SRIRAMAKRI SHNAENGI NEERINGCOLLEGE

[
EducationalService: SNRSonsChar i
tabl
eTrust]
[AutonomousI nst
ituti
on, Accredi
tedbyNAACwi th‘A’
Grade]
[
Appr ovedbyAI CTEandPer manentlyAffi
l
iat
edt oAnnaUniversi
ty,
Chennai ]
[
ISO9001- 2008Cer ti
fi
edandal leli
gibl
eprogrammesAccr edi
tedby
NBA]
Vattamalaipalayam,N. G.G.O.Colonypost,coimbatore–641022.

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ronicsandCommuni
cat
ion
Engineeri
ng

16EC204-
SENSORSANDI
NSTRUMENTATI
ON

LABORATORYRECORD

NAME:
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ROLLNO:
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YEAR&SECTI
ON:
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ACADEMI
CYEAR:
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 I
NDEX

S.
NO DATE NAMEOFTHEEXPERI
MENT PAGE MARKS STAFF
NO. SI
GN

TOTAL

AVG

CONTENTBEYONDTHESYLLABUS
EX.
NO:
MEASUREMENTOFVOLTAGE,
CURRENT,
PHASEANDFREQUENCYUSI
NG
DATE:
CRO

AI
M:
Tost
udyCROandt
omeasur
ethev
olt
age,
cur
rent
,phaseandf
requencyofsi
gnal
.

APPARATUSREQUI
RED:

S.
No. Component
s Range Quant
it
y

1. CRO - 1

2. Funct
iongener
ator - 1

3. Connect
ingwi
repr
obes - Asr
equi
red

4. Resi
stor
s - 2

FORMULAUSED:

1)Theor
eti
cal
phasedi
ff
erence:
an-1[
Φ1=t 1/ωcr
]
Wher
e,
c=capaci
tanceoft
hecapaci
tor(
µf)
.
r=r
esi
stanceoft
her
esi
stor(
Ω).
ω=2πfr
adi
an/
second.
f=f
requencyappl
i
ed(
Hz)
.

2)Pr
act
ical
phasedi
ff
erence:
n-1[
Φ=si a/b]
Wher
e,
a=v
ert
ical
def
lect
ionat(
t=0)
.
b=maxi
mum v
ert
ical
def
lect
ion.

3)Cur
rentmeasur
ement:
Cur
rentmeasur
ement(
ohmsl
aw)
,I=V/
R.(
A)
BLOCKDI
AGRAM:

Cat
hodeRayOsci
l
loscope(
CRO)
BASI
CDEFI
NITI
ON:

 Ampl
i
tudei
sthemaxi
mum v
olt
ager
eachedbyt
hesi
gnal
.Iti
smeasur
edi
nvol
ts.
 Peakv
olt
agei
sanot
hernamef
orampl
i
tude.Peakt
opeakv
olt
agei
stwi
cet
hepeakv
olt
age
(
ampl
i
tude)
.
 Whenr
eadi
nganosci
l
loscopet
racei
tisunusual
tomeasur
epeak-
peakv
olt
age.
 Cur
renti
sdef
inedast
hef
low ofel
ect
rons.Cur
renti
smeasur
edi
namper
e.I
nosci
l
loscope,
cur
renti
smeasur
edbyohmsl
aw.
 Ti
meper
iodi
sthet
imet
akenf
ort
hesi
gnalt
ocompl
eteonecy
cle.I
tismeasur
edi
nseconds
(
s).butt
imeper
iodt
endt
obeshor
tsoi
tismeasur
edi
nmi
l
li
seconds(
ms)andmi
croseconds,
ar
eof
tenused.1ms=0.
001s.1ɥs=0.
000001s.
 Fr
equencyi
sthenumberofcy
clespersecond.I
tismeasur
edi
nher
tz(
Hz)
.Butf
requenci
es
t
endt
obehi
ghaski
l
oher
tz(
KHz)andmegaher
tz(
MHz)
,ar
eof
tenused.
1KHz=1000Hz.
1MHz=1000000Hz.
Fr
equency=1/
ti
meper
iod.
Ti
meper
iod=1/
frequency
.
BLOCKDESCRI
PTI
ON:
Cat
hodeRayTube 
-Iti
sthehear
toft
heosci
l
loscope.Whent
heel
ect
ronsemi
tt
edbyt
heel
ect
rongun
st
ri
kest
he
phosphorscr
een,
avi
sual
signal
isdi
spl
ayedont
heCRT.

Ver
ti
calAmpl
i
fier
 -Thei
nputsi
gnal
sar
eampl
i
fiedbyt
hev
ert
icalampl
i
fier
.Usual
l
y,t
hev
ert
icalampl
i
fieri
s
awi
de
bandampl
i
fierwhi
chpassest
heent
ir
ebandoff
requenci
es.

Del
ayLi
ne 
-Ast
henamesuggest
s,t
hisci
rcui
tisusedt
odel
ayt
hesi
gnalf
oraper
iodoft
imei
nthev
ert
ical
sect
ion
ofCRT.Thei
nputsi
gnal
isnotappl
i
eddi
rect
lyt
othev
ert
ical
plat
esbecauset
hepar
toft
hesi
gnal
get
slost
,
whent
he
del
ayt
imei
snotused.Ther
efor
e,t
hei
nputsi
gnal
isdel
ayedbyaper
iodoft
ime.
Ti
meBase(
Sweep)Gener
ator
 -Ti
mebaseci
rcui
tusesauni
-j
unct
iont
ransi
stor
,whi
chi
susedt
opr
oduce
t
hesweep.Thesawt
oot
hvol
tagepr
oducedbyt
het
imebaseci
rcui
tisr
equi
redt
odef
lectt
hebeam i
nthe
hor
izont
alsect
ion.Thespoti
sdef
lect
edbyt
hesawt
oot
hvol
tageataconst
antt
imedependentr
ate.

Hor
izont
alAmpl
i
fier
 -Thesaw t
oot
hvol
tagepr
oducedbyt
het
imebaseci
rcui
tisampl
i
fiedbyt
he
hor
izont
alampl
i
fierbef
orei
tisappl
i
edt
ohor
izont
aldef
lect
ionpl
ates.

Tr
iggerCi
rcui
t 
-Thesi
gnal
swhi
char
eusedt
oact
ivat
ethet
ri
ggerci
rcui
tar
econv
ert
edt
otr
iggerpul
sesf
or
t
hepr
eci
sionsweepoper
ati
onwhoseampl
i
tudei
suni
for
m.Hencei
nputsi
gnalandt
hesweepf
requency
canbesy
nchr
oni
zed.

Powersuppl
y 
-Thev
olt
agesr
equi
redbyCRT,hor
izont
alampl
i
fier
,andv
ert
icalampl
i
fierar
epr
ovi
dedby
t
hepowersuppl
ybl
ock.I
tiscl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
wot
ypes-
(
1)Negat
ivehi
ghv
olt
agesuppl
y (
2)Posi
ti
vel
owv
olt
agesuppl
y.

MODELGRAPH:

VOLTAGEANDTI
MEPERI
ODMEASUREMENT:

PHASEMEASUREMENT:
 b

THEORY:
Thecat
hoder
ayosci
l
loscopei
sav
eryusef
ulandv
ersat
il
elabor
ator
yinst
rumentusedf
ordi
spl
ay,
measur
ementandanal
ysi
sofwav
efor
msandot
herphenomenai
nel
ect
ri
calandel
ect
roni
cci
rcui
ts.The
l
umi
nousspoti
spr
oducedbyabeam ofel
ect
ronsst
ri
ki
ngaf
luor
escentscr
een.
CROsar
eal
sousedt
oinv
est
igat
ewav
efor
ms,t
ransi
entphenomena,andot
herv
ary
ingquant
it
ies
f
rom av
eryl
owf
requencyr
anget
other
adi
ofr
equenci
es.I
tconsi
stsofEl
ect
rongunassembl
y,Def
lect
ion
pl
ateassembl
y,Fl
uor
escentscr
een,
Glassenv
elope,
andbase.
SETTI
NGUPOFANOSCI
LLOSCOPE:
Osci
l
loscopesar
ecompl
exi
nst
rument
swi
thmanycont
rol
sandt
heyr
equi
resomecar
etosetupand
usesuccessf
ull
y.I
tisqui
teeasyt
o'l
ose't
het
raceof
fthescr
eeni
fcont
rol
sar
esetwr
ongl
y.Ther
eis
somev
ari
ati
oni
nthear
rangementandl
abel
i
ngoft
hemanycont
rol
ssot
hei
nst
ruct
ionsmayneedt
obe
adapt
edf
ory
ouri
nst
rument
.
 Swi
tchon 
theosci
l
loscopet
owar
m up(
itt
akesami
nut
eort
wo)
.
 Do 
not
 connectt
hei
nputl
eadatt
hisst
age.
 Sett
he 
AC/
GND/
DC 
swi
tch(
byt
heYI
NPUT)t
o DC.
 Sett
he 
SWP/
X-Y 
swi
tcht
o SWP 
(sweep)
.
 Set
 Tr
iggerLev
el 
to 
AUTO.
 Set
 Tr
iggerSour
ce 
to 
INT 
(i
nter
nal
,theyi
nput
).
 Sett
he 
YAMPLI
FIER 
to 
5V/
cm 
(amoder
atev
alue)
.
 Sett
he 
TIMEBASE 
to 
10ms/
cm 
(amoder
atespeed)
.
  Tur
nthet
imebase 
VARI
ABLE 
cont
rol
to 
1 or
 CAL.
 Adj
ust
 YSHI
FT 
(up/
down)and 
XSHI
FT 
(l
eft
/ri
ght
)togi
vea 
tr
aceacr
osst
hemi
ddl
eoft
hescr
een,
l
i
ket
hepi
ctur
e.
 Adj
ust
 I
NTENSI
TY 
(br
ight
ness)and 
FOCUS 
togi
veabr
ight
,shar
ptr
ace.
PROCEDURE:
1.VOLTAGEMEASUREMENT:
1)Vol
tagei
sshowni
nver
ti
cal
Yaxi
sandt
hescal
eisdet
ermi
nedbyYampl
i
fier(
vol
ts/
cm)
.
2)Usual
l
ypeakt
opeakv
olt
agei
smeasur
edbecausei
tcanber
eadcar
eful
l
yev
eni
ftheposi
ti
onof
axi
sisnotknown.
3)Theampl
i
fieri
shal
fthepeakt
opeakv
olt
age.Tor
eadt
heampl
i
fierv
olt
agedi
rect
lyy
oumustcheck
0V.
4)Not
etheAC/
GND/
DC.Swi
tcht
heGNDanduseY-
shi
ftt
oadj
ustt
heposi
ti
onoft
racei
fnecessar
y
swi
tchbackt
oDCaf
ter
war
dssoy
oucanseet
hesi
gnal
.
5)Countt
henumberofdi
vi
sionsbet
weenposi
ti
veandnegat
ivepeaks.
Peakt
opeakv
olt
age=Def
lect
ionampl
i
tudexWi
dth.
Ampl
i
tude(
peakv
olt
age)=(
1/2)xPeakt
opeakv
olt
age.

TABULATI
ON:
1.VOLTAGEMEASUREMENT:
I
nputVol
tage=_
___
__

S.
No. I
nput PeakToPeak Mul
ti
ple Ampl
i
tude
Fr
equency Vol
tage[Vert
ical Fact
or
Di
splacement] [
V]
[
Hz]

2.CURRENTMEASUREMENT:
I
nputVol
tage=_
___
__
S.
No. Resi
stance Vol
tage Cur
rent
[
R] [
V] I=V/
R(A)
3.PHASEMEASUREMENT:
I
nputVol
tage=_
___
__

4.FREQUENCYMEASUREMENT:

I
nputVol
tage=_
___
__

S.
No. Fr
equency Fr
equency Maj
or Mi
nor PhaseAngl
e
Axi
s Axi
s
F1(
Hz) F2(
Hz) n-1(
Si A/B)
(
A) (
B)

2.CURRENT

MEASUREMENT:

1)Pr
operadj
ust
menti
smade.

S.
No. I
nput OneCompl et
e Mul
ti
ple Time Fr
equenc
Fr
equency Cy cl
e Fact
or Per
iod y
(Hori
zontal
[
Hz] Di
splacement) (
F=1/
T)

2)Measur
ethei
nputv
olt
ageusi
ngCROandf
unct
iongener
ator
.
3)Pl
acear
esi
storont
hebr
eadboar
d.
 4)Gi
veCRO andf
unct
iongener
atorposi
ti
vet
ooner
esi
stort
ermi
nalandgr
oundt
oot
herr
esi
stor
t
ermi
nal
andnegat
ivet
ermi
nal
ofCROandf
unct
iongener
ator
.
5)Vol
tagemeasur
ementi
smadeonCRO.
6) Cal
cul
atet
hecur
rentbyohmsl
aw.
Cur
rent
,I=V/
R(A)
.

3.PHASEMEASUREMENT:

1)Thet
imebase(
X-pl
ates)andswi
tchi
skepti
next
ernal
mode.
2)Thegai
nbandswi
tchofY-
plat
esi
skepti
ndesi
redr
ange,soast
ogetcompl
etemaxi
mum si
ze
el
l
ipseont
hescr
een.
3)Themaxi
mum def
lect
ion(
a)f
rom t
hemeanposi
ti
onanddef
lect
ion(
b)att
=0f
rom t
hemean
posi
ti
onar
emeasur
edusi
ngdi
mensi
onsont
hescr
een.
4)Theexper
imenti
srepeat
edbyv
ary
ingt
hef
requenci
es(
f)oft
hesi
gnal
gener
ati
oni
nequal
steps.
5)Thev
aluesoff
,a,
bar
enot
edi
nthet
abl
e.Thev
aluesofr
esi
stanceandcapaci
tancear
eal
sonot
ed.

4.FREQUENCYANDTI
MEPERI
ODMEASUREMENT:

1)Pr
operadj
ust
menti
smade.
2)Appl
ythesi
gnal
toV-
plat
es.
3)Thet
imebasecont
rol
isadj
ust
edt
ogetwav
esont
hescr
een.
4)Thenumberofdi
vi
sionsf
oronecompl
etecy
cleoft
hedi
spl
ayedwav
efor
m onX-
scal
erepr
esent
sit
s
t
imeper
iod.
Ti
meper
iod=Ti
mebaseset
ti
ngxHor
izont
aldi
spl
acement
.
5)Thef
requencyf
oragi
venwav
efor
m canbecal
cul
atedf
rom t
imeper
iod.
6)Fr
equency=1/
T(Hz
)wher
e,Ti
sthet
imeper
iod.

RESULT:
Thust
hev
olt
age,
cur
rent
,phaseandf
requencyoft
hesi
gnal
wer
edet
ermi
nedusi
ngCR

EX.
NO: WHEATSTONEBRI
DGE
DATE:

AI
M:

Tomeasur
ethev
alueofmedi
um unknownr
esi
stanceusi
ngWheatst
onebr
idge.
APPARATUSREQUI
RED:

S.
No Component
s Range Quant
it
y
.
1. Wheat
stonebr
idge - 01
ki
t
2. Mul
ti
Met
er - 01
3. Resi
stor 330Ω, Each1
47Ω,
27K
Ω
4. Connect
ingWi
res - AsRequi
red

FORMULAUSED:
TheUnknownr
esi
stanceRx=(
R2/
R1)
*Rm.
Wher
e,RX– Unknownr
esi
stance(
Ω)
Rm-Var
iabl
eresi
stance(
Ω)
R1–Fi
xedr
esi
stance(
Ω)
R2–Mul
ti
pli
err
esi
stance(
Ω)

THEORY:

Wheatst
onebr
idgei
sani
mpor
tantbr
idgeusedi
nmeasur
ementofmedi
um r
esi
stance.I
tisst
il
l
t
heaccur
ateandr
eli
abl
emeasur
ementandi
sext
ensi
vel
yusedi
nindust
ry.Awheatst
onebr
idgei
san
i
nst
rumentf
ormaki
ngcompar
isonmeasur
ement
sandoper
atesupona“
NULLI
NDUCTI
ON PRI
NCI
PLE”
.
Thi
smeanst
hei
ndi
cat
ioni
sindependentoft
hecal
i
brat
ionoft
henul
lindi
cat
ingi
nst
rumentoranyofi
ts
char
act
eri
sti
cs.Fort
hisr
easonav
eryhi
ghdegr
eeofaccur
acycanbeachi
evedusi
ngwheatst
onebr
idge.
Thebasi
cci
rcui
tofwheatst
onebr
idgeconsi
stsof4r
esi
sti
vear
mswi
thasour
ceofEMFandanul
l
det
ect
or,usual
l
yagal
vanomet
er(
G),orot
hersensi
ti
vecur
rentmot
or.Thecur
rentt
hrought
heMul
timet
er
dependsupont
hepot
ent
ialdi
ff
erencebet
weent
hepoi
ntsC&D.Thebr
idgei
ssai
dtobebal
anced,when
pot
ent
ialdi
ff
erenceacr
osst
hemul
timet
eri
szer
o.Thi
soccur
swhent
hev
olt
agef
rom poi
ntDt
opoi
ntBor
byr
efer
ri
ngt
oot
herbat
ter
yter
minal
whent
hev
olt
agef
rom poi
ntDt
opoi
ntCequal
sthev
olt
agef
rom poi
nt
Bt
opoi
ntC.
PROCEDURE:

 Connect
ionsar
emadeaspert
heci
rcui
tdi
agr
am.
 Connectt
heuni
ttomai
nsuppl
y220VACt
hroughpowercor
d.
 Swi
tchONt
heuni
t.Connectt
heunknownr
esi
stance,whosev
aluei
stobedet
ermi
ned,acr
osst
he
socketmar
ked‘
RX’
.
 Connectdi
git
almul
ti
met
eracr
osst
hesocketmar
ked‘
TODETECTOR’
.
 Usi
ngapat
chcor
d,connectt
hel
eftendoft
hebr
idgeci
rcui
ttot
hemul
ti
pli
err
esi
stance(
Rm)ofv
alue
i
nthemi
drangel
i
ke1KΩ.
 Readt
hebr
idgeout
puti
nthedi
git
almul
ti
met
er.
 Changet
hemul
ti
pli
err
esi
stancet
osuccessi
vehi
gherorl
owerv
alues,sucht
hatt
heunbal
anced
out
putdr
opst
owar
dszer
o(l
esserv
olt
agecompar
edt
oini
ti
alv
alue)
.
 Bysel
ect
ingt
heappr
opr
iat
eval
ueofmul
ti
pli
err
esi
stancef
ormi
nimum unbal
ance,
var
ythev
ari
abl
e
r
esi
stanceR2t
oobt
aint
hef
inal
bal
ancepoi
nt.
 Cor
rectbal
anci
ngi
sobt
ainedwhent
heout
putdr
opsal
mostt
ozer
o.
 Di
sconnectal
lpat
chcor
dsandmeasur
evar
iabl
eresi
stanceR2usi
ngmul
ti
met
er.
 Subst
it
utet
hev
aluesofRm,
R1andR2i
nthef
ormul
aandev
aluat
etheunknownr
esi
stance
RESULT:
Thust
hev
alueofunknownr
esi
stancei
scal
cul
atedbyusi
ngwheatst
onebr
idge.

TABULATI
ON:

S.
No Select
ed Mul
ti
plier Var
iable Unknown
. Unknown Resi
stance Resi
stance Resist
ance
Resi
stance(
Ω)
Rm(
Ω) R2(
Ω) RX(
Ω)
1

CALCULATI
ON:
 EX.
NO:
SCHERI
NGBRI
DGE
DATE:

AI
M:
Tomeasur
etheunknownv
alueofcapaci
tanceusi
ngScher
ing’
sbr
idge.

APPARATUSREQUI
RED:

S.
No Component
s Range Quant
it
y
.
1. Tr
ainerki
t - 1

2. DI
B - 1

3. CRO - 1

4. Mul
ti
met
er - 1

5. Connect
ingwi
res - Asr
equi
red

FORMULAUSED:
Unknowncapaci
tance,
Cx=(
R1/
Rm)
*C2
Wher
e,Cx-Unknowncapaci
tance,
Far
ad
C2-Fi
xedcapaci
tance,
Far
ad
R1-Var
iabl
eresi
stance,
ohm
Rm –Mul
ti
pli
err
esi
stance,
ohm

THEORY:
Thescher
ing’
sbr
idge,
oneoft
hemosti
mpor
tantACbr
idgei
susedext
ensi
vel
yfort
hemeasur
ement
ofcapaci
tor
s.
Thebal
ancecondi
ti
onsr
equi
ret
hatt
hesum oft
hephaseangl
esofar
ms1and4equal
thesum of
t
hephaseangl
esofar
ms2and3.si
ncet
hest
andar
dcapaci
tori
sinar
m3,
thesum oft
hephaseangl
esof
ar
m2andar
m 3wi
l
lbe00+900=900.
PROCEDURE:

 Connect
ionsar
emadeaspert
heci
rcui
tdi
agr
am.
 Connectt
heuni
ttomai
nsuppl
y220VACt
hroughpowercor
d.
 Swi
tchONt
heuni
t.Connectt
heunknowncapaci
tance,
whosev
aluei
stobedet
ermi
ned,
acr
osst
he
socketmar
ked‘
CX’
.
 Connectdi
git
almul
ti
met
eracr
osst
hesocketmar
ked‘
TODETECTOR’
.
 Usi
ngapat
chcor
d,connectt
hel
eftendoft
hebr
idgeci
rcui
ttot
hemul
ti
pli
err
esi
stance(
Rm)ofv
alue
i
nthemi
drangel
i
ke1KΩ.
 Readt
hebr
idgeout
puti
nthedi
git
almul
ti
met
er.
 Changet
hemul
ti
pli
err
esi
stancet
osuccessi
vehi
gherorl
owerv
alues,sucht
hatt
heunbal
anced
out
putdr
opst
owar
dszer
o(l
esserv
olt
agecompar
edt
oini
ti
alv
alue)
.
 Bysel
ect
ingt
heappr
opr
iat
eval
ueofmul
ti
pli
err
esi
stancef
ormi
nimum unbal
ance,
var
ythev
ari
abl
e
r
esi
stanceR1t
oobt
aint
hef
inal
bal
ancepoi
nt.
 Cor
rectbal
anci
ngi
sobt
ainedwhent
heout
putdr
opsal
mostt
ozer
o.
 Di
sconnectal
lpat
chcor
dsandmeasur
evar
iabl
eresi
stanceR1usi
ngmul
ti
met
er.
 Subst
it
utet
hev
aluesofRm,
R1andC2i
nthef
ormul
aandev
aluat
etheunknowncapaci
tance.
RESULT:
Thust
heunknownv
aluesofcapaci
tancear
efoundbyusi
ngScher
ing’
sbr
idge.

TABULATI
ON:

S.
No Select
ed Mul
ti
plier Var
iable Unknown
. Unknown Resi
stance Resi
stance Capaci
tance
Capaci
tance Rm(
Ω) R1(
Ω) CX
1

CALCULATI
ON:
 EX.
NO:
STRAI
NGAUGE
DATE:

AI
M:
Tost
udyt
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofst
rai
nguage.

APPARATUSREQUI
RED:

S.
No. Component
s Range Quant
it
y
1 St
rai
ngaugewi
thsi
gnal - 1
condi
ti
oni
nguni
t
2 Wei
ghti
ngr
ams - Asr
equi
red
3 Mul
ti
met
er - 1

FORMULAUSED:

Lengt
h,L =22cm
Wi
dth,
B =2.
5cm
Thi
ckness,
T =0.
25cm
6*P*L
St
rai
n,S =-
--
--
--
--
--
B*T2*E
wher
e, P=wei
ght(
Kg) E=Young'
sModul
us(
2*106)

6*0.
1*22
Forwei
ght100gms=0.
1Kg,
Str
ain,
S =-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--=42.
2µS

2. 252*2*
5*0. 106
S=42µS

Ther
efor
e,t
otal
str
ainf
or1Kg=42*10=420µS.
THEORY:

ASt
rai
ngauge(
somet
imesr
efer
redt
oasaSt
rai
ngage)i
sasensorwhoser
esi
stancev
ari
eswi
th
appl
i
edf
orce;
Itconv
ert
sfor
ce,
pressur
e,t
ensi
on,
wei
ght
,et
c.,
int
oachangei
nel
ect
ri
cal
resi
stancewhi
ch
cant
henbemeasur
ed.Whenext
ernal
for
cesar
eappl
i
edt
oast
ati
onar
yobj
ect
,st
ressandst
rai
nar
ethe
r
esul
t.St
ressi
sdef
inedast
heobj
ect
'
sint
ernal
resi
sti
ngf
orces,
andst
rai
nisdef
inedast
hedi
spl
acement
anddef
ormat
iont
hatoccur
.

Thest
rai
ngaugei
soneoft
hemosti
mpor
tantsensoroft
heel
ect
ri
calmeasur
ementt
echni
que
appl
i
edt
othemeasur
ementofmechani
calquant
it
ies.Ast
hei
rnamei
ndi
cat
es,t
heyar
eusedf
ort
he
measur
ementofst
rai
n.As a t
echni
calt
erm "
str
ain"consi
sts oft
ensi
l
e and compr
essi
ve st
rai
n,
di
sti
ngui
shedbyaposi
ti
veornegat
ivesi
gn.Thus,st
rai
ngaugescanbeusedt
opi
ckupexpansi
onaswel
l
ascont
ract
ion.

Thest
rai
nofabodyi
sal
way
scausedbyanext
ernali
nfl
uenceorani
nter
nalef
fect
.St
rai
nmi
ghtbe
causedbyf
orces,pr
essur
es,moment
s,heat
,st
ruct
uralchangesoft
hemat
eri
alandt
hel
i
ke.I
fcer
tai
n
condi
ti
onsar
eful
fi
ll
ed,t
heamountort
hev
alueoft
hei
nfl
uenci
ngquant
it
ycanbeder
ivedf
rom t
he
measur
edst
rai
nval
ue.I
nexper
iment
alst
ressanal
ysi
sthi
sfeat
urei
swi
del
yused.Exper
iment
alst
ress
anal
ysi
susest
hest
rai
nval
uesmeasur
edont
hesur
faceofaspeci
men,orst
ruct
uralpar
t,t
ost
atet
he
st
ressi
nthemat
eri
alandal
sot
opr
edi
cti
tssaf
etyandendur
ance.Speci
alt
ransducer
scanbedesi
gnedf
or
t
he measur
ementoff
orces orot
herder
ived quant
it
ies,e.
g.,moment
s,pr
essur
es,accel
erat
ions,
di
spl
acement
s,v
ibr
ati
onsandot
her
s.Thet
ransducergener
all
ycont
ainsapr
essur
esensi
ti
vedi
aphr
agm
wi
thst
rai
ngaugesbondedt
oit
.

PROCEDURE:

 Connectt
hest
rai
nsi
mul
atormodul
etot
hecont
rol
uni
t.
 Connectt
heuni
ttomai
nssuppl
yAC220Vt
hroughmai
nscor
d.
 Swi
tchONt
heuni
t.Al
l
owwar
m upper
iodof3mi
nut
es.
 Adj
ustt
hezer
oadj
ust
mentpot
ent
iomet
ert
oreadzer
oint
hedi
git
almet
er.
 Keepf
ir
stwei
ghtof100gont
hewei
ghtpan.
 Moni
tort
hest
rai
nint
hedi
git
almet
er&i
frequi
redadj
ustt
hegr
ainadj
ust
mentpot
ent
iomet
ert
o
r
ead42µS.Si
mil
arl
y,keept
her
emai
ningwei
ght
s.
 For1000g,
cal
i
brat
ethest
rai
ntor
ead420µS.
  Si
mil
arl
yremov
ethepr
o-wei
ght
sfr
om t
hepanandnot
edownt
hecor
respondi
ngdi
git
alout
put
r
eadi
ngs.

TABULATI
ON:
A.Loadi
ng:

Wei
ght
s Di
git
alDi
spl
ay
(
Grams) (
Micr
oSt
rai
ns)
0

100

100+100

100+100+100

100+100+100+100

100+100+100+100+100

100+100+100+100+100+100

100+100+100+100+100+100+100

100+100+100+100+100+100+100+100

100+100+100+100+100+100+100+100+100

100+100+100+100+100+100+100+100+100+100

B.UnLoadi
ng:

Wei
ght
s Di
git
alDi
spl
ay
(
Grams) (
Micr
oSt
rai
ns)
100+100+100+100+100+100+100+100+100+100

100+100+100+100+100+100+100+100+100

100+100+100+100+100+100+100+100

100+100+100+100+100+100+100

100+100+100+100+100+100
100+100+100+100+100

100+100+100+100

100+100+100

100+100

100

0
RESULT:
Thust
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofst
rai
nguagewer
est
udi
ed.

EX.
NO:

DATE: ARI
THEMATI
COPERATI
ONSUSI
GLABVI
EW

AI
M:

Todesi
gnaVIt
osi
mul
atet
heAr
it
hmet
icOper
ati
on.

SOFTWAREUSED:

LabVI
EW 2011

PROCEDURE:

1.Openabl
ankVIandt
il
ethewi
ndowl
eftandr
ight
.
2.Ont
hef
rontpanelcr
eat
eat
wonumer
iccont
rolandf
ournumer
ici
ndi
cat
orf
ordi
spl
ayi
ngt
he
addi
ti
on,
subt
ract
ion,
div
isi
onandMul
ti
pli
cat
ionv
alue.
3.Ont
hebl
ockdi
agr
am,
progr
ammi
ngi
sdonet
odi
spl
ayal
lar
it
hmet
ical
val
ue.
4.Runt
heFr
ontPanel
Windowf
orexecut
ingt
he.
vi
.
5.I
nputv
aluesar
echanged,
todi
spl
ayt
hev
aluei
ntheNumer
icI
ndi
cat
or.
FRONTPANELANDBLOCKDI
AGRAM:
RESULT:
Thust
heVIpr
ogr
am f
orAr
it
hmet
icoper
ati
onwasexecut
edusi
ngLabVI
EW.

EX.
NO:

DATE: CELSI
USTOFARENHEI
TCONVERSI
ONUSI
NGLABVI
EW
AI
M:

Todesi
gnaVIt
osi
mul
atet
heCel
siust
oFahr
enhei
tconv
ersi
on.

SOFTWAREUSED:

LabVI
EW 2011

PROCEDURE:

1.Openabl
ankVIandt
il
ethewi
ndowl
eftandr
ight
.
2.Ont
hef
rontpanel
creat
eaTher
momet
ercont
rol
andNumer
icCont
rol
.
3.Ont
hebl
ockdi
agr
am,pr
ogr
ammi
ngi
sdonet
oconv
ertf
rom cel
siust
oFahr
enhei
t.Thef
ormul
a
usedi
s
F=C*(
1.8)+32.Fi
stheFahr
enhei
t,Ci
stheCel
sius.
4.Runt
heFr
ontPanel
Windowf
orexecut
ingt
he.
vi
.
5.I
nputv
aluesar
echanged,
todi
spl
ayt
hev
aluei
ntheNumer
icI
ndi
cat
or.

FRONTPANELANDBLOCKDI
AGRAM:
RESULT:

Thust
heVIpr
ogr
am f
orCel
siust
oFahr
enhei
tconv
ersi
onwasexecut
edusi
ngLabVI
EW.

EX.
NO:
DATE: I
NTERFACI
NGTHERMI
STORWI
THNI
-DAQ6009
AI
M:

Toi
nter
facet
emper
atur
esensorusi
ngNI
-DAQ6009.

SOFTWAREUSED:

LabVI
EW 2011

PROCEDURE:

1.Openabl
ankVIandt
il
ewi
ndowl
eftandr
ight
.
2.I
nthebl
ockdi
agr
am cl
i
ckt
hef
unct
ionspal
ett
eandpl
acet
heExpr
essVIDAQAssi
stant
.
3.Conf
igur
etheDAQassi
stantbydoubl
ecl
i
cki
ngt
heexpr
essVI
.
4.Meanwhi
l
epl
ugt
heUSBNI
6009whi
chi
spr
oper
lywi
red.
5.Conf
igur
eiti
nRSEmode(
Ref
erenceSi
ngl
eEndedmode)
.
6.Chooset
hemi
nimum andmaxi
mum v
olt
agel
evel
as(
0-10)V.
7.Checkt
heconnect
iondi
agr
am.
8.Ver
if
yatr
unmodeandcl
i
ckOK.
9.Pl
aceagr
aphi
ndi
cat
orandnumer
ici
ndi
cat
ort
over
if
ytheout
put
.

NI
-DAQCARDPi
nconnect
orDi
agr
am
 NI
-DAQ6009Car
dandTemper
atur
eSensor

FRONTPANELANDBLOCKDI
AGRAM:
 RESULT:

Thust
het
emper
atur
esensori
sint
erf
acedwi
thLabVI
EW usi
ngNIDAQCar
d–6009.

EX.
NO:

DATE: SI
GNALCONDI
TIONI
NGUSI
NGFI
LTERS

AI
M:
Todesi
gnaVIt
osi
mul
ateasi
newav
eandobt
ainf
il
ter
edout
put
.

SOFTWAREUSED:

LabVI
EW 2011

PROCEDURE:

1.Openabl
ankVIandt
il
ethewi
ndowl
eftandr
ight
.
2.Ont
hef
rontpanel
creat
eanumer
iccont
rol
,wav
efor
m gr
aphsandst
opbut
ton.
3.Ont
hebl
ockdi
agr
am,
chooseFunct
ionsSi
gnal
Processi
ngandchooseFi
l
terExpr
essVI
,Spect
ral
measur
ementExpr
essVI
.
4.Gi
vet
hecutof
ffr
equencyv
aluesf
orl
owpass,bandpassandhi
ghpassf
il
ter
sint
heconf
igur
ati
on
di
alogbox.
5.Di
spl
ayt
hef
il
ter
edwav
efor
m bymer
gingal
lsi
gnal
s.
 6.Di
spl
ayt
heFFTwav
efor
minbot
hli
nearandl
ogscal
e.

FRONTPANEL:
BLOCKDI
AGRAM

RESULT:
Thust
heVIt
osi
mul
ateasi
gnal
wascr
eat
edandf
il
ter
edout
putwasobt
ained.
CONTENTBEYONDSYLLABUS