ranaat6 Ground Freezing | Geosnginee.org The International Information Center for Geotechnical Engineers ABOUTUS OURRESOURCES CONTRIBUTE CONTACT US ADVERTISING SERVICES OURSSPONSORS-_—_ ADVERTISING KIT 2017 HOME NEWS CENTER PUBLICATIONS | EDUCATION MULTIMEDIA NETWORKING Ground Freezing You are here: Home / Education | Web-based Class Projects / Selected Topics in Ground Improvement / Ground Freez Ground Freezing Twitter [Share] [Ge Page 3 of 8 3.0 EFFECTS ON SOIL ENGINEERING PROPERTIES AND LABORATORY TESTING The following sections describe the effects of AFG on the engineering properties of soils, namely hydraulic igth, and volume change capacity. In addition, laboratory testing and classification of frozen soils standards. 3.L HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF FROZEN SOIL When applied to civil engineering projects for containment or control of groundwater, frozen soil is practice fractures also have the propensity to heal themselves by refreezing. Problems with permeability arise when not performed correctly, and soil does not freeze completely as one mass, leaving “windows” of unfrozen sc compromise the ability of the frozen barrier to contain and control groundwater or isolate a contaminant wit of unfrozen soil are often found and sized using the ultrasonic measurement method (Jessberger 1980). 3.2 STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF FROZEN SOIL The strength behavior of frozen soils, as with any other soil, is dependent on a number of factors, including confining stress, relative density, and strain rate, Frozen soils exhibit higher strength than unfrozen soils. ls strength increases as temperature decreases and confining stress increases, Da Re et al. 2003 performed a study on the triaxial strength characteristics of frozen Manchester Fine Sand specimens were prepared over a variety of relative densities (20 - 100%), confining stresses (0.1 - 10 MPa), x 10%5"), and temperatures (-2 to -25°C). hp www gocenginoerorgladucation web-based. class-projectsselect opie in-ground impravemertigroundtrezing?star=2 w‘anone8 Ground Freezing | Geosrinaeorg The results, shown graphically in Figure 1, show two distinct regions of strain over which the frozen soil ac strains (less than 1% axial) result in a linear strength increase which has a slope (modulus) independent of r confining stress. The magnitude of the initial yield point (at 0.5-1% axial strain in all cases) increases with and decreasing temperature. Large strain behaviors include strain softening, exhibited by specimens prepar density and under low confining stress, to strain hardening, exhibited by specimens prepared at high relative confining stress, BT Low v,e Lowe, EOQumper vied Regn Bitiand, tis, s 10 ® é & e A Duwd,k10¥e, FQuine vita Region Dien, 100, 5 10 6 Axial Strain, ¢, (%) Figure 1. Strength behavior of MFS (Da Re et al. 2003) The strain softening behavior of the MES shown in the Da Re et al. study is explained by Komfield and Zut that a decrease in stress past the initial yield point is due to an increase in crushing and pressure melting of t Yang et al. 2009 and Xu et al. 2011 also showed that as confining pressure increases, shear strength reaches due to ice crushing and pressure melting. Generally, at -10°C frozen sands and frozen clays have compress and 3 MPa respectively (Klein 2012). The compressive strength of frozen clay was analyzed by Li et al. under variable temperatures, strain rates, clay was compacted to three different dry densities and had a liquid limit of 28.8 % and plastic limit of 17." compressions tests were performed at different temperatures (-2 to -15°C) and different strain rates (approx 104s") at each dry density. Results of the study showed similar strength behavior to the study performed b ‘MFS. The compressive strength of the clay tested increased with increasing strain rate, decreasing temperat density, similar to the behavior of the MES tested in the Da Re et al. study. Additionally, frozen clays exhib hardening and strain softening behavior after an initial yield stress was reached, which was highly depender which itself depends on strain rate, ‘The results of the study showed that frozen clay samples loaded at low low uniaxial compressive strength (approximately 2 MPa defined at 10% strain if no failure was reached) at but exhibited strain hardening behavior, Conversely, frozen clay samples loaded at high strain rates reachec compressive strength (approximately 6 MPa at failure) but exhibited strain softening (Li et al. 2004). hp www gocenginoerorgladucation web-based. class-projectsselect opie in-ground impravemertigroundtrezing?star=2 arranaa16 Ground Freezing | Geosnginee.org 3.3 STIFFNESS OF FROZEN SOIL In general, frozen soils are stiffer than unfiozen soils. Da Re et al., in their frozen soil strength study on M ‘on Young’s Modulus. They found that frozen MFS had a Young’s modulus of approximately 23 GPa to 30 strain strength behavior of the frozen MFS was similar throughout the variables tested, Youngs modulus w: variables tested (relative density, confining stress, strain rate, and temperature), 20. Sess Rao, 10, i ss OS ‘Axial Strain (2) Figure 2. Normalized stress-strain behavior of MFS (Da Re et al. 2003) Figure 2 from the Da Re et. al., 2003 study shows the independence of Young’s modulus of frozen sands, by stress with the initial yield stress. Figure 2 also shows the different volumetric strains due to the strain hard behavior of the frozen MES post initial yield stress, as denoted by Type A, B, C, or D stress-strain behavior. 3.4 VOLUME CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS OF FROZEN SOIL During a phase change from liquid to solid, water inereases in volume by approximately 9%, which translat ‘ground surface (Lackner et al. 2005). Heave due to volume expansion may damage nearby structures (tunn during freezing and thawing, therefore understanding the soil properties and how they contribute to soil hea AGF. Soil that has exhibited heave will also experience settlements upon thawing, which must be considert observe volume changes due to creep when loaded. Soil heave occurs in soils where ice lenses form within voids. ‘The soil structure must promote transfer of void spaces to the freezing front of the ice lense through capillary forces. For this reason, silty soils are par susceptible (Widianto et al. 2009). It is also important to note that clays may exhibit low frost susceptibility in some cases. As the freezing fro: exhibit heave due to volume expansion of the ice lense, however consolidation may occur ahead of the free: negative pore pressures are being generated by the movement of water into the freezing zone. The net effec consolidation below the ice lense may be small or negligible at the surface (Han and Goodings, 2006). Des susceptibility if frost heave is expected to be an issue to nearby structures. soils must be tested for frost hp www gocenginoerorgladucation web-based. class-projectsselect opie in-ground impravemertigroundtrezing?star=2 a