5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
5: Thévenin and Norton
Equivalents

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 1 / 12

 Equivalent Networks

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 2 / 12

 Equivalent Networks

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent Use nodal analysis:
KCL@X: X X−V
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin 1 −6+ 2 =0
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
KCL@V: V −X
2 −I =0
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 2 / 12

 Equivalent Networks

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent Use nodal analysis:
KCL@X: X X−V
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin 1 −6+ 2 =0
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
KCL@V: V −X
2 −I =0
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Eliminating X gives: V = 3I + 6.
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 2 / 12

 Equivalent Networks

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent Use nodal analysis:
KCL@X: X X−V
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin 1 −6+ 2 =0
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
KCL@V: V −X
2 −I =0
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Eliminating X gives: V = 3I + 6.
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary There are infinitely many networks with the same values of a and b:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 2 / 12

 Equivalent Networks

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent Use nodal analysis:
KCL@X: X X−V
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin 1 −6+ 2 =0
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
KCL@V: V −X
2 −I =0
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Eliminating X gives: V = 3I + 6.
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary There are infinitely many networks with the same values of a and b:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 2 / 12

 Equivalent Networks

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent Use nodal analysis:
KCL@X: X X−V
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin 1 −6+ 2 =0
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
KCL@V: V −X
2 −I =0
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Eliminating X gives: V = 3I + 6.
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary There are infinitely many networks with the same values of a and b:

These four shaded networks are equivalent because the relationship

between V and I is exactly the same in each case.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 2 / 12

 Equivalent Networks

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent Use nodal analysis:
KCL@X: X X−V
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin 1 −6+ 2 =0
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
KCL@V: V −X
2 −I =0
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Eliminating X gives: V = 3I + 6.
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary There are infinitely many networks with the same values of a and b:

These four shaded networks are equivalent because the relationship

between V and I is exactly the same in each case.
The last two are particularly simple and are respectively called the Norton
and Thévenin equivalent networks.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 2 / 12

 Thévenin Equivalent

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thévenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
• Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in series with a fixed voltage
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
source.
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 3 / 12

 Thévenin Equivalent

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thévenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
• Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in series with a fixed voltage
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
source.
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer We can replace the shaded part of the
• Source Transformation circuit with its Thévenin equivalent
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement network.
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 3 / 12

 Thévenin Equivalent

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thévenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
• Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in series with a fixed voltage
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
source.
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer We can replace the shaded part of the
• Source Transformation circuit with its Thévenin equivalent
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement network.
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 3 / 12

 Thévenin Equivalent

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thévenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
• Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in series with a fixed voltage
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
source.
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer We can replace the shaded part of the
• Source Transformation circuit with its Thévenin equivalent
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement network.
• Summary

The voltages and currents in the unshaded

part of the circuit will be identical in both
circuits.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 3 / 12

 Thévenin Equivalent

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thévenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
• Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in series with a fixed voltage
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
source.
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer We can replace the shaded part of the
• Source Transformation circuit with its Thévenin equivalent
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement network.
• Summary

The voltages and currents in the unshaded

part of the circuit will be identical in both
circuits.
The new components are called the
Thévenin equivalent resistance, RT h , and
the Thévenin equivalent voltage, VT h , of
the original network.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 3 / 12

 Thévenin Equivalent

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thévenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
• Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in series with a fixed voltage
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
source.
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer We can replace the shaded part of the
• Source Transformation circuit with its Thévenin equivalent
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement network.
• Summary

The voltages and currents in the unshaded

part of the circuit will be identical in both
circuits.
The new components are called the
Thévenin equivalent resistance, RT h , and
the Thévenin equivalent voltage, VT h , of
the original network.

This is often a useful way to simplify a complicated circuit (provided that

you do not want to know the voltages and currents in the shaded part).
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 3 / 12
 Thévenin Circuit Properties

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
A Thévenin equivalent circuit has
• Equivalent Networks a straight line characteristic with
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties the equation:
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
V = RT h I + VT h
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 4 / 12

 Thévenin Circuit Properties

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
A Thévenin equivalent circuit has 1

• Equivalent Networks a straight line characteristic with 0

• Thévenin Equivalent
the equation:

I (mA)
• Thévenin Properties -1
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
V = RT h I + VT h -2

• Norton Equivalent
1 VT h
• Power Transfer ⇔I= RT h V − RT h
-3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8

• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 4 / 12

 Thévenin Circuit Properties

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
A Thévenin equivalent circuit has 1

• Equivalent Networks a straight line characteristic with 0

• Thévenin Equivalent
the equation:

I (mA)
• Thévenin Properties -1
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
V = RT h I + VT h -2

• Norton Equivalent
1 VT h
• Power Transfer ⇔I= RT h V − RT h
-3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8

• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Three important quantities are:
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = VT h . (X-intercept: o)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 4 / 12

 Thévenin Circuit Properties

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
A Thévenin equivalent circuit has 1

• Equivalent Networks a straight line characteristic with 0

• Thévenin Equivalent
the equation:

I (mA)
• Thévenin Properties -1
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
V = RT h I + VT h -2

• Norton Equivalent
1 VT h
• Power Transfer ⇔I= RT h V − RT h
-3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8

• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Three important quantities are:
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = VT h . (X-intercept: o)
VT h
Short Circuit Current: If V = 0 then ISC = − R (Y-intercept: x)
Th

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 4 / 12

 Thévenin Circuit Properties

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
A Thévenin equivalent circuit has 1

• Equivalent Networks a straight line characteristic with 0

• Thévenin Equivalent
the equation:

I (mA)
• Thévenin Properties -1
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
V = RT h I + VT h -2

• Norton Equivalent
1 VT h
• Power Transfer ⇔I= RT h V − RT h
-3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8

• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Three important quantities are:
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = VT h . (X-intercept: o)
VT h
Short Circuit Current: If V = 0 then ISC = − R (Y-intercept: x)
Th

dI
Thévenin Resistance: The slope of the characteristic is dV = R1T h .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 4 / 12

 Thévenin Circuit Properties

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
A Thévenin equivalent circuit has 1

• Equivalent Networks a straight line characteristic with 0

• Thévenin Equivalent
the equation:

I (mA)
• Thévenin Properties -1
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
V = RT h I + VT h -2

• Norton Equivalent
1 VT h
• Power Transfer ⇔I= RT h V − RT h
-3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8

• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Three important quantities are:
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = VT h . (X-intercept: o)
VT h
Short Circuit Current: If V = 0 then ISC = − R (Y-intercept: x)
Th

dI
Thévenin Resistance: The slope of the characteristic is dV = R1T h .
If we know the value of any two of these three quantities, we can work out
VT h and RT h .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 4 / 12

 Thévenin Circuit Properties

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
A Thévenin equivalent circuit has 1

• Equivalent Networks a straight line characteristic with 0

• Thévenin Equivalent
the equation:

I (mA)
• Thévenin Properties -1
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
V = RT h I + VT h -2

• Norton Equivalent
1 VT h
• Power Transfer ⇔I= RT h V − RT h
-3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8

• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Three important quantities are:
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = VT h . (X-intercept: o)
VT h
Short Circuit Current: If V = 0 then ISC = − R (Y-intercept: x)
Th

dI
Thévenin Resistance: The slope of the characteristic is dV = R1T h .
If we know the value of any two of these three quantities, we can work out
VT h and RT h .
In any two-terminal circuit with the same characteristic, the three quantities
will have the same values. So if we can determine two of them, we can
work out the Thévenin equivalent.

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 Determining Thévenin Values

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
We need any two of the following:
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent Open Circuit Voltage:
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
Short Circuit Current:
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer Thévenin Resistance:
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 5 / 12

 Determining Thévenin Values

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
We need any two of the following:
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent Open Circuit Voltage:
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
Short Circuit Current:
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer Thévenin Resistance:
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

Open Circuit Voltage:

We known that I1k = 6 because there is nowhere else for the current to go.
So VOC = 6 × 1 = 6 V.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 5 / 12

 Determining Thévenin Values

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
We need any two of the following:
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent Open Circuit Voltage: VOC = VT h = 6 V
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
Short Circuit Current:
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer Thévenin Resistance:
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

Open Circuit Voltage:

We known that I1k = 6 because there is nowhere else for the current to go.
So VOC = 6 × 1 = 6 V.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 5 / 12

 Determining Thévenin Values

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
We need any two of the following:
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent Open Circuit Voltage: VOC = VT h = 6 V
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
Short Circuit Current:
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer Thévenin Resistance:
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

Short Circuit Current:

The 2 k and 1 k resistors are in parallel and so form a current divider in
which currents are proportional to conductances.
1/2
So ISC = − 3/2 × 6 = −2 mA

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 5 / 12

 Determining Thévenin Values

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
We need any two of the following:
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent Open Circuit Voltage: VOC = VT h = 6 V
• Thévenin Properties
VT h
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
Short Circuit Current: ISC = − R = −2 mA
Th
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer Thévenin Resistance:
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

Short Circuit Current:

The 2 k and 1 k resistors are in parallel and so form a current divider in
which currents are proportional to conductances.
1/2
So ISC = − 3/2 × 6 = −2 mA

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 5 / 12

 Determining Thévenin Values

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
We need any two of the following:
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent Open Circuit Voltage: VOC = VT h = 6 V
• Thévenin Properties
VT h
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
Short Circuit Current: ISC = − R = −2 mA
Th
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer Thévenin Resistance:
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

Thévenin Resistance:
We set all the independent sources to zero (voltage sources → short
circuit, current sources→ open circuit). Then we find the equivalent
resistance between the two terminals.
The 3 k resistor has no effect so RT h = 2 k + 1 k = 3 k.

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 Determining Thévenin Values

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
We need any two of the following:
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent Open Circuit Voltage: VOC = VT h = 6 V
• Thévenin Properties
VT h
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
Short Circuit Current: ISC = − R = −2 mA
Th
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer Thévenin Resistance: RT h = 2 k + 1 k = 3 kΩ
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

Thévenin Resistance:
We set all the independent sources to zero (voltage sources → short
circuit, current sources→ open circuit). Then we find the equivalent
resistance between the two terminals.
The 3 k resistor has no effect so RT h = 2 k + 1 k = 3 k.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 5 / 12

 Determining Thévenin Values

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
We need any two of the following:
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent Open Circuit Voltage: VOC = VT h = 6 V
• Thévenin Properties
VT h
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
Short Circuit Current: ISC = − R = −2 mA
Th
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer Thévenin Resistance: RT h = 2 k + 1 k = 3 kΩ
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

Thévenin Resistance:
We set all the independent sources to zero (voltage sources → short
circuit, current sources→ open circuit). Then we find the equivalent
resistance between the two terminals.
The 3 k resistor has no effect so RT h = 2 k + 1 k = 3 k.
Any measurement gives the same result on an equivalent circuit.

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 Thévenin of Complicated Circuits

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
For a complicated circuit, you can use
• Equivalent Networks nodal analysis to find the Thévenin
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent directly in the form:
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits V = VT h + IRT h .
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 6 / 12

 Thévenin of Complicated Circuits

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
For a complicated circuit, you can use
• Equivalent Networks nodal analysis to find the Thévenin
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent directly in the form:
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits V = VT h + IRT h .
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Step 1: Label ground as an output terminal + label other nodes.
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 6 / 12

 Thévenin of Complicated Circuits

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
For a complicated circuit, you can use
• Equivalent Networks nodal analysis to find the Thévenin
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent directly in the form:
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits V = VT h + IRT h .
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Step 1: Label ground as an output terminal + label other nodes.
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
Step 2: Write down the equations

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 6 / 12

 Thévenin of Complicated Circuits

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
For a complicated circuit, you can use
• Equivalent Networks nodal analysis to find the Thévenin
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent directly in the form:
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits V = VT h + IRT h .
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Step 1: Label ground as an output terminal + label other nodes.
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
Step 2: Write down the equations
X−V X X−Y
2 + 1 + 1 =0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 6 / 12

 Thévenin of Complicated Circuits

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
For a complicated circuit, you can use
• Equivalent Networks nodal analysis to find the Thévenin
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent directly in the form:
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits V = VT h + IRT h .
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Step 1: Label ground as an output terminal + label other nodes.
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
Step 2: Write down the equations (Y is a supernode)
X−V X X−Y
2 + 1 + 1 =0
Y −3−V Y −X Y −3
1 + 1 + 2 =0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 6 / 12

 Thévenin of Complicated Circuits

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
For a complicated circuit, you can use
• Equivalent Networks nodal analysis to find the Thévenin
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent directly in the form:
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits V = VT h + IRT h .
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Step 1: Label ground as an output terminal + label other nodes.
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
Step 2: Write down the equations (Y is a supernode)
X−V X X−Y
2 + 1 + 1 =0
Y −3−V Y −X Y −3
1 + 1 + 2 =0
V −Y +3 V −X
1 + 2 −I =0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 6 / 12

 Thévenin of Complicated Circuits

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
For a complicated circuit, you can use
• Equivalent Networks nodal analysis to find the Thévenin
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent directly in the form:
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits V = VT h + IRT h .
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Step 1: Label ground as an output terminal + label other nodes.
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
Step 2: Write down the equations (Y is a supernode)
X−V X X−Y
2 + 1 + 1 =0
Y −3−V Y −X Y −3
1 + 1 + 2 =0
V −Y +3 V −X
1 + 2 −I =0
Step 3: Eliminate X and Y and
solve for V in terms of I :

V = 57 I − 3
5 = RT h I + VT h

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 6 / 12

 Thévenin of Complicated Circuits

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
For a complicated circuit, you can use
• Equivalent Networks nodal analysis to find the Thévenin
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent directly in the form:
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits V = VT h + IRT h .
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement Step 1: Label ground as an output terminal + label other nodes.
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
Step 2: Write down the equations (Y is a supernode)
X−V X X−Y
2 + 1 + 1 =0
Y −3−V Y −X Y −3
1 + 1 + 2 =0
V −Y +3 V −X
1 + 2 −I =0
Step 3: Eliminate X and Y and
solve for V in terms of I :

V = 57 I − 3
5 = RT h I + VT h

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 6 / 12

 Norton Equivalent

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Norton Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
• Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in parallel with a fixed current
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
source.
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer KCL: 1

V
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
−I − IN o + RT h =0 0

• Series Rearrangement -1
• Summary
-2

-3
-2 0 2 4 6 8
V (V)

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 Norton Equivalent

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Norton Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
• Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in parallel with a fixed current
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
source.
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer KCL: 1

• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
−I − IN o + RVT h = 0 0

• Series Rearrangement ⇔ I = R1T h V − IN o -1

• Summary
-2

-3
-2 0 2 4 6 8
V (V)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 7 / 12

 Norton Equivalent

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Norton Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
• Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in parallel with a fixed current
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
source.
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer KCL: 1

• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
−I − IN o + RVT h = 0 0

• Series Rearrangement ⇔ I = R1T h V − IN o -1

• Summary
-2
c.f. Thévenin (slide 5-4):
VT h
Same R and IN o = R -3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8
Th

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 Norton Equivalent

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Norton Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
• Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in parallel with a fixed current
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
source.
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer KCL: 1

• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
−I − IN o + RVT h = 0 0

• Series Rearrangement ⇔ I = R1T h V − IN o -1

• Summary
-2
c.f. Thévenin (slide 5-4):
VT h
Same R and IN o = R -3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8
Th

Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = IN o RT h .

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 Norton Equivalent

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Norton Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
• Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in parallel with a fixed current
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
source.
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer KCL: 1

• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
−I − IN o + RVT h = 0 0

• Series Rearrangement ⇔ I = R1T h V − IN o -1

• Summary
-2
c.f. Thévenin (slide 5-4):
VT h
Same R and IN o = R -3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8
Th

Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = IN o RT h .

Short Circuit Current: If V = 0 then ISC = −IN o

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 Norton Equivalent

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Norton Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
• Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in parallel with a fixed current
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
source.
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer KCL: 1

• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
−I − IN o + RVT h = 0 0

• Series Rearrangement ⇔ I = R1T h V − IN o -1

• Summary
-2
c.f. Thévenin (slide 5-4):
VT h
Same R and IN o = R -3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8
Th

Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = IN o RT h .

Short Circuit Current: If V = 0 then ISC = −IN o

Thévenin Resistance: The slope of the characteristic is R1 .

Th

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 7 / 12

 Norton Equivalent

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Norton Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
• Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in parallel with a fixed current
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
source.
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer KCL: 1

• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
−I − IN o + RVT h = 0 0

• Series Rearrangement ⇔ I = R1T h V − IN o -1

• Summary
-2
c.f. Thévenin (slide 5-4):
VT h
Same R and IN o = R -3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8
Th

Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = IN o RT h .

Short Circuit Current: If V = 0 then ISC = −IN o

Thévenin Resistance: The slope of the characteristic is R1 .

Th

Easy to change between Norton and Thévenin: VT h = IN o RT h .

Usually best to use Thévenin for small RT h and Norton for large RT h
compared to the other impedances in the circuit.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 7 / 12

 Power Transfer

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
• Equivalent Networks network. From Thévenin’s theorem, even a complicated network is
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 8 / 12

 Power Transfer

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
• Equivalent Networks network. From Thévenin’s theorem, even a complicated network is
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
• Determining Thévenin

We know I = R VT+R
• Complicated Circuits h
• Norton Equivalent L
Th
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 8 / 12

 Power Transfer

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
• Equivalent Networks network. From Thévenin’s theorem, even a complicated network is
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
• Determining Thévenin

We know I = R VT+R
• Complicated Circuits h
• Norton Equivalent L
Th
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
2 VT2h RL
• Source Rearrangement ⇒ power in RL is PL = I RL = (RT h +RL )2
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 8 / 12

 Power Transfer

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
• Equivalent Networks network. From Thévenin’s theorem, even a complicated network is
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
• Determining Thévenin

We know I = R VT+R
• Complicated Circuits h
• Norton Equivalent L
Th
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
2 VT2h RL
• Source Rearrangement ⇒ power in RL is PL = I RL = (RT h +RL )2
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 8 / 12

 Power Transfer

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
• Equivalent Networks network. From Thévenin’s theorem, even a complicated network is
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
• Determining Thévenin

We know I = R VT+R
• Complicated Circuits h
• Norton Equivalent L
Th
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
2 VT2h RL
• Source Rearrangement ⇒ power in RL is PL = I RL = (RT h +RL )2
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
To find the RL that maximizes PL :

dPL (RT h +RL )2 VT2h −2VT2h RL (RT h +RL )

0= dRL = (RT h +RL )4

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 8 / 12

 Power Transfer

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
• Equivalent Networks network. From Thévenin’s theorem, even a complicated network is
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
• Determining Thévenin

We know I = R VT+R
• Complicated Circuits h
• Norton Equivalent L
Th
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
2 VT2h RL
• Source Rearrangement ⇒ power in RL is PL = I RL = (RT h +RL )2
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
To find the RL that maximizes PL :

dPL (RT h +RL )2 VT2h −2VT2h RL (RT h +RL )

0= dRL = (RT h +RL )4

VT2h (RT h +RL )−2VT2h RL

= (RT h +RL )3

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 8 / 12

 Power Transfer

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
• Equivalent Networks network. From Thévenin’s theorem, even a complicated network is
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
• Determining Thévenin

We know I = R VT+R
• Complicated Circuits h
• Norton Equivalent L
Th
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
2 VT2h RL
• Source Rearrangement ⇒ power in RL is PL = I RL = (RT h +RL )2
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
To find the RL that maximizes PL :

dPL (RT h +RL )2 VT2h −2VT2h RL (RT h +RL )

0= dRL = (RT h +RL )4

VT2h (RT h +RL )−2VT2h RL

= (RT h +RL )3

⇒ VT2h ((RT h + RL ) − 2RL ) = 0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 8 / 12

 Power Transfer

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
• Equivalent Networks network. From Thévenin’s theorem, even a complicated network is
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
• Determining Thévenin

We know I = R VT+R
• Complicated Circuits h
• Norton Equivalent L
Th
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
2 VT2h RL
• Source Rearrangement ⇒ power in RL is PL = I RL = (RT h +RL )2
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
To find the RL that maximizes PL :

dPL (RT h +RL )2 VT2h −2VT2h RL (RT h +RL )

0= dRL = (RT h +RL )4

VT2h (RT h +RL )−2VT2h RL

= (RT h +RL )3

⇒ VT2h ((RT h + RL ) − 2RL ) = 0

VT2h
⇒ RL = RT h ⇒ P(max) = 4RT h

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 8 / 12

 Power Transfer

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
• Equivalent Networks network. From Thévenin’s theorem, even a complicated network is
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
• Determining Thévenin

We know I = R VT+R
• Complicated Circuits h
• Norton Equivalent L
Th
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
2 VT2h RL
• Source Rearrangement ⇒ power in RL is PL = I RL = (RT h +RL )2
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary
To find the RL that maximizes PL :

dPL (RT h +RL )2 VT2h −2VT2h RL (RT h +RL )

0= dRL = (RT h +RL )4

VT2h (RT h +RL )−2VT2h RL

= (RT h +RL )3

⇒ VT2h ((RT h + RL ) − 2RL ) = 0

VT2h
⇒ RL = RT h ⇒ P(max) = 4RT h

For fixed RT h , the maximum power transfer

is when RL = RT h (“matched load”).
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 8 / 12
 Source Transformation

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Sometimes changing between Thévenin and Norton can simplify a circuit.
• Equivalent Networks Suppose we want to calculate I.
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 9 / 12

 Source Transformation

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Sometimes changing between Thévenin and Norton can simplify a circuit.
• Equivalent Networks Suppose we want to calculate I.
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
18−(−10)
• Summary Norton → Thévenin on current source: I = 5 = 5.6 A

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 9 / 12

 Source Transformation

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Sometimes changing between Thévenin and Norton can simplify a circuit.
• Equivalent Networks Suppose we want to calculate I.
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
18−(−10)
• Summary Norton → Thévenin on current source: I = 5 = 5.6 A

If you can’t spot any clever tricks, you can always find out everything with
nodal analysis.
X X−(−10)
−6 + 3 + 2 =0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 9 / 12

 Source Transformation

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Sometimes changing between Thévenin and Norton can simplify a circuit.
• Equivalent Networks Suppose we want to calculate I.
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
18−(−10)
• Summary Norton → Thévenin on current source: I = 5 = 5.6 A

If you can’t spot any clever tricks, you can always find out everything with
nodal analysis.
X X−(−10)
−6 + 3 + 2 =0
⇒ 5X = 36 − 30 = 6

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 9 / 12

 Source Transformation

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Sometimes changing between Thévenin and Norton can simplify a circuit.
• Equivalent Networks Suppose we want to calculate I.
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
18−(−10)
• Summary Norton → Thévenin on current source: I = 5 = 5.6 A

If you can’t spot any clever tricks, you can always find out everything with
nodal analysis.
X X−(−10)
−6 + 3 + 2 =0
⇒ 5X = 36 − 30 = 6
⇒ X = 1.2

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 9 / 12

 Source Transformation

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
Sometimes changing between Thévenin and Norton can simplify a circuit.
• Equivalent Networks Suppose we want to calculate I.
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
18−(−10)
• Summary Norton → Thévenin on current source: I = 5 = 5.6 A

If you can’t spot any clever tricks, you can always find out everything with
nodal analysis.
X X−(−10)
−6 + 3 + 2 =0
⇒ 5X = 36 − 30 = 6
⇒ X = 1.2
X−(−10)
⇒ I= 2 = 5.6

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 9 / 12

 Source Rearrangement

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
If all but one branches connecting to a node are voltage sources or are
• Equivalent Networks current sources, you can choose any of the branches to be the sourceless
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties one.
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

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 Source Rearrangement

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
If all but one branches connecting to a node are voltage sources or are
• Equivalent Networks current sources, you can choose any of the branches to be the sourceless
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties one.
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits Voltage Sources:
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 10 / 12

 Source Rearrangement

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
If all but one branches connecting to a node are voltage sources or are
• Equivalent Networks current sources, you can choose any of the branches to be the sourceless
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties one.
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits Voltage Sources:
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
We can use the left
• Source Rearrangement node as the reference
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 10 / 12

 Source Rearrangement

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
If all but one branches connecting to a node are voltage sources or are
• Equivalent Networks current sources, you can choose any of the branches to be the sourceless
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties one.
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits Voltage Sources:
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
We can use the left
• Source Rearrangement node as the reference =
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 10 / 12

 Source Rearrangement

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
If all but one branches connecting to a node are voltage sources or are
• Equivalent Networks current sources, you can choose any of the branches to be the sourceless
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties one.
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits Voltage Sources:
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
We can use the left
• Source Rearrangement node as the reference =
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

Current Sources:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 10 / 12

 Source Rearrangement

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
If all but one branches connecting to a node are voltage sources or are
• Equivalent Networks current sources, you can choose any of the branches to be the sourceless
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties one.
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits Voltage Sources:
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
We can use the left
• Source Rearrangement node as the reference =
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

Current Sources:

KCL gives current into

rightmost node

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 10 / 12

 Source Rearrangement

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
If all but one branches connecting to a node are voltage sources or are
• Equivalent Networks current sources, you can choose any of the branches to be the sourceless
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties one.
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits Voltage Sources:
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
We can use the left
• Source Rearrangement node as the reference =
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

Current Sources:

KCL gives current into =

rightmost node

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 10 / 12

 Series Rearrangement

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
If we have any number of voltage sources and resistors in series we can
• Equivalent Networks calculate the total voltage across the chain as:
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin V = 8I − 2 + 7I + 5 + 9I
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 11 / 12

 Series Rearrangement

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
If we have any number of voltage sources and resistors in series we can
• Equivalent Networks calculate the total voltage across the chain as:
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin V = 8I − 2 + 7I + 5 + 9I = (−2 + 5) + (8 + 7 + 9)I
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 11 / 12

 Series Rearrangement

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
If we have any number of voltage sources and resistors in series we can
• Equivalent Networks calculate the total voltage across the chain as:
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin V = 8I − 2 + 7I + 5 + 9I = (−2 + 5) + (8 + 7 + 9)I
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent = 3 + 24I
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 11 / 12

 Series Rearrangement

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
If we have any number of voltage sources and resistors in series we can
• Equivalent Networks calculate the total voltage across the chain as:
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin V = 8I − 2 + 7I + 5 + 9I = (−2 + 5) + (8 + 7 + 9)I
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent = 3 + 24I
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

We can arbitrarily
rearrange the order of
the components
without affecting
V = 3 + 24I .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 11 / 12

 Series Rearrangement

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
If we have any number of voltage sources and resistors in series we can
• Equivalent Networks calculate the total voltage across the chain as:
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin V = 8I − 2 + 7I + 5 + 9I = (−2 + 5) + (8 + 7 + 9)I
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent = 3 + 24I
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

We can arbitrarily
rearrange the order of
the components
without affecting
V = 3 + 24I .

If we move all the voltage sources together and all the resistors together we
can merge them and then we get the Thévenin equivalent.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 11 / 12

 Summary

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
• Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 12 / 12

 Summary

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
• Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent
◦ A network has Thévenin and Norton equivalents if:
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin ⊲ only 2 terminals connect it to the outside world
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent ⊲ it is made of resistors + sources + linear dependent sources
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 12 / 12

 Summary

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
• Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent
◦ A network has Thévenin and Norton equivalents if:
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin ⊲ only 2 terminals connect it to the outside world
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent ⊲ it is made of resistors + sources + linear dependent sources
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation ◦ How to determine VT h , IN o and RT h
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 12 / 12

 Summary

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
• Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent
◦ A network has Thévenin and Norton equivalents if:
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin ⊲ only 2 terminals connect it to the outside world
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent ⊲ it is made of resistors + sources + linear dependent sources
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation ◦ How to determine VT h , IN o and RT h
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement ⊲ Method 1: Connect current source → Nodal analysis
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 12 / 12

 Summary

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
• Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent
◦ A network has Thévenin and Norton equivalents if:
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin ⊲ only 2 terminals connect it to the outside world
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent ⊲ it is made of resistors + sources + linear dependent sources
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation ◦ How to determine VT h , IN o and RT h
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement ⊲ Method 1: Connect current source → Nodal analysis
• Summary
⊲ Method 2: Find any two of:
(a) VOC = VT h , the open-circuit voltage
(b) ISC = −IN o , the short-circuit current
(c) RT h , equivalent resistance with all sources set to zero

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 12 / 12

 Summary

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
• Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent
◦ A network has Thévenin and Norton equivalents if:
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin ⊲ only 2 terminals connect it to the outside world
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent ⊲ it is made of resistors + sources + linear dependent sources
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation ◦ How to determine VT h , IN o and RT h
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement ⊲ Method 1: Connect current source → Nodal analysis
• Summary
⊲ Method 2: Find any two of:
(a) VOC = VT h , the open-circuit voltage
(b) ISC = −IN o , the short-circuit current
(c) RT h , equivalent resistance with all sources set to zero
⊲ Related by Ohm’s law: VT h = IN o RT h

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 12 / 12

 Summary

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
• Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent
◦ A network has Thévenin and Norton equivalents if:
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin ⊲ only 2 terminals connect it to the outside world
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent ⊲ it is made of resistors + sources + linear dependent sources
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation ◦ How to determine VT h , IN o and RT h
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement ⊲ Method 1: Connect current source → Nodal analysis
• Summary
⊲ Method 2: Find any two of:
(a) VOC = VT h , the open-circuit voltage
(b) ISC = −IN o , the short-circuit current
(c) RT h , equivalent resistance with all sources set to zero
⊲ Related by Ohm’s law: VT h = IN o RT h
• Load resistor for maximum power transfer = RT h

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 12 / 12

 Summary

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
• Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent
◦ A network has Thévenin and Norton equivalents if:
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin ⊲ only 2 terminals connect it to the outside world
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent ⊲ it is made of resistors + sources + linear dependent sources
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation ◦ How to determine VT h , IN o and RT h
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement ⊲ Method 1: Connect current source → Nodal analysis
• Summary
⊲ Method 2: Find any two of:
(a) VOC = VT h , the open-circuit voltage
(b) ISC = −IN o , the short-circuit current
(c) RT h , equivalent resistance with all sources set to zero
⊲ Related by Ohm’s law: VT h = IN o RT h
• Load resistor for maximum power transfer = RT h
• Source Transformation and Rearrangement

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 12 / 12

 Summary

5: Thévenin and Norton

Equivalents
• Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
• Equivalent Networks
• Thévenin Equivalent
◦ A network has Thévenin and Norton equivalents if:
• Thévenin Properties
• Determining Thévenin ⊲ only 2 terminals connect it to the outside world
• Complicated Circuits
• Norton Equivalent ⊲ it is made of resistors + sources + linear dependent sources
• Power Transfer
• Source Transformation ◦ How to determine VT h , IN o and RT h
• Source Rearrangement
• Series Rearrangement ⊲ Method 1: Connect current source → Nodal analysis
• Summary
⊲ Method 2: Find any two of:
(a) VOC = VT h , the open-circuit voltage
(b) ISC = −IN o , the short-circuit current
(c) RT h , equivalent resistance with all sources set to zero
⊲ Related by Ohm’s law: VT h = IN o RT h
• Load resistor for maximum power transfer = RT h
• Source Transformation and Rearrangement
For further details see Hayt Ch 5 & A3 or Irwin Ch 5.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Thevenin and Norton: 5 – 12 / 12