MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (Objective Type)Published by : LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD 22, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002. 011-23 26 23 63 Prone: { 011-23262370 011-23 25 28 72 ‘OUL-23 26 22 79 Branches: © 120/1, Mid Main Road, IX Cross, Chamrajpat, Bangalore (Phone : 080-26 61 15 61) © 26, Damodaran Street, T. Nagar, Channal (Phone :044-24 34 47 26) ‘@ St. Benedict's Road, Cochin (Phone : 0484-239 70 04) Pan Bazar, Rani Bari, Guwahati (Phones : 0961-254 96 69, 251 38 81} © 42-453, lat Floor, Ramkote, Hyderabad (Phone : 040-24 76 02 47) © Adda Tanda Chowk, N.D. 365, Jalandhar City (Phone : 0181-222 12 72) © 106A, Ist Floor, S.N. Banerjee Road, Kolkata (Phones : 033-22 27 37 78,22 27 52 47) © 18, Madan Mohan Maiviya Marg, Lucknow (Phone : 0522-220 95 78) @ 128A, Block 3, First Floor, Noorani Building, L.J. Road, Mumbai (Phone ; 022-24 46 3998) # Radha Govind Street, Tharpagna, Ranchi (Phone : 0651-230 77 64) EMAIL : colazmi@hotmail.com WEBSITE : wwwlaxmipublications.com EME-0570-285. MECHANICAL ENGG (OT) Ul Rights Reserved. Thia book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or translated without the written permission of the author and the Publishers. First Edition : 1984 Reprint : 1986, 1986 Second Editign : 1987 Reprint 1988, 1990 Third Edition : 1991 Reprint 2 1992 Fourth Edition : 1993 Fifth Edition ; 1993 Revised Edition ; 1994 Reprint : 1995, 1997, 1999 Sixth Edition : 2001 Reprint : 2008, 2004, 2005 Price : is. 395.00 Only. ‘C—10694/05/08 ‘Typevetting by : Goswami Printers, Delhi-110088. Printed at : Mobra Offset Prose, New Dothi,CONTENTS “|. Fluld Mechanies and Hydraulic Machines 1-68 L Introduction 1 I. Objective Type Questions a 22 ‘Answers 2. Engineering Mechanics L Introduction Il. Objective Type Questions a 87 ‘Answers 3.__ Thermodynamics L Introduction IL. Objective Type Questions ‘Answers Internal Combustion Engines and Nuclear Power Plants [Introduction Il. Objective Type Quéstions Answers L Introduction IL Objective Type Questions Answers 6. Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Engines 1 introduction HL, Objective Type Questions Answer "Heat Transfer, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning LJntroduction Il. Objective Type Questions ‘Answers. 8.__ Strength of Materials 337—410 L Introduction 337 II, Objective Type Questions 355 Answers 408Pages ‘Theory of Machines om 411—491 LJntroduction Aly Il, Objective Type Questions 428 Answers. 488 10. Machine Design a» 492570 L Introduction 492 Ih. Objective Type Questions - 510 Answers 568 11,__Engincering Materials su S71—630 Lintroduction ts II. Objective Type Questions Answers Production Engineering LJntroduction Ii. Objective Type Questions Answers “73.__ Industrial Engineering and Production Management soe __TM—752 L Introduction mi Il. Objective Type Questions F 723 ‘Answers 751 14. General Engineering L introduction 3 IL, Objective Type Questions 765 Answers 803 18. Typical Objective Type Test Papers 805847 1. Test Paper No. 1 . 805 I. Test Paper No. 2 25 ‘Answers : Test Paper No. 1 845 Test Paper No. 2 846°1 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines 1-1. DEFINITIONS AND FLUID PROPERTIES Fluid mechanics is that branch of science which deals with the behaviour of tho fluid (ie. liquids or gases) when they are at rest or in motion. When the fluids are at rest, thete will be no relative motion between adjacent fluid jayers and hence velocity gradient ($ } s which is defined as the change of velocity between two adjacent fluid layers divided by the distance between the layers, will be zero. Also the shear stress ¢ = oS du ay ‘The law, which states tha the shear stress (r) is directly proportional to the rate of shear onnin( ) , oy is calied Newton’s Law of viscosity. Fluids which obey Netwon’s law of viscosity are knowa as Newtonian flaids and the fluids which do not cbey this law are called Non-Newtontas fluids, (Density or manss density, It is defined as the mass per unit volume of « fluid and is denoted by the symbol p (rho). (Gi) Welght density or specific weight, It is defined as the weight per unit volume of a fluid and is denoted by the symbol w, Mathematically Mass of fluid will be zero in which & is the velocity gradient or rate of shear straia. P= Votume of fivid and von Helgi offtud | Mass of ald gg Volume of fivid "Volume ‘The value of density (6) for water is 1000 kg/m? and of specific weight or weight density (w) is 1000 «9.81 Nim? or 9810 Nin? in SL. units, Gi) Specifie volume, Itisdofined as volume per unit massand hence it isthe reciprocal of mass density. Specific gravity is the ratio of weight density or mass density of the fluid to the weight density or mass density ofa standard fluidat a standard temperature. Rortiquids, water is taken as a standard flvid at 4°C and for gases, air is taken as standard fluid. (io) Viscosity. it is defined as the property of a Suid which offers resistance to the movement of one {ayer of fluid over another adjacent layer of the fluid. Unit of viscosity in MKS is expressed as SEES. in sy om system as“ and in CGS as 22°22 The unit of viscosity in CGS is also called Poise. wm ‘The equivaient numerical value of one poiscin MES units is obtained by dividing 98.1 and in SI units is obtained by dividing 10.2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPR) Kineruatic viscostty is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density of fuid. It is denoted by the Greek symbo! (v) called ‘na’, Unit of kinematic viscosity in MKS is an*/eee and in CGS is em /sec which is also called stoke. The viscosity of a liquid decreases with the incressc of temperatute while the viscosity of the gue inctenses. () Compressthitity. It s the reciprocal of the butk modulus of elasticity, which is defined asthe entie of compressive stress to volumetric strain, Mathematically, ._Mctease of pressure | dp Batk Modues ‘Volumetric sisia “ ( a } v * Fak Modulus dp (v) Sarfoce tension. It is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a Hiquid in comiact with pas such that the contact surface behaves like a membrance under lension. it is expressed ax force per unit fength and is denoted by o (called sims). Hesee unit of surface tension in MKS is kefiim white in SI Nan. ‘The relation between surface tension (0) and difference of pressure (p) between inside and outside of 2 liguid drop is piven by p = SZ Compressibility For a soap bubble, pe ee For a liquid jet, aed. (Wi) Capillarity. It is defined as « phenomenon of rise or fall ofa liquid suxface in a amall vertical tube ‘held in a liquid relative to general level of the liquid. The rise ot fell of liquid is given by pw 0080 wd where d= Din, of tube = Angle: of contact between liquid and glass tube, (viii) Ideal fluid is a fluid which offers no resistance to flow snd is incompressible. Heace for ideat fluid viscosity (1) is zero and density (p) ix constant. (é) Real finld isa fluid which offers resistance to flow. Hence viscosity for res! uid is not zero, LZ. PRESSURE AND ITS MEASUREMENT Pressureat a point isdefined asthe force perunit area. The Pascal’slaw states that intensity of pressure for a fluid at rest is equal in all directions. The prescure at any point in a incompressible fluid (Le. liquid) at rest is equal to the product of weight density of fluid and vertical height from free surtace of the liquid. Mathematically, p = wz = pgz. (2) Hydrostatic law stats that the rte of increase of pressure im the vertically downward direction is equal to the specific weight of the fuid ie. Be wea pg. () Absolate pressure is the pressure measured with reference to absolute zero pressure while gauge pressure is the pressure measured with reference to atmospheric pressure. Thus the presume above the atmospheric pressure is called gauge pressure. Vacuum pressure is the pressure below the atmospheric pressure, Mathematically,FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 3 Gauge pressure = Absolute pressure — Atmospheric pressure ‘Vacuum pressure = Atmospheric pressure — Absoluie pressure, (ii) Manometersare defined as the devices used for measuring the pressure ai a poiat in a fluid. They are classified as: 1. Simple Manometers, and 2. Differential Manometers. Simple manomesers are used for measuring pressure at » point while differential manometers are used for mensuring the difference of pressures between the twa points ina pipe or two different pipes. () The pressave ata poiat jn a static compressible uid is obtained by combining two equations ie. equation of state for a en e. ar} and the equation given by ydrostatic tev 2 -- os) -Forisothermal process, the pressure at a height Z ina static compressible fluid is given asp = pyc” 22/77 (W For adiabotic process the pressuse and temperature at a height Z are yok « izh 2] 7 = UYol > al SHE]? ant rat] & Where p, = Absolute pressure at ground or sea-level R= Gas constant, 7-= Ratio of specitic heats T, = Temperature at ground or sea-level. 1.3, HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON PLANE SURFACES “The Force exerted by x static liquid on a vertical, horizontal and inclined surface immersed in tbe liquid is given by Fapgah where p= Density of the liquid A= Areaof the immersed surface Fee Depth of the centre of gravity of the immersed surface from free surfoce of the liquid. (i) Centre of pressure is defined as the point of application of the resultant pressure on the surface. ‘The depth of centre of pressure (b*) {rom free surface of the Hiquid is given by eats 5 Al Ae a for inclined surface for vertical surface Ak ‘The centre of pressure for # plane vertical surface lies at a depth of two-third the total height of the immersed surface from free surtace. (1) The total force on a curved surface is given by F= VE,'+ £7 where Fy = Horizontal force on a curved surface and is equal to totat presanre force on the projected aca of the curved surface on the vertical plane and Ry = Vertical force onthe curved surface and is equatto the weight of the liquid actustly or virtually stipported by the curved surface. F, “The inclination of the resultant force on curved surface with horizontal is given by tan @ = =.4 MBCHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBECTIVE TYPE) (i Phe resattant force om a sluice gute is given by Fer,- where F, = Pressure force on the upstrensn side of the shuice gute Foe Pressure farce on the downstream side of the stuice gate, (iv) Lock-gates. For a tocksate, the reaton between the tro gates (Ps equal tothe eaton athe binge (R), Le, R = P and the reaction between the two gates (P) is given by P= = where F = Resultant water pressure on the lock-gale = Fi — F, and 8 = Inclination of the gate with the normal to the side of the lock. 1.4, BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION ‘Buoyant force is the upward force or thrust exerted by a liguid on body when the body is immezsed in the liquid. The paint through which the buoyant force is supposed {o act is called centre of buoyancy, It is dented by B. The poles, about which a Hosting body starts oscillating when the body és given a small anguler displacement, is known as Metacentre. It it denoted by M. The distance between the meta-cemtre (Mf) and ceatre of gravity (G) of a Boating body is known ax teta-centric height. This is denoted by GM and mithematically itis given #5 Tent om = 4-86 where f= Moment of lncitia ofthe plan ofthe floating body at the water surface V= Volume of the body submerged in water BG = Distance between the centre of gravity (C) und centze of buoyancy (2). (9 Conditions of ecqulftirrium of a floating and submerged body are : Equilibrium I Floating body | ‘Submerged body Stale ‘Mahould be above G | B should be above G (@) Unstsbie ‘M vhoold 39 below G B abouki be below G (id) Newtral ‘Mars @ coincide B ard Govinekde (i The metarcantris height (GM) experimenully is given by GMa Winns where w = Movable weight x= Distance through which w is moved W = Weight of fioating body inchiding w = Angle (hrough which floating body is tihed (Gi) The time period of enciilation of « floating body is given by 7 = 2 where k = Radius of gyration, GM = Meta-centtic height. 1.5. KINEMATICS OF FLUID ‘Kinesustics /s defined as that branch of science which deals with the stedy of fluid in motion without considering the forces causing the motion. The fuids flow may be compressible of incompressible ; steady or vasteady ; uniform or non-vniform ; laminar or turbvleat ; rotational or irrotetional ; one, two or three dimensional. GMxgNLUID MECLANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 5 (@ le the density (p) changes from point to point during fiuid flow, itis known compressible flow. But if density (p) is constant during fluid (low, itis called incompressible flow, Mathematically, p » Constant for compressibie flow p= Constant for compressible flaw. (di) If the fluid characteristic like velocity, preasure, density etc. do not change at a point with respect to time, the fluid flow is known as steady flow. If these fluid characteristic change with respect io tine, the tluid flow is known as unsteady flow, Mathematically, wv B) 9 (2B) one (F)-0(2 ) =05( 3] = ersteay ow, aa (z= (E}+00r( $2 20 fc umteaty to (id Wthe velocity in a fluid dow dacs not change with reapect to the length of directian of flow, the flow is said unifarns and if the velocity change it is known non-uniform flow. Mathematically, (3) = 0 far uniform, and ( = #0 for non-uniform flow, (iv) If the Reynold number @,) in 4 pipe is tess than 2000, the flow is said 10 be laminar and if the Reynold memnber is more thar 4000, the flow is said to be turbulent. vi Reynolds number (R,) is given by 2, BR or where V= Velocity of fuid, D = Dia. of pipe }e= Viscosity of fluid, v= Kinematic viscosity of fluid. (9) if he uid pantictes while Dowing slong stream lines also rotate about their own axis, that Now is known as ratational flow and if the fluid pasticles, while Llowing slong stream lines, do not rotate about their own aris, thot type of flow is cated irratational Bow. (vi) The rate of discharge for incompressible fluid ix given by QeAxv (vif} Continuity equation is writen is general formas pAV= constant %, z + = 20 forthree-dimessional Sow ou av anensi and art ay™ a for two-dimensional flow (vii) The components of ncceleration inx, yand z direction are ou, ou eWay ond in differentia! farm ax (iy Local acceteration is defined 1 te me of change of velocity at a given point. In the above components of acceleration the expressions 2, Sana St are called local acceleration.6 ‘MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBIECTIVE TYPE () Convective acceleration is defined as the cate of change of velocity due to change of position of floid particles in fluid Row. (x) Velocity potential function (6) is defined as the scalar function of space and time such that it negative derivative with respect to any direction gives the fluid velocity inthat direction. Hence the components of velecity ins, y and z direction in terms of velocity potential are we ye @ and wend, (i) Stream famction () is defined os the scalar function of space and time, such thet its partial derivative with wapect to any direction gives the velocity component at right angles to that dinection. It ix defined only for two-dimensional flow. The velocity components in.x and y directions in terms of streant fonction are - et a -y ond ¥: x iif} Equipotential fae is 8 Hine along which the velocity poteatia! () ts constant, A grid obtained by drawing a series of equipotential lines and streama fines is called a Nlow net. (xiv) Angular defurrantion of shear deformation is defined ss the sverige change in the angle contained by two adjacent sides. It in also cafled shear strain yate and is given by ifm,m Steerenia e+ 3] 3+ Rotational components of a fluid partick are given as. et) ged ola af 2 ‘Vortieity is equal to two times the value of rotation. (xv) Vortex flow is defined as the Bow of a fluid slong a curved path. It is of too types namely (8) Forced vortex flow and (fi) Free vortex flow. if the fluid particles are moving round a curved path with the belp of some external torque the flow is called forced vortex flow. And if no external torgue is acquired to rotate the Alvid panticies, the flow is called free-vertex flow ‘Te relation between tangential velocity and radius for vortex flow it given by Feeoxr for forced vortex yxy «constant for free vortex. ‘The pressure variation along the radial direction for vortex flow along a horizontal plane, ip oF wor For forced vortex flow, zee , ie 2 2 For free vortex flow the equation is Pagina en 1.6, DYNAMICS OF FLUID Dyuaniics of fvid flow is defined that branch of science which deals with the study of fluids ia motion ‘considering tke forces Which cawae the flow. €) Ewler’s equation of motion is obtained by considering forces due to pressure and gravity. Nevler-Strokes equatious arc obtained by considcting pressure farce, gravity force and viscous force.FLXID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 7 Reynold’s equation of motion arc obtsined by considering pressure force, gravity force, viscous force and force due to turbulence, (d) Bernoulll’ nequation is obtained by integrating thc Euler's equation of motion. ft states that, ‘For SPatcady, ideal {low of an incompressible fluid, the total energy which consists of pressure energy (3) . Kinetic energy ( 5) and datum energy (2) at any point of the fuid is constant,” Mathematically, tis wrinea a5 Erk re censan Pa wey o yy 96° 2g "7" og * 2¢ ‘Bemoulli’s equation for real fuids is weltten as ‘where fy = Loss of energy between section f and 2. (ii) Applications of Bernoulli's eqqustion are : @ Veuturimeter, (2) Orificemeter and (iii) Pitottube. The discharge through a venturimeter is given by where # = Difference of pressure head in terms of fluid head flowing through veaturimeter for 2 borizontal- venturimeter Cz = Co-eflicient of ventorimeter Ay & Asea atthe inlet of venturimeter Az= Area at the throat of the venturimeter. ‘Thevalue of ‘h’ is givea by the differential U-tube manomacter, Fora horizontal ventarimeter or inclined venturimeter hex] 1] ermmoneer wheat Fo Sp = Specific gravity of heavier liquid in manometer S7= Specific gravity of tiquid Bowing through veaturimeter Sr Specific gravity of lighter liquid in manometer. (Gy) Pitot tube is used to find the velocity of a Sowing fluid at any point in a pipe of 4 channel, The velocity is given by the relation, . VaCvighi where C, = Co-efiicient of pitot-tube, and A= Difference of the pressure head.8 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE) (@) Momentara equation states that the net force acting on a fluid mats ia equal to the change in momentum per second (or rate of change of momentum) in that direction. Mathematically, i is written as = 4 inv) whore ney» Momentum, (v2) The impulse-momentuns equation is given by Fridted Qn) and it states that the impulse of'a force (F) acting on a fluid nies (m) in a short interval of time (di) is equal to the change of momentum a{mv) in the direction of force. (vif) Force un a hend, exened by a flowing fluid in the direction of x and y, ate given by F,= P2412 — Yad + PAs + PArke F,= Ql v1y —v29] + Pray + PAD, where v,, = Initial velocity in the x-direction ¥2¢ = Final velocity in the x-direction As). = Initiat pressure force in x-direction (PyAo), = Fined pressure force in x-direction and 50.08 Resultant force on the bendis Fy = VF, +E. 1.7, ORIFICE AND MOUTHPIECE ‘Orifice is a sail opening of any cioss-section on the side or af the bottom of a tank, through which a uid is flowing. A mouthpizce is 2 short length of a pipe which is two of thrce times its diameter in length, Fited in a tank of vessel containing the fluid. a Hydraulic Co-efficients (8) There are thiee Aydrautic co-effcients namely, (@) Coefficient of vefocity, C, (©) Covefficient of contraction, C. (6) Co-ctficient of discharge, Cy. (i) The expression for co-efficient of ‘etoiy interns ‘of, ¥ co-ordinates from vena-contracts is Ge aH Height of water from the centre af orifice. (i) Co-ctficient of discharge for different types of mouthpieces are (@) C,©0.855 Forexterns! mouthpiece o .707 For internal mouthpiece sunning full © 50 For intesnat mouthpiece ranting free @ = 1.0 For convergent or convesgent divergent. 18. NOTCH AND WEIR Notch isa device used for measuring the rate of flow of a Yiquid through a small channel, A weir is a ssstticrete or masonry structure placed in the opeu channet over which ite flow occurs, (9 The discharge through the following notches or weirs is given by where Okc kW siu.For rectangular notch or weirFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES: 9 8 a 7 ‘ = jg Carton » Ve x suaFor a telangle notch or weit, (@ The discharge through a trapezoidal aotch or weir is equal to the sum of discharge through a rectangular notch and the discharge through a wiangular notch. (Gi) The error in discharge dve to error in measurement of head over a notch fs given by 2. 3a an Fora rectangular natch we.-Fora teiangular notch where Q = Discharge through notch artt H’= head over the notch. Anertos of 1% in measuring H will produce 1.5% errorin discharge over 4 rectangular notch and 2.5% errorin discharge over a timngelar notch. () Velocity of approach (V,) is defined as the velocity with which the water approaches the notch or welt. This is given by V, = _Dlsohate over the nately ** Cross-sectional area of channel 2 “The bead due te velocity of approach is givenby f= e Discharge over 4 rectangular weir, considering velocity of approach is given by (= 2CANTG, hy? 17] 19. VISCOUS FLOW Viscous Gow is the flow for which Reynold number is less than 2000 or the flaid flows in layers. (@ For the viscous flow ihrough ctrvular pipes, the shear sures disiribation, velocity diswitution, ratio of maximum velocity to average velocity and difference of pressure head are given by @t= -#5 sae {Linear] won E SUH tae|1-(5) | se Parbolic| (i) BF =20 oy he 32ba Gi) he ne where 2 = Pressure gradient, 1 Shear stress y= Radius atany point, «R= Radius of the pipe Unax= Maximum velocity, hy = Loss of pressure head Ga Avernge velocity, D = Diameter of pipe. Gi) For viscous flow between two parallel plates, the shear stress distribution, velocity distribution, ratio of maximum velocity to average velocity and difference of pressure head are given by @te -4 2 Ue (Linea) @)u=- xe lw-?t sou(Paraboic)10 ‘MECHANICAL ENGINEBRING (OBJECTIVE TYPE) oats hyn where ¢» Distance between two plates, y= Distance from the plates. (#8) Kinetic energy correction factor (q) is defined as the rutio of Kinetic energy per second based on actual velocity to kinetic energy per second based on average velocity. For a cireular pipe through which viscous flow is taking place, o: = 2.0, {#) Momentum correction fiscter (8) is defined as the ratio of momentum of a fluid based on actual velocity to the momentum of the fluid based on average velocity. For a circular pipe, having viscous flow, 4 B=5- (0) The co-efficient af friction (f) which isa function of Reynold number is given by ie for viscous flow or for R, < 2000 ® ie for R, varying from 4000 to 16° = 0.0008 + for R, x 16° but #4 10”, 1.40. TURBULENT FLOW (9 Smooth and rough boundaries. If the average height (K) of the irregularities projecting from the surface of the boundary is small compared with the thickness of the laminar sutb-layer (6'), the boundary is known as smooth. But if & is lange in comparison to 5, the boundary is known as rough. Mathematically, t <025 — forsmooth boundary 26.0 for rough boundary, And ek fies between 0.25 to 6.0, the boundary is in transition. Darcy formula is given by hyn where hy~ Head lost due to friction and is known as Major, Head loss. Chezy's formula is given by VoC Ym? where C = Chezy’s constant, m= Hydraulic mean depth = 4 for ciecalat pipe (running full), is Loss of bead pera leag = 1.1L. FLOW THROUGH PIPES + @ Misor lasses 2 (6) Lass of bead due to sudden expansion (his given by ipa VVFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES. u (0) Loss of head due to sudden contraction (f,) is given by C. 28 ¥ ©) Loss of ead attheinlet of apipe, = 052 °- [a 1 yu h(a) giv, where C, = Co-efficient of contraction (@) Loss of head atthe outlet ofa pipe, y= 7 {i#) Hydraulic gradieut and total energy lines. The line representing the som of pressure head and data head with respect to some reference line ix called hydraulic gradient line (H.G.L.) while the Tine representing the sum of pressure bend, dotum head and velocity hetd with respect to some reference line is, known as total energy line [T-EL.]. (iif) The equivalent size of the pipes consected in series is given by Lh ky bs Pee Ee where L = Equivaten! length of pipe = £y + 1q +23 4 = Equivalent size of the pipe 4, do, dy = Diameters of pipes connected in series. (iv) For paraite! pipes, the foss of head in each pipe is same and rate of flow in main pipe is equal to the sum of the rte of flow in cach pipe, connected in parnlie! ic. @2=01+Q+— Gn = b= (@) Power transmitted through a pipe is given by, ap. WxO2xIH =i " 75 where Hs Total head st ibe inlet of pipe fiy= Head fost due to friction Etticieney of power trensmission through pipes == This efficiency will be macirmum when = 4 Diameters of nozale for maximum power transmission through nozzle is vu“ ae(2 a where d= Diameter of nozzle at outlet, D = Diameter of pipe L = Length of pipe, f= Co-effictent of friction. (vi) Water hammer. When a liquid is flowing through along pipe fitted with a valve at the end ofthe pipe and the valve is closed suddenly, a pressttre wave of high intensity és produced behind the valve. This pressure wave of high intensity is having the effect of hammering action of the walts of the pipe, This phenomenon is known as water haramer. The intensity of pressure rise (p)) due to water hammer is given by Bi av Lfvaive is closed gradually = WVEp Uf-valve is closed suddenly12 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE) =v ae _ If valve tx closed suddexly and pipe is elastic. KE whereL Length of pipe, V= Velocity of ow K = Butk modvhus of Ovid, D = Diameter of pipe 1 = Time for closing valve E-x Modulus of elasticity for pipe material ‘The valve of closure is said to be gradual if > alk alk ‘The valve closure ia said to be sudden if re. were C'= Velocity of pressure wave produced dveto water hammer «Vf 1,12, DIMENSIONAL AND MODEL ANALYSIS (@ Hydraulic Similarities. There are three types of similarities that must exist between the model and prototype. They are : (9) Geometric similarity, (i) Kinematic similarity, and (id) Dynamic similarity. Geometrte sluilarity means the similarity of al incar dimensions of mode! and prototype. Kineraatic similarity means the similarity of motion between model and prototype. Dynamic similarity means the similatity of forces between the model and prtotype. (2) Dimensionless parameters, They ate five dimensionless parameters, namely : (i) Reynold’s amber, (if) Froude mmber, (ii) Enler member, (7v) Weber number and (v} Mech number. Reynold’s number is the ratio of Inertia force to viscous force and is given by Ree oe YP tor pipe tow. Froude number is the eetio of square root of the Intrtia fore to gravity force and is given by ~s 5 Enters number is the ratio of equere root of inertis force to pressure force and is given by Bx oo VE ge ‘Weber number is the ratio of aquare root of inertia force to surface tension force and is given by Fi Ww WOVE *YorIp ‘Mach number (if) is the ratio of square root of inertia force to elastic Force and is given by Mf EE aXe’ RWC where C = Velocity of sound wave in ait, Gif) Models are of two types namely (@) Undistorted and (di) Distorted Model, If the models are Bcometzically similar to its proto-type the models sre known as undistorted model, And if the models are having different sente ratios {or horizontal and vertical dimensions, the models are known as distorted model,FLIND MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 3 1,13, BOUNDARY LAYERS (@® Boundarylayer. When 2 solid body is immersed in a flowing fluid, there is a narrow region to the fluid in the neighbourhood of the solid bady, where the velocity of the Quid varies from zero to free-stream velocity. This narrow region of fluid is called boundary Isyer. (2 Boundary layer may be laminar ot turbulent. Ifthe Reynold number of the flow defined as Uxx Ry» 2X ¥ is less than 5 x 10°, the boundary layer is called laminary boundary layer. And if R, is more than 5x 10, the boundary layer is called trbuient boundsry fayer. . In the above expression, U = Froe strcam velocity, = Distance from leading edge, v= Kinematic viscosity. Gi) Displacement thickness (*) is given by S* = Sf ( 1- 5} dy (iv) Momenturn thickness (8) is given by, =f a-a}e aw we (0) Energy thickness Sal -al+ (v) Von Karman momentum integral equetion is given %o , 8 “fs at we Sr where Dal! a w (vif) Velocity profile for wrtulent boundary is given by = (3) where w= Velocity within boundary layer U > Free stream velocity 5 = Boundary layer thickness. 1.14, DRAG AND LIFT FORCES (Q Drag and Lift Forces. The force, exerted by a flowing Bvid on a solid body in the direction of motion, is called drag force while the force perpendicular to the direction of motion is called fift force. Mathematically, they are given ss Foeqae, necate where Fp =Drog forve, F, = Lit force A-= Projected area of body, U = Free-stream velocity Cp Co-cfficient ofdrag, C= Co-efficient of ia. (i) The drag force on a sphere for R, £ 0.2 is given by 4 = 3auDU,14 MBCHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE} 1,45. COMPRESSIBLE FLOW (D Bernoulli's equation for compressible Muld is given by Feber ++ 2esmnat bb ten » E+ + am constant for aati process, 1p” 2g (ip Veloce of sound wave gventy oV2-yt ceVe vE {In terms of Bulk Momentum & a2 over For isothermal process ove aVRT For adiabatic process (ii) Hf M < 1 flow is called sab-sonte flow: MM > 1 flow iscalied supersonic flow M-= | flow is called sonbe flow. In sub-sonic flow, the disturbance always moves ahead of the projectile. In sonic flow, the disturbance moves atong the projectile while in super-sonie flow that disturbance lags behind the projectile, (9) ‘The Mach angie (ci) is given by sra-God (©) Area velocty relationship for compressible fuid is given as Ae Spy? — 1] For M <1, the volacity decreases with increane of area. For M>> 1, the velocity decreases with the decrease of area. (¥) For maximum flow through an orifice of nozzle fitted to the tank the pressure ratio? an #0528, (oi) The compress eoreston factors ven by CCR, -[) eta 1.16, CHANNEL FLOW {@ Channel fiow. Channel flow means the flow of « liquid through a passage at atmospheric pressure, ‘The flow of liquid in a channel takes place under the force of gravity which means the flow takes place due ‘to the slope of the bed of the channel. ‘The flow in a channel is classified as : 1. Steady and unsteady flow 2. Uniform and non-uniform flow 3. Laminar and turbulent flow 4, Sub-critical, critical and super-critical flow. For the steady flow, the velocity at « point in a channel with respect fo time should be constant. And for unsteady flow, the velocity at a point with respect to time should be variable,FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 1s ‘The How ina channel -vill be wniform if the velocity with respect to direction of Bow is constant. The velocity will be constant if arca of flow 1s constant, Arce of flow will be constant if depth of flow is constant. Bene the flow in a chennel will be uniform if the depth of flow is constant. But ifthe depth of flow is variable then the flow in a channel is known ss non-uniform, ‘The non-uniform flow is divided imo gradually varied flow (G.V.F_) and rapidly varied flow (R.V.E.). If the depth of flow varies gradually, then the non-uniform flow is known as gradually varied flow. And if the depth of flow varies rapidiy, then non-tniform flow is called rapidly varied flow. ‘The flow ina channel issaid to be famtinar ifthe Reynolds number (R,)is less than SOGor $00. Reynolds number is case of open channel flow is given by Raf # where px Density of liquid, = Velocity of liquid, a= Viscosity R = Hydraulic radius or hydraulic mean depth Aves of flow ‘Wetted ter Ifthe Reynolds number is more than 2000, then the flow is open chaane! is known as turbulent, (i) The flow in open chanel is said to be sub-eritteal if the Froude Nember (F,) is less then 1.0. The Fronde number is given by, Fen ags where Vz Velocity of flow D= Hydraulic depth of channe] “7 where A= Wetted ares, 7 = Top width of the channel, {Gii) The flow ia a channel is koown as critfeal flow if the Froude number is equal to 1.0, But if the Froude number is more than 1.0, then flow in the channel is known a5 supercritical flow. {iv) The velocity through a channel is given by {a) Chezy’s Formula (0) Manning’s Forms. Chezy's Formula ‘The velocity by Chezy's formula is givenby, V= Cv¥nit where C= Chezy’s constant and depends upon the surface of the chanuel mn» Hydraulic mean depth A, Asse of Flow P” Wested Perimeter i = Stope of the bed of the channel. Manning’sFormula ‘The velocity through a channel according te Manning’s Formals is given by, V: where N » Manaing’s constant and depends upon the surface of the channel m= Hydraulic mean depth 4+ Slope of the bed of the channel.16 then MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE) (9) The rotation betweeu Cheay’s coustant (C) and Manning’s constant (¥) is given by coda "The Chezy’s constant is not a dimensionless co-cfficients. The dimension of Cis given by L'? 7. (vi) Different Types of Channels . The different types of chennels are 1. Rectangular channel 2. Trapezoidal channel 3. Circular channel 4, Triangular channel, (vid Values of A (aren of Sow) and P (Wetted perlmeten) for different channels, 1. Rectangular channel [See Fig, 1.1 (@)] Let 6 Widthof channel, d= Depth of flow Azbxd Pxbedd 2, Trapezoidal channel (See. Fig. 1.1 (6) Let b= Widthof flow, d= Depth of flow 1 = Side slope which is expressed as | vertical to 2 horizontal Ax(bandnd Pubs2dVveriFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES. Ww 3. Circular channel {Refer Fig, 1.1.(€)] Let A= Radius of the ckanael, d= Depth of water in circular channel 28 = Angle subtended at the contee of the channel by the free surface of water thn A= R(0~ 8 ) and P= 2RG 4. Triangular channel [Refer Fig. 1.1 (2)] Let d=depthof flow, 6» Angle of trlangetar channel then Aséun(3) mt Perdue) (viii) Most Effictent Section ofa Channel ‘The section of a channel is said to be most efficient if the discharge through the chamtel is maximum for a given atex of flow, given surfice resistance aad gives slope of the bed of the channel. The most efficieat section is alsa known as most economical section of the chantel. (@) A rectangolar channel will be most efficient, if 1. Depth of flow = Half of width of channel ie. d= 4x6 2. Hydraulic mean depth = Half of depth of flow ie. m= xd. (0) A trapezoidal channel wili be most efficient if 1. Length of sloping side = Half of top width ie. avai o2tze 2. Hydraulic mean depth = Half of depth of flow ie. mad d 2 3, The theee sides of the trapezoidal section are the tangential to the semi-circle described on the water-linc. (©)A circolar channel will be most efficient for maxinum velocity, if 1. Depth of flow.« 0.81 times the dia. of the citcular chamact, 2. Hydraulic mean depth « 0.3 times the dia. of the channel. ‘The flow through a circular channel will be maximum if 1. Depth of flow = 0.95D. (i) SpecificEnergy. The total energy of a lowingliquid in a chansel with respectio the bed of channel is known as specific energy. It is given by ¥ Bays 7726 where y= Depth of flow, V= Velocity of flow. _ The curve which represents the variation of specific energy with the depth of flow is known ss specitic energy curve.18 MECHANICAL BNCINEERING (CEJECTIVE TYPE) (x) Critical Depth. The depth of flow of water at which the specific enexgy is minimum, is known 6s critical depth. For a rectangular channel, the critical depth (y,} {a given by (2 where q © Rate of flow per unit width of channel, The velocity of flow, corresponding to critical depth is known as critical velocity, () Bydranite Jomp. The sudden rise of water level which tekes place due to the transformation of super-ctitical flow to the subcritical Flow, is known as hydraulic jump. And when hydraulic jump takes place, a lossof energy due to eddy formation and turbulence occurs. The depth of water after hydraulic jump is given ya uy yah ( pe where yz = Depth af water after hydraulic jump Ja = Depth of water before hydraulic jamp q= Discharge per unit width. “The loss of energy (h,) during hydraulic jump is givenby, fh, = 22 1.17. HYDRAULIC TURBINES {@ Hydraulic Torbines. The hydraulic machines which convert the hydraulic energy into the mechanical encrgy, orc called turbincs. (Gi) The force exerted by a jet of water on a stationary plete in the direction of jet is given by Fx pavt «For a vertical plate 2 pA sin’ .«For an inclined plate = pAV {1 +con 6) For a curved plate (if) For force exerted by the fet of water having velocity V on a plate moving with a velocity wis given by F,= pA(V—u)* .»For a vertical plate & PAV ui)? sin? @ For an inclines plate = PAY ~ UPL + 008 OF -~Fora curved plate () Elticlency ofa series of vanes is given as 1] =nGe Eeficiency wilt be maximum, whenu =, Moximsm efficiency = 50%. 2 (0) For a series of curved nial vanes, the work done ver uni weight per second =1 [Yo Vaan) where Vins Ving = velocity of whitl at inlot end outlet, (+) The net head on the turbine is given by = Hy — hy where H = Net head, H, = Gross head, p= head loss due to friction. (vid) The efficienctes of a turbine are ; (2) Hydraulic efficiency (np), (if) Mechanical efficiency (rts) and (ii) Overall cfficiency (9).FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 19 (@) Hydraulic efficiency (qy) is given by __ Power of piven by water to the runner _ Power supplied at inlet aE Worn, * Vagal 7 WH) Yous, = Ve 5 / [ ): aH (©) Overall efficiency is given by (vit) Ieopulse Turbine. If at the inlet of « turbine, total energy is only kinetic energy, the turbine is called impulse turbine. Pelton wheel isan impulse turbine. ()Reaction Turbine. if athe inlet of atusbine, the total energy is kinetic encrgy as well as pressure energy, the turbine is called reaction turbine. Francis and Kaplan turbines are reaction turbines. (4) Jet ratio (in) is defined as the ratio of diameter (D) of Pelton wheel to the diameter (@) of the jet or Jet ratio =m =2 _ (2) Pelion wheel is a tangential flow impulse tmtbine, Francis is ou inward Gow reaction turbine and Kaplainis an axial flow reaction tarbine. The rate of flow (Q) through the turbine is given by QE PVT For Pelton Turbine = ADBVp, For Francis Turbine x Spe ~DEIx Vp For Kaplan Turbine where H = Net head, Vp = Velocity of flow at inlet Do= Dia. of Kapian Turbine, D, = Heb diameter. (cid) Draft-tnbe. It is « pipe of gridusily increasing area used for discharging water from the exit of a reaction turbine. (cif) Specific speed of a turbine is defined as the speed at which a turbine runs when it is working under a unit bead and develops unit (Le. 1 kW power), It is given by N, = AF here P = Shaft power, H «Net head on turbine. (a) Unit speed (N,) is the speed of a turbine, when the bead on the turbine is one metre. It is given by vt ox Ny ww (6) Unit discharge (Q,) is the discharge through a turbine when the head (ff) on the turbine is unity. itis piven by Qu =r {c) Unt Power (P,) is the power developed by s turbine when the head on the turbine is unity. It is P Biven by P= of20 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE) (xiv) Characteristle Curves. The following three are the important characteristic curves of a turbine: 1, Main characteristic curve, 2, Operating characteristic curves, and 3, Constant efficiency curves, (v) Governing of a turiine is defined as the operation by which the speed of the turbine is kept constant under all conditions of working, 148, CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS (@ The hydraulic machine which convens the mechanical energy into pressure energy by means of centrifigal force is called centrifugal pump. The work done by impeller on water per second per unit weight of water i phan whore Viy,= Velocity of whirl at outlet, uv, = tangential velocity of whee! at outlet. (2) The rammometric head (Hy) is the head against which a centrifuge! pump has to work. Itis given as Vy, Hye 2 Logs of head in impeller and casing Vg X te or _—— If losses in pump are zero or = Total head at ouilet - Total hend at infet 2 “[petfon}{o-%-3 yt or sh therlgt oe (iif) The efficiencies of a pump arc : (7) Manametric efficiency (thxarh (ii) Mechanicat (fq) and (iif) overall efficiency (ng) They are expressot as Vasu; ¥, eee (# “ant | fse. Taos ™ SP. a = Msc * Fee where P = Power on impeller, S.P. = Shaft power. Gi) Mutdistage centrifugal pusnps are wsed 10 produce 2 high head or to discharge a large quantity of water. The produce a high head, the impellers are connected in series while to discharge a large quantity of liquid, the impellers are connected in paratlel. (0) Specific speed of a purap ix defined as the speed at which s pump rms when the head developed is one metre and discharge is one cubic metre. It is given es N, = xg 1 Where H, = Manometric head. (+) Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles and sudden collapsing of the vapour bubbles,FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 2t 1.9, RECIPROCATING PUMP (@ The aischarge through a reciprocating pump per second is given by = ae for a single acting, 2ALN = for a double acting where A = Area of position, L = Length of stroke. (ii) Werk done by reciprocatiag pump per second MX G49 for a single acting 2waLtt oO (id) The pressure head due to acceleration is given by (ie+h2) fora double acting. 1A ee oeG x wr cos where 1 = Length of suction or delivery pipe a= Aces of suction or delivery pipe r= Radius of crank = L/2 co = Angular speed tat . G2) ndicator diagram is 9 graph beween the pressure head in the cylinder and the distance travelled by the piston from inner dead centre for one complete revolution af the crank. Wark done by the pump is proportional to the area of indicator diagram. Area of ideat indicator diagram is the same as the area of indicator diagram duc to acceleration in suction aad delivery pipes. (0) Air vessel is a device used : (2) to obtain a contiquots supply of water at uniform rate, (ff) o save a considerable amowet of work and (fi) 10 run the reciprocating pump at a high speed without separation, gua me ax ‘The work saved by fitting air vessels in a single acting reciprocating pump is 84.8% while in a double acting, the work saved is 39.2%, 1.20, MISCELLANEOUS HYDRAULIC DEVICES . “The miscellaneous hydraulic devices are hydraulic press, hydrauile accumulator, hydraulic intensifier, hydrevlic ram, hydraulic ft, hydraulic crancs, bydmulic coupling and hydreulic torque converter. (@ Hydranlic press is a device used for lifting heavy aweights by the application of a much smaller fore. Hydrablic accumulator is a device used for storing the enecgy of « finid in the formof pressure energy. Hydraulic intensifier is a device uscd for increasing the pressure intennity of a liquid. Hydraulic ram is 4 pump which mises water without any external pewer (such as electricity) for its operition. Hydranlic lift ix a device used for carrying persons of goods from one floor to anotber Noor in a multi-storeyed building, Hydraulic crane is a device used for raising or transferring heavy weights, Hydraulic coupling is a device, in which power is transmitted from driving shall to driven shalt without any change of terque while torque convertor ix a device in which arrangement is provided for getting inereased or decreased torque at the driven shat. ‘The mean veincity (V) for a single acting pump isMECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECHVE TYPE) (if) Capacity ofa hydraulic accumulator = p x A xL where p= Liquid pressure supplied by pump A= Are of sliding ram, and L = Stoke of the ram, (ii) Hydraolic ram bas two efficiencies namely D’ Aubuisson’s efficiency and Rankine efficiency. ‘They are given by D'Aubuisson’sy « 2 ond Renkine’sm = as where w= Weight of water raised/sec, ‘W = Weight of water supplied rnisedisec, dee Height of water in supply tank, and HY» Height of water mised. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS Tick mark the most appropriate statement of the multiple choice answers. Fluid Properties LW An ideal fluid is defined os the Suid which (a) is compressible (8) is incomprossibte {(c} is incompressible and non-viscous (inviscid) (@) has negligible surface tension. . Newton's law of viecosity states that (@) shear stress is directly propartionsl to ihe velocity (@) shear stress is directly proportional to velocity gradient {c) shear stress it directly proportional to shear strain {d) shear stress ix directly proportional to the visvesity. |. A Newtonian fluid is defined ss hz fluid which (@} is incomprassible and non-viscous ED (yobeys Newton's law of visensity (c) is highly viscous CO] (d)ix compressibte and nen-viscous. Kinematic viscosity is defined as equal to (a) dynamic viscosity x density OD _ (b)dynamic viscosity/density {c) dynsinie visossity x pressure O° @)pressura x density. Dynamic viscosity (j4) has the dimensions aa (a) ME? O @eer (mir? O ect. Poise is the unit of (a) mass density D @kinematic viscosity (6) viscosity D1 @vewcity gradient. The increase of temperature {a} increases the viscosity of liquid (ey decreases the viscosity of # liquid (c) decreases the viseusity of a ges D1 @increases tho viscosity of a gas. a qa a Qo oO a ga Oo Oo Oo Oo a o a a} Oo g aFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES: 8. . Curve B in Fig. 1.2 corresponds to Stoke is the unit of (a) surface tension DO (viscosity (©) kinematic viscosity C1 (djnone of te above. ). The multiplying factor for converting oue poisc into MKS wait of dynamic viscosity is (a}9.81 O goss (e981 DO @asa. |. Surface tension has the units of (@) force per unit area {1 (6) fore per unit tengsh {e) force per unit volume OF (@none of theabove. . The gases are considered incompressible when Mach number (a) is equalto 1.0 DO Wizequlpose (c)is more than 0.3 Ch (dis tess than0.2, . Kinematic viscosity (v) is equal 10 @)exp O of wf Cl Gaon. . Comupressibility is equal to wv -(¢ 4 a-F 0 wT (7) “2 Vz oF Oo ave. |. Hydrostatic law of pressure is given as (Paps OD w#-0 Baz Qa (2 = consians,- (0) along y-axis. Curve A corresponds to {a) ideal Auid {b)newtonian fhuid (Qhnon-newionian uid {d) ideal solid. (a)ideal Suid ()newtanian Ovid (e)nornewtonian Nuid (A)ideatsol'a gooo onoo ‘Sas Brass —b B 60 00 80 90 0 o q . Four curves are shown in Fig, 1.2 with velocity gradient { 5] along x-axis and viscous shear stress138, 19, 20. 21, 23. 24, 36. 7. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE) Carve C in Fig. 1.2 corresponds 10 {a} ideal uid C1 (8) newtonian ftaid oa (@) non-newtonian uid C1) taeal cotta. o Curve D in Fig. 1.2 corresponds to (o) ideat Quid TD (b}newtonian Auid a (c) non-newtonian Elvid DD @ itest sonia. oO The relation between surface tension (0) and difference of pressure (Ap) between the inside and ouside ofa liquid droplet is given as 2 g (@) dpe O tas o (ape S O wae. a For a soap bubble, the surface tension (0) and difference of pressure (Ap) are related a8 9 8 apa fl ae a a tpn O @m-%. a For a liquid jet, the surface tension (0) aud difference of pressure (4p) are related as o © (oy ape OD ae we Oo (p29 O w@ay-¥. o ‘The capillary rise or fall of « liquid is given by natant oy hw oe o (@) toed Oo pad (ph = Seal [Ba none of the shove. Qo Pressure and Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces Pascal’s Iaw states that pressure at a point is equal in alt direction (@) tna liquid at rest Oh @hina fuidatsest q (6) int Lominar flow OD @inaturbotent tow. gq ‘The bydinstatic law states that mte of increase of pressure in a vertical direction {@) is equal to Gonsity oF the fluid CB inequal to specific weight of the fluid O {6} is equal to weight of the Flsid {a} none of the above. o . Fluid statics deals with the following forces (4) visoous and gravity forces. C1 (8) viscous and gravity forces, ao (@) gravity and pressure Forces. C1 @) surface tension and gravity forces, Qo Gauge pressare at a point is equal to (2) absntute pressure plus atmospheric pressure Q (6) absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure a {e) vacuum prossure pls absolute preswure o (d} nane of the above. oFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 27. 28. 29, 30, 31. 32. 33. 35. Atmospheric prestare head ia terms of water column is (@7sm O @ssm (©)981m O (@ 030m. The hydrostatic preseure on a plane mirface is equalto (hegdh C1 path sin? o (Ok pesh 1 @peshsine BR oo oo where A = Asea of plane surface and 7 = Depth of centroid of the plane area below the liquid free surface. Centre of pressure of a plane susface immersed ina liquid i {a} sbove the centre of gravity of the pinne aurfice () al the centre of gravity of the plone surface (©)helow the centre of gravity of the plane surface, (4) none of the above. The resuitant bydrostatic force acts through a point known a5 {a) centro of gravity LD {Bcentre of tuayancy (€) centre of pressure D1 (apnone of he above, For submerged curved surface, the vertical component of the hydrostatic force is, (@) ram of the liquid supported by the carved xurtce (b) weight of the liquid supported by the curved surface (c) Ge force of the projected area of the curved surface on vertical plane (@) none of the sbave. Manometer is.a device used for measuring, (a) velocity at a point ina Quid Fe) preseure at a point in a flute (¢} discharge af a fluid a) noe ofthe show. Differential manometers are used for measuring (a}-velocity at a point ine Bid (B)pressure at a polst ina fluid (¢) difference of pressure between two paints (d} none of the above, as. Aah wae @papoe 7 O pepe % = - ©p=poe # O pape FF ‘whore pp = Pressure at ground level, = Gas constant, J'= Absolute temperature 0000 oO oofFo0 OO OOOO . The presswre at a height Z ina static compressible fluid undergoing isothermal compression is given o “The pressure at a height Z ina static compressible fluid undergoing adiabatic compression is given by my {et RT ps rol Bio |r- 2, - Mo (yp nf 1 @ O we o[ ple tt tapers) Ee ed 1 (a) none of the above. a26 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBIECTIVE TYPE) 36. The temperature at « height Z ina static compressible fluid undergoing adiabatic compression is given as ate) teh Rto wfe{ 1-Lob ee (@r nal = ral O wr raf fe G (ret 1-1 Re C1 (a) none of the above, SLT yet a . 37, Temperature lapse-rate is given by 2-Af tsb pa -kf a wen © one tle c one $4] D1 tanone of the above. 38, When the fluid isat rest, the shear stressis (a) maximum Ozer o (chungredictabie 1] Gd) none ot the above. o 39, The depth of centre of pressure of an inclined immersed surface from free surface of liquid is equal to aed r igAsint® Zk D wos ia (ey rad oy 7 * Igsn?® = igh» et a @ eek o 40. The depth of centre of pressure of a vertical immersed atrface from free surface of liquid is equal t0 le = fod = (a)—a th (b) a + Oe aa Owe a tek BD atten og A te 41. The centre of pressure for a plane vertical surface lies ot « depth of (2) half the height of the immersed surface a (D) one-third the height of the immersed surface Q {e) tworthird the height of the immersed surface 6 {) nove of the above, aq 42, The inlet length of a venturimeter {@) is equal to the outte: length O (6) is more than the outer lengia oa {(¢) fo less than the outlet length: 1 (@)none of the above. o 43, Flow of « fluid in a pipe takes place from (2) bigher evel to ower level. CT) (dy higher pressure to lower pressure Oo {e) bigher cnergy to lower energy D(a} none of the above. o ‘Buoyancy and Flotation 44. For a Hosting body, the buoyant force passes through the {o) contre of gravity of the body a {b) centre of gravity of the submerged part of the body OoFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 47. 49, 50. Si. 52. 53. 54, 5S. (€) motaventre of the body (2) control of the liquid displaced by the body, . The condition of stable equilibrium for a floating body is (@) the metacentre i coincides with the centre of gravity G () the metacentre # is below oontre of grovity G {¢) the metacentre M is above centre of gravity G (4) the cenire of buoyancy B is shove centre of gravity G. . A submerged body will be in stable equilibrium if (2) the centre of busyarcy & is below the censre af sravity G (b)the centre of buoyancy 8 coincides with @ {c) the cenite of busyancy £ is shove the metacentre M_ (d) the centre of buoyancy J is above G. The metacentric height of a floating body is (a) the distance between metacentre and centre of buoyancy (6) the distance between the contre ef buoyancy and centre of gravity (c} the distance between metnoentre and cenute of gravity (d) nome of the above, . The point, through which the buoyant force is acting, $s called xy 8 Ooo 00 O00 Off Oooo pOoooO anoo ao {a) centre of pressure Cl @centre of gravity (c} contre of buoyancy TH (@ynone of the above. ‘The point, through which the weight is acting, is called (2) centre of pressure LD cent of gravity (Qjoantre of buoyancy 11 {a} none of the above, The point, about which a floating body, starts oscillating when the body is tilted is called (a) centee of pressure OD @eentreofbeayency (cloentre of gravity C1 @metacentee. The meta-centric height (Gf) is given by (omaea-t O wown}-8G (oamet—2g [2 @)none of the above. For floating body, if the meta-ventre is above the centre of gravity, the equilibrium is called (a) stable, 1 Bhunstable {©} neutral Ca) none of the above, For a floating body, if the met-contre is below the centre of gravity, thc cquilitriom i called (a) stable ee unstable (c}newtral 11 {2 nome of the shove, For a floating body, if the meta-centre coincides with the centre of gravity, the equilibrium is calle {a)stable Oundle {c}neutrat (2 @) none of the above. For a floating body, if centre of buoyancy is above the centre of gravity, the equilibrium is called (a)stable O @unstebie fe) neutral (1 (@) none of the shove. goo oon*o0o0 oo28 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE} 56, Forasubmerged body, ifthe centre of buoyancy is above the centre af gravity, the equilibrium is called a (a) stabte Oy wastatte (neutral T @) mane of the above. do 57, Foraswbmerged body, ifthe centre of tuayancy is below the centre of gravity, theequilibrium is calted (a) stabte We) unstabte (©) peateal TI (4) none of the above. ao 58. For asubmenged body, if the centre of bunyancy coincides with the centre af gravity, the equitibrium iscatled (a) stable CW unstable oO (e} neutral 1 (none of the shove. o 59, For a submerged body, ifthe meta-centre is below the centre of gravity, the equilibrium is called (@atable Oy anstable oO (©) neous! £1] none of the above. o 60. The mets-centric height (GM) experimentally is given as Wun wend @oue"t my womeS a 06Ma O wowe Qa whore w = Mavable weight, W= Weight of foaling body inctuding w, O= Aagte of till, 1. The time period of oscillation of a floating body is given by (QT a28 aunt o ore a d oreny O wre where k » Raditwe of gyration, GM = Mota-contric height and 7 = Time period. Kinematics and Dynamics of Flow 62, The necessary condition for the flow to be stendy is that {@) the velocity does not change from place to place (@) the velocity is constant at a point with respect to time (0) the velocity changes at « point with respect to tine {¢) none of the above. 63. The necessary condition for the flow to be uniform is that (2) the velocity is constant at point with reapect to time (©) the velocity is constant i the flow field with respect to space (c} the velocity chonges at a point with respect to time (@) none of the shove, 64, The flow in the pipe is laminar if (2) Reynotd number is equal to 2500 1 (ty Reynold nuntber is equal to 4000 (¢) Reynold number is more than 2500, 1 a Nons af the above. 65, Astrea fine is ane (2) which is atony the path of particle (8) which is always parallel to the main direction of flow oo no oooo aaooFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES @. 69. 7m. Th. 3. 14. 15. (e) across which there isno flow (don which tangent drawn at any point gives the direction of velocity, Continuity equation can tnke the form (aA; = An¥y QO erie (PALM) = patel, Dips = pata Pitot-tube is used for measurement of {@) pressure O w®ow {€) velocity at a poiat C1 aischarge, |. Bemoutti’s theorem deals with the law of conservation of {a}mass. DO momentum (cJenergy 1 (dj none of the above. ‘Continuity equation deals with the law of conservation af (a} mass, 12 @&) momentum (cjenergy Td) none of the sbove. Invotational flow means (2) the fluid does not rotate while moving (B) the fluid moves in straight lines (©) the net eotation of tTuid-particies about their mass centres is zeto {d) none of the abo. The velocity components in x snd y directions in terms of velocity potential (@) are wot nt yt ue aay Dane = Bye tt 2-H yn us Ave # O we ae By . The velocity components in.x an y directions in texms of stream fonction () are adt pot at a (ua ees A @e wy et ot (ued vat OD us Beed. The relation between tangential velocity (») and radius (*) is given by (a) Vxr-« constant for forced vortex D1 (8) View constant int forced vortex (ce) V xr = constant for free vortex. C1 (a) ire constant for free vortex. ‘The pressure variation along the radia! direction for vortex flow along a horizontal plane is given eye 2 y¥ @ pene O wareg ote Cl @ptone oF the shove. For a forced vortex flow the helght of paraboloid formed is equal to ayes ¥ wens oo; ¥ wo? Oa Oo ef. R 8 oOo ofoo na Oo ofoo oH 00 80 80 oO aoa8. n. 81. 82. 37. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE) ‘Bernoulli's equation is derived making assumptions that (a) the flow is oniform, steady and incompressible Q @) the flow is non-viscows, uniform andatendy o (c) the flow is steady, non-viscous, incompressible and iotationst Qa {d) none of the sbawe. oa |. The Bernoulli's equation can take the farm 2 2 2 Cys So az hee, Ome ee Ben a 2 2 Biot, Page a atin tan, o ‘The flow rate through a circular pipe is measured by (a) Pitot-tane. Ol Venturi-meter oO (©) Orifice-meter C1 (None of the shove. Oo If the velocity, pressure, density etc., do not change at s point with rexpect to time, the flow is called (2) uniform £2 Wincompressible o {e) non-uniform 2 steady. Oo . If the velocity, pressure, density etc., change at a point with respect to Lime, the flow is called {a} uniform OC Boompressitie oO tc) unsteady (@) incompressible. a Ef the velocity im a fluid flow does not change with respect to length of direction of flow, it is called {@) steady flow: ©) snitorm flow oO {c) iocompressible tow C1 (@) retationel flow. a Wi the velocity in a fluid flow changes with respect to length of direction of Now, it is called {a) unsteady flow: C1 (compressible flow: oO {c}irrotational flow C1 @) none of the above. Qa . We the density of a fluid és constant from point to point in a flow region, it is called (a) steady flow C] incompressible flow Qa (e}untform How CF (@jemationat now, gq . {f the density of a fluld changes from point to point in « Maw region, i14s calted (a) steady flow 1 (8) unsteady tow ad {c) non-uniform Bow CG Wcomprsaible tow. oO |. If the fluid particles move in straight lines and sil the lines are paraftel to the surface, the flow is called (a) steedy 2 @) uniform o {cloompresstble 1 (@)taminer. og . If the fluid particles move ina zig-zag way, the flow is called {a) unsteady: 1 @)nce-usitonn a {e)tusbuteat 1 @incompressibte, G ‘The weceleration of a fluid particte in the direction of xis gives by * 8 uy aA, wut hrs ew Sd a (apna geen ety 0 (Aeeu St oS a Se C1 none of the above. oFLUID MECHANICS ANU HYDRAULIC MACHINES 88, The local acceleration in the direction of x js given by au, a - mu (ute Se a «oF {ou # 1 @)nose of the above. 89. The convective acceleration in the direction of x is given by aay) aw uu yer Sear qa OT aa oat av, w au ae (ue Rane Qo Qure pee: 90. Shear strain rate is given by u,v Law av 3 (#3) OD wpeey by | aw Lav au 2(# 3) O ashy 91. Fora two-dimensional fluid element in x-y plane, the tenis ‘component is given at @w,02 {2% a Goa} ae eae Tay “y fae aw owe3(E+5) a done 2-2) 92. Vortiity is given by (a} two times the rotation C1) LS times the romtion (c} three. times the rotation: C1 (equal to the rotation. 93. Study of fluid motion with the forces causing the flow is known ax (@) kinematics of fleld Row C1 Gb) dynamics of ftuid flow (©)statics of Quid Row C1 2 noms of the above. 94, Study of fluid motion without considering the forces causing the flew is known as (a) kinematics of fluid flow CG oynatnics of uid ffow (¢} statics of fuid flow C1 none of the above. 95. Study of fluid at rest, is known as (@) kinematics TG dynamics (e}statics Cd) none of the abave, 96, The term ¥/2g is known as (a) kinetic energy C1 pressure energy (c) Kinetic energy per anit weight 2) noae of the above. 97. The tern pipg is known as {a} kinetic energy per unit weight Cl) pressweensigy (6) pressure onergy per wnit weight C1 none of the shave, 98. The term Z is known as (a) potential onergy C(t) pressure energy (c) potential energy per unit weight Cl dp nowe af the above. 31 oo oOo oOOfF 00 00 O00 00 aga32 99, 100. 101. 105. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE} ‘The discharge through a veuturimeter is given as (oq= At At wg D a VAP Ar Avy (a= Vik 1 @)none of the abave. oO Var ag? ‘The difference of pressure head (/:) meastued by a metcury-oil differential manometer is given ax ores[-$] O @h=x[s,-59) aq (hex [5-5] a oras[ 4] Qo where x = Difference of mercury level, S; = Specific gravity of mercury and So = Specific gravity of oil. ‘The difterence of pressure bead (f) measured by a differential manometer containing lighter liquid ix woraef-3| a re[ sa] a {e)h 2x [So—S] Ty none of the abave Oo where S; = Specific gravity of lighter liquid in manometer So Specific gravity of fluid Rowing x = Difference of lighter liquid levels in differentia! manometer. Pitot.tube isused to measure {@) discharge. C1) average velocity go {c} velocity ata point {1 @) pressure at a point. ao |. Venturimeter is used to measure {0) discharge C1 (average velncity o {6} vetocity at.a point 1 pressure at a point, Oo + Orifice-meter is used to measure () ducheege TI Beverage velocity g (©) velocity at a point Dea) pressure at a point, o For a sub-merged curved surface, the horizontal component of force due to static liquid is equal to (a) weight of liquid supported by the curved surface q (B) force on aprojection of the curved surtice on a vertical plane o (6) area of curved surface pressure at the centroid of the submerged area Do {@) none of the above, Bo For x sub-mnerged curved surface, the component of force duc to static Tiquid is equel 10 (a) weight of the iquid supported by curved surface a {(b) torce on a projection of the curved surface on a vertical plane ad (c} area of curved surface x pressure at the centroid of the sub-merged area Qo (@) none of the above. Q . Amoil of specific gravity 0.7 and pressure 0.14 kgf/cm? will bave the height of oil as (0) 70. em of oil O )2mofoit o (2) 2 emof oil Od) wemotoit. aFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES: 33 108. The difference in pressure head, measured by a mercury water difterentist manometer for a 20 m difference of mercury level will be (@)2.72m O 28m a (2.0m O (jo2m a 109, The difference in pressure head, measured by a mercury-oil differential manometer for @ 20 cm difference of mercury level will be (sp. gr. of oil = 0.8) (a) 2.72 mof of O @)252mofoil oO (c) 3.20 m of off Ol @2.0mofoit. a 110. The rate of flow through 2 ventusimeter varies as @H O wav a (i? O as. o 111. The rate of flow through a Venotch varies 1s (ait O ava a ue o @n, Oo Orifices ana Monthpleces 112, The range for co-efficient of discharge (C,)} for a venturimeter is (2) 0.610 0.7 O wore a (c)08 10 0.9 Ol (0.95 to0.99. a 113. The co-efficient of velocity (C,) for an orifice is, 4 [es 2 (2), Vo O (icy vet oO ooeVE 11d) none of the shove. a 114, The co-efficient of discharge (C,) in terms of C, and C,is (a) cant Oh OGyaqxcy o care {1 (a) none af the ahove. QO 115. Anorifice is known as large orifice when the bead of Hiquid from the centre of orifice is (a) more than 10 times the depth of orifice E]_—_() Jess than 10 times the depth of erltice a (c) less than 5 times the depth of orifice 1 (d} none of the shove, o 116. Which mouthpiece is baving maxinwm co-efficient of discharge (a}external mouthpiece C1) convergent divergest mouthpiece oO (c) intemal moupiece. TL (d)none of tne whove. o 117. The covetficient of discharge (C.) (a) for a orifice is more than that For a mouthpiece =) (b) for internal mouthpiece is wiore than that extemal mouthpiece o (c) for # mouthpiece is more thas thet for an oritice O] (d) none of the ahve. Bo 118, Orifices are used to measure, (a) velecity Tb} pressure Q (¢) rate of thaw TD (d)none at the shove. oO34 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBIECIIVE TYPE) 119, Mouthpieces are used fo metsure (a) velocity DO (b) pressure a fe) vincosity DO rate of flow. a 420, The mitio of actual velocity ofa jet of water at veena-contmcta to the theoretien! velocity is known as (a) en-efficient of discharge C1 @eomefficient of velocity Qa ic) co-efficient of contraction CO heo-etticient of visonsity, a 121, The ratio of actuat discharge of a jet of water to its theoretical discharge is known as (a) co-efficient of discharge OC Wyoovetficient of velocity Go (c) co-efficient af enatenction DA dhco-aiticient of visemsity. ag 122, The ratio of the area of the jet of water at veena-contracta to the area of arifice is known as (0) co-efficient af discharge LD (ey coefticient at velocity Q (c} co-efficient of contraction D1 (dp co-ettictent of visensity. a 123, The discharge through e large rectangular orifice is: (0) Bega bu V0 VI) Oe fcaxeavagar? 03%) a beyxbxvie a? 424) 1 (a)none of the shove o where b = Width of orifice, 1; = Height of tiquid above tp edge of the orifice, Hz = Height of liquid above tottom edge of orifice. £24. The discharge through fully submerged orifice is (a) Cy xb x (Hp) x ¥3g x Bt Dl Cex x Gg-Hy) VIG a (} Cy xbx Gy? Hy?) x VT tT (d}none of the ebove o where £ = Difference of liquid levels.on bath sides of the orifice. ™ Hy, = Height of liquid shove top edge orifice of upstream side Ay = Height of liquid above bottom edge of orifice on upsiream side, Notches and Weirs 125. Notch is a device used for measuring (a) rate of ftow through pipes EX @)ratwof flow wroagh small channel QO {c) velocity through a pipe C1 @) velocity through a smait chamet. gO 126, The discharge through a fectaagular notch is given by (Qed cyxtxn? OO wQa2scgxL xi? Qo a= Fcxinu™ O wme=snsexixa a 127. "The discharge through a triangular notch is given by (o) Q #2 Cy ntan TT 0 OQ #2 Cg x ao ah A a (090 «85 Cyr tan xvg He? 1D (@)nome of the shove oO where «= Total angie of triangular notch, Hf « Head over notch.FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 35 128, 129. 130. 3, 132. 133. 134, 135, 136. The tischarge through # trapezoidal notch is given as (QQ = 28 Gy x Lx HP? 4 BAS Cy x an O72 av%g x HY? OG = BB Gg x bx BP? 4 BAS Cyy x 100 O12 Vg PP (e)Q © 2B Cy Ex HP? 4 815 Cay x tan O12 Vg HP (none of the above where 6/2 = Slope of the side of the trapezoidat notch, ‘The error in discharge due to the error in the measurement of bemt over « reclangular notch is given. by gooa 42 23d a> Oo wo93a o 4Q, aH Qld OO"lH OD Og r a The error in discharge due to the error in the measurement of head over a triangular netchis given by #Q SdH aQ 3d OOTH D Ogsa Qo dQ 74H lan o8.34 Q Baie a The velocity with which the water approaches a notch it called (a) velocity of flow 1 We) vebeity of approach o {e) velocity of whit! C1 (dhnone of the above, Oo ‘The discharge over a rectangular notch considering velocity of approach is given #5 ead cyivE Wi O waedeyvea-ny a eo =F cab 05 [4 ng? TB @)note ofthe above qa where H = Head aver notch, and hg = Head dus to velocity af approach. ‘The velocity of approach (V,} is given by «= Dischange over notch o_ Discharge aver notch ()Va= "prea of notch Fv e9 hea ofchanet 5 © . Discharge over aotch (OMe fies oietnoich x Wid ofchaansl C1 (4) nowe af the above, Qo Francis's formula fora tectengulse weir with end contraction suppressed is given as (a) * 1.86 LH? O @@emexsH? o (e)O #184 LP? O @o=2exn” a Francis’s formula fora rectangular weir for two end coatractions is given by (2) Qo BAL, ~ 6.2 « 2H O @ea1eu-ou? a (6). BAL ~ 0.28? TD) (a) pone of the above. Q Bazin’s formula for discharge aver a rectangular weir without velocity of approach is gives by (o) QemixVigh™ OG Qemi x vig eH a (QO =mxL xvi O(a) none of the shove Oo C8 sat He bend everweit where m = 0.808 + SF36 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE} 137. Cipolletti weir is a trapezoidal weir having side slope of {@) 1 horizontal to 2 verticat C1 @) A horizental to 1 vertical a (6) L borizental to 4 vertival CD @) 1 bortzonud wo 3 verticat. Oo Laminar and Turbulent Flow Through Pipes 138. A flow is said to be laminar when (a) the Huid particles move in a zig-zag way oO (0) the Reynold number is high a 46) the Guid particles move in layers parallel to the boundary oO {d) pone of the above. o 139, For the laminar flow through a circular pipe (2) the maxintun velocity « 1.5 times te average velocity o (b) the maximum velocity = 2.0 times the average velocity a {c) the maximum velocity © 2.5 times the average velocity oO {d) none of the above, o 140, The toss of pressure head for the laminar flow through pipes varies (a) as the square of velocity DD (b) directly as the vetocity a (c) as tho inverse of the velocity O(a) none of the above. oO 141, For the laminar flow through a pipe, the shear streas over the cross-section (2) varies inversely as the distance from the cente of the pipe Oo (B) vatica divectly a6 the distance from the surface of the pipe oa (©) varies dicectty 9s the distance from the centre of the pipe. a (4) remains constant over the cross-section. o 142, For the taminar flow between rc parallel plates (a) the maximum velocity = 2.0 times the average velocity Oo (® tha maximum velocity = 2.5 tinies of the average velocity Oo (©) the maximum velocity = 1.33 times the average velocity a {dj none of the above. a 143. The valve of the kinetic encrgy correction factor (a) for the viscous flow through a circutar pipe is (a) 1.33 O wise a (2.0 O (#125. ao 144. The valve of the momentum conection factor (8) for the viscous flow through a circular pipe is (a) 1.33 OD wise a (20 O wis. o 445. ‘The pressure drop per unit length of a pipe for laminar flow is equa n AE 1G eqpat to 242 o Pe pe? {o)equatta od (prone of the sbove. oO 146. For viscous flow between two pacaliel plates, the pressure drop per unit length is equal to 12pUL oe O wit a aaa 12y oe Oo oe. gFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 147, 148. 149. 150. 15st. 52, 153. 154, 37 a go o Oo a ‘The velocity distribution in leminar flow through a ciecular pips follows the {a) parabolic law CL (iilinear lw {c) logarithmic tar 1 (a) none of the above. A boundary és known as hydrodynamically smooth, if eos B tyt>a3 (of <02s O @keso where k = Average height of the inegularities from the bousdary and 4! © Thickness of laminar sub-layer. ‘The co-efficient of friction for laminar flow through a circular pipe is given by 10791 ornare Daya tose 1 (@)none of the above, “The foss of head due to sedden expansion of a pipe is given by osve O waz-54 =v)? ton D1 Cé)none of the hove. "The loss of head duc to sudden contraction of a pipe is equal to Vy Va 3- a(r-2)% fz ys o wolt-g aE D(a) none of the above. Hydraulic gradient line (H.G.L.) represents the sum of (@) pressure head and kinetic head (b) kinclic head and datera head {e) pressure head, kinetic head and datum head {d) pressure head and detum bead. Total Energy Line (T.E.L.) represents the sum of (@) pressure head and kinetic head (B) kinetic bead and datum bead {c) pressure head nnd datum head (d) pressure head, kinetic head and datum bead, ‘When the pipes are connected in series, the total rate of flow (@) is equal to the sum of the rate of flow in each pipe (6) is equal to the reeipencal of te sum of rate of How in cach pips (c} Iv the same as owing through each pipe {d) none of the above. o oooo0 08000 ooo0038 185. 156, 187. 159, 164, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE) Power transmitted through pipes wilt be maximum when (0) Head Inst due to friction = 1 total head at inlet of the pipe (8) Hend loat due io friction = } total head at inlet of the pipe {€) Head Soot duc to friction w totat head atthe inlet of the pipe {f) Viced lost due to Friction » $ total head at the inlet ofthe pipe. “The valve claswe is said to be gradual ifthe tine required to close the valve one OD ois orc O @e% where L = Length of pipe, C= Velocity of pressure wave. ‘The velocity of pressure wave in terms of bulk modulus (K) and density (p) is given by cee CO @cavkp oceyE Fh ecme of the shove. ‘The co-efficient of friction in terms of shear stress is given by ae Iq fof ee a Ofer =, aaa sf pe QO @F oad Reynold shear stress for turbulent flow is given by (rapt qa ora ond 1 @) none of the abave where u’, = Fluctuating oumponent of velocity in the ditectionx and y and n = Eddy viscosity. } The shear stress in turbulent flow due to Prandtl ix given by coreeh(H) a oyseei 2) oreo ($} ED (none ofthe above where / = Mixing length. Shear velocity (te) is equal 10 (Vom a oye ove O og where To = Shear stress at the surface. oonog on aFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 39 162. The velocity distribution in terbuleat flow for pipes is given by (0) W * Unga, + 5.5 ue Jog (RY Du 2.5 us tog Yih} oO (c}4 = Umar + 2.5 te loge (yiR} D1 (@)none of the above. oO ‘whern zs =Shear velocity, R = Radius of pipe, y = Distance from pipe wall, Use =Centro-Hine velocity. 163. When the pipes are connected in parsitel, the total loss of head {@) is equal to the sur of the loss of head in each pipe oO {b) is ame as in each pipe a {c}1s equal to the reciprocal of the sum of Joss of head in each pipe a (d) none of the above. oO 164, £),Lz,Ls are the length of thece pipes, connected in series. If dj, chy and d, are their digmeters, then the equivalent size of the pipe is given by bob tabs @ eat + 3 + =z a Og (} Ld shyt + id til D1 @none of the above Oo whore L = hy +L2 +hy. 165, The power transmitted in kW through pipe is given by (y PAE HH Ty Peeenty oO xgxQn(H-hy xg RO nH by ore ao ghee a where H = Total head at the infet of pipe, fiy= Head lost due to friction in pipe and Q = Discharge per second. 166. Efficiency of power (ansmission through pipe is given by Heh H oq oa a Hoh, Tek (a) none af the above a where H = Total head at inlet, hy~ Head lost due to Friction. 167. Maximum efficiency of power transmission through pipe is (a) 50% D wes a (18% D som. Q 168, Diameter of nozzle (@) for maximum power transmission fs given bry us “ws . tps ob (a) d =| O wa.[e oud wu(B pb O4=l i (2 (@)none of the shove oO where D = Dia.af pipe, £ = Length of pipe. 169, Water-hommicr in pipes takes place when (a) fluid is flowing with high velocity o (8) Ruid is flowing with high pressure o {c) flowing fluid is suddenly brought to rest by closing the valve Q {d} flowing Muid is gradually brought 10 rest. a170, ¥71, 173. 174, 175. ‘MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYFE) ‘The pressure rise (p} due to water hammer, when the valve is closed suddenly and pipe is assomed ‘igid, is oqualto @vyt Q Oy a avye O @y o where V = Velocity of flow, k = Bulk modotus of water and p = Density of fluid, The pressure rise (p) due to water hammer, when vaive is closed gradually is equal to (eyeLy Oo wet a oe O of o where t = Time required to close the valve. . ‘The pressure rise (p,) due to water hammet, when valve is closed suddenly and pipe is elastic, is equal to 1,2 O wy. ¥ = * (Vx {vx CD (@)none of the above Pk . i, ke where £ = Modulus of elasticity for pipe matesial, D © Diameter of pipe, f = Time required to close vaive aod & = Bulk modulus of water. ‘The pressure rise (p;) due to water hammer depends on (0) the diameter of pipe only (6) the langth of pipe only (©) the required to clase the vatve culy (4) elustic properties of the pipe material only (©) elattic properties of iquid flowing though pipe only (allot the above. ‘The valve closure is said to be sudden if the time required to close the valve (on OD oe Oo Oo oOoOOAro ork% Ce) none of the above where C = Velocity of pressure wave produced and L = Length of pipe. For a viecous flow through circular pipes, oer tain curves are shown in Fig. 1.3. Curve infor (0) shear sites distribution (8) velocity distribution (6) pressurs distribution {d) none of the above. oooaFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 4 176, 178, 181. Curve B in Fig. 1.3 is for (o} shear stress distribution 2 () velocity distribution oO (c} pressure distribution D1 (a) none of the above, oO . Fig. 1.4 shows four curves for velocity distribu tion across a section for Reynolds number equal to 1008, 4000, 6000 nad 10000. Curve A cor responds to Reynold number equal 10 (2) 1000 &) 4000 oO (6 6000 a (a) 80000, o ‘Curve B in Fig. 1.4 corresponds to Reynolds nuraber (@) 1000 O 4000 Q (6) 8000 OD 1000, o . Curve C in Fig. 1.4 conespondsto the Reynold number (a) 1000 O (woo Qa (©) 6000 BD (10000, a . Curve D in Fig, 1.4 corresponds to the Reynold number {a} 1000 D400 Oo <).6000 C1 (a 10000, Oo ‘The shear stress distribution across « section of a circular pipe having viscous flow is given by x2 O wveBE g (re BE a re Bar, g ‘The velocity distribution actoss a section of a circular pipe having viscous flow is given by 2 (ou U me 1-(5) | ete -?] a Ger tnal gf (aj none of the above. o . The velocity distribution across 2 section of two fixed parallel plates having vincous flow is given by ound(-B)e OD oye E wl a Gung Py-o} DB wap err a ‘where £ = Distance between two plates and y is measured from the lower plate. ‘The shear stress distribution across & section of two fied paraiiel plates having viscous flow is given by (a) cn $BiP Py Owen pum a r--f 20-7 O Hr} 2 y-ny ao where ¢ = Distance between two parallel platex and y is mensured from the plate.42 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OWJECTIVE TYPE) Dimensional and Model Aualysis 185, Reynold’s mumber is defined as the 186. 187. 188. 190. 191. 192. 193, 194, 195. {q) lio of inertia force to pravity Force {) ratio of viscous force te gravity forex {6) ratio af viscans force te elantic force (d) satio of inertia Force to viscous foros. Frouds’s wumber is defined as the ratio of (2) inentia force ta viscous force (8) jnettia force to geavity force {¢) itertin fore to elastic force, Mach number is defined ws the mtio of (2) inertia totes to viscous force (2) inertio force to proswure force, (8) viscous force to surfnce tension force (0) inertia force, {¢) viscous force to etustic farce elastic force. Euler's number is the ratio of (2) inentia foros to pressure force (6) inettia force to gravity tree Models are known undistosted model, if {a} the prototype and model are having different scale ratios. (6) the prototype and model are furving sorne scale ration (e) model and protolype are kinematically similor (@ none at the abave, ‘Geometric similarity between mode} and pintatype means (8) inettia force tn elastic force (@) none of the above, Oo oo oofF ao {a) the simitasity of discharge 1 (4) the simitatity of lisear dimensions {e) the similarity of motion. £1 (a) the simitarity af forwes. Kinematic similarity hetween modet and prototype means (a) the similarity of forces, gy me similarity ot tape (6) he simitarty of mation athe stuilarty of discharge Dynauic similarity between irodel and prototype means (a) the similarity of forces, C2) the simitatity of motion (c} the simitarity of shape C1 @nwne of the above, Reynold aumberis expressed as (oR 2 Oe oyna tie ered O @ratet, Froude’s number (F.) is given by Fave O wrerys Fe= ¥ CF (none of he above. Mach number () is given by mes GO ®Mevxe (gust D1 (a)none of the above. c Oo 980 n0 onffo 80 Of oo 2G OnFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 3 196. The ratio of inertia Corse to viscous force is known 18 (@) Reynold number @ Froudenumber a (c} Mach number D (4) Euler number. a 197. The square root of the ratio of inertia force to gravity force is calted (a) Reynold number O (@) Froude number a {c} Mach number C1 (a) Bouter mmter. Qa 198. The square root of the ratio of inertia force to force due to compressibility is known as (a) Reynold number Os) Froude number a {e) Mach number 1 @)Boler number. oa 199, The square root of the ratio of inertia force to pressure force is known 2 {@) Reynold number O18) Froude number o (c) Mach mumber (1 @ Euler number. oO 200. Model analysis of pipes flow are based on (a) Reynold number C] (&) Froude number oO (¢)Mach number Dé) Eater umber. o 201. Model anslysis of free surface fluws are based on {a) Reynolds aumber DD) Freudeoumber oO (©) Mach number DB (a) Bvler number. a 202. Model analysis of acroplanes ané projectile moving at super-sonic. speed are based on {a} Reynold number O Froude number oa fe) Mach nomber Od) Euler minter. oO Boundary Layer Flow 203. Boundary layer on a flat plate is called laminar boundary layer if (2) Reynold numiber is Jess than 2000 C1 (6) Reynold number is less than 40100 Q (6) Reynold number is less than 5 x 10° C1 (4) None of the above. a 204. Boundary layer thickness (6) is the distance from the surface of the solid body in the direction perpendicular to flow, where the velocity of fluid is equal to (a) Free stream velocity 1 )0.9 times the free-stream velocity Oo {c} 0.99 times the free stream velocity C1 Gd\None of the above. oO 205. Displacement thickness (6*) is given by coef (1-2)a o toe Ees)w oO 0 ¥ a uv {* Seals) 1 (a) none of the above, Oo 206. Momentum thickness (8) is given by oof e(t-glo oO woaf(s ob oonf a TF Gh none of the shove, Qo210. au. 212. 213. 214. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE) Energy thickness (6**) is equal to af, @ ai, 2 of st-s]> o of-s(-B)> 2 of. 30-8) ay D1 @)none of the above. 2. Von-Karman momenttim integral equation is given as toe % 38 < O wow s-> Orga Oe ost Tl @)none of the above, ‘The boundary layer separation takes place if (0) presaure gradient is zero C1 Gy pressure gradient ine ve (c) pressure gradient is negative none of the shove. ‘The condition for boundary layer separation is a) ) a @(F).. +¥e oa oF) ve ou (#} ox [2 ame ef the above. ‘The boundary Inyer flow will be attached to the surface if ay &e Sy) «0 o so) os (5). ofS) sem of $ nave C1 @) none of the above. Y heao ‘The condition for detached flow is au du @{#) =o o (8) cow (@. oe 0%) acre TD Gane of the above, Y yao Drag is defined as the force exerted by 3 flowing fvid on a solid body (a) in the direction of flow (©) perpendicular to the direction of flow (€) in the direction which is et an angle of 45° to the direction of flow (4) none of the above, Lift foive is defined as the force exerted by a flowing fluid om a solid body (2) in the direction of flaw (8) perpendicular to the direction af flow (c)nt ap angle of 48° to the ditestion of flow (a nome of the above a onpo0 anooFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 221. 222. 224, 228. 226. Drag force is expressed mathematically as (Fox b pt? xCp xd DB W)Fo=}pt*xCpxa {©) Fp = pl? xCpxA OD (@)none of the above. Lit force (F,) is expressed mathematically as (a) Fy = Spl xe, a FL opp xc xa ()Fy = 2p? xO, xA Ol rept’ xc, xa. Total dragon a body is the sum of (a) pressure drag and velocity drag TI (pressure drag and fiction drag (e) friction: drag and velocity drag C3 (dy oome of the above. A body is called stream-lined bady when it is placed in # flow and the surtsce of the body (a) enincides with the streamlines. CT) @) aoes not coincide with the streamlines {e)is perpendicular ta the atreanlines CT] (a) uote of the above. A body is called bluff body if the surface of the body (a) coincides with the streamtines C1 (hy does not cnincide with the streamtines (o} is very smooth 1 @none of the shove. |. The drag on a sphere (Fr) for Reynolds number less than 0.2 is given by (a) Fp = 5apDU O w&Fo=3mpy (c} Fp = 2euDU 1 @Fo=mbu. ‘The skin friction drag on a sphere (for Reynolds number less than 0.2)is equal to {a} oneshird of the total drag C1 (ay halfarihe total drag {¢) two-third of the total drag CD (@) none of the atsave, ‘The pressure drag ona sphere (for Reynolls mmunber fess than 0.2) is equal to {a) one-thiad of the total drag, TL] Gy half ofthe toval deng (2) two.thisd of the tota! drag Teh none of the shove. Terminal velocity of » falling body is equal to (a) the maximums velocity with which body will fal (®) the maximum constent velocity with which body will fall (e)half of the maximum velocity (d) none of the above. ‘Whena falling body has attained terminal velocity, the weightof the body is equal to (@) drag force minus buoyant force. C1) baoyant force minus drap Force (6) drag force plus the buoyant force 1 taj none of the above. ‘The tangential velocity of idea fluid at any point on the surface of the cylinder is given by (@)ag = FU sin 8 OD Bugetsind (ue 2LU sind TL Gnome of the above. ‘The lift force (F;} produced on 4 rotating circular cylinder in a uniform flow ix given by (a) F, ot OO @ Fr, =pLur (on =A O ont where L = Lengih of the cylinder, U = Free stream velocity, T= Circulation. goo o8fF Oooo of 900 nO Of OO 60 O00 O00 & oa46 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE) 227. The lift coefficient (C;) for a rotating eytinder in a uniform flow is given by Ge a oak a eaegy o went, a 228. The circulation developed on an airfoil is given by (or adsense, O @®feacvsina o acu asin re O @rete o ‘where C= Chord length, U = Velocity of airfoil, c= Angle of attack, Boundary Layer Flow 229. The boundary-layer takes place (@} for ideat fluids TI @) for pipe-fow enly o (¢} for reat fulds CY di) for flow over flat plateonly. oO 230, The boundary layer is called turbulent boundary layer if {@) Reynold number is more than 2000 C1) Reynotd number is more thaws 4000 Q {@) Reynold number is more than $x 107 C1 (a) None of the shove. Go 231, Laminar sub-layer exists in. {0} taminar boundary layer region. {1 @® uurbutent boundary layer region a {c} transition zone EL Gd) none of the shove. o 232. 333. 235. 236. The thickness of laminar boundary layer at distance x from the lending edge over a flat plate varies as feyx® a wx” a tex® a w*. Qa ‘The thickness of turbulent boundary layer ata distance x from the leading edge aver # flat plate varies as @e Ow" Qo fox” O @ a The separation of boundary layer takes place in case of (a) nogative pressure gradient 11 &) positive pressure gradient 5 {c) Zero pressure gradient £1 @ none of the atove, 0 Tae velocity profile for turbulent boundary layer is vw ogeen (35) a @$-(8) o 2 4 Ha2[z\_(z HS fe)_hfy OG (5) (§) OD 4% (3) 3(%)- a ‘The drag force exerted by a uid on a body immersed in the fluid is due to {2} pressure avd viscous force C1) presawe and gravity forces, oO {e) pressure and turbofence forces OC @@)none of ths shove. 0FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES Compresstble Flow 237. 239, 24s, 246. Equation of state is expressed as (a) pp = RT o (Paar beer o aeak where p = Absolute pressure, 7 = Absolute temperature, R = Ges constant, p = Density of gan. 3. The continuity equation in differentiat form is ds av do « aatyt ? a DO ada + vdv4 pdp <0 AY 2 4 te (Set apt dp 2 Constat O wee pT Constant Velocity of sound weve (C) for isothermal process is given by wceye a wonv2 (eC =vpp Qo wove where k= patio of specific heats. . Super-sonic flow means {@) Mach nomber «1.0 1) Mach number «1.0 fe) Mach number > 1.0 11 (@) None of the above. . Sonic-flow means {a) Mach number 1.0 OO @& Mech number & 1.6 (6) Mach mumber > 1.0 La) None of the shave. . In souie-flow, the disturbances, created by a projectile, moves (@) along the projectite 1 (dj aheed of the projectite (c} behind the pmjectile TD Ga} none af the shave. |. _In super-conic flow, the projectile (which creates disturbances) moves (a) abead of the disturbences 2B) along the disturbanoas (c} behind the disturbances 2 dynome of the uhowe. . Mech angle (@) is given by (asinand Do @sinawve (sina aS OD @snaed. For sub-ronic flow, if the area of flow increases (a) velocity is constant Db) vetscity increases fe) velocity decreases 0 tahnone of the above, For super-sonic flow, if the area of flow increases then {a) velocity decreases OD velocity increases {c) velocity is constant C1 (a) none of the shove, 4 o o0 00 oo 00 no 00 a0a MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE) 247, ‘The area velocity relationship for compressibte ftuids is SoZ O @Sefye-1 o oSeFu-¥y 0 @Se8 7-4, o Chaanel Flow I 248, The flow in open channel is laminar if the Reynold number is (a) 2000 TI @) less than 2000 a (c) leva than 500 C1 @noas of tte above. o 249, The flow in open channel is turbulent if the Reynold umber is (@} 2000 CF 6) more than 2000 a (©) more than 4000 1 (4000. a 250, If the Froude number in open chanae! flow is less than 1.0, the flow is called (a) critical ftow EL @eaperscritical Qo (0 subcritical 1 @ none of the above. Oo 251, ifthe Froude number in open channel flow is equal to 1.0, the flow is called @ critical flow C1 @)sweaming flow Qa {e} shooting Flow C1 @) none of the above, oO 252, Ifthe Froude nuniber in open channel flow is more than 1.0, the flow is called (a) ctlticat flow CI @)atreaming Bow a (©) shooting flow CO @)none of the above. Q 253. Chezy’s fonnula is given a5 (Va ive Ol Va cya ia (V2 CT EL] @ none of the shove. a 254, The discharge through a rectangular channel is maxismum wheat nud Q Omet Qa (madd TD @na¥ oO z where m © Hydraulic mean depth, d « Degth of flow. 255. The discharge through « trepezeidel channel is maximom when (0) half of top width x slopingside C1 @)t0p width = half of sloping nide o (6 top width = 1.5 x sloping side 11 @none of the above. oa 256, The maxtmum velocity through # circular chewnel takes place when depth of flow is equal to (a) 0.95 times the diameter TD @)05 times the diameter o ic) O.8t times the diameter LE 03 times the diameter. Oo 257, The maxinwm discharge through a circular channel takes place when dept of flow is equal to {a) 0.95 tienes the diameter TE 03 times the diameter a (6) 0.81 times the diameter {2 @05 times the diameter, oFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 49 258. 259, 260. 261. Specific energy of a Nowing fraid per unit weight is equal to ee a oak a Ong t* ¥ ¥ toate a OE orRth o ‘The depth of dow after hydraulic jump is a= Sviesiae 1 D wat vera t ao a 2B VE oe C1 Gdnone of the above. a ‘The depth of flow at which specific energy is miniraum is called {a} normet depth C1 erica depth oO (C)alternste depth T1 @ none of the shove. oO ‘The critical depth (f,) is given by é\" ay? (2) a (3) ww 1 (7) (@) off Oo lf o where q = Rate of flow per unt width of channel, . Fora cizcularchannel, the wetted perimeter is given by wo TI] pare o {cp 2R8 O wre o where R = Radius of circutar channel snd @ = Half the angle subtended by the water surface at the ‘centre, . For a cizcularchannel, the area of flow is given by ox {20-2} a or o (RO -sn 2) TD (none of the above 0 where @ = Half the angie subtended by water surface at the contre und R = Radius of circular channel, . The bydrautie mean depth is given by P PB we oF ot o avg where A = Area and P = Wewed porimescr, |. Amost economical section isone which fora given cross-sectional area, slope of bed (f)andco-efficient of resistance has (a) maximum wetted perineter OC @maxiowm discharge a {c) maxinram depth of flow F(a} none of the shove. a30 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBIECTIVE TYPE) Hydrealic Turbines 266, Specific speed of s turbine is defined as the speed of the nutbine which (a) producca anit power at unit bead C1 (6) prodoces unit power at anit discharge a {¢) delivers unit discharge at unit besd C1 @) delivers unit discharge st unit power. oO 267. A pump is defined as a device which converts {a) hydraulic energy into mechanical energy [1] (b) mechanical energy into hydraulic energy o (c}kinetic energy intn mechanical energy TL) (2) none of the shave, Oo 268. A turbine is a device which converts (a) hydenutic energy into mechanicalenergy (4) mechanical energy inta hydraulic energy o (c} kinetic energy into mechanical energy D1 (detectrical energy into mechanical energy. a 269, The force exerted by a jet of water on a stationary vortical plate in the direction of jet is given by (QE, © AV? sin? 0 CW F,=pav?[t +con 8} o (2) Fee pa?’ 1 (dy none of the above. o 270, ‘The force exerted by a jet af water on a stationary inclined plate in the direction of jet is given by {a) Fy = pa? DO F< pA sie? o ao (Fi. pAP {I + cos 8} D @ Fea [t+ sing. o 271. The force exerted by a jet of water on a stationary curved plate in the direction of jet is equal to (ayer? Dwar sito Oo {)pA¥ ¢1 + c05 8) Cl par pt +sing, QO 272. ‘The force exerted by a jet of water having velocity V on a vertical plate, moving with a velocity 1 is piven by (Fe = pAtY 0)? sin? OD Fee pav- uy o (e) Fa pA(¥~u)? fl +0008) C1 @)noas of the above. o 273, ‘The forec cxerted by » jctof water having velocity Von a series of vertical plates moving with velocity wis givenby Py = pa? OD @Feapav-u? a ()F ye pAVe 1 @) none of the above, a 274. Efficiency of the jetof wator having velocity V stiking a sczics of vertical plates moving with a velocity tia givenby 2 =) 2udV ~u) @n aaa O @n« — oO on zo 2 (anne of the above. o 275, Efficiency, of the jet of water having velocity V and striking « series of vertical plates moving with a velocity u, Is maximum when (aha = 2 a Ouek Oo vy un O @u¥. QFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 216, 277. 218. 279. 280. ai. 283. 284. 285. ‘Meximum efficiency of a seties of vertical plates is {a) 66.67% OD w3333% ©)50% O eson. Fora series of curved radial vanes, the work done per second per unit weight is equal to (2) Vora Vota Cabin + Yael ay [Vovyg x Vogt] Cl (a) none of the above. “The net head (#7) on the turbine ix given by (a) H = Gross Head + Head lost due lo friction (8) H = Gross Head — Head fast due to friction (Q)H » Gress Head + ¥ Heed lost due to tretion, Hydrauticetficiency of a turbine is defined as the ratio of (@) power available at tbe inlet of ruzbine to power given by water to the runner (®) power at the shaft of the turbine to power given by water fo the cuener (6) power at the shall of the turbine lo the power at the inlet of turbine (d)none uf the above. Mechanical efficiency of a turbine is the ratio of {@) power at the inlet to the power at the shaft of turbine (B) power at the shaft to the power givento tke runner {c) power al the shaft to power at the intet of tarbine (dy none of the above. ‘The overall efficiency of a turbine is the ratio of (2) power 2 the inlet of turbine to the power at the shaft (B) power at the shaft to the power given to the renner [1] {c) power at the shaft to the power at the intet of turbine {d) none of the abave. The relation between hydraulic efficiency (ry), mechanical efficiency (nq) and overall efficiency (rj is @) me 110% 7m D Orem tn (oman Te C1 (d) none of the above. A turbine is called impulse if at the iniet of the webine (a) total energy is only kinetic energy (@) total energy is only pressureenergy (©) total energy is the sum of kineticenergy and pressure energy {d) none of the above. A turbine is called reaction turbine if at the inlet of the turbine the total energy is {a) kinematic energy only (Bj kinetic energy and pressure energy {c) preseure energy only DO (@) nome of the above. Tick mark the correct statement (a) Pelion whee! is a reaction turbine ) @& Petmnwheet is 2 redial flow turbine (©) Petion wheel is on impulse tarbiae C1 @Nonc of the above. oa O60 0 oo0G ooHoon oOao Aa ong a a Q o Q a a o7d 288. 290, wi. 296. . Kaplan turbine is | | Francis turbine is (2) an impatse tarsine (6) a0 axial Now tabine 8) a radial flow impoe turbine (2) @ reaction radial flow tarbine, (@) an impeise turbine (6) a0 axial flow reaction turbine Jet ratio (et) is defined as the ratio of (@) diameter of jet of water to diameter of Pelton wheel {B) velocity of vane to the velocity of jet of water (©) velocity of flow of the jet of water (d) diameter of Felton wheel to diameter of the jet of water. Flow ratio is defined as the matic of (a) velocity of flow at intet ta the velocity givenby Vig (@) velocity of runner at inet to the velocity of flow et inlet {€) velocity of runner to the velocity given by Vig (8) a radial How impure turbine {4} radial flow reaction twebine, Oo aa (2) noxe of the abave. Speed ratio is given by 4 vy, Osta O One vag Me oy 0 Om The speed ratio for Pelton whee! varies from {a} 0.45 100.50 OD @moswo7 {e) 031004 woswes. . The discharge through Pelton Turbine is given by 2) Q xDBV, Do enh P avi {10 =F De? Dy lx Yy 11 (ay none of the stove. |. The discherge through Frauvis Turbine is given by (@) QaaDBY, O @esfexvat (QF Doro" (none ofthe save. |. “The dischange through Kaplan turbine is given by (a) Q==DBY, a OTE VT (925 De- De O @ososnpay, 5. Drafttube is used for discharging water from the exit of (a) an impulse turbine @a Francis turbine (c) a Kaplan turbine. CD @ «Peston wheel. Specific speed of a turbine is defined as the speed at which the turbine rms when (@) working under unit head and discharging one litre per second () working under imit head and develope unit bore power (@) develops unit horse power and discharges on litte per second (@) nove of the above. Oo Oo ofofFOo geno oo of oo oo a goooo oo oaFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 297. The specific speed (W,} of a wrbine is given by NYE NN (Ne oe oO mn AE 4 on ane 298, Unit speed is the speed of a turbine when it is working {a) under unit head and develops unit power {6) under uit head aud discharge one m/sec. (©) under unit bead (d) none of the shove. 299, Unit discharge is the discharge of a tarbine when (@) the head on turbine is unity aud it develops unit power (©) the head on turbine is unity ant }t maves a unit speed (©) the head on the turbine ia unity (d) none of the sbove. 300. Unit power is the power developed by a turbine when {@) head on turbine is anity and discharge is also unity {5) head = one metre and apeed is unity {e) head on turbine is unity (d) none of the dbove. 301. The unit speed (W,) is given by the expression He Constant c a 8 (Mas O @mect (Onan dy OD @xety. 302. The unit discharge (22) is given by the expression 0d TD wo.-8, 0% O Gag. 303. Unit power (P,) is given by the expression P P P= ip OOP (area O wr. 304, The unit discharge (Q,) and unit speed GW.) carves for different turbines are shows in Fig. 1.5. 3 Cur: A is for & (@) Francis Turbine a g | (8) Kaplan Turbine a $ (©) Pelton Turbine a = (@) Propetter Tushine. a 2 + No (Unit speed Fig. 15 53 O 8 goOoO ooO00 Aono qa aS4 ‘MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE) opo00 on oO O00 bnoo ao ao o booa 305, Curve Bin Fig. 15s for {a) Francis Tuzbine CE) @) Kopin Turbine (©) Potton Turbine 1 (dp Propetier Turbine. 306. Curve Cin Fig. 1 Sis for (a) Francis Tirbine CD & Kaplan Turbine: (©) Pelton Tuxbine TD @) Propetier Turbine. 307. Tick mark the correct statement (2) Gurves at constant speed are called ennin characteristic carves, (®) Curves at constoat head are calied main characteristic curves. (6) Curves atconstant efficiency are called operating characteristic curves. (2) Corves at constant efficloncy are called main characteristic curves. 308, Main characteristic curve of a turbine means {@) curves ar constant speed (2 (dy curves at constant efficiency {c} carves ut vonstant bead D(a) none of the shove. 309. Operating characteristic curves of a turbine means (a) carves deawa st constant specd 1 (8) curves drawn at constant efficiency {c} curves drawn at constant bead TD (a) none of the sbove. 310, Muschel curves means (a) carves at constant head D1 curves at constant epeod {c) carves at constantefficiency OC (d)none of the show. 311, Governing of a turbine means (2) the head is Kept comatant under aif condition of working 4) the apsed in kept constant under all conditions (©) the discharge is kept constant under all conditions (@) none of the above. Centrifugal and Reciprocating Famps 312, The work done by inpeticrof a centrifugal pump on water per second per unit weight of water is given, (oy Ven, Cl gph viens & & © Svan Vou) C1 G@)none of the shove, 313, The manometer head (#7,.) of a centrifugal pump is given by (2) pressure head at ontet af pump—pressure head 9 inlet (®) totat head at inket total head at outlet {e) total head at outlet—total bead at inlet (@) noneaf the above. 314, ‘The manometric efficiency (Mead) Of « contrifugel pump is given by Oo of oO oh. oaFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 35 315. Mechanical efficiency (Moe) of # centrifugal pump is given by {a) (power at the impetter)/ehant powsr o {(B) shaft power/power al the impetter og {c) power possessed by water/power at the impetlar ad (2) power possessed hy water/shalt power. o 316, ‘To produce a high head by multistage centrifugal pumps, the impellers are connected (a}in paratle! BD Winseries a (e) in parailel and in series both Ta) nome of the shove. o 317. Todischarge Iarge quaatity of liquid by nuhi-stage centrifugal pump, the impellers wre connected {a)in paratiel 1 Winseties o (©) in paralles and in series C1 () none of the above. oO 318. Specific speed of a pump is the speed at which a pump runs when {a) head developed is unity end discharge is ane cubic metre o {(b) head developed is unity snd shafi harse pawer is also unity o (c} discharge is one cubic metre and shaft horse pawer is unity o (@)none of the shove. o 319. The specific speed (N,) of a pump is given by the expression nS O ont 0 on BE OD wnat, Qo Ae Hae 320. The operating characteristic curves of & centrifegal pump are shown in Fig, 1.6. 4 Curve A is for (a) head a @)efficiency a ¢ {c) power a {d) nore of the above, a ——————___... —* Discherge (Q) 321. Curve B in Fig, 1.6 is for Fig. 18 (a) head O @etticieny a {e) power 1 (4) none of the shave. oO 322, Curve € in Fig, 1.6 is for ta) head DD ijefiiciency oO (0) power TI (djnone of the above, a 323. Cavitation will take piace ifthe presvare of the flowing Avid at aay pointia, (2) more than vapoor pressure of the fluid «1 (8) equal te vapour pressure of the fluid Oo {c) is less than vapour pressure of the Quid = 1 (4} none of the shove. a 324, Cavitation can take place in vase of (a) Peon Wheel Ob) Francia Turbine a {c} Reciprocating pump. C1 (a) Centeifogal pump. oOa ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FLIND MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES MisceHaneous Hydrantic Devices 235. 336. 337. 338. 339, 341. 342. 343, Hydraulic accumulator is a device used for (a) Hitting heavy weightx @) storing the enorgy of a fluid in the Form of pressure energy (6) increasing the pressore intensity of a uid {d) none of the above, Hydraulic intensifier is a device used for (2) staring eneagy of a Haid in the forns of pressure energy {b) increasing pressure inteasity of a uid (6) transmitting power from one shaft to another (@)none of the above, Hyérautic ram is a purap which works (@) on the principle of water-hommer D1 Qjomitee principte of cxnteifugal action (c}on the principle of reciprocating action TL] (a) acne of the abewe. ‘Hydraulic eoupling is a device used for (a) teensanitting name torque to the driven shaft {B) wansmitting Increased torque to the driven shaft {c) transmitting decreased torque to the driven shaft {d) none ef the above, ‘Torque converter is a device used for (@) tranamitting same torque to the deiven shaft (0) transeniiting increased torque to the driven shaft (2) tranamining deereared torque to the deiven shaft (d) transeniting ineronsed of decreased torque to the driven shaft. 1. Capacity of a hydraulic accumulator is given as equal to (@ pressure of water supplied by pur x volume of accumulator (©) pressum of water x area of accumulaior (e) pressure of water x stroke of the ram of accumulator {d) none of the above, Keplan turbine is a propeller turbine in which the vanes fixed on the bab are (a) noa-adjustable O @adiusteie (c} fixed C1 anne af the above. Ifthe head onthe turbine is more than 300 m, the type of turbine used should be (a) Kaplan. OC @) Francis (c}Pelton (a Propetes. Ef the specific speed of a turbine is more than 300, the type of turbine is (a)Petton OD Kapton {c} Francis, OF @ Pettonwith mere jets. |. Run-away speed of a Pelton wheel means: {a) fall lond speed (2)no loadspeed (c) no load speed with 20 governor mechanism (@) none of the above. a o a o o a B oO o o oO a 8 a a o a o a a Qo a a a a a a oO Qo Qo q od38 345. 348, 349, 350. 351. 352, 353, 354, 335, 356, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE} ‘Spouting velocity means (a) actuat velocity of jet T(t) ideal velocity of jet {¢) half of ideal velocity of jet C1 (a) none of the shave. 3. Surge tank ine pipe line is used to (a) reduce the toes of head due to friction in pipe (b) make the flow uniform ia pipe (c) relieve the preswure due tn water hammer (d) none of the above, . Hydraulic ram is a device used Yor (a} storing energy of a water in the form of pressure enesgy {B) increasing pressure intensity of water Ge) fitting small quantily of water Io 2 greater height by means of Inge quantity of water falting thewugh 9 bei ight {d) none of the above. For low head and high discharge, the suitable turbine is (a) Pelion Cl) Francis (e) Kaptan C1 (@) None of the above, For high bead and low discharge, the suitable turbine is {@) Pelion Ot) Frencis {c) Kaplan. C1 None of the above. The flow of water, leaving the impeller, in 2 centrifugal pump casing is {a) forced vortex flow 1 (#) free vortex flow {) centrifugal flow 1 (e)nene of the above. Rotameter is used for measuring (a) density of Suids. C1 Gi) velocity of Ruids in pipes (€) discharge of flaids. 1 (a) wieosity of Muids. Acurentmeter is a device used for measuring (2) velocity DQ) viscosity (©) cuntent OL © pressure. Abotwire ancmameter is 6 device used for messuring (a) viscosity Cl @ velocity of gases {¢) pressure of gasen 1 (a)name of me above. DY Aubuissons efficiency of Hydraulic Ram ss compared to Rankine’s efficiency is (o) tens, O wore (c) equal DD @) none of the anve, ‘The vaiue of specific weight for water ia S.. units is equal to («) 981 Nan? (98.2 Nim? (9810 Nin? Owen’. ‘The angle of contact (6) between water and glass tube in case of capiliary rise is equal tn @or O wer {o) 128" B we. o a OQ Q a o o G a o a Q aq o Bo o a Q o o o a a a o a oFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES, 59 357. The angle of contact (0) betercen mercury and glass tube in case of capillary depression is @r QO ow a (ey 128" Dats. a 358, Numerical value of gauge presaute is (a) more than absolute pressure 1 by tess than abeotte pressure o (equal tothe abaolnte pressure: 1 (dhnone of the sbow. oOo 359, Hydraulic mean depth is given by P A we Oo wf Qo (axP Oo oF a where A = Area and P = Wetted perimeter. 360. Fora supcronic flow, velocity increases (@) With the decrouse of ares of flow Cl @) with tte increase of area of flow o (©) when area of flow is constant D1 @huone of the above. Qo Channel Flow IT 361. A flow ina channel will be faminar, if Reynolds number of the flow (a) in toss then 2000 C1 @jis less than 1500 o (6) is less than 1000 0 (is tess than 500. a 362. The flow in the channel will be turbulent if Reynolds number is more thar (a) 500 C1 1009 Q (6) 1500. O20. o 363. If the depth of flow atong the length of the channel is constant, then flow is known as (a) laminar O @) unifom o (©)non-vniform: C1 Gsteady. 6 364. If the depth of flow along the tength of the channe! is variable, then Now is known as {a} laminar QO @)aiforn oO {¢) non-uniform O @steady, oO 365, If the velocity st a section of « channel is constent with respect to time, then the flow in the channe! is known as (2) uniform Cl Qt) temiccor a (c) steady C1 (a) unnteady. a 366, If the velocity at a section offa channel is variable with respect to time, then the flow in the channel is known as (2) uniform O @iaminsr Qa (©) steady CF (ah unsteady. o 367. if the depth of flow in a channel is varying slowly, then the flow is known as ()GNE. weve o (PVE. OD w@Myvs. a 368, If the depth of flow in « channel is varying rapidly, then the flow is known as (A GVE. « O wry. a (PME. O weve oa369. 30. aa 372. 373. 374, 375. 376, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE) For sub-critical flow in a channel (Fret OD @re1 (Pest CO @)aone ofthe above where F,= Froude number. Hydraulic mean depth is given by {a) mw z oO ® $ 1 (men AKP Oo @ ri where A = Area of flow, P= Wetted perimeter, and m = Hydrmutic mean depth, "The Frowde number is given by +f ¥ OPV 5 o O Fen Be ore O @haks where V = Velocity of low, D = Hydrwutic depth of channel, und = Acceleration due to gravity, ‘The hydraulic depth of a channel is equal to @DaAxT O wp=4 pad O @be f where A = Area of flow and T = Top width. Chezy's formuts is used for finding ..... ina channel. {@ velocity Tb) discharge (©) slope 11 @)hydrmlicmean depth. ‘Chezy’s formula is given by, @)VnvO oe TQ =4cvar (QV =0RT Co wm st where V = velocity of flow, C = Chezy’s constant, m= tydraalic mean depth, and j= slope of the bed of channel. ‘Manaing’s fouls is used for finding .....in-2 channel. (@) me of Bow D1 velocity (© hydraulic meas depth D @siope. Manning's forraula is given by oy Do mga pati O wwe where N= Menzing’s constant, m = hydraulic mean depth, and i slope of the bed of channel. G a aa oa on ooFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 6t 377. 378. 379, 380. 382, 383. 384. 385. 386. ‘The relation between Chezy’s constant and Manning’s constant is given by Colm? OD bcokmt® a (ocapmie ad (acu pm®, a ‘Which one of the following is a dimensionless constant ? (a) Chezy’s constant O (& Meaning’s constant a {c) Reynolds number C1 none of the above. a ‘The dimensions of the Chezy's constant is given by (eer OQ wer oa L491) CO w@ir® oO ‘The expression ( Pe ] sepresents the bydraulic mean depth for (@) triangular channel C1 ¢hy rectangutas channel a (c) trapezoidal channe} O @circatar channel Qa where 6 = width of channel and d » depth of flow. . The area of flow of a trapezoidal channel is given by (aA =(b4 2nd) xd DO (Ha a(btadxd oO ()A a(2bend) xd Cl A ebtnd x td oO where b = width, d= depth, and 1 = side slope of the channel. ‘Tho wetted perimeter im a trapezoidal is given by (a)PabsdVnt et PermedVnrat o (Pabedan et OC @PemsaVn st. o Lf angle subtended at the centre of the circular channel by free strfece of water is “20”, then wetted perimeter is given by, @PERKa Ol w@p.2R8 aq {OP @4RO O @P=are. o ‘The area of flow for 2 circular channel is given by (@)A wR7 (0-2 sin 20) Ol (A = 28? (20-sin 28) oO aani(9-822) o (aa ox8(§-sn20] o where K = Radius and 20 = Angie atthe centre. If the angie of the triungutar channel! is 6, thon area of flow is given by (@)A 22d? tan 20 And tne oO (4 230? tan oO @an=éaa($] o where d = depth of flow. ‘The wetted perimeter P in she above question is given by (@Pe2due($) TD wPa$ece Q (QP ad see 28 OC @ Pu rdsect. a389. 390. 391. 392. 393. 304, 395, 396. 397. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE) where y « depth of flow and V = velocity of flow. |. Asectionof s channel is most efficient if the discharge through the channet is maximum fora given (a) area of low C1 (a) sertnce resistance oO (¢} slope of the bed of channel CT @allot ihe shove. a . A rectangular channe] will be most efficient if depth of flow is equal 10 (@) width of the channel 1 (by) tice the width of the channet a (¢) half the width of channel CO (@ one-quarter width of chsnnel. a For the most efficient rectangular channel, the hydraulic mean depth should be equal to (a) depth of Now CL Op hutfor depth of flow Q (©) twine the depth of flow CL @ one-quarter depth of flow. a A trapezoidal channel will be most efficient if length of sloping side is equal to {a} twice the top width Oey top wie Qa (c) half of the top width D1 Gdy one-quarter of top width, a Ted = depth of flow, b = width of trapezoidal channel and # @ slope of the sides of the channel, then for most efficient trapezoidal channel, the condition is (ah dVabe 1 2b + 2nd Ob 2eViFo1 eb and a ()AaV2n? ot be tnd Ol uve) 2b 4nd. Oo For the most efticient trapezoidal channel, the hydraulic mean depth should be (2) twice the depth of flow 1 (8) 15 times the depth of flow Q (©)equal w the depth of flow OD aptaitthe depth of tow. Qa Atrapeznidal channel will be most efficient if (3) three sides of trapezoidal are equat Q (8) three sides of trapezoidal are unequal Oo (@) three siden of trapezoidet section ere tangential lo the semi-circle described on the water line oO {@) none of the above. aq Acircular channel ill have maximum velocity if depth of flow is equal to {a} diametee of cirentar channel a (2) 0.81 times the diameter of circular channel! Q (€) 0.75 times the dlameter of circalar chenvel a (@) 0.625 times the diameter of circular channel. a ‘The rate of flow through 2 circolar channe} will be maximam if depth of flow is equal to (@) dinmeter of ciecular channel CL (6) 095 times the dia. of circular channel a (c) 0.81 times the dla. of circular channel 1 (0.75 times the dia. of circular channel. oO The total energy of fowing water ina channel with respect to bed of chaanel is known 25 (@) total energy 1 Whapeciticenersy o (©) hydraulic gradient C1 (wechonictl enerny. G The specific energy is given by (aly “ OD wy ¢ o ore a abe aFLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES: 398, Critical depth is the depth of water at which (@) specific energy is maximum (b)specificenerey is minimum (e) specificenergy is zero {d) specific enemy is one plus minimum speviticenergy. 399, Fora rectangular channel, the critical depth (y,) is given by toned O om(%) conee(Z)" o an-(2} where 7 = rate of flow per unit width, 400. The velocity of flow, corresponding to critical depth is known 28 ws va (a} maximum velocity 0 (minimum velocity (C)oritical velociey C1 ah average vetooity. 401. Hydraulic jump will whe place if depth of flow is (a) mowe than critical depth C1 (bp exqtat to critical dope (¢} lens than critical depth, C1 (a) twa timer the critical depth. 402. The toss of energy during hydraulic jump is gives by (one D wnt fon Se ow? o antes where y; © Depth of water before hydraulic jurap ‘ya = Depth of water after bydraulic jump, ‘Tick mark the true or false statements : oooo B Oo o oo ano o 403, Newton’s law of viscosity statca that the shear stress is directly propartional to rate of shear strata, (a) True, OG Patse. 404, Kinematic viscosity is equal to viscosity multiplied by density. (a) True Cay Patse. 405. Surface tension has the unit of force per unit length. @ True O WFatse. 406. Gauge pressure at « point is eqiial to absolute presstie minus atmospheric pressure. (a) True Ol Gy Fase, 407. The increase of temperature decreases the viscosity of « gas. (a) Tene Oy Faise. 408, The gases are considered incompressible when Mach seumber is less then 0.2, (a} Tene by Fatse. 409, Atmospheric pressure head in terms of meter of water is 7.5 m. (a} Tre TD Fate. gaogogoadad spa ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES 65 426. 427. 428, 429, 430, 431. 432, 433. 434, 438, 436. 437. 438, 439. ‘The force exerted by a flowing fluid an a solid body in the directioa of flow is known as drag force. (a) Teue DO @ Fate. A body is called streamlined boy when itis placed in « flow and the surface of the body coincides with the stream-lines. (a) Troe OO) Fatse. oa ‘The terminal velocity of « falling body is equal to the maximum constant velocity with which body will fail. {a) True TG) Fake. Oo For isothermal process, the velocity of sound wave is equal we where p= pressure and p = density, (2) True OC Fake. Oo Flow of a fluid in a pipe tskes place from higher pressure to lower pressare and not from higher eacegy 10 lower energy. (a) True. DB G)Fatsc. oO The shear velocity (u.) isequal wy2 where ty = shear siressat the surface and p= density of fluid. fa} True Ol (False. oO ‘When pipes are connected in parallel, the total loss of head is equal to the sum of the fos of head in ‘each pipe. (@)Trve Ol @ Fake. 0 ‘The maximum efficiency of power transmission through pipe is 50%. (a) Tews OW Fate. oO ‘Water-bammer in pipes takes place when the flowing fhaid is mddenly brought to rest by closing the valve. {a) Troe Oy Fase. Oo For super-sonic flow, if the area of flow increases, then the velocity also increases, (a) True, TG Fabe. ao ‘The velocity through a channel for uniform flow by Chezy’s formule is given by, Vx C vm x7 where C= Chezy’s constant, ni = bydraulic mesa dept and i = slope of the bec of channel. (Tee Dy Fakse, Qo Specific speed of a turhine is defined as the speed of the turbine which produces wit power at wnit discharge. (a) True Oe Fase, Oo A utbine convens hydraulic energy into mechanical energy wherens a pump converts mechanical energy into hydrautic enensy. (a) Troe Oy Fatse. a A jetof wateris baving a velocity V and strikes a series of vertical plates which are moving with velocity 1, The efficiency of the eystem will be maximum if tt of. {a) Troe Ch Fave. oO Jet ratio is defined as the ratio of the diameter of the jet to the diameter of Pelton turbine. (a) Troe DD @Faise.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.163. aL an, BEES & @ @ BL . © 42. (4) 88.) 94. (a) 10. 106. (a) 12. (dy 1. 14.) 130, (a) 136. 6) 12.) 148. (¢) 154. (6) 60. (a) 166. (a) ATE fe} 178, (6) 184. @) 190, (6) 196. (a) 22. (c) 28. () 214. 228. (b} 226.) 232.0) 238. (a) 24. (0) 150. (c) 286. (c) wrid 268. (2) 274, 0) 780. 6) 286, (d) 22.8) 298. (c) 304. (c) $3. (b) 8.) 30 tet. (e) 107. (6) 143. (c) 119. (@) £28. (b) 131.6) BT.) 18.) 129. (0) 5. (@) 161.) 167. (6) 12.) 179.(0) 185. (2) 191.) 197.0) 208. (0) 209. (6) 218. (0) 221.) 21.0) 233. (0) 239. (a) 25. 253. (3) 257. (a) 263. (0) 269. (c) IS. (by 281.63) BI.) 293. (0) 299. (0) 35. (6) 84.14 9. {e) (0) 192. (9 148, (6) 114.0) 420. (6) 126.) 132. (6) mi 144 (a 198. (9 156.1 18. (6) 168. (¢) 174, (by 180. (@) 186. (4) 19% (e} 158. (¢) 206, (e) 2a 216.) 222. (@) 28. () 234. (8) 248.13 246. (8) 282. () 253. (c) 266.09) 27 (dy BYE fe} 282. (6) 283. (0) 24.0) 00. 3; 36. (8) 8a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.2 Engineering Mechanics 2.1, INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION Mechanics is that branch of science which deals with the bodies when they are at rest or in motion. ‘When the bodies are a rest, the braach of mechanics is known as Statics and if the bodies are in motion, the branch of mechanics is known as ‘Dynamics, Dynamivsis further divided into two parts namely (i) Kinematicn and Kinetics. Kinematics is the branch of mechonics which deals with the study of rigid bodies in mation without considering the forces, which cause motion, Kinetics is the branch of mechanics which deals with the study of rigid bodics in motion, taking into consideration the. forces. 1. Force is that actioa which moves or tends to move a body. The units of force are (i) Newton (N) in S.L units, (i) Kilogram force (kef} in M.K.S. units and (ii) Dyne in C.G.S. units. 2, Newton is force which scts on a mas< of one kilogram and produces an acceleration of ane metre per second square. Dyne is force which acts on a mass of one gram and produces an acceleration of one centimetre per second square, The relation betwees newton (N) and dyne is given by TNs 10° dyne Force is a vector quamity which means it is having magaimde and direction. A single force which produces the same effect as a nomber of forces acting together is called the resultant of these forces. If the forces are acting in a straight line, their resuftent is equal to the algebraicel sum of the forces. If the forces are acting in differeat directions, their resultant is obtained by : (¢) Law of triangle of forces, (6) Law of parallelogram of forces and (c) Law of polygon of forces, (@ Law of triangle of forces states that if two forves acting on a body are represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a tiangle wken in ordes, then their resultant is giver by the third side of the triangle taken in the opposite order. ©) Law of parallelogram of forces states that if two forves, acting ata point of a body, be represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, theix resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram, which passes through their point of intersection. (©) Law of polygon of forces states that if a number of forces actingon a point of a body are represemted in magnitide and direction by the sides of a polygon, taken in order, then their resultant is represeated in magnitude and direction by the closing side of the polygon taken ia the apposite direction. Conversely, if any number of forces acting at 4 point can be represented in mmagaitude and direction by the sides of a polygon taken in order, the forces are in equilibrium. 3. The forces acting on 2 body. may be : (@) Coplanar, ($) Non-coplanar, (¢)} Concurrent, (d) Nox- concurrent, (e) Coplanar concurrent and (f) Collinear etc, 4. Coptanar forces are those forces, whose lines of action lie on the same plane. Non-coplanar forces are those forces whose lines of action do not lie in the same plane. Concurrent forces are those forces, which meet at a poiat and if the forces do not mest at a point, the forces are called mon-concurrent. If the lines of action of the forces lic inthe same plane and they meet at a point, those forces are called coplanar concurrent forces, Collinear forces are those forces, whose fines of action lic on the same line. 69a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ENGINEERING MECHANICS n The distance travelled by » body in nth second! is given by S,2utL@n-p. (© Equations for Angular Motions. For a body rotating with a uniform angular scceleration (@), the equations are @eazmt ae G8) 8 = ge + Jou? (iid) 00? = Og? + 2008 where y= Initial angular velocity in radisec: to = Final velocity 12 Time in see = Angle traversed in radians, ‘The angle traversed by a body in mh second, 8, = op +3 Qn- 1. 2.3, KINETICS Kinetics deals with the study of rigid bodies in motion, where te forces which couse motion are considered. When two bodies are connected by a fight inextensible riring and part overasmoath pulley, both the bodies will haveegual acceleration (f) and tension (7) in both sides of the string will be equal. (@) Let W, and W) are the weights attached at the two ends of the siring as shown in Fig, 2.1. 16, > Wy or W; is moving dewswands, ben w~ Acceleration f= ( nat] gm, 7 7 it We WW, Tension, TW. re 2 3 ve WW, Pressore on the pulicy = “We (i Ifthe weight W, is placed on a smooth borizontal plane and Weight WY, ik hanging free, as shown in Fig. 2.2 (W; > W,), then 5 Wixg Acceleration, fgg ipzand , Wwe Tension, T= Way (iif) Ut the weight W, is placed ont a rough borizontal plane (having corefficient of friction, p} and weight W; hangs freely. When W, moves downward, OW, ~ Wale Wit Wo 2 tp) (H+ 2)” Acceleration, =f Fig 22 ant = Tension, Tnn MECHANICAL ENGINEERING {OBJECTIVE TYPE) (00) Te tbe weight W, is tying on. asmooth inclined plane (having inclination) and 1, bangs fieety asshown in Fig, 2.3, When WW, moves t a downward, then (H,- Wysin alg wd Accelertion, fe Sa ‘ os WW, (1 + sina) and Tension, " Wie W)” Fig. 23 (&) Weight W, is lying on a rough inclined plane (having inclination a. and co-efficient of friction p) and W, hangs freely. When W, moves downwards, then (= Wo sine = 4 W, cos a) Acceleration, fe aw SOE . WW (1 + sin + 4 cor at) sed wnion Te ‘The acceleration of a body saving dows an inclined planc is given by ined planc is sooth ped plane is rough, where = iuclinetion of plane with horizontal and Ht = Co.efficlent of friction between body and inclined plane. ‘The tension (7) in the cables sapporting » lift is given by Taw(1+2) when lift is moving sp sw(t2) when lif is moving down, 2.4, FRAMES: A frame may be defined aa a structure, made up of several bars, riveted ar welded together. The bars are also known as the menibers of the frame, There arc three types of frames namely (i) Perfect frames, (i) Deficient frame waxl (ii) Redundant frames. A trance is called a perfect frame, which bas got the aumber of members as given by the formula n=Q@-3) where m = Number af members and = Number of joints. A frame is calted deficient frameif thax got tess number of members than given by t= 2j--3. A frame in called redemdant frame if it hes got more number of members than given by #t = 2j—3, 25. PROJECTILES Projectile is defined as an object which is projected in air with certain initial velocity at a centain angie. The object trees some path ia sir and falls. on the ground al a point, other thin the point of projection. The path traced by tbe projectile is known as trajeciory, which is parabolic in shape. The equation of traicctory is yaxana- whete «t= Angle of projection 4 = Initial velocity of projectile wand y = Horizontal and vertical distances covered by the projectile during the time “. a? cos? xENOINEERING MECHANICS a ‘The velocity with which 2 projectile is thrown in airis known as velocity of projection. And the angle te the horizontal at which a projectite is thrown in air is called angle of projection. ‘The berlzontal range (R), which is the distance between the point of projection and the point where the projectile strikes the ground, is given as € R will be maxinrum for given value of w, when sin 2ce= 1 sin 90° or a= 45°. Then maximum value of R will be as we Time of flight (t), which is the time taken by the projectife to reach maximum beight and to refurn back to the ground is given as, Rae pn HER g Maximum height (ff), resched by projectite is given as He sin? where us Velocity of projection, and a= Angle of projection, 2.6. FRICTION The property of bodies, by virtue of which a foree is exerted by a stationary body on the other maving body to resist its motion, is calfed friction and the force exerted is called force of friction. 4 Static friction, Static friction is the force called inte play, when one body rexts upon another and a force is applied to make one slide over the other but the body is not sliding, IF the body is moving (or sliding) then the force of friction that exists between the moving body and stationary body is called dynamic friction. ‘The farce of friction, which exists when the body isjus! on the point af moving (or sliding), is called limiting JSriction. Limiting friction is the maximum amount of friction that comes imio piay. Dynamic friction ix always, Tess than the limiting friction. (ii) The coefficient of frictloa (1). Itis the ratio of force of limiting friction to normal reaction betweca two bodies. And angle of friction ()is the angle between the normal reaction and resultant of limiting friction and normal reaction. The relation between coefficient of friction (y) and angle of friction (6) is given by ws tand, Gil) Angle of repose. It is the inclination of a plane with the borizontal at which the body placed on the inclined plane is just on the point of moving down. Or The angle of repose is defined as the maxiniun inclination of a plane al which # body remains in equilibrium over the inclined plane by the assistance of friction only, (i) Friction on a horizontal plane. The force P required to move the body of weight Won a rough horizontal ptane ss shown in Fig. 2.4 is given by P=Wung74 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE} he he Se Fig. 24 Fig 25 Fig. 26 If Pis inclined at an angle ® with the horizontal planeas nhown in Fig, 2.5, then the value of P necessary to move the body is given by Pe Wsing cas (8 ¢) where = Angle of friction and P will be minimum when 8 = § Py, 2 W sing, For Fig. 2.6, The necessary value of P to move that body is given by po —Wsne os (0 +6) (®) Friction on an inctined plane, Fig. 2.7 shows a body of weight 2 W, placed on an inclined plane of inctinatioa ct snd force P is applied at an f angle 6 with the planc. The necessary value of P to move the body up is given by pewstian®) isp os (0-0) where @ = Angle of friction. If the body is oa the poim of moving down, then the value of P is, sven by pend, con +6) In Fig. 2.8, force P is applied horizontally and the body ix onthe point ‘of moving up the plane. The necessary value of P is given by P=Wuan(a+¢) 1{ the body (in Fig. 2.8) is on the point of svoving down the plane, then the necessary horizontal force P ix given by Px Was (a-9. 2.7. LIFTING MACHINES Lifting machines are the machines ured for lifting heavy loads or weights by applying comparatively small force. The importmat lifting machines are: 4@) Wheel and axte-—-simple aad differential. (i), Worm and worm-wheel (i) Porchase crab-winch-single and double,a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ENGINEERING MECHANICS 7 (6) For a double-threaded worm Here the wonn-wice! ill move by to teeths and load will move by 22 nb LxF VR Tipe)” Br T If worn is nbresded, then VR. EEE axr (viii) Single Purchase crab Winch It consists of an effort axle and a fosd axle. On effort axle, a small toothed wheel known as pinion is mounted whereas on toad axte, 2 large toothed whee! known 2s spur wheel Is mowuied. The pinion meskes swith spur wheel, Let T, = Nomber of teeth on the pinion, Ta = Number of teeth on the spur wheel, L = Length of lever arm, and Dz Diameter of the toad axle, ‘When lever arm makes one revolution, the pinion also makes one revolution. The spar whee! makes a 2 bP Distance moved by effort = 2nL Distance maved by fod = (Dx Zt es £5 VRx saxo, we PT Ry (@) Double Purchase crab Winch Tt consiats of effort axle, Joad axle and intermediate nxle. On the intermediate axles pinion and 4 spur wheel is mounted. The pition of intennediate axle gears with the spor wheef of the load axle. Aad the spur wheel of the intermediate axie. gears with the pinkon of the effort arte. Let T, = No. of teeth on pinion of effort axle T= No. of teeth on the spur wheel of iutermediate axle T= No. of teeth on the pinion of intermediate axke T, = No. of teeth on the spar wheel of load axle = Length of lever, and D = Diameter of lad exk. Th 7s Distance moved by load aaDx xg ra ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ENGINEERING MECHANICS 81 on oH Fig, 212 (iv) Solid citcular section! =E () Ellipticat section 1 = 2 BD. (vd Hollow circular section / = = ae o (vi) M.0.. of a triangle about base = " bu were b = Base and f= Height. (ill) M03. of a triangle about an axis passing through its C.G.= 35. (2) M.O.1. of a solid cone about ¥-¥= yee. M.O.L of & solid cone about axis XX passing through C.G. of the cane apne] () M.OLL of solid sphere = 3M? (@) MOL. of solid ciwular cylinder about vertical axis « - - Fig. 2320009 {@) Polar Moment af Inertia, (1) Its the M.O.1 ofa plane figere about an axis at right angle to its plane and passing thiough the centre of geavity of the Agure, nat (A) Polar moment of inestia of a cite: 32 Gi Polar moment of inertia of rectangle = ora ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ENGINEERING MECHANICS. (ii) Length of a Relt ‘The length of a belt is given by, Lent, ory el oe 2 anger St Fors crossed belt where 71 = Radius of Yargex pulley, ra= Redius of smaller pufley, a= Distance between the centres of two pulleys, and L = Length of the bett. (iv) Ratio of Tenstons “The ratio of the tensions on the wo ales of a beht is given by, rT) me where 7, = Tension onthe tight side, Jy = Tension on the slack side, p= Coefficient of friction between belt and pulley, @ = Angle of contact in radians = (180-2) For an open belt = (180+ 2a) For a crossed belt where asin Hit For an open beh, x sein? fate) see For a crossed belt. () Power Transmitted by a belt Power transmitted is given by, pS where T, and Ty rein bef a(Ty- Ty) xv Watt where T; and 7, arc in Newton, (A) The centrifuge! tension (T,) is given by # Teg xw bef =m xv Newton where w= Weight of belt per oietre length in ket m= Mass of belt per metre leagth in ky. B) The maximum tension (T..) is given by Tree =f % Area of belt =fx Gx arth aT,a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ENGINEERING MECHANICS a9 19. ‘The number of members (7) and number of joints (} in x perfect frame is given by (a)n (35-2) OO @as(y-3 a (©)j = @n-3) QO @i-Gn-a, go 20. A frame, which hae got less aumber of members than given by the formula = (2j—3), is celled a (a) perfect frame C1 (A) deficient fame Qo (e)redundant frame C1 (2) none of the above. o 24. A frame, which bas got more number of members than given by the formula n = (2-3), is called # (a) perfect trame OQ] (deficient treme a (€} redundant frame D1 @) none of the cheve. oa 22, A frame, which bss got the nuraber of members equal tothe number of members given by 1 = (2}-3), is called a (a) perfect frame O @ deficient frame a {c) redundant frame TD 2) pane ofthe above, o 73, The resultant of two forces each equal to Bana acting at right angles is P P @y O wy a ONE Oo @ £ : o 24. ‘Two forces of magnitudes 4 and SN act at an angle of 60°, the resultant force ts equal to @EN Oo over Qo (IN O Wan. a 2S, A body will be in equilibrium when (a) the algebraic sum of vertical components af all forees is zer0 oO (B) the algebraic sum of horizontal components of ail foroes is zero a (©) the algebraic sam of momenis of all forces about 4 paint is zero Q (d)all the above. a Equations of Matton 26, Rate of change of displacement of a body is called (@)ncorleration D @velocity a (©) momento: D3 {@none of the above, a 27, Rute of change of velocity of body is called (a) acceleration OD velocity o fe) momentum, 12 (a) none of the above. a 28. The product of mass and velocity of a body is calted (a) acceleration Ge velocity QO fe) momentum 11 (a) none of the shove, a 29. If a body is moving with « uniform acceleration (f), then finsl velocity (V) of the body after time ‘fis. equal to fayuea dye O uth B ree CD (a)none of the above. o where # = Initial velocity, S = Distance travelled int seconds,a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ENGINEBRING MBCHANICS a 55. 56, 57. 58. 59. 61. ‘Two weights 7 and W; are connocted by a tight incxtcnsible string, Weight W is placed on» smooth. inclined piane of inclination cz and W, bangs freely 2x shown in Fig. 2.15. if W, moves downwards, thea acceleration is equal to Wy- Wang Ow a L py Wax Wasi ls Gd OT Wy + Wy OF, - Waiea oe. ‘If in Fig. 2.15, weight W is placed ome rough inclined plane of inclination ct and co-efficient of Iriction 1, thes the acceleration is equal to. we Fig. 215, o00%0 (y= Wasa o - wWo cvs a) {+ Wa ain ox ~ WW, con a) a (Wy + We) ow (HW) a OW, Wasio a ~ wih os nly (H.-W sin alg ° Wy OO mm a The tase takea by a fall (of weight 500 N) to return back to earth, if it is theown vestically upwards with a velocity 4.9 mis iseqnal to @ie O @ts a (2s O waa a ‘The maxiamsm height attsined by a ball (of weight 500 N) which is thrown vertically upwands with a velocity 4.9 m/s is equal to (e}1000n, O sen Q (6) 1225 cn O @%0cm a A.lower is of height 100 m. A stone is thrown up from the foot of water With 2 velocity of 20 m/s and ‘1 the came time another stone is dropped from the lop of the tower, The wo siones will mect after (ep 10s O @ss a 2a O wis. oO 1. The euexinnom height reached by « sione (of weight SO N) which is thrown vertically upward with ax inkial velocity 19.6 m/s would be @00 O 195m o {e)30m O @sm. o A body is moving with velocity of 2 mys. If the velocity of body becomes 5 in/s after 4 seconds, the acceleration of the body would be (ay) is OD W075 mit a @isme Oo (037s ap Oo . A dody is rotating with an suguier velocity of 5 radians/s. After 4 seconds, the angular velocity of the. body becomes 1.3 radians per sce. ‘The angular acceleration of the body would be (273 eats? OD manes? o (01 reds? Ott Srede* aa ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ENGINEERING MECHANICS 159, 161. 162. 163. 165. 166. 167. 168. ‘M.O.4. of a triangular section, about am axis passing through its C.G. is 4 3 on, Oo oe a Orne TL @ cone of the above. |. M.O.L. of # solid sphere of mass M and radtins R is given by 1 B (yr Bae 2 (or O wider, M.O1L of a thin spherical shell of macs M and radius r is given as wear O @2u? ola? OD gue, MOLL of 2 antid cone about ite vestical axis ix @ Bur ow Su? ogee OD wi “The units of moment of inertia of mass are. (oben? OD @kea? {e}kg-m O @kgnt The units of moment of inectia of area ate (a) ga? CO Okgen? @xnt C1 (dynone of the above. M.O1L of a solid cone about an axis passing through its C.G, and parallel to base is 3. 3 @ jou Oo ws ae odu(?-4) gq apa, MOLL of a solid citeularcylinder about vertical axis is ohm O weer oF MP Cow ae MO. of elliptical section, of major axis = D and minor axis =B, is ()Ep* D wg gr? O ogee Polar moment of inemta of a circle ((,) is given by (a) at ao ® pe ot Oo @f4 405 od 8 @ 00 bO0 O80 oaa ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ENGINEERING MECHANICS 17 ‘ 268. Anengine is mnning at 200 t.p.m. With the help of belt, the engine drives a line shaft. The diameters of puilleys on engine and on linc shafts are 80 cm and 40 cm cespectively. A 100 cm dia. pulley one line shaft drives «20 cm dia, pulley keyed to a dynamo shaft. The speed of dynazao shaft would be (2000 pm. Cl 2000 rpm. Oo (c) 1500 rpm. O (4000 rpm. oO 269. tn question 268, the speed ratio of the compound belt drive would be (aye Oo ws a (ew Baz. oO 210. For anopen belt ave, the fength (L) of the belt is equal ta O ean, ny ot 426 go z 2 rin et O28 42e ao (mtr ony 0 LED 42e Oo where r, = Radius of larger pulley, 7; = Radius of smaller putiey, and «= Distance between the centres of two pulleys. 211. Fora crossed bett-drive, the length (L) of the belt is equal to cg laymen oO ae O waty- any a eee oO 2 agen? Be Pde D @ayen+ fen 42x. o 272. ‘The Jength of the open helt drive depends upon, (a) eum of the redit OA) ditteresce of the radii o (©) both the sum and diffeceace of the radii «=-«sEX])(d) none of the above. o 273, The length of the crossed belt drive depends upon (a) sum of radii OW difference of rattt Oo (0) both sum ane difference of the radii D1 (a) noes of the above, a 214, ‘The ratio of tensions on the two sides of a belt is given by (oplaenund a ope oO (hee O wpe q where 7; = "Tension onthe tight side, 75» Tension on te slack side x= Coefficient of friction between belt sad pulley @ = Angte of contact in radians, 2175. The angle of contact for an open beltdrive ts given by {a} 8 = (180 + 20) O es (190~ 20) Oo con ots O gents, Oo 216. The angle of contact for a crossed belt is given by (a)@ = (180 + 20) O @ex(is-2a) a (on mare oO ao ete < aa ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.3 Thermodynamics 3.1. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS - The branch of science, which deals with the relations between best ; work and properties of systems, Idcatled thermodynamics. A property is a measurable of observable characteristic of a systent. Properties are Cassified as intensive property and extensive property. ‘The properties, which are independent of the mass, are called intensive properties. Examples of intensive properties are : temperature, pressure, density ete. The properties, which are dependent on mass of the system, are called extensive properties. Exaraples of extensive properties are : total volume, total energy, ete. A system in thermodynamics iz defined as a region in space or a definite quantity of matter bounded by a closed surface. The space and matter external to u system is known as surrounding, 1. Thermodynamic systems. They are classified as (7} closed system, (1) apen system, and (ii isolnted system, A system, in which there is ua transfer of masa across its boundaries, iscalled clased system. In cloned system, energy may crossthe boundariesof the system, A system, in which there is transfer of mass and energy acinss its boundaries, is called an open system. A system, in which there is a0 transfer of mass and energy across its boundaries, is called an isalated system. 2, Work, tis energy in transition which flows from asystem to the surroundings during. given process iC the sole effect external to the system can be reduced to the raising ofn weight, Work dane by the system is considered positive and work done on the system is considered negative. 3, Process. It is defined as any change thatthe system may undergo. Any process ot series of processes in which the system returns to its original condition o1 state is called a cyclic process. A process ia which system departs from equilityrium state only infiritesimelly at every instant, is called quasi-static process. A prtwess may be divided as: 1, Reversible process and 2, Inneversible process, ‘Reversible process, A process is said to be reversible if it can be performed in the reverse direction exactly inthe same manners in the forward direction, Examples of reversible process are : isothermal process and adishatic process. Irveversile process, A process is said to be imeversible if it cannot be performed in the reverse direction exactly in the same manneras in he forward direction, Examples of irreversible process are constant volume process, constant pressure process, throtling process and polytropic process. 4, Conditions of Reversibility. A process will be reversibie if it satisfies the following two conditions : (@ A substance undergoing a reversible change must af all instants be in thermodynamic equilibrium \with its surroundings. In other words, the changes in pressure and volume of the working substance must take place at anextremely stow rate cothat when the substance is mking heal, its temperature differs by an extremely small amount dT from hotter hody and when it is loosing heat, the temperature should again differ by an 121a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.THERMODYNAMICS 19 (iv) Mechantcat efficiency is the ratio of broke or actual work dose to the indicsted work done. (2) Overall ellfclency is the ratio of brake or actual work doue to the heat supplied. This is atso-called brake thenmal efficiency. 3.11, CARNOT CYCLE Fig. 3.3 shows the Carnot cycle on p-V and 7-5 diagrems. It consists of two isothennal and two reversible adiabatic processes. Heat is supplied isothermally during process 2-3 at a temperature T, ned heat ix rejected isothenuslly during process 4-1 at a temperature T;, During processes 3-4 and 1-2, no heat is supplied. For a claved cycle, Va _ Vg the ratio of expansion and compression should br same (Le,, both equal to 7). Hence 7 3 av For one kg mass of air, Heat supplied = p,V2 log, ( # ) 8 pV log,? = RT, log. r a Volare) ——e Fig. 3.3. Camot cycle on p-V and 7.8 diagrams, V, Heat rejected =ritonr erase RT oer A , __ Heat supplied ~ Heat rejected Efficiency of the cycle Sa pipalcd RT; loger ~ RT toy = ‘RF, bg.r where 7, = highest aboohite temperature Th= lowest absolite temperature. The efficiency will be maximum, if beat is rejected at the lowest possible terepersture. 3.42. ONTO CYCLE Fig. 3.4 shows the Otto cycle on p-V and 7-5 diagrams. Ht consists of two teeersible adiabatic aud two constant volume processes. Heat is supplind during the process 2-3 at constant volume and is rejected during the process 4-1 at constant volume. During processes 3-4 and 1-2, no beat is supplied. Let the clearance ix unity and ratio of compression and expansion are equal and is r. MMs reget Vsa ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.“THERMODYNAMICS 133 3.18. COMBUSTION EQUATIONS: The following are the equations of stoichiometric or ebemmically correct mixtnzes : 1. Burning of carbon (C}10 carbon dioxide (CO) C#0,=CO) (a) By weight: 1 kgof C432 kg of O = 44 ky of CO, ¢ 32 44 Lig of C+ 32 iy of O, = 4b of CO, or tegotc+ Skgoro,= (By volumes Amol of C+ 1 mol of O; = 1 mel of CO, 2, Burning of eatbon to carbon monoxide 1C+0,= 200 (@) By weight: DA RRC +32 kg O} = 56 kg CO 32 6 ig C+ Se kg 0:2 $2 kg CO or tag c+ tig or=tigco (2) By volume: 2mol C+ 1 mol O; = 2 mol CO 3. Burning of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide 2CO + 0; = 2C0, (2) By weight : 56 kg CO + 32 kg Op = 88 kg CO, 32 88 th CO+ FE ke O, = 3 ky CO, ar 4. Burning of hydrogen of wateror stcant 2H, +0,- WO (B) By weight: 4 kg Hz + 32 kg On = 36 kg of HO or Lig Hy + 8 ky O; = 9 kg of HO (@)By volume : 2mol H+ Lmot Oy =2 mol HO 5. Burning of sulphur to sulphur dioxide 540,250, (a) By weight: 32 kg S +32 kg O, = 64 WSO, or LkgS+ kg = 2 kgSO,a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.‘THERMODYNAMICS 2h |. Curve B in Fig. 3.9 reprcacata Curve Cin Fig. 3.9 represents |. Curve D in Fig. 3.9 vepsessnts . For the same expansion ratio, work done by the gas in cuse of adiabatic process is 8 |. Choose the wrong statement (@) diapiocemern work is qual tof pV (2) intonsive propertios are independent of mass (6) an iolated system permits the passage of energy only (@) te apocific heat of a ges at constant pressure is always lesg then the specifichest st constant volume, ‘Choose the comect stutementt (a) in free expansion, the work done = [paV (©) in free expansion, eathalpy ofthe uid changes doting the process (©) tn vatabatic expansion, the heat is supplied or rejected bo the surrounding (@) in free expansion, the extemal heat cupplied is nero ond externa! work done is also zero, o000 oooa . Fig: 3.9 shows the various non-flow processes on p-V diagram. Curve A represents my {a} constant pressure process: (@) constant volume process. (6) sdinbatic procese (@) bothermal process. {@) constant preseure proces (©) constant volume process (@) sdisbatic process {d) isotbermal process, Fi.39 (@) constant preasure process, (6) adiabatic process (By comtant volume process (@)lsothermat process. (@) constant pressure prone (@)comumt volmae process (6) ediebatic process (@)inotrermial process. ‘During expansion, forthe same increase in volume, the pressure drop is {(@) leas in adigbatic process as compored to isothermal process {B) leas in adibatic proceas ea compared to constant pressure process {©) grester in sdisbatic process an compared tn Isothermal proctss (2) none of the sows, oo oo ono00 oo00n « (@) more thm the work dane in case of isothermal process {leas than the work done in case of isothermal process (©) seme as in case of isothermal process (@) none of the sbove. ‘The first law of thermodynamics states (2) ittwobodies areeach equal in temperature to atemperstars of the third body, they are equel in temperature to each other (©) thm if a closed system undergoing through a cycte the net wark delivered to the surroundings is Proportional to the net heat taken from the soroundings a {c) heat cannot flow from lower temperature to higher temperature without the aid of an external agency a (2) that the net work can be pradaced during a cycle without some supply of beat. Gooo acooo ao oo BGa ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.TRERMODYNAMICS = 56, ‘The compression ratios for Diesel engines tie in the renge of (@) 5t08 O wisw2 a fe) 3006 OD (é300 40. a 57. The compression ratios for petrol engines lie in the range of {a) 5108 DO wun. ag fe) 3106 - OD @ww4. o 58, The first Inw of thermodynamics is expressed by the equation (a) WaJH O @®eaw aq Wale O @iaew Oo where J = Mechanical equivalent of beat, W = Work and H = Heat. 59, Unit of energy is (a) Watt (Wy ED @Jovk a) a (©) Jente-metre (1m) (a) Nome of the above. o 60. Unitof power is (a) Wait (Wy OD Oost ay a {c) Tonte-motre (J m) EC) (a) None of the abewe. a 61. Unit of universal gas constant is @N migek OC @& Nm K Q e) aK 0 Otek. Oo 62. The unit N m/sis called (@) Joule (1) O wane o (© Calorie (4) None of the sbove. . a 63, The unit N m is called (@} Joule (J) OC wane) oO {¢) Calorie C) (a) None of the above. a 64, Ber is the unit of {@) power OC Whenergy a {) presaoro DO @eawopy. Qo 65. One barin S.1. units is equat to (a) 1x 10° Nin? BD 1x10 Nm a (1x10 Nin? Ol @i nn. oO 66. One baris also equal to (a) 1.033 ketfcen? Ol (6) 14.7ketiom? a {e) 10197 ketlom? Dat katen’, a 61. One atmospheric pressure is equal to (@) 1083 keen” Ol @)i4.7gten? a (€) LOW97 kgffom? Dh i kgiton*, o 68. Ifthe work done is given inkef-m, then to convert kgfom into equivatent beat units of kilocalorie (kcal), tegf-m should be divided by (a) 1000 O (ar Qo () 7466 O @ns. Qa ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.‘THERMODYNAMICS 147 123, En case of adiabatic expansion of a gas, the work done is equal ta Gy - pd w=) @ 1%; ~Pa¥) mak(T; - 7) ry 0 eT 124, Adiabstic expansion of a gas is given by the law @eWs -m¥} ow oO a (a) pV = constant Ol p= constant (e)pW= constant DO @p¥ = cman. 125. The difference between free expansion and throtlling is (@ enthalpy is constantin free expansion but not in throtling. (d} temperature és constant in free expansion bul not in throttling (€) that is case of free expansion the work done is zeza ut in cane of throttling work dons is not 2e10 (@) that in cane of free expansion the gas leaver with largo velocity whereas in throttling the gas has negligible velocity. 126, A perfect gas is heated at constant pressure, The final volume of the gas becomes 1.5 times the initial volume. If its initial temperature is 30°C, the final temperature will be {a 45°C O @ioo'c Qo (Q1imre O @s3ec. ao 127. The work done, in 9 non-flow reversible process when yotume (V} changes from 1 m? to 3 mand pe C-3V+ 12) kgfom’, is ooo oo (a) 1 x 10% kgf, Ow t2« 10! kgtm a (12 kefsm TE (aH 2Gkgem. o 428, A process will be reversible if it involves (a) fiction Oo (By untesisted expansion Oo (c) heat transfer with a Finite temperature difference a (@) none of the above. o 129. ‘The condition fora cycle to be imeversible is @ eget [ B< a OD Weyclic ® a0 Oo {(c) cyclic #0 1 (a) nome of the above. 130, The condition for a cycle to be imeversible is {a)cyctic Bo Qo epsie [2-0 {e) cyclic g, a C1 @) alot the above. Bb 1B. Weyotic [22 > 0, te eycte is (2) reversible C1 Bjitreversivte ao {c}ienpossible TE (a) none of the above. oa ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.‘THERMODYNAMICS 154 158. The thermal efficiency of Otto cycle depends upon, (2) the compression ratio (7) 1 (i) the ratla of specific heats (y} o (e}both (2) aud (B) TD @jnone of the above. oO 159. ‘The ideal cycle for comparing the performance of steam plants is {a} Carnot cycte Cl @Raskine cycle. oO {c) Otta cycle O(a) Stitingeycr. oO 160, The relationship between entropy, enthalpy and work is given by {a) Tas dif + Vap Ol Wdt«vép—Tés a (o)Tds= dif ~Vép Vip. o 161. A gas follows the faw pV" = C. Ifthe value ofa = 1, the provess is known as (a) adishatic TL @isothermal oO (e)senopic. T1 (a) paiywopic. oO 162. For any thermodynamic process, the area under T-S curve (lemperature-ontropy curve) represents (a) work done by the system 11) work done on the system a {c) bead absorbed of rejected 1 @)aore of the above. a 163, Entropy depeads upon {a) heat and work, (3 @) volume ond temperature o (©) temperslure and pressare GB @altof the above. G 164, When heat is absorbed by a gas, change of entropy is considered to be {a} zero DG pasitive QO {c) negative 1 (drone of the above. GC 165. Internal energy of 2 gas is a function of (2) pressure C1 (6) pressure and volume a (c)temperasure C1 (@cavropy. o 166. First lew of thermodynamics deals with (a) canservation of mass OQ) conservation of heat a (e} conservation of momentum OD (di conservation of energy. Q 167. The taw which states that the absolute pressure of a given mass of a perfect gas varies inversely at its volume, when the temperature remains constant is known 3s (2) Charle’s law OL @Boyle’s tow a (c} Gay-Lassaclaw FE] (dy Avogadro's law. a 168. ‘The law which states that the volume of a given mass of « perfect gus varies directly as its absolute teraperature, when the absolute pressure remains constant is known as (a) Chatle’s tao Ol @&Boyie’s law a (e} Gay-Lussac law Ted Avogadro's law. a 169. The law which states thatthe equal volumes of ali gases, al the same Lemperalire and presaure, cootain equal aumber of molecules is known as (a) Charte’s tow CE & Boyte’s law oO {c) Gay-Lassaclaw Dd Avogadro’s law. oO 170. ‘The law which states that the absolute preasure of a perfect gas varies directly with the absohste temperature when volume is kept constant is known as (aj Charie’s a OD & Boyte’s taw a {€) Gay-Lussec law Ota Avogaten’s aw. im)a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.‘THERMODYNAMICS 159 250. 251. 252. 253. 254, 255. 256. 257. 258, 260. 261. 262. 264. 265. 266, 267, First taw of thermodynamics deals with conservation of energy. (a) Troe OD (Fale. a ‘When two dissimilar metats are heated at one end and coofed at the other, the e.m.f, developed is proportional to the difference of temperature at the two ends. (a) Tre O (#)False. a 11 is impossible to trnesfer beat From a body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature, without the aid of an extemal source. 4a) Tene O Fate. oO According to Boyle’s law, the absolte pressure of a given mans of 2 perfect gas varies inversely as its volume, when the temperature remains constant. (a) True O @yFaie. Oo ‘The total energy of the system remains constant according to first law of thermodyasmics. (a) True Tl (by Fabe. Qo ‘The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of gas through 1°C at constant pressure is lmown as specific heat at constant pressure. fa) Troe OD (Fake. a ‘The product of the molecular weight of a gas and the gas constant is known ss universal gas constant, (a) Tree, Dh Fabe. o ‘The heat supplied increases the internal eneagy of a gas, if the gas is hested at constant volume. {a) Tree OQ False. ‘The heating of 4 gas at constant volume is governed by Charle’s law. (@) Tree Ol @ Fate. Qo . According to isothermal process, the gas should be heated or expanded in such a way thal product of its pressure and volume remains constant. (a) Troe LL @)Fatse. a A process, in which working substance neither receives nos gives out heat to its surroundings during its expansion and compression, is known as adiabatic process. (@) True, Ol @ False. Q Inan isothermal change, there is no change of internal energy. (a) Trae. C1 @ Fate. a The value of one bar in S.J. unit is equatto 1» 10° N/m? (a) Troe C1 @ Fatse. im) |. The absolute zero temperature is taken as 273°C, {a} Tous: OO @yFane. qa Absolute pressure is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure. (a) True O (Fake. oO ‘Watt is the unit of energy in S.t. units, (a) True Do Fame. oO One newton-metre (L Nm) is the S.. vail of watt, {a) Tee EL by False. oO Change of internal energy of « perfect gas is directly proportionsl to the change of temperature according to Boyle’s law. (a) Troe Ow Fave. aa ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.THERMODYNAMICS 163 145, (b) 146. (a) 147, (@) 148. (6) 149. (8) 158. (a) 481. (4) 182. (¢) 153, (8) 154. (d) 155. (c} 156. (6) 187. (a) 158. (¢) 459. (b) 168, () 1st. (2) 163.) 164. (c) 164. (b) 165. (6) 168, (d) 167. (2) 368, (a) 109. (2) 170.(¢) m. © 172. (a) 173. (b) 474, (6) 175. (a) 196. (d) 177. {6} 178. (d) 179. (6) 188, (d) 81. (a) m2. (@) 183, {¢) 184. (4) 135. (a) 186, (a) 187. (a 185. (2) 189, (a) 190. (4) LE 192. (¢} 192. (3) 194. (@) 195, (d) 196.) 197. (e) 198 (@) 199. (d) 200. (6) 201. (<} 202. (a) 203. (a) 24.) 205. (a) 206. (6) 207. (c) 208. (c) 203, {a} ‘218, (b) 2b (d) 212. (6) 213. (6) 214. (a) 215.) 216.(2) 27 218. (2) 19. @) 228. (0) 22h. (4) 232. (6) m3. 2A. (a) 2S. (c) 26. (3) 227. (c) 228 (b) 29 (e) 230. (0) 2 © 232. (2) 233. (a) 24.6) 235. (a) 236 (2) 237. (6) 238 {e) 239.) 240. (2) 2a.) 242. (a) 1a. (6) 244. fa) 248. (8) 246. (B) 247. (8) AB, (0) 249, (a) 280. (2) 251. (a) 282 (a) 283. ta) 254. (a) 255. (a) 256, (4) 257. (B) 258. @) 259, (6) 160. (a) 261. (a) 262. (6) 263. (8) 264. (a) 268. {b) 266. (6) 261. (2) 288. (2) 269. (a) 278 (a) 2m. (6) 272. (b) 273. (a) 274, 0) 215. (a) 276.(@) 277, (8) 278. (a) 279. (a) 280, (6) 2 282 (@) 233. (2) 284. (a) 285. (6) 286. (1) 287. (a) 288. (b) 289. {a) 29M, (hy 291. (BY 292. (8) 293, (b) 294, (6) 298. (8) 296. (b} 297. (a) 298, 0) 298.8) 300, (a) a (8) 302. (a) 302, (6) 304, () 305, (0) 306. (B) 307.) 308. (hy 309. (b) 310. @) UL. (8) M2 (b) as. (8).a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES AND NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: 167 For one kg of tir, Heat supplied duzing process2-3. = C{T,—-T,) Heat rjeced doring process 4-1 = C(T,-7) -. Air standard efficiency... . ‘Hest supplied — Heat eeecied _ GAT ~ T)- CAN - TY Gi- 7) ee GR Also we have and T Ts Tes md Tye sy Subatitnting the values of 7; and 7; in equation (A), we get ALR yelper 1 Ait standard efficiency 2-Sgop tiger Petrol and ges engine runon otto cycle. 4.5, DIESEL CYCLE Fig. 4.1 (¢) shows the Diesel cycle onp-Vend 7S diagrams. Itconsists ofa constaxt presmure, x consiant ‘volume and two adiabatic processes, Heat is supplied daring constant pressure process 2-3 and is wejected during the constant volume process 4-1. During sdisbatic process 3-4 and 1-2, oo best is supplied. Fig. 4.1 (c) For one kg mass of air Air standard efficiency = Hest pple’ — Heat jected — 2 GATa-T)-ClT-T)_)_ CATs~ 1. CFs - Fh) CATs ~ Te) G-T) ple zit vr “a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES AND NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS, 7 Gil) Brake thermal effictency (n,) 1s the ratio of brake horse power to the heat energy of the fet supplied during the same interval of time. Mathematically, it is given ox SHB) x 4800 427 x Wao b= where W= Weight of fuel burni/min and C= Calorific valve of fuel. Brake thermal efficiency for an LLC. engine is also equal to overall efficiency (n,). (i) Relative effielency (1) is the ratio of indicated thermal efficiency to the comesponding air standard cycle efficiency. For petrol engine, the ative efficiency (1,) is given os ue 7 (7) () Volumetric efficiency (n,) is the ratio of actual volume admitted to the engine cylinder during suction stroke referred to normal pressure and temperature to the swept volume of the piston. This is also defined asthe ratio of mass of air admitted to the cylinder during suctionstroke to the mass of free airequivalent to the piston displacement at intake temperature ané pressure condition. 1. Measurement of indicated horse power. The power developed in the cylinder is called indicated horse power. It is obtained by taking indicator diagram from an instrument called indicator, Indicated horse power for mvlti-cylinder engines is determined from Morse test, 2, Specific fuel consumption is the mass of fuel consumed per B.H-P, per hour 4.10, GOVERNING OF LC. ENGINES: ‘The LC. engines are governed by the following methods : 1. Hit and Miss Governing, 2. Quantitative Governing, and 3. Qualitative Governing. 1. Hit and Miss governing, This method is commonly used in small gas cagine. In this type of governing, the inlet valve remain closed during 4 cycle se that ne fuel is admited. 2. Quantitative governing. in this type of governing, the quantity of the mixture (fuel and sis)entering the cylinder is regulated. 3. Qualitative governing. In this type of governing, the quality of the mixture (fuet and sir} is altered by the action of the governor. The air supply remains constant, but the amount of fuel entering the cylinder is regulated. 4.11, IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN 1.C. ENGINES 1. Sapercharging is the process of supplying the intake sirto the engine cylinder at a pressure greater ‘than the pressure of the surreunding atmosphere. This is dane by blower ot compreseor. With the increase of pressure, the density and temperature also increases. Supercharging is necessary to inerease the power output orto maintain power at altitudes. Due to higher intake temperature, supercherging increases the possibility of deionstion in petrol engines and to decreases the possibility of knocking the diese! engines. 2, Scavenging is the process of removing the burnt gases in I.C.engines from the combustion chamber of the engine cylinder. 3. Auto-ignition is the phenomenon by which a fuel catches fire without external flame. Iso-octane belps to resist auto-ignition aud normal heptane accelerates auto-ignition.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a ‘You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES AND NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS 175 (c} Dieset engine is an internal combustion engine o (@) Compression ratio of LC. engine is the volume displaced by the piston por stroke and clearanice volume in cylinder. Qo 10. In petrol engine, suction consists of (a}air only 1 (8) mixture of ait and fool Oo {e) fuel only C1 (@)none of the shove. a 11. In diesel engine, the suction consists of (@) air ony CO @yasmixeue of air and foet Qa (©) feel only TC (dnote of the above. ao 12. In petrol engine, ignition takes place (@) sutomatically dve to high tamperatare of compressed sit Qa (8) automatically doo to high temperatare af compressed fuel o (c)by means of 2 spark oO (d} none of the abave. 6 13, In diesel engine, the ignition takes place (@) automatically due m high temperature of compressed zir a (2) automatically dve tr high temperature of compressed fuel Oo {e) by means of m spark a (d) none of the above. o 14, Whichone is 4 spark ignition engine {2} petrol enginss. D1 icieset engines Go {c) steam engines C1 {d) none of the above. GB 15. Which one ia a compression engine (2) petmt engines TD @iaiiesel engines Qa {e)steam engines C1 (a}none of the above. o 16. Forthe same power, atwo-steoke cycle eagine occupies the floorares which as conrpared to four-stroke cycle is (a) more O @tes Qo (equal 1 (d) none of the above. ao 17. The flywheel used in two-stroke cycle engine a8 compared to four-stroke cycle engine is (a} heavy in welght OC @psame in weight go (c} light in weight Cd) noac of the above. Qo 18, The thermal efficiency of » two-stroke cycle engine ax compared to four-stroke cycle engine is (a) more Th @equi a (less Th none of the above. Qa 19. Two-soke cycle engines use the fuet (2) petrol and air onty TL @ diese! and att onty Oo (@)steam only DF) @)both (a) and (6). oa 20. The process of removing the burnt gases in I.C. engines from the combustion chamber of the engine cylinder is known as {@) supsechanging CL (jacavenging a {e) polymerisation 1 @detnnation, gO