Section A

1(a) The National Gallery of Art can cater to those art enthusiasts, the Holocaust Memorial Museum
can cater to students going on field trips, allowing them to learn about history. The Washington
Convention Center can be used to host business meetings or trips.

(b) Washington being the capital of the United States will definitely attract foreigners as well as
locals. The US has so many different states, hence people from all these states would want to visit
their country’s capital. Tourists, similarly, would want to visit a nation’s capital. Hence, appealing to
both.

Additionally, there are a variety of attractions such as Smithsonian Air and Space Museum, Holocaust
Memorial Museum and the National Archives. These cater to a wide range of people with different
interests. Furthermore, from fig. 1B, it can be seen that the places of attraction are relatively close to
each other. There are also many roads around the area, hence improving the accessibility, making it
more convenient for visitors.

To add on, there is a Washington DC trolley tour where the tourists will be brought to a total to 19
destinations and they can choose where they want to visit. It makes traveling much more convenient
and the wide variety of 19 different destinations will attract many. It departs every 30 minutes,
hence tourist do not need to wait so long for the trolley if they missed one. This will encourage
tourist to tour around the area because it is convenient.

Section B
2(a) In 1930s, Bali was in the exploration stage where there are small numbers of visitors with only 1
hotel and the place is not very well known. In the 1960s, Bali moved on to the involvement stage
because local residents contribute to the tourist area by providing the tourists with home-stays.
Traditional culture is promoted to the tourist by locals too. In the 1980s and 90s, it reached the
development stage where there are more than 35, 000 hotel rooms, villas and resorts. Some of
which are external organizations that host cultural events, entertainment and recreation facilities.
Besides exotic nature, farms and reserves were set up to attract more tourists. From 2000 to 2009, it
reached the stage of consolidation. There are eco adventures, national parks and private villas. As
seen in Fig. 2B, there are about 400,000 foreign direct arrivals to Bali, this shows that tourism takes a
major part in Bali’s local economy.

(b) Tourism increases amount of job in hotels and tourism industry, boosting the economy strongly,
changing it from primary industry to tertiary industry. It provides income for poor household by
providing homestay to travellers. Textiles, garments, and handicrafts made as souvenirs for the
tourists have become the backbone of Bali's economy providing 300,000 jobs.
Due to rapid and unplanned tourism development of Bali has had a great impact on its natural
environment. For example the deterioration of water quality in coastal areas and the destruction of
coral reefs for construction of new roads. Hotels have been built along the coast and other areas
without regard to the water supply and waste disposal capacity. For example, in Candi Dasa the coral
reef around the shoreline has been damaged by the villagers who use it for building new guest
houses. Large inland agricultural areas have been affected as well. There has been a steady loss of
agricultural land, in particular the wet irrigated rice fields, to build hotels.

3. I agree to the statement to a large extent. Yes tourism does bring in some social-cultural
advantages such as increased knowledge and understanding of host societies and cultures,
developing positive attitudes towards each other. In addition, there is revitalisation of traditional
crafts, performing arts and rituals and it helps to foster sense of community pride. Emergence of
cultural celebrations as important events further embeds the culture of the people.
However, sometimes there is over-commercialization of cultures. Meanings and values of traditional
customs and practices are diluted when these are commodified for tourist consumption. Therefore,
this leads to increased tensions between imported and traditional lifestyles. For example, sightseers
are seen frivolous and have a disrespectful attitude to their culture. Sometimes, there are some
cases of indecent fashion in temples or places with high religious importance. In Bhutan, massive
tourism disrupts the daily prayers and rituals. In Gambia, proper attire is enforced before entrance of
religious buildings for Muslims, however tourists do not adhere to that.

In Cambodia, new hotels and restaurants’ architecture clashed with the traditional settings,
damaging the “general character” of Phnom Penh. Also, the younger generation are being influenced
by the west in terms of fashion and music. The Angkor Wat temple, which is supposed to be used for
religious ceremonies, however, due to the high number of tourists visiting the temple, it is difficult
for these ceremonies to be carried out.

Muslims have very strong religious roots whereby they are not supposed to drink, however, due to
the change of mind sets of the younger generation, some of them follow the westerners to consume
alcohol, going against their traditional lifestyle. Furthermore, when Muslim women become
economically independent when they get involved with the tourism industry in their country, they
can now rely on themselves. They could initiate a divorce if their husbands are mistreating them.
However, it is their tradition that only men can initiate a divorce. This again, goes against their
cultural values. Furthermore, gay incentives can be introduced into their country when foreigners
visit. As foreigners are more open and acceptable to gays, there is a possibility of an exposure of gay
couples to the country. This could affect the mind-set of the people into thinking homosexuality is
normal. However, this is totally unacceptable in Muslim traditions. Homosexuals can be stoned to
death if their sexual preference is being found out.

In conclusion, despite the numerous social-cultural advantages that the tourism industry may offer,
it is putting a strain on the social-cultural aspect in Asian countries.