Ä + Ä − ~Å
+ ` I==
Ä − ~Å > M K=
=
Çñ N ~ñ + Ä
910. ∫ (ñ + Å ) ~ñ + Ä
=
~Å − Ä
~êÅí~å
~Å − Ä
+ ` I==
Ä − ~Å < M K=
=
~ñ + Ä N
911. ∫ Çñ = (~ñ + Ä)(Åñ + Ç ) − =
Åñ + Ç Å
~Ç − ÄÅ
− äå ~ (Åñ + Ç ) + Å(~ñ + Ä) + ` I= ~ > M K=
Å ~Å
=
~ñ + Ä N
912. ∫ Çñ = (~ñ + Ä)(Åñ + Ç ) − =
Åñ + Ç Å
~Ç − ÄÅ ~ (Åñ + Ç )
− ~êÅí~å + ` I=E ~ < M I= Å > M FK==
Å ~Å Å(~ñ + Ä)
=
O(U~ O − NO~Äñ + NRÄO ñ O )
913. ∫ ñ ~ + Äñ Çñ =
O
(~ + Äñ )P + ` =
NMRÄP
=
ñ OÇñ O(U~ O − Q~Äñ + PÄO ñ O )
914. ∫ ~ + Äñ
=
NRÄP
~ + Äñ + ` =
=
Çñ N ~ + Äñ − ~
915. ∫ñ ~ + Äñ
=
~
äå
~ + Äñ + ~
+ ` I= ~ > M K=
232
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Çñ O ~ + Äñ
916. ∫ñ ~ + Äñ
=
−~
~êÅí~å
−~
+ ` I= ~ < M K=
=
~−ñ ñ+Ä
917. ∫ Çñ = (~ − ñ )(Ä + ñ ) + (~ + Ä)~êÅëáå +`=
Ä+ ñ ~+Ä
=
~+ñ Ä−ñ
918. ∫ Çñ = − (~ + ñ )(Ä − ñ ) − (~ + Ä)~êÅëáå +`=
Ä−ñ ~+Ä
=
N+ ñ
919. ∫ N− ñ
Çñ = − N − ñ O + ~êÅëáå ñ + ` =
=
Çñ ñ −~
920. ∫ (ñ − ~ )(Ä − ~ ) = O ~êÅëáå Ä−~
+` =
=
OÅñ − Ä
921. ∫ ~ + Äñ − Åñ O Çñ =
QÅ
~ + Äñ − Åñ O + =
ÄO − Q~Å OÅñ − Ä
+ ~êÅëáå +`=
U ÅP ÄO + Q~Å
=
äå O~ñ + Ä + O ~ (~ñ O + Äñ + Å ) + ` I==
Çñ N
922. ∫ ~ñ O + Äñ + Å
=
~
~ > M K=
=
Çñ N O~ñ + Ä O
923. ∫ ~ñ + Äñ + Å
O
=−
~
~êÅëáå
Q~
Ä − Q~Å + ` I= ~ < M K=
=
ñ O O ~O
924. ∫ ñ O + ~ O Çñ =
O
ñ + ~ + äå ñ + ñ O + ~ O + ` =
O
=
233
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
925. ∫ñ ñ O + ~ O Çñ =
P
(ñ + ~ ) + ` =
N O O PO
=
926. ∫ñ
O
ñ O + ~ O Çñ =
ñ
U
(Oñ O + ~ O ) ñ O + ~ O − =
~Q
− äå ñ + ñ O + ~ O + ` =
U
=
ñO + ~O ñ O + ~O
927. ∫ ñO
Çñ = −
ñ
+ äå ñ + ñ O + ~ O + ` =
=
Çñ
928. ∫ ñ +~ O O
= äå ñ + ñ O + ~ O + ` =
=
ñ O + ~O ñ
929. ∫ ñ
Çñ = ñ O + ~ O + ~ äå
~ + ñ O + ~O
+`=
=
ñÇñ
930. ∫ ñ +~ O O
= ñ O + ~O + ` =
=
ñ OÇñ ñ O O ~O
931. ∫ ñ O + ~O
=
O
ñ + ~ − äå ñ + ñ O + ~ O + ` =
O
=
Çñ N ñ
932. ∫ñ = äå
ñ O + ~O ~ ~ + ñ O + ~O
+`=
=
ñ O O ~O
933. ∫ ñ O − ~ O Çñ =
O
ñ − ~ − äå ñ + ñ O − ~ O + ` =
O
=
934. ∫ñ ñ O − ~ O Çñ =
P
(ñ − ~ ) + ` =
N O O PO
234
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
ñ O − ~O ~
935. ∫ ñ
Çñ = ñ O − ~ O + ~ ~êÅëáå + ` =
ñ
=
ñ O − ~O ñ O − ~O
936. ∫ ñ O
Çñ = −
ñ
+ äå ñ + ñ O − ~ O + ` =
=
Çñ
937. ∫ ñ −~ O O
= äå ñ + ñ O − ~ O + ` =
=
ñÇñ
938. ∫ ñ −~ O O
= ñO − ~O + ` =
=
ñ OÇñ ñ O O ~O
939. ∫ ñ −~
O O
=
O
ñ − ~ + äå ñ + ñ O − ~ O + ` =
O
=
Çñ N ~
940. ∫ñ ñ −~O
= − ~êÅëáå + ` =
~ O ñ
=
Çñ N ñ −~
941. ∫ (ñ + ~ ) ñ O − ~O
=
~ ñ+~
+`=
=
Çñ N ñ+~
942. ∫ (ñ − ~ ) ñ −~ O O
=−
~ ñ −~
+`=
=
Çñ ñ O − ~O
943. ∫ñ O
ñ O − ~O
=
~Oñ
+`=
=
Çñ ñ
944. ∫ (ñ O
− ~O ) O
P
=−
~O ñ O − ~O
+`=
235
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
∫ (ñ − ~ O ) O Çñ = − (Oñ O − R~ O ) ñ O − ~ O + =
O
P ñ
945.
U
P~ Q
+ äå ñ + ñ O − ~ O + ` =
U
=
ñ O ~O ñ
946. ∫ ~ O − ñ O Çñ =
O
~ − ñ O + ~êÅëáå + ` =
O ~
=
947. ∫ ñ ~ − ñ Çñ = −
O O
P
(
N O
~ − ñO ) O + ` =
P
948. ∫ ñ ~ − ñ Çñ =
O O O ñ
U
(Oñ O − ~ O ) ~ O − ñ O + ~êÅëáå + ` =
~Q
U
ñ
~
=
~O − ñ O ñ
949. ∫ ñ
Çñ = ~ O − ñ O + ~ äå
~ + ~O − ñ O
+`=
=
~O − ñO ~O − ñ O ñ
950. ∫ ñ O
Çñ = −
ñ
− ~êÅëáå + ` =
~
=
Çñ
951. ∫ N− ñO
= ~êÅëáå ñ + ` =
=
Çñ ñ
952. ∫ ~O − ñO
= ëáå
~
+`=
=
ñÇñ
953. ∫ ~ −ñ O O
= − ~O − ñ O + ` =
=
ñ OÇñ ñ O ~O ñ
954. ∫ ~O − ñ O
=−
O
~ − ñ O + ~êÅëáå + ` =
O ~
236
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Çñ N ~−ñ
955. ∫ (ñ + ~ ) ~O − ñ O
=−
O ~+ñ
+`=
=
Çñ N ~+ñ
956. ∫ (ñ − ~ ) ~O − ñ O
=−
O ~−ñ
+`=
=
Çñ N Äñ + ~ O
957. ∫ (ñ + Ä ) ~O − ñ O
=
ÄO − ~ O
~êÅëáå
~ (ñ + Ä )
+ ` I= Ä > ~ K=
=
Çñ N ñ+Ä
958. ∫ (ñ + Ä ) ~ −ñO O
=
~ −Ä
O O
äå
~ −Ä
O O
~ O − ñ O + ~ O + Äñ
+ `I =
Ä < ~ K=
=
Çñ ~O − ñO
959. ∫ñ O
~O − ñO
=−
~Oñ
+`=
∫ (~ − ñ O ) O Çñ = (R~ − Oñ O ) ~ O − ñ O +
P ñ O P~ Q ñ
960. O
~êÅëáå + ` =
U U ~
=
Çñ ñ
961. ∫ (~ O
−ñ O
)
P
O
=
~O ~O − ñ O
+`=
=
=
=
9.4 Integrals of Trigonometric Functions
=
962. ∫ ëáå ñÇñ = − Åçë ñ + ` =
=
963. ∫ Åçë ñÇñ = ëáå ñ + ` =
237
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
ñ N
∫ ëáå ñ Çñ = − ëáå Oñ + ` =
O
964.
O Q
=
ñ N
∫ Åçë ñ Çñ = + ëáå Oñ + ` =
O
965.
O Q
=
N N P
∫ ëáå ñ Çñ = Åçë P ñ − Åçë ñ + ` = Åçë Pñ − Åçë ñ + ` =
P
966.
P NO Q
=
N N P
∫ Åçë ñ Çñ = ëáå ñ − ëáå P ñ + ` = ëáå Pñ + ëáå ñ + ` =
P
967.
P NO Q
=
Çñ ñ
968. ∫ ëáå ñ = ∫ ÅëÅ ñ Çñ = äå í~å O + ` =
=
Çñ ñ π
969. ∫ Åçë ñ = ∫ ëÉÅ ñ Çñ = äå í~å O + Q + ` =
=
Çñ
970. ∫ ëáå O
ñ
= ∫ ÅëÅ O ñ Çñ = − Åçí ñ + ` =
=
Çñ
971. ∫ Åçë O
ñ
= ∫ ëÉÅ O ñ Çñ = í~å ñ + ` =
=
Çñ Åçë ñ N ñ
972. ∫ ëáå P
ñ
= ∫ ÅëÅ P ñ Çñ = − O
+ äå í~å + ` =
O ëáå ñ O O
=
Çñ ëáå ñ N ñ π
973. ∫ Åçë P
ñ
= ∫ ëÉÅP ñ Çñ = O
+ äå í~å + + ` =
O Åçë ñ O O Q
=
N
974. ∫ ëáå ñ Åçë ñ Çñ = − Q Åçë Oñ + ` =
238
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
N
∫ ëáå ñ Åçë ñ Çñ = ëáå P ñ + ` =
O
975.
P
=
N
∫ ëáå ñ Åçë ñ Çñ = − ÅçëP ñ + ` =
O
976.
P
=
ñ N
∫ ëáå ñ Åçë O ñ Çñ = − ëáå Q ñ + ` =
O
977.
U PO
=
978. ∫ í~å ñÇñ = − äå Åçë ñ + ` =
=
ëáå ñ N
979. ∫ ÅçëO
ñ
Çñ =
Åçë ñ
+ ` = ëÉÅ ñ + ` =
=
ëáå O ñ ñ π
980. ∫ Åçë ñ Çñ = äå í~å O + Q − ëáå ñ + ` =
=
∫ í~å ñ Çñ = í~å ñ − ñ + ` =
O
981.
=
982. ∫ Åçí ñÇñ = äå ëáå ñ + ` =
=
Åçë ñ N
983. ∫ ëáå
O
ñ
Çñ = −
ëáå ñ
+ ` = − ÅëÅ ñ + ` =
=
Åçë O ñ ñ
984. ∫ Çñ = äå í~å + Åçë ñ + ` =
ëáå ñ O
=
985. ∫ Åçí O ñ Çñ = − Åçí ñ − ñ + ` =
=
Çñ
986. ∫ Åçë ñ ëáå ñ = äå í~å ñ + ` =
239
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Çñ N ñ π
987. ∫ ëáå O
ñ Åçë ñ
=−
ëáå ñ
+ äå í~å + + ` =
O Q
=
Çñ N ñ
988. ∫ ëáå ñ Åçë O
ñ
=
Åçë ñ
+ äå í~å + ` =
O
=
Çñ
989. ∫ ëáå O
ñ Åçë O ñ
= í~å ñ − Åçí ñ + ` =
=
ëáå(ã + å )ñ ëáå(ã − å )ñ
990. ∫ ëáå ãñ ëáå åñ Çñ = − O(ã + å) +
O(ã − å )
+ ` I=
ã O ≠ å O K=
=
Åçë(ã + å )ñ Åçë(ã − å )ñ
991. ∫ ëáå ãñ Åçë åñ Çñ = − O(ã + å) −
O(ã − å )
+ ` I=
ã O ≠ å O K=
=
ëáå(ã + å )ñ ëáå(ã − å )ñ
992. ∫ Åçë ãñ Åçë åñ Çñ = O(ã + å) +
O(ã − å )
+ ` I=
ã O ≠ å O K=
=
993. ∫ ëÉÅ ñ í~å ñÇñ = ëÉÅ ñ + ` =
=
994. ∫ ÅëÅ ñ Åçí ñÇñ = − ÅëÅ ñ + ` =
=
Åçë å+N ñ
∫ ëáå ñ Åçë ñ Çñ = − +`=
å
995.
å +N
=
ëáå å +N ñ
996. ∫ ëáå ñ Åçë ñ Çñ =
å
+`=
å +N
=
240
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
241
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
242
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
~ Åçë Äñ + Ä ëáå Äñ ~ñ
1017. ∫ É ~ñ Åçë Äñ Çñ = É +`=
~ O + ÄO
=
=
=
9.7 Reduction Formulas
=
N å ãñ å
1018. ∫ ñ å É ãñ Çñ = ñ É − ∫ ñ å −NÉ ãñ Çñ =
ã ã
=
É ãñ É ãñ ã É ãñ
1019. ∫ ñå Çñ = −
(å − N)ñ å−N å − N ∫ ñ å−N
+ Çñ I= å ≠ N K=
=
N å −N
1020. ∫ ëáåÜ å ñÇñ = ëáåÜ å −N ñ ÅçëÜ ñ − ∫ ëáåÜ å −O ñÇñ =
å å
=
Çñ ÅçëÜ ñ å−O Çñ
1021. ∫ ëáåÜ å
ñ
=− − ∫
(å − N) ëáåÜ ñ å − N ëáåÜ å−O ñ
å −N
I= å ≠ N K=
=
N å −N
1022. ∫ ÅçëÜ å ñÇñ = ëáåÜ ñ ÅçëÜ å −N ñ ÅçëÜ ñ + ∫ ÅçëÜ å −O ñÇñ =
å å
=
Çñ ëáåÜ ñ å−O Çñ
1023. ∫ ÅçëÜ å
ñ
=− + ∫
(å − N) ÅçëÜ ñ å − N ÅçëÜ å−O ñ
å −N
I= å ≠ N K=
=
ëáåÜ å +N ñ ÅçëÜ ã −N ñ
1024. ∫ ëáåÜ ñ ÅçëÜ ñÇñ =
å ã
=
å+ã
ã −N
+
å+ã ∫ ëáåÜ å ñ ÅçëÜ ã −O ñÇñ =
=
ëáåÜ å −N ñ ÅçëÜ ã +N ñ
1025. ∫ ëáåÜ å ñ ÅçëÜ ã ñÇñ = =
å+ã
243
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
å −N
−
å+ã ∫ ëáåÜ å −O ñ ÅçëÜ ã ñÇñ =
=
N
1026. ∫ í~åÜ å ñÇñ = − í~åÜ å −N ñ + ∫ í~åÜ å −O ñÇñ I= å ≠ N K=
å −N
=
N
1027. ∫ ÅçíÜ å ñÇñ = − ÅçíÜ å −N ñ + ∫ ÅçíÜ å − O ñÇñ I= å ≠ N K=
å −N
=
ëÉÅÜ å −O ñ í~åÜ ñ å − O
1028. ∫ ëÉÅÜ å ñÇñ = + ∫ ëÉÅÜ å −O ñÇñ I= å ≠ N K=
å −N å −N
=
N å −N
1029. ∫ ëáå å ñÇñ = − ëáå å −N ñ Åçë ñ + ∫ ëáå å −O ñÇñ =
å å
=
Çñ Åçë ñ å−O Çñ
1030. ∫ =− + ∫ I= å ≠ N K=
å
ëáå ñ (å − N) ëáå ñ å − N ëáå å−O ñ
å −N
=
N å −N
1031. ∫ Åçë å ñÇñ = ëáå ñ Åçë å −N ñ + ∫ Åçë å −O ñÇñ =
å å
=
Çñ ëáå ñ å−O Çñ
1032. ∫ = + ∫ I= å ≠ N K=
Åçë ñ (å − N) Åçë ñ å − N Åçë å −O ñ
å å −N
=
ëáå å+N ñ Åçë ã −N ñ
1033. ∫ ëáå å ñ Åçë ã ñÇñ = =
å+ã
ã −N
å+ã∫
+ ëáå å ñ Åçë ã −O ñÇñ =
=
ëáå å −N ñ Åçë ã +N ñ
1034. ∫ ëáå å ñ Åçë ã ñÇñ = − =
å+ã
244
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
å −N
+
å+ã ∫ ëáå å −O ñ Åçë ã ñÇñ =
=
N
1035. ∫ í~å å ñÇñ = í~å å −N ñ − ∫ í~å å −O ñÇñ I= å ≠ N K=
å −N
=
N
1036. ∫ Åçí å ñÇñ = − Åçí å −N ñ − ∫ Åçí å−O ñÇñ I= å ≠ N K=
å −N
=
ëÉÅ å −O ñ í~å ñ å − O
1037. ∫ ëÉÅ å ñÇñ = + ∫ ëÉÅ å −O ñÇñ I= å ≠ N K=
å −N å −N
=
ÅëÅ å −O ñ Åçí ñ å − O
1038. ∫ ÅëÅ å ñÇñ = − + ∫ ÅëÅ å −O ñÇñ I= å ≠ N K=
å −N å −N
=
ñ å +N äå ã ñ ã
1039. ∫ ñ å äå ã ñÇñ =
å +N ∫
− ñ å äå ã −N ñÇñ =
å +N
=
äå ã ñ äå ã ñ ã äå ã −N ñ
1040. ∫ ñå Çñ = −
(å − N)ñ å−N å − N ∫ ñ å
+ Çñ I= å ≠ N K=
=
1041. ∫ äå å ñÇñ = ñ äå å ñ − å ∫ äå å −N ñÇñ =
=
1042. ∫ ñ å ëáåÜ ñÇñ = ñ å ÅçëÜ ñ − å ∫ ñ å −N ÅçëÜ ñÇñ =
=
1043. ∫ ñ å ÅçëÜ ñÇñ = ñ å ëáåÜ ñ − å ∫ ñ å −N ëáåÜ ñÇñ =
=
1044. ∫ ñ å ëáå ñÇñ = − ñ å Åçë ñ + å ∫ ñ å −N Åçë ñÇñ =
=
1045. ∫ ñ å Åçë ñÇñ = ñ å ëáå ñ − å ∫ ñ å −N ëáå ñÇñ =
245
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
ñ å +N N ñ å +N
1046. ∫ ñ å ëáå −N ñÇñ =
å + N ∫ N− ñO
ëáå −N ñ − Çñ =
å +N
=
ñ å +N N ñ å +N
1047. ∫ ñ å Åçë −N ñÇñ =
å + N ∫ N− ñO
Åçë −N ñ + Çñ =
å +N
=
ñ å +N N ñ å +N
1048. ∫ ñ å í~å −N ñÇñ =
å + N ∫ N+ ñO
í~å −N ñ − Çñ =
å +N
=
ñ å Çñ ñ Ä Çñ
1049. ∫ å = − ∫ å =
~ñ + Ä ~ ~ ~ñ + Ä
=
Çñ − O~ñ − Ä
1050. ∫ = =
(~ñ + Äñ + Å ) (å − N)(Ä − Q~Å )(~ñ O + Äñ + Å)å−N
O å O
O(Oå − P)~ Çñ
− ∫
(å − N)(Ä − Q~Å ) (~ñ + Äñ + Å )å−N
O O
I= å ≠ N K=
=
Çñ ñ Oå − P Çñ
1051. ∫ (ñ +~
O
)
O å
=
O(å − N)~ O (ñ O + ~ )
O å −N
+
O(å − N)~ O ∫ (ñ O
+ ~O )
å −N
I
å ≠ N K=
=
Çñ ñ
1052. ∫ (ñ O
−~ )
O å
=−
O(å − N)~ O (ñ O − ~ O )
å −N
=
Oå − P Çñ
O ∫
− I= å ≠ N K=
O(å − N)~ (ñ O − ~ O )å−N
=
=
=
=
=
246
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 179.
=
247
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Ä
1054. ∫ NÇñ = Ä − ~ =
~
=
Ä Ä
1055. ∫ âÑ (ñ )Çñ = â ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ =
~ ~
=
Ä Ä Ä
1056. ∫ [Ñ (ñ ) + Ö(ñ )]Çñ = ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ + ∫ Ö(ñ )Çñ =
~ ~ ~
=
Ä Ä Ä
1057. ∫ [Ñ (ñ ) − Ö(ñ )]Çñ = ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ − ∫ Ö(ñ )Çñ =
~ ~ ~
=
~
1058. ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ = M =
~
=
Ä ~
1059. ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ = − ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ =
~ Ä
=
Ä Å Ä
1060. ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ = ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ + ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ =Ñçê= ~ < Å < Ä K=
~ ~ Å
=
Ä
1061. ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ ≥ M =áÑ= Ñ (ñ ) ≥ M =çå= [~ I Ä] K=
~
=
Ä
1062. ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ ≤ M =áÑ= Ñ (ñ ) ≤ M =çå= [~ I Ä] K=
~
=
=
=
=
248
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1063. cìåÇ~ãÉåí~ä=qÜÉçêÉã=çÑ=`~äÅìäìë=
Ä
=
1064. jÉíÜçÇ=çÑ=pìÄëíáíìíáçå==
fÑ= ñ = Ö (í ) I=íÜÉå==
Ä Ç
ïÜÉêÉ=
Å = Ö −N (~ ) I= Ç = Ö −N (Ä) K=
=
1065. fåíÉÖê~íáçå=Äó=m~êíë=
Ä Ä
~ ~
=
1066. qê~éÉòçáÇ~ä=oìäÉ=
Ä−~
Ä å −N
∫~ Ñ ( ñ )Çñ = Ñ ( ñ M ) + Ñ ( ñ å ) + O∑ Ñ (ñ á ) =
Oå á =N
=
249
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 180.
=
1067. páãéëçå∞ë=oìäÉ==
Ä−~
Ä
∫~ Ñ (ñ )Çñ = På [Ñ (ñ M ) + QÑ (ñ N ) + OÑ (ñ O ) + QÑ (ñ P ) + =
+ OÑ (ñ Q ) + K + QÑ (ñ å −N ) + Ñ (ñ å )] I==
ïÜÉêÉ==
Ä−~
ñá = ~ + á I= á = MI NI OI KI å K==
å
=
250
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 181.
=
1068. ^êÉ~=råÇÉê=~=`ìêîÉ=
Ä
p = ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ = c(Ä) − c(~ ) I==
~
ïÜÉêÉ= c′(ñ ) = Ñ (ñ ) K=
=
251
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 182.
=
1069. ^êÉ~=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=`ìêîÉë=
Ä
p = ∫ [Ñ (ñ ) − Ö (ñ )]Çñ = c(Ä) − d(Ä) − c(~ ) + d(~ ) I==
~
252
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 183.
=
=
=
9.9 Improper Integral
=
Ä
1070. qÜÉ=ÇÉÑáåáíÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä== ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ =áë=Å~ääÉÇ=~å=áãéêçéÉê=áåíÉÖê~ä=
~
áÑ==
• ~=çê=Ä=áë=áåÑáåáíÉI=
• Ñ (ñ ) ==Ü~ë==çåÉ==çê==ãçêÉ=éçáåíë=çÑ==ÇáëÅçåíáåìáíó=
=====áå=íÜÉ=áåíÉêî~ä= [~ I Ä] K=
=
1071. fÑ= Ñ (ñ ) =áë=~=Åçåíáåìçìë=ÑìåÅíáçå=çå= [~ I ∞ ) I=íÜÉå==
∞ å
253
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 184.
=
1072. fÑ= Ñ (ñ ) =áë=~=Åçåíáåìçìë=ÑìåÅíáçå=çå= (− ∞I Ä] I=íÜÉå==
Ä Ä
−∞
∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ = äáã ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ K=
å→ −∞
å
=
=
=
Figure 185.
254
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
kçíÉ=W=qÜÉ=áãéêçéÉê=áåíÉÖê~äë=áå=NMTNI=NMTO=~êÉ=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåí=
áÑ=íÜÉ=äáãáíë=Éñáëí=~åÇ=~êÉ=ÑáåáíÉX=çíÜÉêïáëÉ=íÜÉ=áåíÉÖê~äë=~êÉ=
ÇáîÉêÖÉåíK=
=
∞ Å ∞
1073. ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ = ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ + ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ =
−∞ −∞ Å
=
=
Figure 186.
=
fÑ=Ñçê=ëçãÉ=êÉ~ä=åìãÄÉê=ÅI=ÄçíÜ=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåíÉÖê~äë=áå=íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=
∞
ëáÇÉ= ~êÉ= ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíI= íÜÉå= íÜÉ= áåíÉÖê~ä= ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ = áë= ~äëç=====
−∞
ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíX=çíÜÉêïáëÉ=áí=áë=ÇáîÉêÖÉåíK=
=
1074. `çãé~êáëçå=qÜÉçêÉãë=
iÉí== Ñ (ñ ) =~åÇ== Ö(ñ ) ==ÄÉ==Åçåíáåìçìë==ÑìåÅíáçåë==çå=íÜÉ=ÅäçëÉÇ=
áåíÉêî~ä= [~ I ∞ ) K= pìééçëÉ= íÜ~í= M ≤ Ö (ñ ) ≤ Ñ (ñ ) = Ñçê= ~ää= ñ= áå=
[~I ∞ ) K=
255
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
∞ ∞
• fÑ= ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ =áë=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíI=íÜÉå= ∫ Ö (ñ )Çñ =áë=~äëç=
~ ~
=====ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíI=
∞ ∞
• fÑ= ∫ Ö (ñ )Çñ =áë=ÇáîÉêÖÉåíI=íÜÉå= ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ =áë=~äëç=ÇáîÉêÖÉåíK=
~ ~
=
1075. ^ÄëçäìíÉ=`çåîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=
=
∞ ∞
fÑ= ∫ Ñ (ñ ) Çñ =áë=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ =áë=~Äëç-
~ ~
äìíÉäó=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíK===
=
1076. aáëÅçåíáåìçìë=fåíÉÖê~åÇ=
iÉí= Ñ (ñ ) =ÄÉ=~=ÑìåÅíáçå=ïÜáÅÜ=áë=Åçåíáåìçìë=çå=íÜÉ=áåíÉêî~ä==
[~I Ä) =Äìí=áë=ÇáëÅçåíáåìçìë=~í= ñ = Ä K=qÜÉå==
Ä Ä−ε
∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ = äáã
~
ε →M + ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ =
~
=
=
Figure 187.
256
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 188.
=
=
=
9.10 Double Integral
=
cìåÅíáçåë=çÑ=íïç=î~êá~ÄäÉëW= Ñ (ñ I ó ) I= Ñ (ìI î ) I=£=
açìÄäÉ=áåíÉÖê~äëW= ∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )ÇñÇó I= ∫∫ Ö (ñ I ó )ÇñÇó I=£=
o o
( )
ã å
oáÉã~åå=ëìãW= ∑∑ Ñ ì á I î à ∆ñ á ∆ó à =
á =N à=N
pã~ää=ÅÜ~åÖÉëW= ∆ñ á I= ∆ó à =
oÉÖáçåë=çÑ=áåíÉÖê~íáçåW=oI=p==
mçä~ê=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW= ê I= θ =
257
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
^êÉ~W=^=
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉ=çÑ=~=ëçäáÇW=s=
j~ëë=çÑ=~=ä~ãáå~W=ã=
aÉåëáíóW= ρ(ñ I ó ) =
cáêëí=ãçãÉåíëW= j ñ I= j ó =
jçãÉåíë=çÑ=áåÉêíá~W= f ñ I= f ó I= fM =
`Ü~êÖÉ=çÑ=~=éä~íÉW=n=
`Ü~êÖÉ=ÇÉåëáíóW= σ(ñ I ó ) =
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=ÅÉåíÉê=çÑ=ã~ëëW= ñ I= ó =
^îÉê~ÖÉ=çÑ=~=ÑìåÅíáçåW= µ =
=
1078. aÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=açìÄäÉ=fåíÉÖê~ä=
qÜÉ=ÇçìÄäÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä=çîÉê=~=êÉÅí~åÖäÉ= [~ I Ä]× [ÅI Ç] =áë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=
íç=ÄÉ==
∑∑ Ñ (ì I î )∆ñ ∆ó
ã å
∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ = äáã
[~ I Ä ]×[Å I Ç ]
ã~ñ ∆ñ á →M
á à á à I==
ã~ñ ∆ó à → M á =N à=N
( )
ïÜÉêÉ= ì á I î à =áë=ëçãÉ=éçáåí=áå=íÜÉ=êÉÅí~åÖäÉ=
( )
(ñ á −N I ñ á )× ó à−N I ó à I=~åÇ= ∆ñ á = ñ á − ñ á −N I= ∆ó à = ó à − ó à−N K=
=
=== =
Figure 189.
258
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
qÜÉ=ÇçìÄäÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä=çîÉê=~=ÖÉåÉê~ä=êÉÖáçå=o=áë==
∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ = ∫∫ Ö(ñ I ó )Ç^ I==
o [~ I Ä ]×[Å I Ç ]
ïÜÉêÉ=êÉÅí~åÖäÉ= [~ I Ä]× [ÅI Ç] =Åçåí~áåë=oI==
Ö(ñ I ó ) = Ñ (ñ I ó ) =áÑ= Ñ (ñ I ó ) =áë=áå=o=~åÇ= Ö(ñ I ó ) = M =çíÜÉêïáëÉK=
=
=
=
Figure 190.
=
1079. ∫∫ [Ñ (ñ I ó ) + Ö(ñ I ó )]Ç^ = ∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ + ∫∫ Ö(ñ I ó )Ç^ =
o o o
=
1080. ∫∫ [Ñ (ñ I ó ) − Ö(ñ I ó )]Ç^ = ∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ − ∫∫ Ö(ñ I ó )Ç^ =
o o o
=
1081. ∫∫ âÑ (ñ I ó )Ç^ = â ∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ I==
o o
ïÜÉêÉ=â=áë=~=Åçåëí~åíK=
=
1082. fÑ= Ñ (ñ I ó ) ≤ Ö(ñ I ó ) =çå=oI=íÜÉå= ∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ ≤ ∫∫ Ö (ñ I ó )Ç^ K=
o o
=
1083. fÑ= Ñ (ñ I ó ) ≥ M =çå=o=~åÇ= p ⊂ o I=íÜÉå=
259
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
= ∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ ≤ ∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ K=
p o
=
=
Figure 191.
=
1084. fÑ= Ñ (ñ I ó ) ≥ M =çå=o=~åÇ=o=~åÇ=p=~êÉ=åçå-çîÉêä~ééáåÖ=
êÉÖáçåëI=íÜÉå= ∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ = ∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ + ∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ K==
o ∪p o p
eÉêÉ= o ∪ p =áë=íÜÉ=ìåáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉÖáçåë=o=~åÇ=pK=
=
=
=
Figure 192.
=
=
260
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1085. fíÉê~íÉÇ=fåíÉÖê~äë=~åÇ=cìÄáåá∞ë=qÜÉçêÉã=
Ä è(ñ )
∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ = ∫ ∫( Ñ) (ñ I ó )ÇóÇñ ==
o ~é ñ
Ñçê=~=êÉÖáçå=çÑ=íóéÉ=fI==
o = {(ñ I ó ) ö ~ ≤ ñ ≤ ÄI é(ñ ) ≤ ó ≤ è(ñ )} K=
=
=
=
Figure 193.
=
Ç î (ó )
∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ = ∫ ∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )ÇñÇó ==
o Å ì(ó )
Ñçê=~=êÉÖáçå=çÑ=íóéÉ=ffI=
o = {(ñ I ó ) ö ì(ó ) ≤ ñ ≤ î (ó )I Å ≤ ó ≤ Ç} K=
=
261
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 194.
=
1086. açìÄäÉ=fåíÉÖê~äë=çîÉê=oÉÅí~åÖìä~ê=oÉÖáçåë=
=
fÑ=o=áë=íÜÉ=êÉÅí~åÖìä~ê=êÉÖáçå= [~I Ä]× [ÅI Ç] I=íÜÉå==
Ä Ç
Ç Ä
∫∫o Ñ ( ñ I ó )ÇñÇó = ∫~ ∫Å
Ñ ( ñ I ó )Çó
Çñ = ∫ ∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Çñ Çó K==
Å~
=
få=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅá~ä=Å~ëÉ=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=áåíÉÖê~åÇ= Ñ (ñ I ó ) =Å~å=ÄÉ=ïêáí-
íÉå=~ë= Ö (ñ )Ü(ó ) =ïÉ=Ü~îÉ==
Ä Ç
∫∫o Ñ ( ñ I ó )ÇñÇó = ∫∫o Ö ( ñ )Ü( ó )ÇñÇó = ∫
Ö ( ñ )Çñ ∫
Ü( ó )Çó K==
~ Å
=
1087. `Ü~åÖÉ=çÑ=s~êá~ÄäÉë=
∂ (ñ I ó )
∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )ÇñÇó = ∫∫ Ñ [ñ (ìI î )I ó(ìI î )] ∂(ìI î ) ÇìÇî I==
o p
∂ñ ∂ñ
∂ (ñ I ó ) ∂ì ∂î
ïÜÉêÉ= = ≠ M áë= íÜÉ= à~ÅçÄá~å= çÑ= íÜÉ= íê~åë-
∂ (ìI î ) ∂ó ∂ó
∂ì ∂î
Ñçêã~íáçåë= (ñ I ó ) → (ìI î ) I=~åÇ=p=áë=íÜÉ=éìääÄ~Åâ=çÑ=o=ïÜáÅÜ=
262
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 195.
=
1089. açìÄäÉ=fåíÉÖê~äë=áå=mçä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
=
qÜÉ=aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=ÇñÇó=Ñçê=mçä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=áë==
∂ (ñ I ó )
ÇñÇó = ÇêÇθ = êÇêÇθ K==
∂ (êI θ)
=
iÉí=íÜÉ=êÉÖáçå=o=áë=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=~ë=ÑçääçïëW=
M ≤ Ö (θ) ≤ ê ≤ Ü(θ) I= α ≤ θ ≤ β I=ïÜÉêÉ= β − α ≤ Oπ K==
qÜÉå==
β Ü (θ )
263
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 196.
=
fÑ=íÜÉ=êÉÖáçå=o=áë=íÜÉ=éçä~ê=êÉÅí~åÖäÉ=ÖáîÉå=Äó==
M ≤ ~ ≤ ê ≤ Ä I= α ≤ θ ≤ β I=ïÜÉêÉ= β − α ≤ Oπ I===
íÜÉå==
β Ä
=
=
Figure 197.
=
=
264
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1090. ^êÉ~=çÑ=~=oÉÖáçå=
Ä Ñ (ñ )
^ = ∫ ∫ ÇóÇñ =EÑçê=~=íóéÉ=f=êÉÖáçåFK=
~ Ö (ñ )
=
=
Figure 198.
=
Ç è(ó )
^ = ∫ ∫ ÇñÇó =EÑçê=~=íóéÉ=ff=êÉÖáçåFK=
Å é( ó )
=
=
Figure 199.
=
=
265
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1091. sçäìãÉ=çÑ=~=pçäáÇ=
s = ∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ K==
o
=
=
=
Figure 200.
=
fÑ=o=áë=~=íóéÉ=f=êÉÖáçå=ÄçìåÇÉÇ=Äó= ñ = ~ I= ñ = Ä I= ó = Ü(ñ ) I=
ó = Ö (ñ ) I=íÜÉå==
Ä Ö(ñ )
s = ∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ = ∫ ∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )ÇóÇñ K==
o ~ Ü(ñ )
=
fÑ=o=áë=~=íóéÉ=ff=êÉÖáçå=ÄçìåÇÉÇ=Äó= ó = Å I= ó = Ç I= ñ = è(ó ) I=
ñ = é(ó ) I=íÜÉå=
Ç è(ó )
s = ∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ = ∫ ∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )ÇñÇó K==
o Å é( ó )
266
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
fÑ== Ñ (ñ I ó ) ≥ Ö (ñ I ó ) ==çîÉê==~==êÉÖáçå==oI==íÜÉå==íÜÉ==îçäìãÉ==çÑ=
íÜÉ= ëçäáÇ= ÄÉíïÉÉå= òN = Ñ (ñ I ó ) = ~åÇ= ò O = Ö(ñ I ó ) = çîÉê= o= áë=
ÖáîÉå=Äó=
s = ∫∫ [Ñ (ñ I ó ) − Ö (ñ I ó )]Ç^ K==
o
=
1092. ^êÉ~=~åÇ=sçäìãÉ=áå=mçä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
fÑ=p=áë=~=êÉÖáçå=áå=íÜÉ=ñó-éä~åÉ=ÄçìåÇÉÇ=Äó= θ = α I= θ = β I=
ê = Ü(θ) I= ê = Ö (θ) I==
íÜÉå==
β Ö (θ )
^ = ∫∫ Ç^ = ∫ ∫ êÇêÇθ I==
p α Ü(θ )
=
=
Figure 201.
=
1093. pìêÑ~ÅÉ=^êÉ~=
O
∂ò ∂ò
O
p = ∫∫ N + + ÇñÇó =
o ∂ñ ∂ó
=
267
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1094. j~ëë=çÑ=~=i~ãáå~=
ã = ∫∫ ρ(ñ I ó )Ç^ I==
o
ïÜÉêÉ==íÜÉ==ä~ãáå~==çÅÅìéáÉë==~==êÉÖáçå==o=~åÇ==áíë==ÇÉåëáíó==~í=
~=éçáåí=EñIóF=áë= ρ(ñ I ó ) K===
=
1095. jçãÉåíë=
qÜÉ=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ä~ãáå~=~Äçìí=íÜÉ==ñ-~ñáë==áë=ÖáîÉå=Äó=Ñçê-
ãìä~=
j ñ = ∫∫ óρ(ñ I ó )Ç^ K==
o
=
qÜÉ=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ä~ãáå~=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=ó-~ñáë=áë=
j ó = ∫∫ ñρ(ñ I ó )Ç^ K=
o
=
qÜÉ=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=ñ-~ñáë=áë=
f ñ = ∫∫ ó Oρ(ñ I ó )Ç^ K==
o
=
qÜÉ=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=ó-~ñáë=áë=
f ó = ∫∫ ñ Oρ(ñ I ó )Ç^ K==
o
=
qÜÉ=éçä~ê=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=áë=
fM = ∫∫ (ñ O + ó O )ρ(ñ I ó )Ç^ K==
o
=
1096. `ÉåíÉê=çÑ=j~ëë=
jó
N ∫∫ ñρ(ñ I ó )Ç^
ñ= = ∫∫ ñρ(ñ I ó )Ç^ = o
I==
ã ã o ∫∫ ρ(ñ I ó )Ç^
o
268
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
j N ∫∫ óρ(ñ I ó )Ç^
ó = ñ = ∫∫ óρ(ñ I ó )Ç^ = o
K==
ã ã o ∫∫ ρ(ñ I ó )Ç^
o
=
1097. `Ü~êÖÉ=çÑ=~=mä~íÉ=
n = ∫∫ σ(ñ I ó )Ç^ I==
o
ïÜÉêÉ=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=áë=ÇáëíêáÄìíÉÇ=çîÉê=~=êÉÖáçå=o=~åÇ=áíë=
ÅÜ~êÖÉ=ÇÉåëáíó=~í=~=éçáåí=EñIóF=áë= σ(ñ I ó ) K===
=
1098. ^îÉê~ÖÉ=çÑ=~=cìåÅíáçå=
N
µ = ∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó )Ç^ I==
po
ïÜÉêÉ= p = ∫∫ Ç^ K==
o
=
=
=
9.11 Triple Integral
=
cìåÅíáçåë=çÑ=íÜêÉÉ=î~êá~ÄäÉëW= Ñ (ñ I ó I ò ) I= Ö (ñ I ó I ò ) I=£=
qêáéäÉ=áåíÉÖê~äëW= ∫∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó I ò )Çs I= ∫∫∫ Ö (ñ I ó I ò )Çs I=£=
d d
( )
ã å é
oáÉã~åå=ëìãW= ∑∑∑ Ñ ì á I î à I ï â ∆ñ á ∆ó à ∆ò â =
á =N à=N â =N
pã~ää=ÅÜ~åÖÉëW= ∆ñ á I= ∆ó à I= ∆ò â =
iáãáíë=çÑ=áåíÉÖê~íáçåW=~I=ÄI=ÅI=ÇI=êI=ë=
oÉÖáçåë=çÑ=áåíÉÖê~íáçåW=dI=qI=p==
`óäáåÇêáÅ~ä=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW= ê I= θ I=ò=
péÜÉêáÅ~ä=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW= ê I= θ I= ϕ =
sçäìãÉ=çÑ=~=ëçäáÇW=s=
269
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
j~ëë=çÑ=~=ëçäáÇW=ã==
aÉåëáíóW= µ(ñ I ó I ò ) =
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=ÅÉåíÉê=çÑ=ã~ëëW= ñ I= ó I= ò =
cáêëí=ãçãÉåíëW= j ñó I= j óò I= j ñò =
jçãÉåíë=çÑ=áåÉêíá~W= f ñó I= f óò I= f ñò I= f ñ I= f ó I= fò I= fM =
=
=
1099. aÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=qêáéäÉ=fåíÉÖê~ä=
qÜÉ=íêáéäÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä=çîÉê=~=é~ê~ääÉäÉéáéÉÇ= [~I Ä]× [ÅI Ç]× [êI ë] =
áë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ==
∑∑∑ Ñ (ì I î I ï )∆ñ ∆ó ∆ò
ã å é
( )
ïÜÉêÉ= ì á I î à I ï â =áë=ëçãÉ=éçáåí=áå=íÜÉ=é~ê~ääÉäÉéáéÉÇ=
( )
(ñ á −N I ñ á )× ó à−N I ó à × (ò â −N I ò â ) I=~åÇ= ∆ñ á = ñ á − ñ á −N I=
∆ó à = ó à − ó à−N I= ∆ò â = ò â − ò â −N K=
=
1100. ∫∫∫ [Ñ (ñ I ó I ò ) + Ö (ñ I ó I ò )]Çs = ∫∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó I ò )Çs + ∫∫∫ Ö (ñ I ó I ò )Çs
d d d
=
1101. ∫∫∫ [Ñ (ñ I ó I ò ) − Ö(ñ I óI ò )]Çs = ∫∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó I ò )Çs − ∫∫∫ Ö(ñ I óI ò )Çs
d d d
=
1102. ∫∫∫ âÑ (ñ I óI ò )Çs = â ∫∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó I ò )Çs I==
d d
ïÜÉêÉ=â=áë=~=Åçåëí~åíK=
=
1103. fÑ== Ñ (ñ I ó I ò ) ≥ M =~åÇ=d=~åÇ=q=~êÉ=åçåçîÉêä~ééáåÖ=Ä~ëáÅ=
êÉÖáçåëI=íÜÉå==
∫∫∫ Ñ (ñ I óI ò )Çs = ∫∫∫ Ñ (ñ I óI ò )Çs + ∫∫∫ Ñ (ñ I óI ò )Çs K==
d∪q d q
eÉêÉ= d ∪ q =áë=íÜÉ=ìåáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉÖáçåë=d=~åÇ=qK=
=
270
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1104. bî~äì~íáçå=çÑ=qêáéäÉ=fåíÉÖê~äë=Äó=oÉéÉ~íÉÇ=fåíÉÖê~äë=
fÑ=íÜÉ=ëçäáÇ=d=áë=íÜÉ=ëÉí=çÑ=éçáåíë= (ñ I ó I ò ) =ëìÅÜ=íÜ~í=
= (ñ I ó )∈ oI χ N (ñ I ó ) ≤ ò ≤ χ O (ñ I ó ) I=íÜÉå==
χ O ( ñ I ó )
= ∫∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó I ò )ÇñÇóÇò = ∫∫ ∫ Ñ (ñ I ó I ò )Çò ÇñÇó I==
d o χN ( ñ I ó )
ïÜÉêÉ=o=áë=éêçàÉÅíáçå=çÑ=d=çåíç=íÜÉ=ñó-éä~åÉK=
=
fÑ=íÜÉ=ëçäáÇ=d=áë=íÜÉ=ëÉí=çÑ=éçáåíë= (ñ I ó I ò ) =ëìÅÜ=íÜ~í=
~ ≤ ñ ≤ ÄI ϕN (ñ ) ≤ ó ≤ ϕO (ñ )I χN (ñ I ó ) ≤ ò ≤ χ O (ñ I ó ) I=íÜÉå==
Ä ϕO ( ñ ) χ O ( ñ I ó )
∫∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó I ò )ÇñÇóÇò = ∫ ∫ ∫ Ñ (ñ I ó I ò )Çò Çó Çñ ==
~
d ϕN ( ñ ) χN ( ñ I ó )
=
1105. qêáéäÉ=fåíÉÖê~äë=çîÉê=m~ê~ääÉäÉéáéÉÇ=
fÑ=d=áë=~=é~ê~ääÉäÉéáéÉÇ= [~ I Ä]× [ÅI Ç]× [êI ë] I=íÜÉå=
Ä Ç ë
∫∫∫ Ñ ( ñ I ó I ò )ÇñÇóÇò = ∫ ∫ ∫
Ñ ( ñ I ó I ò )Çò Çó Çñ K==
d
~ Å ê
=
få==íÜÉ=ëéÉÅá~ä=Å~ëÉ==ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=áåíÉÖê~åÇ== Ñ (ñ I ó I ò ) ==Å~å=ÄÉ=
ïêáííÉå=~ë= Ö (ñ ) Ü(ó ) â (ò ) =ïÉ=Ü~îÉ==
Ä Ç ë
∫∫∫ Ñ ( ñ I ó I ò )ÇñÇóÇò = ∫
Ö ( ñ )Çñ ∫
Ü( ó )Çó ∫ â (ò )Çò K==
d ~ Å ê
=
1106. `Ü~åÖÉ=çÑ=s~êá~ÄäÉë=
∫∫∫ Ñ (ñ I óI ò )ÇñÇóÇò = =
d
∂ (ñ I ó I ò )
= ∫∫∫ Ñ [ñ (ìI î I ï )I ó (ìI î I ï )I ò (ìI î I ï )] ÇñÇóÇòI =
p
∂(ìI î I ï )
271
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
∂ñ ∂ñ ∂ñ
∂ì ∂î ∂ï
∂ (ñ I ó I ò ) ∂ó ∂ó ∂ó
ïÜÉêÉ== = ≠ M ==áë==íÜÉ==à~ÅçÄá~å==çÑ=
∂ (ìI î I ï ) ∂ì ∂î ∂ï
∂ò ∂ò ∂ò
∂ì ∂î ∂ï
íÜÉ= íê~åëÑçêã~íáçåë= (ñ I ó I ò ) → (ìI î I ï ) I= ~åÇ= p= áë= íÜÉ= éìää-
Ä~Åâ= çÑ= d= ïÜáÅÜ= Å~å= ÄÉ= ÅçãéìíÉÇ= Äó= ñ = ñ (ìI î I ï ) I=
ó = ó (ìI î I ï ) =
ò = ò (ìI î I ï ) =áåíç=íÜÉ=ÇÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=dK=
= =
1107. qêáéäÉ=fåíÉÖê~äë=áå=`óäáåÇêáÅ~ä=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
qÜÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=ÇñÇóÇò=Ñçê=ÅóäáåÇêáÅ~ä=ÅççêÇáå~íÉë=áë==
∂ (ñ I ó I ò )
ÇñÇóÇò = ÇêÇθÇò = êÇêÇθÇò K==
∂ (êI θI ò )
=
iÉí=íÜÉ=ëçäáÇ=d=áë=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=~ë=ÑçääçïëW=
(ñ I ó )∈ oI χN (ñ I ó ) ≤ ò ≤ χ O (ñ I ó ) I=
ïÜÉêÉ=o=áë=éêçàÉÅíáçå=çÑ=d=çåíç=íÜÉ=ñó-éä~åÉK=qÜÉå==
∫∫∫ Ñ (ñ I óI ò )ÇñÇóÇò = ∫∫∫ Ñ (ê Åçë θI ê ëáå θI ò )êÇêÇθÇò =
d p
χ O ( ê Åçë θ Iê ëáå θ )
= Ñ (
∫∫ χ (ê Åçë∫θIê ëáå θ )
ê Åçë θI ê ëáå θI ò )Çò êÇêÇθ K=
o ( ê Iθ ) N
eÉêÉ=p=áë=íÜÉ=éìääÄ~Åâ=çÑ=d=áå=ÅóäáåÇêáÅ~ä=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëK=
=
1108. qêáéäÉ=fåíÉÖê~äë=áå=péÜÉêáÅ~ä=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
qÜÉ=aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=ÇñÇóÇò=Ñçê=péÜÉêáÅ~ä=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=áë==
∂ (ñ I ó I ò )
ÇñÇóÇò = ÇêÇθÇϕ = ê O ëáå θÇêÇθÇϕ ==
∂ (êI θI ϕ)
=
∫∫∫ Ñ (ñ I óI ò )ÇñÇóÇò = =
d
272
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
========= = ∫∫∫ Ñ (ê ëáå θ Åçë ϕI ê ëáå θ ëáå ϕI ê Åçë θ) ê O ëáå θÇêÇθÇϕ I==
p
ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=ëçäáÇ=p=áë=íÜÉ=éìääÄ~Åâ=çÑ=d=áå=ëéÜÉêáÅ~ä=ÅççêÇá-
å~íÉëK=qÜÉ=~åÖäÉ== θ ==ê~åÖÉë==Ñêçã==M=íç== Oπ I==íÜÉ==~åÖäÉ== ϕ =
ê~åÖÉë=Ñêçã=M=íç= π K==
=
======= =
=
Figure 202.
=
1109. sçäìãÉ=çÑ=~=pçäáÇ=
s = ∫∫∫ ÇñÇóÇò =
d
=
1110. sçäìãÉ=áå=`óäáåÇêáÅ~ä=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
s = ∫∫∫ êÇêÇθÇò =
p ( ê I θ Iò )
=
1111. sçäìãÉ=áå=péÜÉêáÅ~ä=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
s = ∫∫∫ ê O ëáå θÇêÇθÇϕ =
p ( ê I θ Iϕ )
273
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1112. j~ëë=çÑ=~=pçäáÇ=
ã = ∫∫∫ µ(ñ I ó I ò )Çs I==
d
ïÜÉêÉ= íÜÉ= ëçäáÇ= çÅÅìéáÉë= ~= êÉÖáçå= d= ~åÇ= áíë= ÇÉåëáíó= ~í============
~=éçáåí= (ñ I ó I ò ) =áë= µ(ñ I ó I ò ) K===
=
1113. `ÉåíÉê=çÑ=j~ëë=çÑ=~=pçäáÇ=
j óò j j ñó
ñ= I= ó = ñò I= ò = I==
ã ã ã
ïÜÉêÉ==
j óò = ∫∫∫ ñµ(ñ I ó I ò ) Çs I==
d
j ñó = ∫∫∫ òµ(ñ I ó I ò ) Çs =
d
~êÉ==íÜÉ==Ñáêëí==ãçãÉåíë==~Äçìí==íÜÉ==ÅççêÇáå~íÉ=éä~åÉë= ñ = M I=
ó = M I= ò = M I=êÉëéÉÅíáîÉäóI== µ(ñ I ó I ò ) =áë=íÜÉ=ÇÉåëáíó=ÑìåÅíáçåK==
=
1114. jçãÉåíë=çÑ=fåÉêíá~=~Äçìí==íÜÉ==ñó-éä~åÉ=Eçê= ò = M FI=óò-éä~åÉ==
E ñ = M FI=~åÇ=ñò-éä~åÉ=E ó = M F=
f ñó = ∫∫∫ ò Oµ(ñ I ó I ò ) Çs I==
d
274
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
275
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1117. iáåÉ=fåíÉÖê~ä=çÑ=~=pÅ~ä~ê=cìåÅíáçå=
r r
iÉí=~=ÅìêîÉ=`=ÄÉ=ÖáîÉå=Äó=íÜÉ=îÉÅíçê=ÑìåÅíáçå= ê = ê (ë ) I=
M ≤ ë ≤ p I=~åÇ=~=ëÅ~ä~ê=ÑìåÅíáçå=c=áë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=çîÉê=íÜÉ=ÅìêîÉ=`K==
qÜÉå==
p
r
∫ c(ê (ë ))Çë = ∫ c(ñ I óI ò )Çë = ∫ cÇë I==
M ` `
ïÜÉêÉ=Çë=áë=íÜÉ=~êÅ=äÉåÖíÜ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~äK==
=
1118. ∫ c Çë = ∫ c Çë + ∫ c Çë =
`N ∪ ` O `N `O
=
=
Figure 203.
=
r r
1119. fÑ=íÜÉ=ëãççíÜ=ÅìêîÉ=`=áë=é~ê~ãÉíêáòÉÇ=Äó= ê = ê (í ) I=
α ≤ í ≤ β I=íÜÉå==
β
` α
=
1120. fÑ=`=áë=~=ëãççíÜ=ÅìêîÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ñó-éä~åÉ=ÖáîÉå=Äó=íÜÉ=Éèì~íáçå=
ó = Ñ (ñ ) I= ~ ≤ ñ ≤ Ä I=íÜÉå==
Ä
` ~
=
1121. iáåÉ=fåíÉÖê~ä=çÑ=pÅ~ä~ê=cìåÅíáçå=áå=mçä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
276
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
β O
Çê
∫` c(ñ I ó )Çë = ∫α c(ê Åçë θI ê ëáå θ) ê + Çθ Çθ I==
O
ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=ÅìêîÉ=`=áë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=éçä~ê=ÑìåÅíáçå= êEθF K=
=
1122. iáåÉ=fåíÉÖê~ä=çÑ=sÉÅíçê=cáÉäÇ=
r r
iÉí=~=ÅìêîÉ=`=ÄÉ=ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=îÉÅíçê=ÑìåÅíáçå= ê = ê (ë ) I=
M ≤ ë ≤ p K=qÜÉå==
r
Çê r
= τ = (Åçë αI Åçë βI Åçë γ ) ==
Çë
áë=íÜÉ=ìåáí=îÉÅíçê=çÑ=íÜÉ=í~åÖÉåí=äáåÉ=íç=íÜáë=ÅìêîÉK==
=
=
=
Figure 204.
=
r
iÉí= ~= îÉÅíçê= ÑáÉäÇ= c (mI nI o ) = áë= ÇÉÑáåÉÇ= çîÉê= íÜÉ= ÅìêîÉ= `K=
r
qÜÉå=íÜÉ=äáåÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä=çÑ=íÜÉ=îÉÅíçê=ÑáÉäÇ= c =~äçåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅìêîÉ=
`=áë==
p
277
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1123. mêçéÉêíáÉë=çÑ=iáåÉ=fåíÉÖê~äë=çÑ=sÉÅíçê=cáÉäÇë=
( ) ( )
r r r r
∫ c
−`
⋅ Ç ê = − ∫ ⋅ Çê I==
c
`
ïÜÉêÉ=-`=ÇÉåçíÉ==íÜÉ=ÅìêîÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=çééçëáíÉ=çêáÉåí~íáçåK=
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
r r r r r r r r
∫ c ⋅ Çê = ∫ c ⋅ Çê = ∫ c ⋅ Çê + ∫ c ⋅ Çê I==
` `N ∪ ` O `N `O
278
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1127. ^êÉ~=çÑ=~=oÉÖáçå=o=_çìåÇÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=`ìêîÉ=`=
N
p = ∫∫ ÇñÇó = ∫ ñÇó − óÇñ =
o
O`
=
1128. m~íÜ=fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåÅÉ=çÑ=iáåÉ=fåíÉÖê~äë=
r r r r
qÜÉ= äáåÉ= áåíÉÖê~ä= çÑ= ~= îÉÅíçê= ÑìåÅíáçå= c = m á + n à + oâ = áë=
ë~áÇ=íç=ÄÉ=é~íÜ=áåÇÉéÉåÇÉåíI=áÑ=~åÇ=çåäó=áÑ=mI=nI=~åÇ=o=~êÉ=
Åçåíáåìçìë= áå= ~= Ççã~áå= aI= ~åÇ= áÑ= íÜÉêÉ= Éñáëíë= ëçãÉ= ëÅ~ä~ê=
ÑìåÅíáçå== ì = ì(ñ I ó I ò ) ==E~==ëÅ~ä~ê==éçíÉåíá~äF==áå==a==ëìÅÜ=íÜ~í=
r ∂ì ∂ì ∂ì
c = Öê~Ç ì I=çê= = m I= = n I= = o K==
∂ñ ∂ó ∂ò
qÜÉå==
rr r
∫ c(ê ) ⋅ Çê = ∫ mÇñ + nÇó + oÇò = ì(_) − ì(^ ) K==
` `
=
1129. qÉëí=Ñçê=~=`çåëÉêî~íáîÉ=cáÉäÇ=
r
^=îÉÅíçê=ÑáÉäÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñçêã= c = Öê~Ç ì =áë=Å~ääÉÇ=~=ÅçåëÉêî~íáîÉ=
r r r r
ÑáÉäÇK=qÜÉ=äáåÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä=çÑ=~=îÉÅíçê=ÑìåÅíáçå= c = m á + n à + oâ =
áë=é~íÜ=áåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=áÑ=~åÇ=çåäó=áÑ==
r r r
á à â
r ∂ ∂ ∂ r
Åìêä c = = M K==
∂ñ ∂ó ∂ò
m n o
=
fÑ=íÜÉ=äáåÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä=áë=í~âÉå=áå=ñó-éä~åÉ=ëç=íÜ~í==
∫ mÇñ + nÇó = ì(_) − ì(^ ) I==
`
íÜÉå=íÜÉ=íÉëí=Ñçê=ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ=áÑ=~=îÉÅíçê=ÑáÉäÇ=áë=ÅçåëÉêî~íáîÉ=
Å~å=ÄÉ=ïêáííÉå=áå=íÜÉ=Ñçêã==
∂m ∂n
= K==
∂ó ∂ñ
=
279
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1130. iÉåÖíÜ=çÑ=~=`ìêîÉ=
β r β O O O
(í ) Çí = ∫ Çñ + + Çò Çí I=
Çê Çó
i = ∫ Çë = ∫
α
` α
Çí Çí Çí Çí
ïÜÉêÉ=`=á~=~=éáÉÅÉïáëÉ=ëãççíÜ=ÅìêîÉ=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=éçëá-
r
íáçå=îÉÅíçê= ê (í ) I= α ≤ í ≤ β K=
=
fÑ=íÜÉ=ÅìêîÉ=`=áë=íïç-ÇáãÉåëáçå~äI=íÜÉå=
β r β O O
Çê Çñ Çó
i = ∫ Çë = ∫ (í ) Çí = ∫ + Çí K==
α
` α
Çí Çí Çí
=
fÑ=íÜÉ=ÅìêîÉ=`=áë=íÜÉ=Öê~éÜ=çÑ=~=ÑìåÅíáçå= ó = Ñ (ñ ) =áå=íÜÉ=ñó-
éä~åÉ= (~ ≤ ñ ≤ Ä) I=íÜÉå==
Ä O
Çó
i=∫ N + Çñ K==
~ Çñ
=
1131. iÉåÖíÜ=çÑ=~=`ìêîÉ=áå=mçä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
β O
Çê
i = ∫ + ê O Çθ I==
α
Çθ
ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=ÅìêîÉ=`=áë=ÖáîÉå=Äó=íÜÉ=Éèì~íáçå= ê = ê(θ) I=
α ≤ θ ≤ β =áå=éçä~ê=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëK===
=
1132. j~ëë=çÑ=~=táêÉ=
ã = ∫ ρ(ñ I ó I ò )Çë I==
`
280
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
β O O O
Çñ Çó Çò
ã = ∫ ρ(ñ (í )I ó (í )I ò (í )) + + Çí K==
α Çí Çí Çí
=
fÑ=`=áë=~=ÅìêîÉ=áå=ñó-éä~åÉI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ã~ëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ïáêÉ=áë=ÖáîÉå=
Äó==
ã = ∫ ρ(ñ I ó )Çë I=
`
çê=
β O O
Çñ Çó
ã = ∫ ρ(ñ (í )I ó (í )) + Çí =Eáå=é~ê~ãÉíêáÅ=ÑçêãFK=
α Çí Çí
=
1133. `ÉåíÉê=çÑ=j~ëë=çÑ=~=táêÉ=
j óò j j ñó
ñ= I= ó = ñò I= ò = I=
ã ã ã
ïÜÉêÉ==
j óò = ∫ ñρ(ñ I ó I ò )Çë I==
`
j ñó = ∫ òρ(ñ I ó I ò )Çë K=
`
=
1134. jçãÉåíë=çÑ=fåÉêíá~=
qÜÉ=ãçãÉåíë=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=ñ-~ñáëI=ó-~ñáëI=~åÇ=ò-~ñáë=
~êÉ=ÖáîÉå=Äó=íÜÉ=Ñçêãìä~ë=
f ñ = ∫ (ó O + ò O )ρ(ñ I ó I ò )Çë I==
`
281
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1135. ^êÉ~=çÑ=~=oÉÖáçå=_çìåÇÉÇ=Äó=~=`äçëÉÇ=`ìêîÉ=
N
p = ∫ ñÇó = − ∫ óÇñ = ∫ ñÇó − óÇñ K==
` `
O`
=
=
=
Figure 205.
=
fÑ=íÜÉ=ÅäçëÉÇ=ÅìêîÉ=`=áë=ÖáîÉå=áå=é~ê~ãÉíêáÅ=Ñçêã=
r
ê (í ) = ñ (í )I ó (í ) I=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=~êÉ~=Å~å=ÄÉ=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=Ñçê-
ãìä~=
β β β
Çó Çñ N Çó Çñ
p = ∫ ñ (í ) Çí = − ∫ ó (í ) Çí = ∫ ñ (í ) − ó (í ) Çí K==
α
Çí α
Çí O α Çí Çí
=
1136. sçäìãÉ=çÑ=~=pçäáÇ=cçêãÉÇ=Äó=oçí~íáåÖ=~=`äçëÉÇ=`ìêîÉ=
~Äçìí=íÜÉ=ñ-~ñáë=
π
s = − π ∫ ó OÇñ = −Oπ ∫ ñóÇó = − ∫ OñóÇó + ó OÇñ ==
` `
O`
=
282
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 206.
=
1137. tçêâ=
r
tçêâ=ÇçåÉ=Äó=~=ÑçêÅÉ= c =çå=~å=çÄàÉÅí=ãçîáåÖ=~äçåÖ=~=ÅìêîÉ=
`=áë=ÖáîÉå=Äó=íÜÉ=äáåÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä=
r r
t = ∫ c ⋅ Ç ê I=
`
r r
ïÜÉêÉ= c =áë=íÜÉ=îÉÅíçê=ÑçêÅÉ=ÑáÉäÇ=~ÅíáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=çÄàÉÅíI= Ç ê =áë=
íÜÉ=ìåáí=í~åÖÉåí=îÉÅíçêK==
=
=
Figure 207.
283
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
fÑ=íÜÉ=çÄàÉÅí=áë=ãçîÉÇ=~äçåÖ=~=ÅìêîÉ=`=áå=íÜÉ=ñó-éä~åÉI=íÜÉå=
r r
t = ∫ c ⋅ Ç ê = ∫ mÇñ + nÇó I==
` `
=
fÑ= ~= é~íÜ= `= áë= ëéÉÅáÑáÉÇ= Äó= ~= é~ê~ãÉíÉê= í= Eí= çÑíÉå= ãÉ~åë=
íáãÉFI=íÜÉ=Ñçêãìä~=Ñçê=Å~äÅìä~íáåÖ=ïçêâ=ÄÉÅçãÉë=
β
Çñ Çó Çò
t = ∫ m(ñ (í )I ó (í )I ò (í )) + n(ñ (í )I ó (í )I ò (í )) + o(ñ (í )I ó (í )I ò (í )) ÇíI
α
Çí Çí Çí
ïÜÉêÉ=í=ÖçÉë=Ñêçã= α =íç= β K==
=
r
fÑ= ~= îÉÅíçê= ÑáÉäÇ= c = áë= ÅçåëÉêî~íáîÉ= ~åÇ= ì(ñ I ó I ò ) = áë= ~= ëÅ~ä~ê=
éçíÉåíá~ä= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÑáÉäÇI= íÜÉå= íÜÉ= ïçêâ= çå= ~å= çÄàÉÅí= ãçîáåÖ=
Ñêçã=^=íç=_=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÑçìåÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=Ñçêãìä~=
t = ì(_ ) − ì(^ ) K==
=
1138. ^ãéÉêÉ∞ë=i~ï=
r r
∫ ⋅ Çê = µMf K==
_
`
r
qÜÉ=äáåÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä=çÑ=~=ã~ÖåÉíáÅ=ÑáÉäÇ= _ =~êçìåÇ=~=ÅäçëÉÇ=é~íÜ=
`= áë= Éèì~ä= íç= íÜÉ= íçí~ä= ÅìêêÉåí= f= ÑäçïáåÖ= íÜêçìÖÜ= íÜÉ= ~êÉ~=
ÄçìåÇÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=é~íÜK==
=
=
Figure 208.
284
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1139. c~ê~Ç~ó∞ë=i~ï=
r r Çψ
ε = ∫ b ⋅ Çê = − =
`
Çí
=
qÜÉ= ÉäÉÅíêçãçíáîÉ= ÑçêÅÉ= EÉãÑF= ε = áåÇìÅÉÇ= ~êçìåÇ= ~= ÅäçëÉÇ=
äççé=`=áë=Éèì~ä=íç=íÜÉ=ê~íÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=çÑ=ã~ÖåÉíáÅ=Ñäìñ= ψ =
é~ëëáåÖ=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=äççéK===
=
=
=
Figure 209.
=
=
=
9.13 Surface Integral
=
pÅ~ä~ê=ÑìåÅíáçåëW= Ñ (ñ I ó I ò ) I= ò (ñ I ó ) =
r r
mçëáíáçå=îÉÅíçêëW= ê (ìI î ) I= ê (ñ I ó I ò ) =
r r r
råáí=îÉÅíçêëW= á I= à I= â =
pìêÑ~ÅÉW=p=
r
sÉÅíçê=ÑáÉäÇW= c (mI nI o ) =
r r
aáîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=çÑ=~=îÉÅíçê=ÑáÉäÇW= Çáî c = ∇ ⋅ c =
285
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
r r
`ìêä=çÑ=~=îÉÅíçê=ÑáÉäÇW= Åìêä c = ∇ × c ==
r
sÉÅíçê=ÉäÉãÉåí=çÑ=~=ëìêÑ~ÅÉW= Çp =
r
kçêã~ä=íç=ëìêÑ~ÅÉW= å =
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=^=
j~ëë=çÑ=~=ëìêÑ~ÅÉW=ã=
aÉåëáíóW= µ(ñ I ó I ò ) =
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=ÅÉåíÉê=çÑ=ã~ëëW= ñ I= ó I= ò =
cáêëí=ãçãÉåíëW= j ñó I= j óò I= j ñò =
jçãÉåíë=çÑ=áåÉêíá~W= f ñó I= f óò I= f ñò I= f ñ I= f ó I= fò =
sçäìãÉ=çÑ=~=ëçäáÇW=s=
r
cçêÅÉW= c =
dê~îáí~íáçå~ä=Åçåëí~åíW=d=
rr
cäìáÇ=îÉäçÅáíóW= î (ê ) =
cäìáÇ=ÇÉåëáíóW= ρ =
r
mêÉëëìêÉW= é(ê ) =
j~ëë=ÑäìñI=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ÑäìñW= Φ =
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=ÅÜ~êÖÉW=n=
`Ü~êÖÉ=ÇÉåëáíóW= σ(ñ I ó ) =
r
j~ÖåáíìÇÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ=ÑáÉäÇW= b =
=
=
1140. pìêÑ~ÅÉ=fåíÉÖê~ä=çÑ=~=pÅ~ä~ê=cìåÅíáçå=
iÉí=~=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=p=ÄÉ=ÖáîÉå=Äó=íÜÉ=éçëáíáçå=îÉÅíçê=
r r r r
ê (ìI î ) = ñ (ìI î )á + ó (ìI î ) à + ò (ìI î )â I==
ïÜÉêÉ= (ìI î ) = ê~åÖÉë= çîÉê= ëçãÉ= Ççã~áå= a(ìI î ) = çÑ= íÜÉ= ìî-
éä~åÉK=
qÜÉ==ëìêÑ~ÅÉ==áåíÉÖê~ä==çÑ==~==ëÅ~ä~ê=ÑìåÅíáçå== Ñ (ñ I ó I ò ) =çîÉê=
íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=p=áë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=~ë==
r r
∂ê ∂ê
∫∫p Ñ ( ñ I ó I ò )Çp = ∫∫ Ñ ( ñ (ì I î )I ó (ì I î )I ò (ì I î )) × ÇìÇî I==
a(ì I î )
∂ì ∂î
r r
∂ê ∂ê
ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=é~êíá~ä=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= =~åÇ= =~êÉ=ÖáîÉå=Äó==
∂ì ∂î
286
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
r r ∂ó r ∂ò r
∂ê ∂ñ
= (ìI î ) á + (ìI î ) à + (ìI î )â I==
∂ì ∂ì ∂ì ∂ì
r r ∂ó r ∂ò r
∂ê ∂ñ
= (ìI î ) á + (ìI î ) à + (ìI î )â =
∂î ∂î ∂î ∂î
r r
∂ê ∂ê
~åÇ= × =áë=íÜÉ=Åêçëë=éêçÇìÅíK==
∂ì ∂î
=
1141. fÑ==íÜÉ==ëìêÑ~ÅÉ==p==áë==ÖáîÉå=Äó==íÜÉ=Éèì~íáçå= ò = ò(ñ I ó ) =ïÜÉêÉ=
ò (ñ I ó ) ==áë==~==ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ÄäÉ==ÑìåÅíáçå==áå=íÜÉ=Ççã~áå= a(ñ I ó ) I=
íÜÉå==
O O
∂ò ∂ò
∫∫ Ñ (ñ I ó I ò )Çp = (∫∫ ) Ñ (ñ I ó I ò(ñ I ó ))
p a ñ Ió
N + + ÇñÇó K==
∂ñ ∂ó
=
r
1142. pìêÑ~ÅÉ=fåíÉÖê~ä=çÑ=íÜÉ=sÉÅíçê=cáÉäÇ= c =çîÉê=íÜÉ=pìêÑ~ÅÉ=p=
• fÑ=p=áë=çêáÉåíÉÇ=çìíï~êÇI=íÜÉå==
r r r r
===== ∫∫ c(ñ I ó I ò ) ⋅ Çp = ∫∫ c(ñ I ó I ò ) ⋅ åÇp =
p p
r r r
∂ê ∂ê
====== = ∫∫ c(ñ (ìI î )I ó (ìI î )I ò (ìI î )) ⋅ × ÇìÇî K==
a( ì I î ) ∂ì ∂î
=
• fÑ=p=áë=çêáÉåíÉÇ=áåï~êÇI=íÜÉå==
r r r r
===== ∫∫ c(ñ I ó I ò ) ⋅ Çp = ∫∫ c(ñ I ó I ò ) ⋅ åÇp =
p p
r r r
∂ê ∂ê
====== = ∫∫ c(ñ (ìI î )I ó (ìI î )I ò (ìI î )) ⋅ × ÇìÇî K==
a( ì I î ) ∂î ∂ì
=
r r
Çp = åÇp ==áë==Å~ääÉÇ==íÜÉ==îÉÅíçê=ÉäÉãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉK==açí=
ãÉ~åë= = íÜÉ= = ëÅ~ä~ê= = éêçÇìÅí= = çÑ= = íÜÉ= = ~ééêçéêá~íÉ= = îÉÅíçêëK=
r r
∂ê ∂ê
qÜÉ=é~êíá~ä=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= =~åÇ== =~êÉ=ÖáîÉå=Äó==
∂ì ∂î
287
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
r r ∂ó r ∂ò r
∂ê ∂ñ
= (ìI î ) ⋅ á + (ìI î ) ⋅ à + (ìI î ) ⋅ â I==
∂ì ∂ì ∂ì ∂ì
r r ∂ó r ∂ò r
∂ê ∂ñ
= (ìI î ) ⋅ á + (ìI î ) ⋅ à + (ìI î ) ⋅ â K==
∂î ∂î ∂î ∂î
=
1143. fÑ==íÜÉ==ëìêÑ~ÅÉ==p==áë==ÖáîÉå=Äó=íÜÉ=Éèì~íáçå= ò = ò (ñ I ó ) I=ïÜÉêÉ=
ò (ñ I ó ) ==áë==~==ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ÄäÉ==ÑìåÅíáçå==áå==íÜÉ=Ççã~áå= a(ñ I ó ) I=
íÜÉå==
• fÑ= p= áë= çêáÉåíÉÇ= ìéï~êÇI= áKÉK= íÜÉ= â-íÜ= ÅçãéçåÉåí= çÑ= íÜÉ=
åçêã~ä=îÉÅíçê=áë=éçëáíáîÉI=íÜÉå===
r r r r
===== ∫∫ c(ñ I ó I ò ) ⋅ Çp = ∫∫ c(ñ I ó I ò ) ⋅ åÇp =
p p
r ∂ò r ∂ò r r
====== = ∫∫ c ( ñ I ó I ò ) ⋅ − á− à + â ÇñÇó I==
a( ñ I ó ) ∂ñ ∂ó
=
• fÑ=p=áë=çêáÉåíÉÇ=Ççïåï~êÇI=áKÉK=íÜÉ=â-íÜ=ÅçãéçåÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=
åçêã~ä=îÉÅíçê=áë=åÉÖ~íáîÉI=íÜÉå===
r r r r
===== ∫∫ c(ñ I ó I ò ) ⋅ Çp = ∫∫ c(ñ I ó I ò ) ⋅ åÇp
p p
r ∂ò r ∂ò r r
====== = ∫∫ c(ñ I ó I ò ) ⋅ á + à − â ÇñÇó K==
a( ñ I ó ) ∂ñ ∂ó
=
∫∫ (c ⋅ å)Çp = ∫∫ mÇóÇò + nÇòÇñ + oÇñÇó =
r r
1144.
p p
288
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1145. fÑ=íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=p=áë=ÖáîÉå=áå=é~ê~ãÉíêáÅ=Ñçêã=Äó=íÜÉ=îÉÅíçê=
r
ê (ñ (ìI î )I ó (ìI î )I ò (ìI î )) I==íÜÉå==íÜÉ==ä~ííÉê=Ñçêãìä~=Å~å=ÄÉ=
ïêáííÉå=~ë==
m n o
( )
r r ∂ñ ∂ó ∂ò
∫∫p c ⋅ å Çp = ∫∫ mÇóÇò + nÇòÇñ + oÇñÇó =
p
∫∫
a(ì Iî )
∂ì ∂ ì ∂ì
ÇìÇî I
∂ñ ∂ó ∂ò
∂î ∂î ∂î
ïÜÉêÉ= (ìI î ) = ê~åÖÉë= çîÉê= ëçãÉ= Ççã~áå= a(ìI î ) = çÑ= íÜÉ= ìî-
éä~åÉK=
=
1146. aáîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=qÜÉçêÉã=
( )
r r r
∫∫ p
c ⋅ Çp = ∫∫∫ d
∇ ⋅ c Çs I==
ïÜÉêÉ==
r
c(ñ I ó I ò ) = m(ñ I ó I ò )I n(ñ I ó I ò )I o(ñ I ó I ò ) ===
áë==~==îÉÅíçê==ÑáÉäÇ==ïÜçëÉ==ÅçãéçåÉåíë==mI==nI==~åÇ==o==Ü~îÉ==
Åçåíáåìçìë=é~êíá~ä=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëI==
r ∂m ∂n ∂o
∇⋅c = + + ==
∂ñ ∂ó ∂ò
r r
áë==íÜÉ==ÇáîÉêÖÉåÅÉ==çÑ== c I==~äëç==ÇÉåçíÉÇ== Çáîc K==qÜÉ==ëóãÄçä=
∫∫ =áåÇáÅ~íÉë==íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä=áë=í~âÉå=çîÉê=~=ÅäçëÉÇ=
ëìêÑ~ÅÉK==
=
1147. aáîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=qÜÉçêÉã=áå=`ççêÇáå~íÉ=cçêã=
∂m ∂n ∂o
∫∫p mÇóÇò + nÇñÇò + oÇñÇó = ∫∫∫
d
∂ñ
+
∂ó
+
∂ò
ÇñÇóÇò K==
=
1148. píçâÉ∞ë=qÜÉçêÉã=
( )
r r r r
∫ `
c ⋅ Ç ê = ∫∫
p
∇ × c ⋅ Çp I==
289
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
ïÜÉêÉ==
r
c(ñ I ó I ò ) = m(ñ I ó I ò )I n(ñ I ó I ò )I o(ñ I ó I ò ) ===
áë==~=îÉÅíçê==ÑáÉäÇ==ïÜçëÉ==ÅçãéçåÉåíë==mI==nI==~åÇ=o==Ü~îÉ=
Åçåíáåìçìë=é~êíá~ä=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëI==
r r r
á à â
r ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂o ∂n r ∂m ∂o r ∂n ∂m r
∇×c= = − á + − à + − â
∂ñ ∂ñ ∂ñ ∂ó ∂ò ∂ò ∂ñ ∂ñ ∂ó
m n o
r r
áë=íÜÉ=Åìêä=çÑ= c I=~äëç=ÇÉåçíÉÇ= Åìêä c K==
qÜÉ=ëóãÄçä== ∫ =áåÇáÅ~íÉë=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=äáåÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä=áë=í~âÉå=çîÉê=
~=ÅäçëÉÇ=ÅìêîÉK==
=
1149. píçâÉ∞ë=qÜÉçêÉã=áå=`ççêÇáå~íÉ=cçêã=
∫ mÇñ + nÇó + oÇò =
`
∂o ∂n ∂m ∂o ∂n ∂m
= ∫∫ − ÇóÇò + − ÇòÇñ + − ÇñÇó
p
∂ó ∂ò ∂ò ∂ñ ∂ñ ∂ó
==
1150. pìêÑ~ÅÉ=^êÉ~=
^ = ∫∫ Çp =
p
=
1151. fÑ=íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=p=áë=é~ê~ãÉíÉêáòÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=îÉÅíçê==
r r r r
ê (ìI î ) = ñ (ìI î )á + ó (ìI î ) à + ò (ìI î )â I==
íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~=áë==
r r
∂ê ∂ê
^ = ∫∫ × ÇìÇî I==
a( ì I î )
∂ì ∂î
r
ïÜÉêÉ== a(ìI î ) ==áë==íÜÉ==Ççã~áå==ïÜÉêÉ==íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ= ê (ìI î ) =áë=
ÇÉÑáåÉÇK==
=
290
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
ïÜÉêÉ= µ(ñ I ó I ò ) = áë= íÜÉ= ã~ëë= éÉê= ìåáí= ~êÉ~= = EÇÉåëáíó= ÑìåÅ-
íáçåFK=
=
1154. `ÉåíÉê=çÑ=j~ëë=çÑ=~=pÜÉää=
j óò j j ñó
ñ= I= ó = ñò I= ò = I==
ã ã ã
ïÜÉêÉ==
j óò = ∫∫ ñµ(ñ I ó I ò )Çp I==
p
j ñó = ∫∫ òµ(ñ I ó I ò )Çp =
p
~êÉ==íÜÉ==Ñáêëí==ãçãÉåíë==~Äçìí===íÜÉ=ÅççêÇáå~íÉ=éä~åÉë= ñ = M I=
ó = M I= ò = M I==êÉëéÉÅíáîÉäóK== µ(ñ I ó I ò ) =áë=íÜÉ=ÇÉåëáíó=ÑìåÅíáçåK=
=
1155. jçãÉåíë=çÑ=fåÉêíá~=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=ñó-éä~åÉ=Eçê= ò = M FI==óò-éä~åÉ==
E ñ = M FI=~åÇ=ñò-éä~åÉ=E ó = M F=
f ñó = ∫∫ ò Oµ(ñ I ó I ò )Çp I==
p
291
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
f ñò = ∫∫ ó Oµ(ñ I ó I ò )Çp K=
p
=
1156. jçãÉåíë=çÑ=fåÉêíá~=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=ñ-~ñáëI=ó-~ñáëI=~åÇ=ò-~ñáë=
f ñ = ∫∫ (ó O + ò O )µ(ñ I ó I ò )Çp I==
p
=
1157. sçäìãÉ=çÑ=~=pçäáÇ=_çìåÇÉÇ=Äó=~=`äçëÉÇ=pìêÑ~ÅÉ=
N
P ∫∫
s= ñÇóÇò + óÇñÇò + òÇñÇó ==
p
=
1158. dê~îáí~íáçå~ä=cçêÅÉ=
r r
ê
c = dã ∫∫ µ(ñ I ó I ò ) P Çp I=
p
ê
ïÜÉêÉ=ã=áë=~=ã~ëë=~í=~=éçáåí= ñ M I ó M I ò M =çìíëáÇÉ=íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉI==
r
ê = ñ − ñ M I ó − ó M I ò − ò M I==
µ(ñ I ó I ò ) =áë=íÜÉ=ÇÉåëáíó=ÑìåÅíáçåI==
~åÇ=d=áë=Öê~îáí~íáçå~ä=Åçåëí~åíK=
=
1159. mêÉëëìêÉ=cçêÅÉ=
r r r
c = ∫∫ é(ê )Çp I==
p
r
ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ== é(ê ) ==~Åíë==çå==íÜÉ==ëìêÑ~ÅÉ==p==ÖáîÉå==Äó=
r
íÜÉ=éçëáíáçå=îÉÅíçê= ê K=
=
1160. cäìáÇ=cäìñ=E~Åêçëë=íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=pF=
r r r
Φ = ∫∫ î (ê ) ⋅ Çp I==
p
292
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
r r
ïÜÉêÉ= î (ê ) =áë=íÜÉ=ÑäìáÇ=îÉäçÅáíóK=
==
1161. j~ëë=cäìñ=E~Åêçëë=íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=pF=
r r r
Φ = ∫∫ ρî (ê ) ⋅ Çp I==
p
r r
ïÜÉêÉ= c = ρî =áë=íÜÉ=îÉÅíçê=ÑáÉäÇI= ρ =áë=íÜÉ=ÑäìáÇ=ÇÉåëáíóK=
=
1162. pìêÑ~ÅÉ=`Ü~êÖÉ=
n = ∫∫ σ(ñ I ó )Çp I==
p
293
Chapter 10
Differential Equations
=
=
=
=
cìåÅíáçåë=çÑ=çåÉ=î~êá~ÄäÉW=óI=éI=èI=ìI=ÖI=ÜI=dI=eI=êI=ò==
^êÖìãÉåíë=EáåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=î~êá~ÄäÉëFW=ñI=ó=
cìåÅíáçåë=çÑ=íïç=î~êá~ÄäÉëW= Ñ (ñ I ó ) I= j(ñ I ó ) I= k(ñ I ó ) =
Çó
cáêëí=çêÇÉê=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉW= ó ′ I= ì′ I= ó& I= I=£=
Çí
Ç Of
pÉÅçåÇ=çêÇÉê=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëW= ó′′ I= &ó& I= O I=£=
Çí
∂ì ∂ ì O
m~êíá~ä=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëW= I= O I=£=
∂í ∂ñ
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêW=å=
m~êíáÅìä~ê=ëçäìíáçåëW= ó N I= ó é =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=âI=íI=`I= `N I= ` O I=éI=èI= α I= β =
oççíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=Éèì~íáçåëW= λN I= λ O =
qáãÉW=í=
qÉãéÉê~íìêÉW=qI=p=
mçéìä~íáçå=ÑìåÅíáçåW= m(í ) ==
j~ëë=çÑ=~å=çÄàÉÅíW=ã=
píáÑÑåÉëë=çÑ=~=ëéêáåÖW=â=
aáëéä~ÅÉãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~ëë=Ñêçã=ÉèìáäáÄêáìãW=ó=
^ãéäáíìÇÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Çáëéä~ÅÉãÉåíW=^=
cêÉèìÉåÅóW= ω =
a~ãéáåÖ=ÅçÉÑÑáÅáÉåíW= γ =
mÜ~ëÉ=~åÖäÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Çáëéä~ÅÉãÉåíW= δ =
^åÖìä~ê=Çáëéä~ÅÉãÉåíW= θ =
mÉåÇìäìã=äÉåÖíÜW=i=
294
CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
^ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå=çÑ=Öê~îáíóW=Ö=
`ìêêÉåíW=f=
oÉëáëí~åÅÉW=o=
fåÇìÅí~åÅÉW=i=
`~é~Åáí~åÅÉW=`=
=
=
10.1 First Order Ordinary Differential
Equations
=
1164. iáåÉ~ê=bèì~íáçåë=
Çó
+ é(ñ )ó = è(ñ ) K==
Çñ
=
qÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ä=ëçäìíáçå=áë==
ó=
∫ ì(ñ )è(ñ )Çñ + ` I==
ì (ñ )
ïÜÉêÉ==
( )
ì(ñ ) = Éñé ∫ é(ñ )Çñ K=
=
1165. pÉé~ê~ÄäÉ=bèì~íáçåë=
Çó
= Ñ (ñ I ó ) = Ö (ñ )Ü(ó ) =
Çñ
=
qÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ä=ëçäìíáçå=áë=ÖáîÉå=Äó=
Çó
∫ Ü(ó ) = ∫ Ö(ñ )Çñ + ` I==
çê=
e(ó ) = d(ñ ) + ` K=
=
=
=
295
CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1166. eçãçÖÉåÉçìë=bèì~íáçåë=
Çó
qÜÉ= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä= Éèì~íáçå= = Ñ (ñ I ó ) = áë= ÜçãçÖÉåÉçìëI= áÑ=
Çñ
íÜÉ=ÑìåÅíáçå= Ñ (ñ I ó ) =áë=ÜçãçÖÉåÉçìëI=íÜ~í=áë==
Ñ (íñ I íó ) = Ñ (ñ I ó ) K==
=
ó
qÜÉ=ëìÄëíáíìíáçå= ò = =EíÜÉå= ó = òñ F=äÉ~Çë=íç=íÜÉ=ëÉé~ê~ÄäÉ=
ñ
Éèì~íáçå=
Çò
ñ + ò = Ñ (NI ò ) K==
Çñ
=
1167. _Éêåçìääá=bèì~íáçå=
Çó
+ é(ñ )ó = è(ñ )ó å K==
Çñ
=
qÜÉ=ëìÄëíáíìíáçå= ò = ó N−å =äÉ~Çë=íç=íÜÉ=äáåÉ~ê=Éèì~íáçå==
Çò
+ (N − å )é(ñ ) ò = (N − å )è(ñ ) K==
Çñ
=
1168. oáÅÅ~íá=bèì~íáçå=
Çó
= é(ñ ) + è(ñ ) ó + ê(ñ ) ó O =
Çñ
=
fÑ=~=é~êíáÅìä~ê=ëçäìíáçå= ó N =áë=âåçïåI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ä=ëçäì-
íáçå=Å~å=ÄÉ=çÄí~áåÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÜÉäé=çÑ=ëìÄëíáíìíáçå=
N
ò= I=ïÜáÅÜ=äÉ~Çë=íç=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=çêÇÉê=äáåÉ~ê=Éèì~íáçå==
ó − óN
Çò
= −[è(ñ ) + Oó Nê(ñ )] ò − ê(ñ ) K==
Çñ
=
=
=
296
CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1169. bñ~Åí=~åÇ=kçåÉñ~Åí=bèì~íáçåë=
qÜÉ=Éèì~íáçå==
j(ñ I ó )Çñ + k(ñ I ó )Çó = M ==
áë=Å~ääÉÇ=Éñ~Åí=áÑ==
∂j ∂k
= I==
∂ó ∂ñ
~åÇ=åçåÉñ~Åí=çíÜÉêïáëÉK=
=
qÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ä=ëçäìíáçå=áë==
∫ j(ñ I ó )Çñ + ∫ k(ñ I ó )Çó = ` K==
=
1170. o~Çáç~ÅíáîÉ=aÉÅ~ó=
Çó
= − âó I==
Çí
ïÜÉêÉ= ó (í ) =áë=íÜÉ=~ãçìåí=çÑ=ê~Çáç~ÅíáîÉ=ÉäÉãÉåí=~í=íáãÉ=íI=â=
áë=íÜÉ=ê~íÉ=çÑ=ÇÉÅ~óK==
=
qÜÉ=ëçäìíáçå=áë==
ó (í ) = ó M É − âí I=ïÜÉêÉ= ó M = ó (M ) =áë=íÜÉ=áåáíá~ä=~ãçìåíK=
=
1171. kÉïíçå∞ë=i~ï=çÑ=`ççäáåÖ=
Çq
= − â (q − p ) I==
Çí
ïÜÉêÉ= q(í ) =áë=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=~å=çÄàÉÅí=~í=íáãÉ=íI=p=áë=íÜÉ=
íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ëìêêçìåÇáåÖ= ÉåîáêçåãÉåíI= â= áë= ~= éçëá-
íáîÉ=Åçåëí~åíK==
=
qÜÉ=ëçäìíáçå=áë=
q(í ) = p + (qM − p) É −âí I==
ïÜÉêÉ= qM = q(M ) = áë= íÜÉ= áåáíá~ä= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= çÄàÉÅí= ~í=
íáãÉ= í = M K==
=
=
297
CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1172. mçéìä~íáçå=aóå~ãáÅë=EiçÖáëíáÅ=jçÇÉäF=
Çm m
= âm N − I==
Çí j
ïÜÉêÉ= m(í ) =áë=éçéìä~íáçå=~í=íáãÉ=íI=â=áë=~=éçëáíáîÉ=Åçåëí~åíI=
j=áë=~=äáãáíáåÖ=ëáòÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=éçéìä~íáçåK==
=
qÜÉ=ëçäìíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=Éèì~íáçå=áë==
jmM
m(í ) = I=ïÜÉêÉ= mM = m(M ) =áë=íÜÉ=áåáíá~ä=éçéì-
mM + (j − mM )É − âí
ä~íáçå=~í=íáãÉ= í = M K===
=
=
=
10.2 Second Order Ordinary Differential
Equations
=
1173. eçãçÖÉåÉçìë=iáåÉ~ê=bèì~íáçåë=ïáíÜ=`çåëí~åí=`çÉÑÑáÅáÉåíë==
ó′′ + éó′ + èó = M K==
qÜÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=Éèì~íáçå=áë==
λO + éλ + è = M K==
=
fÑ= λN = ~åÇ= λ O = ~êÉ= ÇáëíáåÅí= êÉ~ä= êççíë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=
Éèì~íáçåI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ä=ëçäìíáçå=áë==
ó = `NÉ λNñ + ` OÉ λ O ñ I=ïÜÉêÉ==
`N =~åÇ= ` O =~êÉ=áåíÉÖê~íáçå=Åçåëí~åíëK==
==
é
fÑ= λN = λ O = − I=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ä=ëçäìíáçå=áë==
O
é
− ñ
ó = (`N + ` O ñ )É O K==
=
fÑ= λN =~åÇ= λ O =~êÉ=ÅçãéäÉñ=åìãÄÉêëW=
298
CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
λN = α + β á I= λ O = α − β á I=ïÜÉêÉ==
é Qè − é O
α = − I= β = I==
O O
íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ä=ëçäìíáçå=áë==
ó = É αñ (`N Åçë β ñ + ` O ëáå β ñ ) K==
=
1174. fåÜçãçÖÉåÉçìë=iáåÉ~ê=bèì~íáçåë=ïáíÜ=`çåëí~åí=======================
`çÉÑÑáÅáÉåíë==
ó′′ + éó′ + èó = Ñ (ñ ) K==
=
qÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ä=ëçäìíáçå=áë=ÖáîÉå=Äó==
ó = ó é + ó Ü I=ïÜÉêÉ==
ó é =áë==~=é~êíáÅìä~ê==ëçäìíáçå=çÑ==íÜÉ=áåÜçãçÖÉåÉçìë=Éèì~íáçå=
~åÇ= ó Ü =áë=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ä=ëçäìíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ÜçãçÖÉåÉ-
çìë=Éèì~íáçå=EëÉÉ=íÜÉ=éêÉîáçìë=íçéáÅ=NNTPFK=
=
fÑ=íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=ëáÇÉ=Ü~ë=íÜÉ=Ñçêã==
Ñ (ñ ) = É αñ (mN (ñ )Åçë β ñ + mN (ñ )ëáå βñ ) I==
íÜÉå=íÜÉ==é~êíáÅìä~ê=ëçäìíáçå= ó é =áë=ÖáîÉå=Äó==
ó é = ñ â É αñ (oN (ñ )Åçë βñ + o O (ñ )ëáå β ñ ) I==
ïÜÉêÉ= íÜÉ= éçäóåçãá~äë= oN (ñ ) = ~åÇ= o O (ñ ) = Ü~îÉ= íç= ÄÉ= ÑçìåÇ=
Äó=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=ãÉíÜçÇ=çÑ=ìåÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=ÅçÉÑÑáÅáÉåíëK==
• fÑ= α + β á =áë=åçí=~=êççí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=Éèì~íáçåI=íÜÉå=
íÜÉ=éçïÉê= â = M I=
• fÑ= α + β á =áë=~=ëáãéäÉ=êççíI=íÜÉå= â = N I=
=
1175. aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=bèì~íáçåë=ïáíÜ=ó=jáëëáåÖ=
ó′′ = Ñ (ñ I ó′) K==
pÉí= ì = ó′ K=qÜÉå=íÜÉ=åÉï=Éèì~íáçå=ë~íáëÑáÉÇ=Äó=î=áë==
ì′ = Ñ (ñ I ì ) I==
ïÜáÅÜ=áë=~=Ñáêëí=çêÇÉê=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=Éèì~íáçåK=
299
CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1176. aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=bèì~íáçåë=ïáíÜ=ñ=jáëëáåÖ=
ó′′ = Ñ (ó I ó′) K==
pÉí= ì = ó′ K=páåÅÉ==
Çì Çì Çó Çì
ó′′ = = = ì I==
Çñ Çó Çñ Çó
ïÉ=Ü~îÉ=
Çì
ì = Ñ (ó I ì ) I==
Çó
ïÜáÅÜ=áë=~=Ñáêëí=çêÇÉê=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=Éèì~íáçåK==
=
1177. cêÉÉ=råÇ~ãéÉÇ=sáÄê~íáçåë=
qÜÉ=ãçíáçå=çÑ=~=j~ëë=çå=~=péêáåÖ=áë=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=Éèì~-
íáçå==
ã&ó& + âó = M I==
ïÜÉêÉ==
ã=áë=íÜÉ=ã~ëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=çÄàÉÅíI=
â=áë=íÜÉ=ëíáÑÑåÉëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëéêáåÖI=
ó=áë=Çáëéä~ÅÉãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~ëë=Ñêçã=ÉèìáäáÄêáìãK=
=
qÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ä=ëçäìíáçå=áë==
ó = ^ Åçë(ωM í − δ ) I==
ïÜÉêÉ==
^=áë=íÜÉ=~ãéäáíìÇÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Çáëéä~ÅÉãÉåíI=
Oπ
ωM =áë=íÜÉ=ÑìåÇ~ãÉåí~ä=ÑêÉèìÉåÅóI=íÜÉ=éÉêáçÇ=áë= q = I=
ωM
δ =áë=éÜ~ëÉ=~åÖäÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Çáëéä~ÅÉãÉåíK=
qÜáë=áë=~å=Éñ~ãéäÉ=çÑ=ëáãéäÉ=Ü~êãçåáÅ=ãçíáçåK==
=
1178. cêÉÉ=a~ãéÉÇ=sáÄê~íáçåë=
ã&ó& + γó& + âó = M I=ïÜÉêÉ==
γ =áë=íÜÉ=Ç~ãéáåÖ=ÅçÉÑÑáÅáÉåíK==
qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=P=Å~ëÉë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ä=ëçäìíáçåW=
=
300
CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
ω = Qâã − γ O K==
=
1179. páãéäÉ=mÉåÇìäìã=
Ç Oθ Ö
+ θ = M I=
Çí O i
ïÜÉêÉ= θ = áë= íÜÉ= ~åÖìä~ê= Çáëéä~ÅÉãÉåíI= i= áë= íÜÉ= éÉåÇìäìã=
äÉåÖíÜI=Ö=áë=íÜÉ=~ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå=çÑ=Öê~îáíóK=
=
qÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ä=ëçäìíáçå=Ñçê=ëã~ää=~åÖäÉë= θ =áë==
Ö i
θ(í ) = θã~ñ ëáå í I=íÜÉ=éÉêáçÇ=áë= q = Oπ K==
i Ö
=
1180. oi`=`áêÅìáí=
Ç Of Çf N
i O + o + f = s′(í ) = ωb M Åçë(ωí ) I=
Çí Çí `
301
CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
ïÜÉêÉ=f=áë=íÜÉ=ÅìêêÉåí=áå=~å=oi`=ÅáêÅìáí=ïáíÜ=~å=~Å=îçäí~ÖÉ=
ëçìêÅÉ= s(í ) = b M ëáå(ωí ) K===
=
qÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ä=ëçäìíáçå=áë==
f(í ) = `NÉ êNí + ` OÉ êOí + ^ ëáå(ωí − ϕ) I=
ïÜÉêÉ==
Qi
− o ± oO −
ê NI O = ` I==
Oi
ωb M
^= I==
O
O N
iω − + o ω
O O
`
iω N
ϕ = ~êÅí~å − I==
o o`ω
`N I= ` O =~êÉ=Åçåëí~åíë=ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=áåáíá~ä=ÅçåÇáíáçåëK=
=
=
=
10.3. Some Partial Differential Equations
=
1181. qÜÉ=i~éä~ÅÉ=bèì~íáçå=
∂ Oì ∂ Oì
+ = M=
∂ñ O ∂ó O
~ééäáÉë=íç=éçíÉåíá~ä=ÉåÉêÖó=ÑìåÅíáçå= ì(ñ I ó ) ==Ñçê==~==ÅçåëÉê-
î~íáîÉ= ÑçêÅÉ= ÑáÉäÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ñó-éä~åÉK= m~êíá~ä= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä= Éèì~-
íáçåë=çÑ=íÜáë=íóéÉ=~êÉ=Å~ääÉÇ=ÉääáéíáÅK==
=
1182. qÜÉ=eÉ~í=bèì~íáçå=
∂ O ì ∂ O ì ∂ì
+ = =
∂ñ O ∂ó O ∂í
302
CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
303
Chapter 11
Series
=
=
=
=
11.1 Arithmetic Series
=
fåáíá~ä=íÉêãW= ~N =
kíÜ=íÉêãW= ~ å =
aáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ëìÅÅÉëëáîÉ=íÉêãëW=Ç=
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=íÉêãë=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉêáÉëW=å=
pìã=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=å=íÉêãëW= på =
=
=
1184. ~ å = ~ å −N + Ç = ~ å −O + OÇ = K = ~N + (å − N)Ç =
=
1185. ~N + ~ å = ~ O + ~ å−N = K = ~ á + ~ å +N−á =
=
~ +~
1186. ~ á = á −N á +N =
O
=
~ +~ O~ + (å − N)Ç
1187. på = N å ⋅ å = N ⋅å=
O O
=
=
=
=
=
304
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
305
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
å(å + N)
1193. N + O + P + K + å = =
O
=
1194. O + Q + S + K + Oå = å(å + N) =
=
1195. N + P + R + K + (Oå − N) = å O =
=
å(Oâ + å − N)
1196. â + (â + N) + (â + O) + K + (â + å − N) = =
O
=
å(å + N)(Oå + N)
1197. NO + OO + PO + K + å O = =
S
=
å(å + N)
O
1198. NP + OP + PP + K + åP = =
O
=
å(Qå O − N)
1199. N + P + R + K + (Oå − N) =
O O O O
=
P
=
1200. NP + PP + RP + K + (Oå − N) = å O (Oå O − N) =
P
=
N N N N
1201. N + + + + K + å + K = O =
O Q U O
=
N N N N
1202. + + +K+ +K = N=
N⋅ O O ⋅ P P ⋅ Q å(å + N)
=
N N N N
1203. N + + + + K + +K = É =
N> O> P> (å − N)>
=
=
=
306
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
∑~
å =N
å = ~N + ~ O + K + ~ å + K =
=
1205. kíÜ=m~êíá~ä=pìã=
å
på = ∑ ~ å = ~N + ~ O + K + ~ å =
å =N
=
1206. `çåîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=çÑ=fåÑáåáíÉ=pÉêáÉë=
∞
∑~
å =N
å = i I=áÑ= äáã på = i =
å →∞
=
1207. kíÜ=qÉêã=qÉëí=
∞
• fÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉêáÉë= ∑ ~ å áë=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíI=íÜÉå= äáã ~ å = M K==
å→∞
å =N
• fÑ= äáã ~ å ≠ M I=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ëÉêáÉë=áë=ÇáîÉêÖÉåíK=
å→∞
=
=
=
11.5 Properties of Convergent Series
=
∞ ∞
`çåîÉêÖÉåí=pÉêáÉëW= ∑ ~ å = ^ I= ∑ Äå = _ =
å =N å =N
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêW=Å=
307
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
∞ ∞ ∞
1208. ∑ (~ å + Ä å ) = ∑ ~ å + ∑ Ä å = ^ + _ =
å =N å =N å =N
=
∞ ∞
1209. ∑ Å~
å =N
å = Å∑ ~ å = Å^ K==
å =N
=
=
=
11.6 Convergence Tests
=
1210. qÜÉ=`çãé~êáëçå=qÉëí=
∞ ∞
iÉí= ∑ ~ å =~åÇ= ∑ Äå =ÄÉ=ëÉêáÉë=ëìÅÜ=íÜ~í= M < ~ å ≤ Äå =Ñçê=~ää=åK==
å =N å =N
∞ ∞
• fÑ= ∑ Äå áë=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåí=íÜÉå= ∑ ~ å áë=~äëç=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíK==
å =N å =N
∞ ∞
• fÑ= ∑ ~ å áë=ÇáîÉêÖÉåí=íÜÉå= ∑ Äå áë=~äëç=ÇáîÉêÖÉåíK=
å =N å =N
=
1211. qÜÉ=iáãáí=`çãé~êáëçå=qÉëí=
∞ ∞
iÉí= ∑ ~ å =~åÇ= ∑ Äå =ÄÉ=ëÉêáÉë=ëìÅÜ=íÜ~í= ~ å =~åÇ= Äå =~êÉ=éçëá-
å =N å =N
íáîÉ=Ñçê=~ää=åK==
∞ ∞
~å
• fÑ= M < äáã < ∞ = íÜÉå= ∑ ~ å = ~åÇ= ∑ Äå ~êÉ= ÉáíÜÉê= ÄçíÜ=
å →∞ Ä
å å =N å =N
ÅçåîÉêÖÉåí=çê=ÄçíÜ=ÇáîÉêÖÉåíK=
∞ ∞
~å
• fÑ= äáã = M =íÜÉå= ∑ Äå ÅçåîÉêÖÉåí=áãéäáÉë=íÜ~í= ∑ ~ å =áë=
å →∞ Ä
å å =N å =N
~äëç=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíK=
308
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
∞ ∞
~å
• fÑ= äáã = ∞ =íÜÉå= ∑ Äå ÇáîÉêÖÉåí=áãéäáÉë=íÜ~í= ∑ ~ å =áë=
å →∞ Ä
å å =N å =N
~äëç=ÇáîÉêÖÉåíK=
=
1212. é-ëÉêáÉë=
∞
N
é-ëÉêáÉë= ∑ é
=ÅçåîÉêÖÉë=Ñçê= é > N =~åÇ=ÇáîÉêÖÉë=Ñçê=
å =N å
M < é ≤ N K=
=
1213. qÜÉ=fåíÉÖê~ä=qÉëí=
iÉí= Ñ (ñ ) = ÄÉ= ~= ÑìåÅíáçå= ïÜáÅÜ= áë= ÅçåíáåìçìëI= éçëáíáîÉI= ~åÇ=
ÇÉÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=Ñçê=~ää= ñ ≥ N K=qÜÉ=ëÉêáÉë==
∞
∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ → ∞ =~ë= å → ∞ K=
N
=
1214. qÜÉ=o~íáç=qÉëí=
∞
iÉí= ∑ ~ å =ÄÉ=~=ëÉêáÉë=ïáíÜ=éçëáíáîÉ=íÉêãëK=
å =N
∞
~ å +N
• fÑ= äáã < N =íÜÉå= ∑ ~ å áë=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíK=
å →∞ ~
å å =N
∞
~ å +N
• fÑ= äáã > N =íÜÉå= ∑ ~ å =áë=ÇáîÉêÖÉåíK=
å →∞ ~
å å =N
∞
~
• fÑ= äáã å +N = N = íÜÉå= ∑ ~ å = ã~ó= ÅçåîÉêÖÉ= çê= ÇáîÉêÖÉ= ~åÇ=
å →∞ ~
å å =N
íÜÉ= ê~íáç= íÉëí= áë= áåÅçåÅäìëáîÉX= ëçãÉ= çíÜÉê= íÉëíë= ãìëí= ÄÉ=
ìëÉÇK==
=
309
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
1215. qÜÉ=oççí=qÉëí=
∞
iÉí= ∑ ~ å =ÄÉ=~=ëÉêáÉë=ïáíÜ=éçëáíáîÉ=íÉêãëK=
å =N
∞
• fÑ= äáã å ~ å < N =íÜÉå= ∑ ~ å =áë=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíK=
å →∞
å =N
∞
• fÑ= äáã å ~ å > N =íÜÉå= ∑ ~ å =áë=ÇáîÉêÖÉåíK=
å →∞
å =N
∞
• fÑ= äáã å ~ å = N =íÜÉå= ∑ ~ å =ã~ó=ÅçåîÉêÖÉ=çê=ÇáîÉêÖÉI=Äìí=
å →∞
å =N
åç=ÅçåÅäìëáçå=Å~å=ÄÉ=Çê~ïå=Ñêçã=íÜáë=íÉëíK=
=
=
=
11.7 Alternating Series
=
1216. qÜÉ=^äíÉêå~íáåÖ=pÉêáÉë=qÉëí=EiÉáÄåáò∞ë=qÜÉçêÉãF=
=
iÉí= {~ å }=ÄÉ=~=ëÉèìÉåÅÉ=çÑ=éçëáíáîÉ=åìãÄÉêë=ëìÅÜ=íÜ~í=
~ å+N < ~ å =Ñçê=~ää=åK=
äáã ~ å = M K==
å→∞
∞ ∞
qÜÉå= íÜÉ= ~äíÉêå~íáåÖ= ëÉêáÉë= ∑ (− N) ~
å =N
å
å = ~åÇ= ∑ (− N)
å =N
å −N
~å =
ÄçíÜ=ÅçåîÉêÖÉK====
=
1217. ^ÄëçäìíÉ=`çåîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=
∞
• ^= ëÉêáÉë= ∑~
å =N
å = áë= ~ÄëçäìíÉäó= ÅçåîÉêÖÉåí= áÑ= íÜÉ= ëÉêáÉë=
∞
∑~å =N
å =áë=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíK==
310
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
∞
• fÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉêáÉë= ∑ ~ å áë=~ÄëçäìíÉäó=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåí=íÜÉå=áí=áë=Åçå-
å =N
îÉêÖÉåíK=
=
1218. `çåÇáíáçå~ä=`çåîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=
∞
^= ëÉêáÉë= ∑~
å =N
å áë= ÅçåÇáíáçå~ääó= ÅçåîÉêÖÉåí= áÑ= íÜÉ= ëÉêáÉë= áë=
ÅçåîÉêÖÉåí=Äìí=áë=åçí=~ÄëçäìíÉäó=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíK=
=
=
=
11.8 Power Series
=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=ñI= ñ M =
∞ ∞
mçïÉê=ëÉêáÉëW= ∑ ~ å ñ å I= ∑ ~ å (ñ − ñ M ) =
å
å=M å =M
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêW=å=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=`çåîÉêÖÉåÅÉW=o=
=
1219. mçïÉê=pÉêáÉë=áå=ñ=
∞
∑~
å =M
å ñ å = ~ M + ~Nñ + ~ O ñ O + K + ~ å ñ å + K =
=
1220. mçïÉê=pÉêáÉë=áå= (ñ − ñ M ) =
∞
∑ ~ (ñ − ñ )
å =M
å M
å
= ~ M + ~ N (ñ − ñ M ) + ~ O ( ñ − ñ M ) + K + ~ å ( ñ − ñ M ) + K
O å
=
1221. fåíÉêî~ä=çÑ=`çåîÉêÖÉåÅÉ===
qÜÉ=ëÉí=çÑ=íÜçëÉ=î~äìÉë=çÑ=ñ=Ñçê=ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=ÑìåÅíáçå=
∞
Ñ (ñ ) = ∑ ~ å (ñ − ñ M ) =áë=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåí=áë=Å~ääÉÇ==íÜÉ==áåíÉêî~ä=çÑ=
å
å =M
ÅçåîÉêÖÉåÅÉK=
311
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
1222. o~Çáìë=çÑ=`çåîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=
fÑ=íÜÉ=áåíÉêî~ä=çÑ=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=áë== (ñ M − oI ñ M + o ) ==Ñçê==ëçãÉ=
o ≥ M I=íÜÉ=o=áë=Å~ääÉÇ==íÜÉ=ê~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåÅÉK==fí=áë=ÖáîÉå=
~ë=
N ~
o = äáã =çê= o = äáã å K==
å →∞ å ~ å →∞ ~
å å +N
=
=
=
11.9 Differentiation and Integration of Power
Series
=
`çåíáåìçìë=ÑìåÅíáçåW= Ñ (ñ ) =
∞
mçïÉê=ëÉêáÉëW= ∑ ~ å ñ å =
å=M
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêW=å=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=`çåîÉêÖÉåÅÉW=o=
=
=
1223. aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~íáçå=çÑ=mçïÉê=pÉêáÉë=
∞
iÉí= Ñ (ñ ) = ∑ ~ å ñ å = ~ M + ~ Nñ + ~ O ñ O + K =Ñçê= ñ < o K==
å=M
312
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
1224. fåíÉÖê~íáçå=çÑ=mçïÉê=pÉêáÉë=
∞
iÉí= Ñ (ñ ) = ∑ ~ å ñ å = ~ M + ~ Nñ + ~ O ñ O + K =Ñçê= ñ < o K==
å=M
∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ = ∫ ~ Çñ + ∫ ~ ñÇñ + ∫ ~ ñ Çñ + K =
O
M N O
ñO ñP ∞
ñ å +N
= ~ M ñ + ~N + ~O + K = ∑ ~å + ` K=
O P å=M å +N
=
=
=
11.10 Taylor and Maclaurin Series
=
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêW=å=
aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ÄäÉ=ÑìåÅíáçåW= Ñ (ñ ) =
oÉã~áåÇÉê=íÉêãW= o å =
=
=
1225. q~óäçê=pÉêáÉë=
∞
Ñ (ñ ) = ∑ Ñ (å ) (~ )
(ñ − ~ )å = Ñ (~ ) + Ñ ′(~ )(ñ − ~ ) + Ñ ′′(~ )(ñ − ~ )O + K
å=M å> O>
Ñ (å ) (~ )(ñ − ~ )
å
== + + o å K==
å>
=
1226. qÜÉ=oÉã~áåÇÉê=^ÑíÉê=åHN=qÉêãë=áë=ÖáîÉå=Äó==
Ñ (å +N) (ξ )(ñ − ~ )å +N
oå = I=== ~ < ξ < ñ K=
(å + N)>
=
1227. j~Åä~ìêáå=pÉêáÉë=
313
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
∞
ñå Ñ ′′(M)ñ O Ñ (å ) (M )ñ å
Ñ (ñ ) = ∑ Ñ (å ) (M ) = Ñ (M) + Ñ ′(M)ñ + +K+ + oå
å =M å> O> å>
=
=
=
=
11.11 Power Series Expansions for Some
Functions
=
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêW=å=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêW=ñ=
=
=
ñO ñP ñå
1228. É ñ = N + ñ + + +K+ + K=
O> P> å>
=
ñ äå ~ (ñ äå ~ ) (ñ äå ~ ) (ñ äå ~ )å + K =
O P
1229. ~ ñ = N + + + +K+
N> O> P> å>
=
ñ O ñP ñ Q
1230. äå(N + ñ ) = ñ − + − + K +
(− N) ñ å+N
å
± K I= − N < ñ ≤ N K=
O P Q å +N
=
N+ ñ ñP ñR ñT
1231. äå = O ñ + + + + K I= ñ < N K=
N− ñ P R T
=
ñ − N N ñ − N P N ñ − N R
1232. äå ñ = O + + K I= ñ > M K=
ñ + N P ñ + N R ñ + N
=
ñO ñQ ñS
1233. Åçë ñ = N − + − + K +
(− N)å ñ Oå ± K =
O> Q> S> (Oå )>
=
314
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
ñP ñR ñT
1234. ëáå ñ = ñ − + − + K +
(− N) ñ Oå+N ± K =
å
P R T Oå + N
=
ñO ñQ ñS ñ Oå
1240. ÅçëÜ ñ = N + + + +K+ + K=
O> Q> S> (Oå )>
=
ñP ñR ñT ñ O å +N
1241. ëáåÜ ñ = ñ + + + +K+ + K=
P> R> T> (Oå + N)>
=
=
=
=
=
315
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
=
å(å − N)K[å − (ã − N)]
1243. å ` ã = I= ñ < N K=
ã>
=
N
1244. = N − ñ + ñ O − ñ P + K I= ñ < N K=
N+ ñ
=
N
1245. = N + ñ + ñ O + ñ P + K I= ñ < N K=
N− ñ
=
ñ ñ O N ⋅ Pñ P N ⋅ P ⋅ Rñ Q
1246. N + ñ = N + − + − + K I= ñ ≤ N K=
O O⋅Q O⋅Q ⋅S O⋅Q ⋅S⋅U
=
ñ N ⋅ Oñ O N ⋅ O ⋅ Rñ P N ⋅ O ⋅ R ⋅ Uñ Q
1247. P N + ñ = N + − + − + K I= ñ ≤ N K=
P P⋅S P⋅S⋅V P ⋅ S ⋅ V ⋅ NO
=
=
=
11.13 Fourier Series
=
fåíÉÖê~ÄäÉ=ÑìåÅíáçåW= Ñ (ñ ) =
cçìêáÉê=ÅçÉÑÑáÅáÉåíëW= ~ M I= ~ å I= Äå =
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêW=å==
316
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
∞
~
1248. Ñ (ñ ) = M + ∑ (~ å Åçë åñ + Äå ëáå åñ ) =
O å =N
=
π
N
1249. ~ å = ∫ Ñ (ñ )Åçë åñ Çñ ==
π −π
=
π
N
1250. Äå = ∫ Ñ (ñ )ëáå åñ Çñ ==
π −π
=
=
317
Chapter 12
Probability
=
=
=
=
12.1 Permutations and Combinations
=
mÉêãìí~íáçåëW= å mã =
`çãÄáå~íáçåëW= å ` ã =
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêëW=åI=ã=
=
=
1251. c~Åíçêá~ä=
å> = N ⋅ O ⋅ PK(å − O)(å − N)å =
M> = N =
=
1252. å må = å> =
=
å>
1253. å mã = =
(å − ã )>
=
1254. _áåçãá~ä=`çÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=
å å>
å
` ã = = =
ã ã> (å − ã )>
=
1255. å ` ã = å ` å −ã =
=
1256. å ` ã + å ` ã +N = å +N ` ã +N =
=
318
CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
1257. å ` M + å `N + å ` O + K + å ` å = Oå =
=
1258. m~ëÅ~ä∞ë=qêá~åÖäÉ=
=
oçï=M= = = = = = = N= = = = = = =
oçï=N= = = = = = N= = N= = = = = =
oçï=O= = = = = N= = O= = N= = = = =
oçï=P= = = = N= = P= = P= = N= = = =
oçï=Q= = = N= = Q= = S= = Q= = N= = =
oçï=R= = N= = R= = NM= = NM= = R= = N= =
oçï=S= N= = S= = NR= = OM= = NR= = S= = N=
=
=
=
12.2 Probability Formulas
=
bîÉåíëW=^I=_=
mêçÄ~ÄáäáíóW=m=
o~åÇçã=î~êá~ÄäÉëW=uI=vI=w=
s~äìÉë=çÑ=ê~åÇçã=î~êá~ÄäÉëW=ñI=óI=ò=
bñéÉÅíÉÇ=î~äìÉ=çÑ=uW= µ =
^åó=éçëáíáîÉ=êÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêW= ε ==
pí~åÇ~êÇ=ÇÉîá~íáçåW= σ =
s~êá~åÅÉW= σ O =
aÉåëáíó=ÑìåÅíáçåëW= Ñ (ñ ) I= Ñ (í ) =
=
=
1259. mêçÄ~Äáäáíó=çÑ=~å=bîÉåí=
ã
m(^ ) = I==
å
ïÜÉêÉ==
ã=áë=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=éçëëáÄäÉ=éçëáíáîÉ=çìíÅçãÉëI==
å=áë=íÜÉ=íçí~ä=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=éçëëáÄäÉ=çìíÅçãÉëK=
=
319
CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
1260. o~åÖÉ=çÑ=mêçÄ~Äáäáíó=s~äìÉë=
M ≤ m(^ ) ≤ N =
=
1261. `Éêí~áå=bîÉåí=
m( ^ ) = N =
=
1262. fãéçëëáÄäÉ=bîÉåí=
m( ^ ) = M =
=
1263. `çãéäÉãÉåí=
m(^ ) = N − m(^ ) =
=
1264. fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=bîÉåíë=
m(^ L _ ) = m(^ ) I==
m(_ L ^ ) = m(_ ) =
=
1265. ^ÇÇáíáçå=oìäÉ=Ñçê=fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=bîÉåíë=
m(^ ∪ _ ) = m(^ ) + m(_ ) =
=
1266. jìäíáéäáÅ~íáçå=oìäÉ=Ñçê=fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=bîÉåíë=
m(^ ∩ _ ) = m(^ ) ⋅ m(_ ) =
=
1267. dÉåÉê~ä=^ÇÇáíáçå=oìäÉ=
m(^ ∪ _ ) = m(^ ) + m(_ ) − m(^ ∩ _ ) I==
ïÜÉêÉ==
^ ∪ _ =áë=íÜÉ=ìåáçå=çÑ=ÉîÉåíë=^=~åÇ=_I==
^ ∩ _ =áë=íÜÉ=áåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=ÉîÉåíë=^=~åÇ=_K=
=
1268. `çåÇáíáçå~ä=mêçÄ~Äáäáíó=
m(^ ∩ _ )
m( ^ L _ ) = =
m(_ )
=
1269. m(^ ∩ _ ) = m(_ ) ⋅ m(^ L _ ) = m(^ ) ⋅ m(_ L ^ ) =
320
CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
1270. i~ï=çÑ=qçí~ä=mêçÄ~Äáäáíó=
ã
m(^ ) = ∑ m(_ á )m(^ L _ á ) I==
á =N
ïÜÉêÉ= _ á =áë=~=ëÉèìÉåÅÉ=çÑ=ãìíì~ääó=ÉñÅäìëáîÉ=ÉîÉåíëK==
=
1271. _~óÉë∞=qÜÉçêÉã=
m(^ L _ ) ⋅ m(_ )
m(_ L ^ ) = =
m(^ )
=
1272. _~óÉë∞=cçêãìä~=
m(_ ) ⋅ m(^ L _ á )
m(_ á L ^ ) = ã á I==
∑ m(_ á ) ⋅ m(^ L _ á )
â =N
ïÜÉêÉ==
_ á =áë=~=ëÉí=çÑ=ãìíì~ääó=ÉñÅäìëáîÉ=ÉîÉåíë=EÜóéçíÜÉëÉëFI=
^ =áë=íÜÉ=Ñáå~ä=ÉîÉåíI==
m(_ á ) =~êÉ=íÜÉ=éêáçê=éêçÄ~ÄáäáíáÉëI=
m(_ á L ^ ) =~êÉ=íÜÉ=éçëíÉêáçê=éêçÄ~ÄáäáíáÉëK=
=
1273. i~ï=çÑ=i~êÖÉ=kìãÄÉêë=
p
m å − µ ≥ ε → M =~ë= å → ∞ I==
å
p
m å − µ < ε → N =~ë= å → ∞ I==
å
ïÜÉêÉ==
på =áë=íÜÉ=ëìã=çÑ=ê~åÇçã=î~êá~ÄäÉëI=
å =áë=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=éçëëáÄäÉ=çìíÅçãÉëK=
=
1274. `ÜÉÄóëÜÉî=fåÉèì~äáíó=
s(u )
m( u − µ ≥ ε ) ≤ O I==
ε
ïÜÉêÉ= s(u ) =áë=íÜÉ=î~êá~åÅÉ=çÑ=uK=
321
CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
1275. kçêã~ä=aÉåëáíó=cìåÅíáçå=
( ñ −µ ) O
N −
ϕ(ñ ) =
O
É Oσ I==
σ Oπ
ïÜÉêÉ=ñ=áë=~=é~êíáÅìä~ê=çìíÅçãÉK=
=
1276. pí~åÇ~êÇ=kçêã~ä=aÉåëáíó=cìåÅíáçå=
O
N − òO
ϕ(ò ) = É =
Oπ
^îÉê~ÖÉ=î~äìÉ= µ = M I=ÇÉîá~íáçå= σ = N K=
=
===== =
=
Figure 210.
=
1277. pí~åÇ~êÇ=w=s~äìÉ=
u−µ
w= =
σ
=
1278. `ìãìä~íáîÉ=kçêã~ä=aáëíêáÄìíáçå=cìåÅíáçå=
ñ ( í −µ ) O
N −
c(ñ ) = ∫ É OσO
Çí I==
σ Oπ −∞
322
CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
ïÜÉêÉ==
ñ=áë=~=é~êíáÅìä~ê=çìíÅçãÉI==
í =áë=~=î~êá~ÄäÉ=çÑ=áåíÉÖê~íáçåK=
=
α −µ β−µ
1279. m(α < u < β ) = c − c I=
σ σ
ïÜÉêÉ=
u=áë=åçêã~ääó=ÇáëíêáÄìíÉÇ=ê~åÇçã=î~êá~ÄäÉI=
c=áë=Åìãìä~íáîÉ=åçêã~ä=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=ÑìåÅíáçåI==
m(α < u < β ) =áë=áåíÉêî~ä=éêçÄ~ÄáäáíóK=
=
ε
1280. m( u − µ < ε ) = Oc I==
σ
ïÜÉêÉ==
u=áë=åçêã~ääó=ÇáëíêáÄìíÉÇ=ê~åÇçã=î~êá~ÄäÉI=
c=áë=Åìãìä~íáîÉ=åçêã~ä=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=ÑìåÅíáçåK=
=
1281. `ìãìä~íáîÉ=aáëíêáÄìíáçå=cìåÅíáçå=
ñ
c(ñ ) = m(u < ñ ) = ∫ Ñ (í )Çí I==
−∞
ïÜÉêÉ=í=áë=~=î~êá~ÄäÉ=çÑ=áåíÉÖê~íáçåK=
=
1282. _Éêåçìääá=qêá~äë=mêçÅÉëë=
µ = åé = I= σ O = åéè I==
ïÜÉêÉ==
å =áë=~=ëÉèìÉåÅÉ=çÑ=ÉñéÉêáãÉåíëI==
é =áë=íÜÉ=éêçÄ~Äáäáíó=çÑ=ëìÅÅÉëë=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=ÉñéÉêáãÉåíëI=
è =áë=íÜÉ=éêçÄ~Äáäáíó=çÑ=Ñ~áäìêÉI= è = N − é K=
=
1283. _áåçãá~ä=aáëíêáÄìíáçå=cìåÅíáçå=======
å
Ä(åI éI è ) = é â è å − â I==
â
323
CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
µ = åé I= σ O = åéè I=
Ñ (ñ ) = (è + éÉ ñ ) I==
å
ïÜÉêÉ==
å=áë=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=íêá~äë=çÑ=ëÉäÉÅíáçåëI=
é=áë=íÜÉ=éêçÄ~Äáäáíó=çÑ=ëìÅÅÉëëI=
è=áë=íÜÉ=éêçÄ~Äáäáíó=çÑ=Ñ~áäìêÉI= è = N − é K=
=
1284. dÉçãÉíêáÅ=aáëíêáÄìíáçå=
m(q = à) = è à−Né I==
N è
µ = I= σ O = O I==
é é
ïÜÉêÉ==
q=áë=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=ëìÅÅÉëëÑìä=ÉîÉåí=áë=íÜÉ=ëÉêáÉëI=
à=áë=íÜÉ=ÉîÉåí=åìãÄÉêI=
é=áë=íÜÉ=éêçÄ~Äáäáíó=íÜ~í=~åó=çåÉ=ÉîÉåí=áë=ëìÅÅÉëëÑìäI==
è=áë=íÜÉ=éêçÄ~Äáäáíó=çÑ=Ñ~áäìêÉI= è = N − é K=
=
1285. mçáëëçå=aáëíêáÄìíáçå=
λâ −λ
m(u = â ) ≈ É I= λ = åé I==
â>
µ = λ I= σ = λ I==
O
ïÜÉêÉ==
λ =áë=íÜÉ=ê~íÉ=çÑ=çÅÅìêêÉåÅÉI=
â=áë=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=éçëáíáîÉ=çìíÅçãÉëK=
=
1286. aÉåëáíó=cìåÅíáçå==
Ä
m(~ ≤ u ≤ Ä) = ∫ Ñ (ñ )Çñ ==
~
=
1287. `çåíáåìçìë=råáÑçêã=aÉåëáíó=
N ~+Ä
Ñ= I= µ = I==
Ä−~ O
324
CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
ïÜÉêÉ=Ñ=áë=íÜÉ=ÇÉåëáíó=ÑìåÅíáçåK=
=
1288. bñéçåÉåíá~ä=aÉåëáíó=cìåÅíáçå=
Ñ (í ) = λÉ −λí I= µ = λ I= σ O = λO =
ïÜÉêÉ=í=áë=íáãÉI= λ =áë=íÜÉ=Ñ~áäìêÉ=ê~íÉK=
=
1289. bñéçåÉåíá~ä=aáëíêáÄìíáçå=cìåÅíáçå=
c(í ) = N − É −λí I==
ïÜÉêÉ=í=áë=íáãÉI= λ =áë=íÜÉ=Ñ~áäìêÉ=ê~íÉK=
=
1290. bñéÉÅíÉÇ=s~äìÉ=çÑ=aáëÅêÉíÉ=o~åÇçã=s~êá~ÄäÉë=
å
µ = b(u ) = ∑ ñ á éá I==
á =N
ïÜÉêÉ= ñ á =áë=~=é~êíáÅìä~ê=çìíÅçãÉI= é á =áë=áíë=éêçÄ~ÄáäáíóK=
=
1291. bñéÉÅíÉÇ=s~äìÉ=çÑ=`çåíáåìçìë=o~åÇçã=s~êá~ÄäÉë=
∞
µ = b(u ) = ∫ ñÑ (ñ )Çñ ==
−∞
=
1292. mêçéÉêíáÉë=çÑ=bñéÉÅí~íáçåë=
b(u + v ) = b(u ) + b(v ) I==
b(u − v ) = b(u ) − b(v ) I=
b(Åu ) = Åb(u ) I==
b(uv ) = b(u ) ⋅ b(v ) I==
ïÜÉêÉ=Å=áë=~=Åçåëí~åíK=
=
1293. b(u O ) = s(u ) + µ O I==
ïÜÉêÉ==
µ = b(u ) =áë=íÜÉ=ÉñéÉÅíÉÇ=î~äìÉI===
s(u ) =áë=íÜÉ=î~êá~åÅÉK=
=
=
=
325
CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
1294. j~êâçî=fåÉèì~äáíó=
b(u )
m(u > â ) ≤ I==
â
ïÜÉêÉ=â=áë=ëçãÉ=Åçåëí~åíK=
=
1295. s~êá~åÅÉ=çÑ=aáëÅêÉíÉ=o~åÇçã=s~êá~ÄäÉë=
[ ]
å
σ O = s(u ) = b (u − µ ) = ∑ (ñ á − µ ) éá I==
O O
á =N
ïÜÉêÉ==
ñ á =áë=~=é~êíáÅìä~ê=çìíÅçãÉI=
é á =áë=áíë=éêçÄ~ÄáäáíóK=
=
1296. s~êá~åÅÉ=çÑ=`çåíáåìçìë=o~åÇçã=s~êá~ÄäÉë=
[ ] ∫ (ñ − µ) Ñ (ñ )Çñ ==
∞
σ = s(u ) = b (u − µ ) =
O O O
−∞
=
1297. mêçéÉêíáÉë=çÑ=s~êá~åÅÉ=
s(u + v ) = s(u ) + s(v ) I==
s(u − v ) = s(u ) + s(v ) I=
s(u + Å ) = s(u ) I=
s(Åu ) = Å O s(u ) I=
ïÜÉêÉ=Å=áë=~=Åçåëí~åíK=
=
1298. pí~åÇ~êÇ=aÉîá~íáçå=
[
a(u ) = s(u ) = b (u − µ ) =
O
]
=
1299. `çî~êá~åÅÉ=
Åçî (uI v ) = b[(u − µ(u ))(v − µ(v ))] = b(uv ) − µ(u )µ(v ) I==
ïÜÉêÉ==
u =áë=ê~åÇçã=î~êá~ÄäÉI==
s(u ) =áë=íÜÉ=î~êá~åÅÉ=çÑ=uI==
µ =áë=íÜÉ=ÉñéÉÅíÉÇ=î~äìÉ=çÑ=u=çê=vK=
326
CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
=
1300. `çêêÉä~íáçå=
Åçî (uI v )
ρ(uI v ) = I==
s(u )s(v )
ïÜÉêÉ==
s(u ) =áë=íÜÉ=î~êá~åÅÉ=çÑ=uI==
s(v ) =áë=íÜÉ=î~êá~åÅÉ=çÑ=vK=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
327
=
iççâ=Ñçê=çíÜÉê=Ü~åÇÄççâë=~åÇ=ëçäîÉÇ=éêçÄäÉã=ÖìáÇÉë=~í=
ïïïKã~íÜ-ÉÄççâëKÅçãK=
=
=
=
=
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Cubix Rectangular Small
Buy 2
(4) 250ml
L 12.9 W 6.3 H 6.6 cm
Retail RM44.40 / ERM47.20
Exclusive Purchase
1. 111
111440
0040
040
0 2. 111
2. 11114
400012
01
012
Modular
M
Modula
dularr Bo
la Bowl
w (4) 1.0L
wl 1.0L
1. Modular
Modu
Modula
dularr Bo
la B
Bowl
owl
w (2)
wl 2 1.5L
1 5L
1.
D 19
9.3
3 H 6.
19.3 6 0c
6.0 m
cm SAVE D 19
119.2
9.2
.2
2 H 8.
8.8
8 cm
cm SAVE
Retail
Re
Ret
e ail
il RM
RM101
RM101.20
1 .20
10
101 20
0 / ERM
ERM105
ER
ERM105.20
105
0 .20
2
20 OVER Retail
Re
Retail
i RM
RM58.
RM58.20
58.20
58 2 /E
ERM6
ERM60.80
RM60.8
RM60.80
0.80 OVER
NOW RM79.90 / ERM83.90 20% NOW RM36.90 / ERM37.90 35%
With every purchase of 1114 0040
11
Inner
container:
120ml
No leaks,
No Spills:
1st non-round
seal that is
liquid tight!
13
1. 1112 7699
Thirstquake Tumbler
with Pouch* (1) 900ml 3. 1112 6774
RM44.80 / ERM49.30 Beverage Buddy (1) 1.9L 3
*Pouch and strap are not covered by the Tupperware® Lifetime Guarantee.
Exclusive Purchase
1113 8080
Zentome Tumbler (6) 250ml
SAVE
Retail RM65.10 / ERM67.90
OVER
NOW RM39.90 / ERM43.90 35%
With every purchase of 1114 0327
15
1112 6775
Large Square
-A-Way (4) 620ml
RM78.80 / ERM83.70
1112 6316
Small Goody Box
with Cariolier (4) 790ml each
RM85.40 / ERM88.80
1112 6341
B2B Snack Stor (1) 2.9L
RM43.80 / ERM46.50
1113 6750
Executive Lunch Set Exclusive Purchase
Reheatable Lunch Box (1) 1.25l SAVE 4034 47
H2GO Bottle with Strap (1) 750ml OVER
25% Executive Lunch Pouch (1)
Retail RM90.80 / ERM96.00
RM / ERM14.90 NETT
NOW RM66.90 / ERM69.90 With every purchase of 1113 6750
17
19
1110 5133
Turbo Chopper (1) 300ml Watch Turbo
Chopper in
RM136.80 / ERM142.40 action.
Perfectly thin
slices with speed
& precision.
1112 2639
Be 100% sure
ure 1113 4540
of what you feed
eed Speedy Mando (1)
Fusion MasterTM your family
RM122.50 / ERM128.20
RM / ERM347.00
1111 2088
Cookie Inserts Set
RM33.90 / ERM35.80 1. One size fits all
Bottom grip fits securely on all 1
sizes of bowls and containers.
Discover
more about
SpeedyMando 3
French
Dices Fries Cuts Julienne Cuts
s
8 different cuts,
unlimited
Even Slices
possibilites: Waffl
ffle Cuts
Waffl
Discover
more about
MandoChef
Whisk
Funnel’s locking mechanism
allows you to measure &
ingredients before adding it
in for processing.
Beat
Perfectly whipped
Chop stiff peak
Blend
Emulsify
1112 0573
SpeedyChef (1) 1.35L
1111 5060 RM178.30 / ERM187.70
Extra Chef (1) 1.35L Scan to watch
Speedy Chef
RM271.60 / ERM290.50 in action.
21
Steaming
preserves
nutrients!
12mm higher
ridged surface 1112 2645
Steam It
RM60.80 / ERM64.40 Hydrophobic Ridge to Inner grooved Safe
material repels prevent food perimeter drains water handling.
Ridged surface prevents water from from sticking. from side Into pot.
sticking. Ventilation holes steaming surface.
allows efficient cooking
and slower evaporation.
Watch Steam It
video here Revolutionary Steam It
A1683
2
Friends Cooking Set
1. Midgets (4) 60ml
2. Snack Cups (4) 110ml 1
RM52.00 / ERM56.60
1109 1779
Salt N Spice Set (2) 500ml
RM36.00 / ERM37.60
Buy Free
This This
Rubber silicon
base prevents
slipping
23
5
4
7
1. 1105 9613
U-Series Chef Knife (1)
RM131.10 / ERM136.80
2. 1105 9615 4. 1112 4402 6. 1112 8069 8. 1105 6411
8
U-Series Utility Knife (1) Thin Silicone Spatula (1) KP Cooking Ladle (1) Ice Cream Scoop (1)
RM74.50 / ERM80.20 RM43.40 / ERM46.20 RM61.30 / ERM65.10 RM112.20 / ERM117.90
3. 1112 5345 5. 1112 8071 7. 1112 8070 9. 1112 4120
Silicone Spatula (1) KP Cooking Spatula (1) KP Serving Spoon (1) Measuring Cup Set
RM70.70 / ERM77.80 RM61.30 / ERM65.10 RM61.30 / ERM65.10 RM53.30 / ERM56.50
Great
source
of energy
Natural
source
of Vitamins
& Minerals
Promotes
Cardiovascular
health
Cholesterol free
& regulates
hypertension
25
1110 4178
Blossom
2 Microwaveable Plates (4)
1110 2603
RM46.80 / ERM49.80
Blossom
Microwaveable
Bowls (4) 600ml
3 RM36.60 / ERM38.80
1110 8486
1110 2602
Blossom Microwaveable Serveware Blossom Mugs
1. Soup Server (1) 1.8L & Soup Ladle (1)
2. Serving Dish (1) 1.1L & Serving Spoon (1)
1110 3063 & Seals (4) 350ml
3. Oval Server with Colander (1) 1.8L & Serving Spoon (1) Blossom Pitcher RM51.30 / ERM54.30
4. Serving Platter (1) 600ml & Serving Spoon (1) (1) 2.3L
RM252.80 / ERM268.80 RM55.20 / ERM59.40
IIIIIIIV
1105 8183 Oval Seal - Black 1105 8188 Oval Seal - Chili
Modular Mates Modular Mates Ovals
Essential Set
0%
1100 6963 Oval I (1) 500ml RM12.20 / ERM13.00
Free
e
1103 0236 Oval II (1) 1.1L RM20.30 / ERM21.20
1113 2559 - Black IIP
1103 0237 Oval III (1) 1.7L RM26.80 / ERM28.60
1113 1849 - Chili 1100 6966 Oval IV (1) 2.3L RM30.90 / ERM33.00
Square II (2) 2.6L
Oval II (4) 1.1L Gift FreezerMate
Mate Small I (2) 250ml
Box
Square IV (1) 5.5L Worth RM30.20
M3020/ERM3320
/ ERM33.20
RM236.80 / ERM262.20 With every purchase of 1113 2559 / 1113 1849
Starter Set
1113 1044 - Black 1105 8179 Square Seal - Black 1105 8178 Square Seal - Chili
1113 1043 - Chili Modular Mates Squares
Square II (1) 2.6L 1100 6984 Square I (1) 1.2L RM23.50 / ERM25.00
Oval II (1) 1.1L 1100 6985 Square II (1) 2.6L RM33.00 / ERM33.90
1100 6986 Square III (1) 4.0L RM37.50 / ERM39.80
Gift Oval I (2) 500ml
1100 6987 Square IV (1) 5.5L RM47.90 / ERM50.80
Box
RM101.90 / ERM113.20
Free
F
FreezerM
FreezerMate
Free
F
Frr eze
erM
rMa
Ma Junior II (1) 290ml
Worth RM
RM16.10 / ERM17.00
IIIIIIIV
I III III
With every purchase of 1113 1044 / 1113 1043
1112 7956
FreezerMate Small II (4) 650ml
RM88.30 / ERM97.30
1112 7779
• Comes in a variety of sizes to freeze correctly in the portions you
FreezerMate Essential Set need them in
Small II (2) 650ml Medium I (1) 550ml
Medium II (2) 1.5L Medium III (1) 2.3L Watch the • Clear windows allow fast and easy identifi cation
Large II (1) 3.1L “Fresh as
• Made with materials to withstand temperatures as low as -4°F/-20°C
RM214.00 / ERM236.50 0 %
IIP
First Frozen”
video here.
• Helps keep temperature of food constant to prevent freezer burns
• Flexible seal with tab for easy removal
*0% Interest Installment Plans, please refer to page 54.
SAVE
OVER
35%
15 October - 11 November
Retail RM125.20 / ERM133.40
RM99.90 / ERM105.90
SAVE
OVER
20%
29
Deals!
Deals! Deals!
Enjoy savings and nifty ways to
make & serve homemade treats!
1113 4870
Twinkle Bowl (4) 1.1L SAVE
OVER
Retail RM112.40 / ERM119.20 35%
NOW RM72.90 / ERM76.90
1113 6087
Counterpart (3) 900ml SAVE
Retail RM127.30 / ERM136.90 20%
1113
13 4934
NOW RM101.80 / ERM109.50 Sandwich
Sa
andwich Keepe
andw Keeperr with Print (2)
Retail
Re
etail R
RM50.20 / ERM53.30
NOW
OW RM3490/ERM3690
RM34.90 / ERM36.90 SAVE
OVER
30%
1113 33
3341
Cold C
Cut Keeper (2) 3.6L SAVE
Retail R
RM131.30 / ERM139.20 OVER
NOW RM89.90 / ERM91.90 30%
1113 4069
Large Pick-A-Deli (1) 2.0L
Retail RM48.30 / ERM51.20 Just lift strainer by the
handle to pick-up content
Free
1113 4726
Petit Fun Bowl (2)
2) 125ml
12
25ml
5
Worth RM19.40 / ERM2
ERM20.90
M20
0.9
90
With every purchase of A1962 The 6 moulds stand on their
own or can be clicked to
each other by the "beak"
Explore
water-less
cooking.
Induction Halogen Gas Stove Ceramic Stove
E140
Inspire Cookware Moisture-lock glass lid
Collection • Food cooks in natural juices as 1
i. Inspire Wok (1) 38 cm seal, valve & rim locks in moisture
ii. Inspire Stock Pot (1) 7.0l • Check on food easily with
iii. Inspire Fryer (1) 26cm see-through glass lid
iv. Inspire Casserole Pot (1) 3.7l
v. Inspire Saucepan (1) 2.0l
Retail RM3263.10 / ERM3471.50
NOW RM2783.00 /
ERM2934.00 0% IIP
12 Months
1. 1110 0723
Inspire Wok (1) 38cm
RM976.40 / ERM1037.70
2. 1110 0721
Inspire Stock Pot (1) 7.0L
RM712.20 / ERM754.70
3. 1110 0722
Inspire Fryer (1) 26cm
RM693.40 / ERM735.80
4. 1110 0719
Inspire Saucepan (1) 2.0L Vessel
RM386.80 / ERM415.00 • Full 3-ply stainless steel
on wok base and vessel.
FREE
Free Easy Everyday Cooking recipe booklet with every
purchase of TupperChef ® Inspire Cookware
All TupperChef® Inspire purchases are entitled to a 0% 6 months
Stack to save space
Installment Plan for purchases above RM500 and 0% 12 months • Store lids one over the other to
Installment Plan for purchases above RM1000 in transacted value. make stacking vessels easier
*0% Interest Installment Plans, please refer to page 54.
Bakelite handle
• Handle stays cool
and easy to grip With minimum
purchase
of TupperChef®
Inspire &
Black Series
3 range worth
RM / ERM1200.00
Free
1113 2482
4 Valve FreezerMate Set
• Open valve traditional cooking. 1. FreezerMate Small II (4) 650ml
• Close valve for water-less cooking 15.1cm(L) x 11.2cm(W) x 7.6cm(H)
2. FreezerMate Medium II (2) 1.5L
22.7cm(L) x 15.1cm(W) x 7.6cm(H)
3. FreezerMate Large II (1) 3.1L
30.3cm(L) x 22.7cm(W) x 7.6cm(H)
Worth RM260.00 /
ERM283.50
Synchro heat base
• Distributes heat
evenly and efficiently
33
effortless? Yes!
Handle stays cool Worth RM260.00 /
while cooking ERM283.50
Kindly please refer
• Cast-hollow handle for to page 33
comfortable grip
Eterna® coating
• Longest lasting
non-stick coating
6 Months
99.99% free Uncertain Risk of
of harmful of water bacteria
bacteria quality contamination 1. 1110 9730
& virus
Nano Nature Water
Filtration System (1)
0%IIP
12 Months
8001 21 RM / ERM2783.00
1
Dish Wash
Concentrate 1105 9085
(1) 800ml
Enhancement Tank (1)
RM21.70 / ERM23.50
RM / ERM187.80
4. W011
Nano Cartridge Pack
i. Enhancement Tank (2)
ii. Nano Nature Pleated
Filter Cartridge (1) 0% IIP
RM / ERM1005.60 6 Months
NOW RM / ERM999.00
0
NEW
Increases bone DimaCalTM, a patented form of Calcium* with
mineral density
y GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) status
(BMD)1 that offers many benefi ts.
*DimaCalTM is a trademark of Album laboratories, Inc. U.S, Patent 6, 706, 904.
1
Tajik et aL Dietary Calcium Intake Associated with Bone Mineral Density. World Appl Sci J 31 (2): 244-252, 2014
2
Grober et aL Vitamin K: an old vitamin in a new perspective. Dermato-endocrinology 6.1, 2014
3
USA National Institute of Health, https://www.bones.nih.gov/health-info/bone-health/nutrition/calcium-and-vitamin d-important-every-age
4
5
Harvey et aL Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation are Not Associated With Risk of Cardiac Events or Death. J Bone Miner Res 33 (5), 803-811. 2018
Agergaard et aL Vitamin-D Intake during resistance training improves the skeletal muscle in young and elderly men. Nutr Metab (Lond.) 12:32. 2015 37
With NaturCare® Calci-K2 plus D3, you can increase your calcium intake with
added vitamin K2 to optimize calcium use in the body and Vitamin D3 to boost
your calcium absorption. Improve your bone health today and keep thinning
bones at bay!
7007 10
NaturCare® Calci-K2 plus D3 (1) 60 tablets
Retail RM / ERM118.00
Dosage:
J662 Take 1 tablet with
some water after
Calci Intro Twin Set meal 2 times a day
NaturCare® Calci-K2 plus D3 (2) 60 tablets
or as prescribed by
INTRODUCTORY PRICE your pharmacist /
NOW RM / ERM236.00 doctor.
Free
1112 4907 - Pink Punch
1112 4908 - Papaya
Allegra Dessert Bowls (2) 275ml
This is a supplement product advertisement. Worth RM56.20 / ERM59.60
K.K.L.I.U. 1683/2018 MAL17086015N With every purchase of J662
COENZYME
7g ALGAE 9g 7g BLACK- 8g
protein protein IRON protein protein 7006 30
Q10
per serving CALCIUM per serving per serving CURRANT per serving
NaturCare® 8tive Energii (1) 450gm
RM / ERM128.30
*Exp: May 2019
*NaturCare® 8tive ENERGII is
formulated for adult 19 years and older.
7006 20
NaturCare® 8tive Pro (1) 450gm
RM / ERM120.70
7006 10
NaturCare® 8tive Delight (1) 450gm
RM / ERM128.30
*Exp: May 2019
7006 40
NaturCare® 8tive Vision (1) 450gm
RM / ERM128.30
or
J763 / J764
Multigrain Trio Set (3) 450g
Retail RM / ERM384.90
MS1500 :2009
1 067-06/2007 SAVE
NOW RM / ERM228.00 OVER
40%
17
of nutrients. It also helped
BIO-ACTIVE my digestion system,
CHLOROPHYLL- ENZYMES while regulating bowel
RICH INGREDIENTS movement, to achieve
optimal, inner health.
FIBER
PHYL
3X
MAX
milk
HOT
200ml
NO SWEETENING NO FLAVORING MILK (LACTOSE) DIABETIC VEGETARIAN MS1500 :2009
A DAY
NO NO COLORING NO HOT WATER
PRESERVATIVES SUBSTANCES SUBSTANCES SUBSTANCES FREE FRIENDLY FRIENDLY 1 067-06/2007
7002 70
NaturCare® Fiberphyl (1) 300g Reach your SAVE
daily fiber With every purchase 35%
goals easily!
Retail RM / ERM131.00 of NaturCare® products
RM / ERM250*
7002 80 7009 00
NaturCare® PhytoLyfe (1) 10g X 15 sachets Scan to check
NaturCare®
your fiber gap Pomegranate FS
Retail RM / ERM103.70 (1) 60 softgels
Retail RM / ERM103.70
NOW RM / ERM67.40
J743 *Excluding nett-priced and
Scan to keep
Fiberphyl Twin Set your digestion purchase-with-purchase items.s.
NaturCare® Fiberphyl (2) 300g SAVE in check
41
B1556
Magix Lip Rosewood & Cherry Blossom
1. Magix Lip Color - Rosewood (1) 3.5g
3. Magix Lip Color - Cherry Blossom (1) 3.5g
B1557
Magix Lip Carnation & Cherry Blossom
2. Magix Lip Color - Carnation (1) 3.5g
3. Magix Lip Color - Cherry Blossom (1) 3.5g
Retail RM35.80 / ERM37.60
SAVE
10%
2 NOW RM32.20 / ERM33.80
4 5 6
Exclusive Purchase
e
1112 9170
T-Bar Keeper (1)
RM / ERM7.90 NETT
with every purchase of B1555 / B1556
556 / B155
B1557
57
*Strictly while stocks last. Lipstick not included.
ncluded
43
3. N210 9123
Make-Up Cleansing
3
Tissue - 30 Tissues
• Quick and fuss-free for
cleaning on the go
RM / ERM26.40
Hottest 4
shades for
3
RM31.60 / ERM33.40
RM26.80 / ERM27.80
45
ml
Enriched with
& Fill Face Serum (1) 30ml
100
Apricot
jar
2 . N211 0721
Ultra Care+ Platinum Skin
Regeneration Toning Essence (1) 50ml
Repair • Firm • Hydrate
Retail RM / ERM140.50
Expiry Date: July 2019
3. N211 0718
Ultra Care+ Platinum Cellular
Age Repair Crѐme (1) 60ml
Repair • Plump • Protect
Retail RM / ERM221.70
For all skin
types of
2 any age
1
N211 0827
Nutri-Rich Gold (1) 60ml
Retail RM125.00 / ERM128.70
Night-Time
Nourishment
Scan Me! To find out the
many Uses of Nutri-Rich Oil!
Skin Removes oil and dirt from pores Balanced moisture and sun protection RM34.40 / ERM36.30
Retail RM81.90 / ERM84.90 Retail RM77.20 / ERM81.00
NOW RM69.60 / ERM72.20 NOW RM69.50 / ERM72.90
SAVE SAVE
15% 10%
47
N203 0002
NO Feminine Wash
SLES. PARABEN. Manjakani (1) 200ml
MINERAL OIL.
Firming confidence
Incredible
softness &
shine
N203 0076
Unscented Roll-On
Deodorant (1) 55ml
Nourishes Light powdery scent
& more
manageable Retail RM13.60 / ERM14.60
B1563
Scented Roll-On
Deodorant Combo Pack (3) 55ml
Sweet flowery scent
Calms &
soothes B1565
tired
muscles Citrus Bilberry EDT Twin pack (2) 50ml
Indulge in a burst of sweet, citrusy bilberries
Retail RM / ERM132.00
NOW RM / ERM112.20
Retextures
Warms & the surface of hair
heals
body
Rejuvenates
& nourishes
Protects
& moisturizes
Revitalizes
dull & lifeless
hair 1. N203 0010
Citrus Bilberry Body Wash (1) 500ml
B1562 Cleanse while invigorating your senses with bilberry scent
Ginger Detoxify and Energize Set RM30.60 / ERM31.60
1. Ginger Plus Virgin Coconut Oil 2-in-1
2. N200 3008
Hair Shampoo & Conditioner (1) 250ml
Combined for nourished & lustrous hair Citrus Bilberry Body Lotion (1) 75ml
2. Ginger Plus Virgin Coconut Oil Hair Serum (1) 40ml Nourish skin deeply with delicate bilberry scent
Smoothes frizzy, dry or damaged hair instantly RM14.60 / ERM16.50
3. Ginger Body Wash (1) 500ml
The perfect essential for a rejuvenating bath experience
4. Ginger Body Cream (1) 150ml
Treats, heals and soothes the body
49
49
Level 2
With party sales of RM950* + 2 Datings
Wit
1113 8685
Insulated Server (1) 3.5L with spoon
Ins
L 30 W 23.9 H 14.7 cm
Hostess
Special
With party sales of RM730** + 2 Datings
1113 8686
Insulated Server (1) 2.5L with spoon
L 30 W 23.9 H 11.5 cm
SAVE Retail RM97.20 / ERM101.50
40% NOW RM58.30 / ERM60.90
* Excluding
Excludingnett-priced
nett-priceditems.
items.
** Excluding nett-priced and purchase-with-purchase items.
*** Every purchase of Nano Nature Water Filtration System or TupperChef® Inspire Cookware set is entitled to 1 set
of Hostess Gift only.
Convenient spoon holder The Company reserves the right to replace product featured should it run out of stock.
51
G
Gain a wealth of love
& great happiness
Add more fun & May Yong & Gary Ng Chun Siang
meaning to your life! Associate Executive Director
Back when my husband was a manager and I was an accountant, we
Darinah Binti Abu Bakar had very little time for each other, and this created too much stress and
Associate Executive Director conflicts. Fortunately, we discovered the Tupperware Brands Business
opportunity, and it brought us closer together. I fully supported my
For 13 years, I had a simple job, and a simple family life. Now, I’m part of an husband when he decided to do this business full time. In return, with
exciting world in Tupperware Brands business! It all began when I joined the our Upline's help, we achieved great success, broke through the sales
NCAP gathering. Seeing the passion of those who were there, I decided to of RM150,000 in two months, and ranked up to become an AED. This
plunge into this world of entrepreneurship, and together with my downline and business created wealth for our family, our marriage is now rich in love,
teamwork, we’ve achieved success! My mantra is always “work with me, not work and we’ve gained abundant friendships! Thank you Tupperware Brands!
for me.” As a reward, I’ve gone on Star Power Trips and was served like a VIP! I’m
grateful for my supportive husband and children for supporting me in this venture. 㚳㗁ⲿᱨ㣄㗁⪹⭜㖠ᮣ㽈㮟☨㺒⒉⧧⥂⿓☨㔶⫆ᱨ㑁㑉ㅗオⴇ☧㊿
Now Tupperware Brands is part of our family life! ☑㣐㐢ᮣ⟒㋠㺐⭺☨⩽⛑Ⰿ⽃㔕⼗ᱨぴ⛾ⳟ⍐✂⼗ᮣ㎬㩀Tupperware
Brands≿㴓〉㖶㽿㵀㊿㨾㦏㔋☨㣄わ㱾㙠㵀⼗㮥ⶹ✛ᱨ⏌㎒㔶⩽
13ㅰ⹂ᱨ㣄⥙㽥㊿➒☨⭨㟙㔶⫆㮾⭆㱝㱸㮥➽㋗㟜☨⤀㾗ᮣ☏㦆ⱅᱨ㣄⏥ⱊ㗁 ⏣㨕㱎ᮣ⪰㦛㋲☕ⓝᱨ㣄わ⌧♎㦎⼋⊔☨⭀☽ば㙦⤺㚱㣮㯧ᮣ㟠㖫㮜
Tupperware Brands㖼㮟☨㮥➶㽳ᱨ㸆➽⫒㲞㮜⒱㢜㣄㔶ツ㺲☨⼍♇ᱝ㸆⢔㽊⍐㗁 㑍⛊㸆㗁㮥⢔㔈⫒ᮣⲿ⥙㮥➌ⶌ␖ᱨ㱸㩀㲞☡⼗㔶ツ㺲☨⏘ᮣ㵀㚵㣐
㵀㣄⏸⭩NCAPⳭ⪹㖫㖶➂㔶☨ᮣⶄ☡ⓞ㥟㸃⛶㸆➽㖼㮟☨㑆㸑ᱨ㣄ⴈ⛊㐩㨲 㙵☨➶㦝⧧⛟☠㥲ᱨ㣄わ⭩㑩⼗㚵☨㟹⛵ᮣ☕㖫㚜㐹䡊⛐☏㗁㴤㴤㲣
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⛞㗁ᱨ“⧧㣄㮥㋲➼⛙ᱨ✚⏥㗁㢜⼗㣄✚➼⛙ᮣ”㣄㮜⫉☧⢕㺸Ⰵ⺆ᱷ㊫㑥⏸⭩⼗ ╹╱㙫㗀✚㨾ᱨ㴣㷡㴣㱪ᱨⶼ㚑䔺㔹ᮣ⢙㴫⼗㮥ㅰᱨ㚳⒩㽥
⌧㾐㢜⥏⍢☨Star PowerⰅ⺆㺐⿍ᱝ㣄⧶⡮⬺㣄☨㥸㔶⧧⦼㽳わ㵀╚㮟⥙⒴㺲 㱎㷡ᱨ㣄㐩⻲㺉Ⓘᮣ⢚㵀⭨㑉⧧㈷㱹わ☨⛈⻮㺉Ⓘ㥲ᱨ㣄わ
㚱⢖㲐☨㺉ⒾᮣTupperware Brands㮻㑘㑩⼗㣄わ☨⭨㟙㔶⫆ᱝ ⿏╚⭧⬾ᱨ㵀⼉⢔㴨ㅠ㟯㋈⼗15㠦⼯⭀☨㦪㗕⭧⬾ᱨ㙫⺉䔺
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Selama 13 tahun, saya mempunyai pekerjaan yang mudah dan kehidupan 㟙ᱨ⟁㗏⼗≜㎩ᮢ㎗㎩⧧㱹㎩ᮣ㨏⒱ⳟᱨ▙ⶼᮣ㺶㨲⡮㨩
keluarga yang sederhana. Tetapi kini, saya adalah sebahagian dari dunia Tupperware Brands
perniagaan Tupperware Brands yang menarik dan merupakan kemuncak
dalam kehidupan saya. Semuanya bermula apabila saya menyertai Sebelum ini, suami saya seorang pengurus dan saya seorang
perhimpunan NCAP. Melihat keghairahan mereka yang berada di
perhimpun akauntan, kami tiada masa untuk satu sama lain dan
sana, saya memutu
emutuskan untuk menyertai ke dalam dunia
memutuskan mencetuskan tekanan serta konflik antara kami. Mujurlah,
keusahawanan ini, dan bbersama dengan g downline kami mendapat peluang dalam bidang perniagaan
serta kerja berpasukan, kam
kami telah mencapai
m Tupperware Brands, dan mengeratkan
kejayaan! Mantra saya adalah
lah “Kerja dengan hubungan kami. Saya menyokong
saya, bukan kerja untuk saya”.. S
Sebaggai ganjaran,
Sebagai sepenuhnya keputusan suami saya
saya telah berkunjung ke Star Powower Trips
Power untuk menjalankan perniagaan ini
dan telah dilayan seperti VIP! Saya
a bersyukur
b secara sepenuh masa. Sebagai
kerana suami dan anak-anak yang memberi
m ganjaran, dengan sokongan Upline
sokongan dalam usaha ini. Kini, Tupppe
perware
Tupperware kami, kita mencapai kejayaan
Brands adalah sebahagian daripada besar dengan memecahkan jualan
kehidupan kami sekeluarga! RM150,000 dalam tempoh dua
bulan serta dinaikkan pangkat
menjadi AED. Perniagaan ini
mencipta kekayaan untuk
keluarga kami, perkahwinan
kami dipenuhi dengan rasa
cinta dan juga mendapat
ramai kawan! Terima kasih
Tupperware Brands!
㣄ⱅㅰ26㚢ᱨ㺐㍰㵀㮥⭨⤀⒴㽩㫛⤇㙶㑌㺒⫒㨣⤀⒴㖠⼉ㅰᮣ㑥⥗⭢㩦㸆㬥☨㔶⫆ᱨ㣄⯿㣐➈㵀⤀㾗
㲓㔶⫆㺐⭺㐟☧㊿⧼ᱨ㮾⭆ゃ㱸⭩⊎➱ᮣ☕㣄㲂2011ㅰ⭩㑩Tupperware Brands㖼㮟㖫ᱨ㣄➂㦆㚴㚱⢖
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╭㐣⼗⤀㾗ᱨ㐩㺒ⲿ㱒㸆➽㖼㮟ᮣㅅ㍰㣄㮻ⱎ㔹㢜AEDᱨ㦝㗖⿍㨾ⱆ㝯ᱨ㽌㐟⡽⼉⌢☨㗏㑩ᱨ㵀ⲿ㱒
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Saya berumur 26 tahun dan bekerja sebagai jurutera mekanikal di sebuah firma perundingan
kejuruteraan selama 2 tahun. Saya perlu mengorbankan keseimbangan hidup dan tiada bayaran
untuk kerja lebih masa jika saya kekal di syarikat itu. Apabila saya menyertai perniagaan Tupperware
Brands pada 2011, saya mendapat lebih ganjaran untuk setiap minit yang digunakan, berbanding
dengan dunia korporat. Justeru itu, saya mengambil keputusan untuk berhenti kerja dan berniaga
sepenuhmasa. Kini saya seorang Associate Executive Director yang telah menikmati pelancongan
secara percuma, memperoleh pendapatan dua kali ganda lebih banyak, sambil meluangkan lebih masa
yang berharga bersama keluarga, serta membina perniagaan saya. Saya tidak akan berpatah balik lagi!
㣄㗁㮥ッ⹝㖠ᱨ㮥㺓㮾⹂⛞㺵㎩㲂Tupperware☨㊹ᮣ╹㣄ⱎ㔹㢜Directorㅍ㝢㋲ᱨ㣄⛶㸆➽㖼㮟☨≜㙭㗁⢚㔋㮥␍⾯ᮣ
㣄㖶⭅㺲⏸㲓⤇㙶㻙⊚☨⫆⛑ᱷ⊪⸶Step up ProgramᱨStar Success GatewayᱨDirector’s Monthly Challenge⧧㠦⾫Ⰵ
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㔋㦏ᱨ㟹⛵⧧⭨㑉ᮣ㾎⨍ᱨ㺶㨲⡮㨩㣄Ⳇ≜☨㷭⟒ᱨ㚳㗁㣄㲓Tupperware Brands㮥㋲➼⛙㖫☨㻙㮔㟺⛑⻲ᱝ
Saya seorang guru dan juga peminat Tupperware. Sejak saya dinaikkan pangkat sebagai Director, saya telah jatuh
cinta dengan perniagaan ini. Saya mula memberi tumpuan kepada program yang dianjurkan oleh syarikat
iaitu Step up Program, Star Success Gateway, Director’s Monthly Challenge dan Bandung Incentive Trip.
Tahun ini saya berjaya mencapai percutían kedua ke Ho Chi Minh bersama suami. Saya sangat menyukai
Incentive Trip ini dari segi hadiah, makanan, hotel dan juga duit membeli-belah. Rahsia kejayaan saya
dalam perniagaan ini adalah kekal fokus. Tetapkan matlamat anda dan berkerja keras untuk mencapai
matlamat itu. Sekali lagi, terima kasih kepada upline, kumpulan dan keluarga saya yang menjadi tulang
belakang dalam kejayaan saya. Akhir sekali, saya sangat berterima kasih kepada suami tercinta yang
membantu dan menyokong saya sepanjang perjalanan saya dengan Tupperware Brands.
53
5
always a
friendly
Taman Bukit Pasir, Batu Pahat
business
Pusat Perniagaan Kota Emas, Pontian 07-686 7382
near you!
Pusat Perniagaan Ara, Bahau (Bandar IOI) 06-454 7588
Jalan
Putra Point Business Centre
Rawang Mutiara Taman Ipoh Jaya Timur 1, Ipoh
AppStore
Alamesra Plaza Damai Sulaman 088-396 086
Benoni Commercial Centre, Papar 088-910 155
Lintas Square, Jalan Lintas
Bangunan Perniagaan Sura Jetty, Dungun 09-845 6991 Grand Plaza, Putatan
Belakang Telekom Bandar Jerteh, Jerteh 09-697 7077 Bandar Utama, Batu 6, Jalan Utara
Bandar Maju, Mile 1½, Jalan Utara
Bukit Tunggal Bandar Hot Spring, Jalan Air Panas
Google Play Jalan Air Putih, Chukai, Kemaman Bestari Warehouse, Jalan Patau-Patau
reasons to
join the
+
W059
+ 1112 7851
Brands
Business!
More family time.
More extra income.
More social time.
More travelling. 1113 6837 Privilege
It’s easy to join. Turbo Plus Pack purchase
Turbo Chopper (1) 300ml for new
We'll provide you Snowflake Square Round (4) 400ml consultants
with the starter FreezerMate Medium II (2) 1.5l only!
kit, training, and One Touch Topper Junior (2) 600ml SAVE
Midget (4) 60ml OVER
support, too. Mini Spatula (1) 30%
Retail RM337.10 / ERM359.50
NOW RM235.00 / ERM250.00
55
MEMBER OF DIRECT
SELLING ASSOCIATION
OF MALAYSIA
(AJL 93542) • All offers are valid only while stocks last.
• The Company reserves the right to replace FREE gifts featured.
* Excluding nett-priced items.
**Excluding nett-priced items and purchase-with-purchase items.
tupperwarebrands.com.my • All prices listed in this catalogue supersede our previous printed price.
• Every care is taken to ensure the information printed is correct at the
Tel: 1300 88 5500 time of printing. However, the company reserves the right to make any
Email: MScustomercare@tupperware.com changes due to unforeseen circumstances, without prior notice.