COMPLETE SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR ZILL’S A FIRST COURSE IN DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS H MODELING APPLIC. 7TH EDITION | AND ZILL & CULLEN'S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS LUE PROBLEMS BROOKS/COLE ‘Ausalia » Canada * Mexic pore = Spain + United KingsoTable of Contents 1 Introduction to Differential Equations 1 2. First-Order Differential Equations 2 3. Modeling with First-Order Differential Equations n 4. Higher-Order Differential Equations 104 5 Modeling with Higher-Order Differential Equations 194 6 Series Solutions of Linear Equations 240 7 The Laplace Transform 308 8 Systems of Linear First-Order Differential Equations 370 9 Numerical Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations 830 30. Plane Autonomous Systems and Stability 458 31 Orthogonal Functions and Fourier Series 41 32 Partial Differential Equations and Boundary-Value Problems in Rectangular Coordinates 538 13 Boundary-Value Problems in Other Coordinate Systems 616 14 Integral Transform Method 654 15 Numerical Solutions of Partial Differential Equations 695 Appendix Gamma function 7 Appendix II Introduction to Matrices ns1 introduction to Differential Equations Exercises 1.1 1. Second-order linear 2, Third-order; nonlinear because of (dy/dz)* 3. The differential equation is first-order. Writing it in the form 2(dy/dz) + y? = 1, we see that i is nonlinear in y because of y?. However, writing it im the form (y® ~ 1)(de/dy) + itis linear in 2 0, we see that 4, The differential equation is first-order. Writing it in the form ufdv/du) + (1 + uu = ue we see ‘that it is linear in v. However, writing it in the form (v + uv ~ ve!)(du/du) + u =O, we see that it is nonlinear in 5. Fourth-order; linear 6. Second-order; nonlinear because of cos{r + u) 7, Second-order; nonlinear because of fT + (dy/dr} 8. Second-order; nonlinear because of 1/R? 9, Third-order; linear 10. Second-order; nonlinear because of 2? 3/4 eral 11. From y= e7*/? we obtain y! = —4e°#/2, Then 2y + y = 12, From y= $—$e-2* we obtain dy dt = 24e-2, 0 that ay at 13, From y =e cos2z we obtain y' = 3e™ cos 2x — 2e™ sin 2x and y” = Se cos 2x — 12e* sin 2z, st thet y" — 6y' + 13y = 0. 14. From y = ~coszln{secx-+ tana) we obtain y/ = -1 4 sinln(seez + tana) and yi =tanz+ coszin{sece +tanz]. Then y” +y = tanz 1Exercises 1.1 15. Writing In(2X ~1) ~in(X 1) = ¢ and diferentiating implicitly * x we obtain ax Im2, ‘Thus, the solution is defined on (—20,1n2) or on (In2,20) solution defined on (—o0, n2) is dashed, and the graph of the solution defined on (lm 2, 20) is solid 16. implicitly differentiating 2 solution we obtain 32? tay 2 ty hwo me aay ~2eyde + yy => dayde + (2? —y)dy = 0. Using the quadratic formula to solve y?—25"y—1 = 0 for y, we get y = (202 Viet pay/2 = a? & VAST. Thus, ewe explicit solutions are yy = 22+ VET and yp = 2° - vETFT. Both solutions are defined on (00,00). The graph of n(2) is solid and the graph of yr is dashed 17, Differentiating P exet/ (I+ exe") we obtain ap _(t+ad)ae!~ad act er rae ae_{lttae) -ael] "Trad Trae 7 P-P) 18. Dirmtaingy =e? ['fateee weanExercises 1.1 Substituting into the differential equation, we have V4deye tate [Pa anse* 4 ace® [Peete = 2 a pe 18, From y= cre™+ey2e% wo obtain 2 = (2ey+en)e™ +2epze™ and £4 = (dor SonleP donee! 0 thet by a = jae GB tym heyhey Be ~ heat Ani + (hen ~ Ba + dead 20. From y= az! +e2+ ring +42? we obtein ae? # - ar et esa +86, 2 tatate & 4 1 Sa var teat) +8, and &y toga? $8 = barter so that dy Bey Y 4 (-ea-+ 205 ~ O or sing < L. Thus, (1 ~sin¢)-"/# will be a solution on (x/2,5n/2} 25. (a) From mt we obtain y' = rae. Then y/ + 2y = 0 implies me 420 = (m+ e™ © 0 Since e™* > 0 for al, m = (b) From 2, Taus y = e°# is a solution 7 we obtain y/ = me™ and y"= me, Then y" — Sy/ + 6y = 0 implies miter — 5me™ + Ge = (m — 2}(m — 3)2™ = 0. 2 and 26. (a) From y = ¢ we obtain y/ = mt! and y” = m{m — 1)e™ are solutions. O implies Since e"' > 0 for allt, m=2 and m=3. Thus Then ty” +2y/ tm ~ "2 + 2me™F = [mlm — i) + Ame"! = (m? + met = mint De Since 2! > 0 for #>0, m=O and m= —1. Thus y = 1 and y = £7? are solutions (b) From y = 1 we obtain of = me™! and y! = m(m — 11-2, Then #2y" — 7ty! + 15y = 0 inmplies #rn(ma — ne"? — Teed + 154" = rn{ra— 1) — 7m + 15}e™ = (m? — 8m + 15)2" = (m—3)(m— 5)" =. Since &" > 0 for £>0,m=Sand m=5. Thus y= 1? and y =#% are solutions + Beh and y= ~e + Se we obtain From = az 5 = 4 308 7 and SH = 267% + 300 ‘Then + 3el) 4 3(—e- + Sef) dr HH 4 geht = HE de + 18e% = F andExercises 1.1 Br By = 5(e* + Be) + 3[ eo 4 Bef) ay # 28. From x= cos2¢-+ sin 21+ Jet and y = ~ cos2t ~ sin2¢— Jet we obtain as he ang aunt donee 2 Fm aein2i + 2eosat+ fet and Y= 2sin2e — 200821 and @: a F 4d SY = cos 2t + 4sin2t- 4 Fy mteost— singe fet and TE = ceos2e pasingt — 2 Then : oe ay +e A(— cos2t—sin2t— te) +e wale oF n-teosat— ding tet = 7 1 (cos sin 2t + ze’) A{cos 2t + 2t + get) x 1 a decedt + asin tt be 29, (y/)? +1.=0 has no real solution 30. The only solution of (y/)? +3? = 0is y 31, The frst derivative of f(t) = ef is ef. ‘The frst derivative of f(t) = equations are y' = y and yf since ify #0, y? > 0 and (y)? +y? > y?>0. is ket, ‘The differential Sy, respectively is its awn second derivative. The corresponding cost have second 82. Any function of the form y = ce! or y = et differential equation is y/’ — y= 0. Functions of the form y = esint or y derivatives that are the negatives of themselves. The differential equation Is y" + y = 0. 33. Since the nth derivative of 6(2) must exist if 6(x) is e solution of the nth order differential equation, all lower-orcer derivatives of 6(z) must exis: end be continuous. [Recall that a differentiable function is continuous} 34. Solving the system ciui(0) + enve(0) for cy and cp we get 2y{(0) -¥1(0)9A(0) — vi (O}y2(0)35, 36. at. 38, 39, 40, 4 42. Exercises 1.1 ‘Thus, a particular solution is 2A(0) n-— OAL) ~ 4 OwAlO} ” ~ wnTOHAU) ~ vial) where we assume that yx(0)y4(0) ~ v4(0)y2(0) # 0. mn For the first-order differentia} equation integrate f(z). For the second-order differential equation Integrate twice. In the latter case we get y = /(J f(t)dt}de + ext + ee Solving oy wig te quai ola we onto renee (0+2ViF88) ana y 0 the differential equation cannot be put in the form dy/ai ive), f(t) ‘The differential equation yy — ty = 0 has normal form dy/dt x t. These are not equivalent because y =0 isa solution of the frst differential equation but not a colution of the second, + 3egt? andy” = Beat. Then cp = y'/6¢ and ey = y'~ ty/"/2, sa pata (oo y hay v v eyis(B)e ty - 3h tand the differential equation is ¢y"” — Sty’ + 3y = 0. Dilferentiating we get yf When g(t) = , y = 0s a solution of a linear equation, (a) Solving (10 ~ y)/3x = 0 we soe that y= 2is @ constant solution, {b) Solving y? +2 ~3-= (y+3)[y—1) =0 we see that y= —3 and y = 1 are constant solutions (c) Since 1/{y— 1) = 0 has no solutions, the differential oquation has no constant solutions. (qd) Sexting y' =0 we have y' = 0 and 6y = 10, Thus y= 5/3 is a constant solution, ‘One solution is given by the upper portion of the graph with domain approximately (0,26). The other solution is given by the lower portion of the graph, also with domain approximately (0,26) One solution, with domain approximately (—o0, 16) is the portion of the graph in the second ‘quadrant together with the lower part of the grapi in the first quadrant. A second solution, with domain approximately (0,1.6) is the upper part of the graph in the first quadrant. The third solution, with domain (0,00), is the part of the graph in the fourth quadrant, 6Exercises 1.1 43, Differentiating (2? + y°)/2 2+ ayey ye obtain 2 Sev \ley aif Sant <2 yay aay! = —aely sty ay! “say warty ya! Days — at a(2yF 44. A tangent line willbe vertical whe ys undefined, or in this case, where 2(2y*— 2°) = 0, This 2/2into 2° + y? m Say we get s(t.) =32(sh52) 3 a 2s) Fa) ives 2 and 2y? = 24. Substituting 9 ada! 2 2/842 a-2) m0, ‘Thus, there are vertical tangent lines at x = 0 and x = 27°, or at (0,0) and (29,249), Since 22/3 ms 1.59, the estimates of the domains in Problem 42 were close, 45. Since o!(z) > 0 for all x in J, o(z) is an increasing function on J, Hence, it can have no relative extreme on I. 46. (a) When y=5, »/ = 0,50 = 5 is @ solution of y= 5—y. (b) When y > 5, y/ < 0, and the solution must be decreasing. When y < 5, 9/ > 0, and the solution must be increasing. Thus, none of the curves in color can be salutions. (c) a 'e 47, (a) y= Dandy (b) Since dy fd = y(e ~ by) > 0 for 0-< y < a/b, y = O(a) is incressing on this interval. Since ay/dz <0 for y <0 or y > a/b. y = 2) is decreasing on these intervals. 7Exercises 1.1 (c) Using implicit differentiation we compute (—br/) + v'(a — by) = y'(a — 2by), Solving d?y/dz? /2b. Since Py/ds? > 0 for 0 cose + j sint va saving we find = sat 6. Using x’ = —c) sint + cpcost we obtain vo Baran v2, M2 Bar tari Solving we find ct = ~1 and op = 3. The solution is x = —cost + 3sint 7. From the initial conditions we obtain the system ate ana =2 Solving we get cr = § and cy =~}. A solution ofthe initial-value problem is y = Jet ~ Je-* 8. From the initial conditions we obtain the system getaet=0 qeraet =e, Solving we get c) = } and cp =—Je?, A solution of the initial-value problem is 9. From the initial conditions we obtain Solving we get cy = 0 and cy = Se~!. A solution of the initial-value problem is yExercises 1.2 10. From the initial conditions we obtain ata Solving we get cy = cp = 0. A solution of the initial-value problem is y ~ 0 LL. Two solutions are y= 0 and y = 2 12, Two solutions are y = 0 and y= 2. (Also, any constant multiple of 2? is a solution.) 13, For fly) = 9% we have OF = 2) Thos the diferetil equation will heve a unique solution oy in ay estangle gon tb poe where #0 14 Rr fs) = yb we tne FE tan he teeta anon wl ae lin inary rein where x>O ad y> Oot whee x candy <0 v of 1 1 15. For (x,y) we have Wrz ‘Thus the differential equation will have a unique solution in any region where z £0. 16, For flay) =2-+y we have Bp 7b Thus the differential equation will havea unigue ool the entire plane, ary @-#y solution in any region where y < —2, -22 ‘Thus the differential equation will have unique 2 af _ a2 i 18, For flew) = 7p wo have BF = Tor: Ths the diferent equation wil havea unique solution in any region where y oh =1. _ at am Thus the differential equation will have a unique 19. ute 20, For f(z,9) ‘Thus the differential equation will have a unique solution in any region where y < 2 or where y > =: 21. The differential equation has @ unique solution at (1,4). 22. The differential equation is not guaranteed to have a unique solution at (5,3) 28. The differential equation is not guaranteed to have a unique solution at (2, ~3). 10Exercises 1.2 24. The differential equation is not guaranteed to have unique solution at (~1,1) 25. (a) A one-parameter family of solutions is y= ce. Since y= c, ny! ze=yand y(0)=¢-0=0. (b) Writing the equation in the form y/ = y/‘z we see that R cannot contain ary point on the y-axis, ‘Thus, any rectangular region disjoint from the yaxis and containing (x0, yo) will determine en interval around zp and a unique solution through (zo, yo). Since a9 = 0 in part (a) we are not guaranteed a unique solution through (0,0). (c) The piecewise-defined function which satisfies 4(0) entiable at x =0. is not & solution since itis not difer- 26, (a) Since A tenla +e) = sed(a +e) = 1+ tanlle +6), we see that y = tan(z +e) satisfies the Aieretial equation, (b) Solving (0) = tanc = 0 we obtain ¢ = 0 and y = tanz. Since tanz is discontinuous at z= £7/2, the solution is not defined on (—2,2) because it contains x /2. (©) The largest interval on which the solution can exist is (—n/2,1/2) a ar} L ‘i 2, (a) Since 5 Peay a we se tat 1s a solution of the diferentsl equation (b) Solving y(0) = —1/e = 1 we obtain ¢ = 1 and y = 1/(1~$), Solving y(0} = =1/e = —1 we obtain ¢ = Land y = ~1/(1+#). Being sure to include = 0, we sce that the interval of existence of y = 1/(1—t) is (~0,1), while the interval of existence of y = —1/(1 + ¢) is (-1yee} {) Solving 410) Tes yp we obtain ¢ = —1/yy and Since we must have ~1/yo +t #0, the lergest interval of existence (which must contain 0) is either (—20, 1/yo) when yy > 0 or (1/yp, 00) when yp <0. (4) Bs inspection we see that y = 0 is a solution on (—20, 00) 28. (a) Differentiating dx? — y? = e we get 62 ~ 2yy/ = 0 or yy/ = Sx n29. 30. 31 32. 34, Exercises 1.2 {b) Solving 32? — y? = 3 for y wo get y=é2)= VSP, 1<2 0, for y > z—1, we see that solutions above the line y = x — 1 fare increasing. From y' < 0, for y < x~1, we see that solutions are decreesing below the line that solutions have possible inflection points on the line y= =. Actually, 0, for y = x ~1, we see thet solutions intersecting the line 2-1. From y" = 0, fory = 2, we se y= 2 Is easily seen to be a solution of the differential equation, so the solutions do not have inflection points, From y” > 0 for y > x we see that solutions above the line y= 2 are concave up. From y" <0 for y < x we see that solutions Delow the line y= z are concave down. Exercises 1.3 1 Ea apse +2. Let b be the rate of births and d the rate of deaths. Then b = ky P and d = kpP, SincedP/dt ‘he afeentn equation ie dP/a = bP ~ bP 3, Let bbe the rate of births and d the rate of deaths. Then b = kyP and d = kpP?. Since dP/dt = the differential equation is dP/dt = ky P ~ kyP? 4. Lat P(e the ner of ovis present tne. Then dP/dt ~ AP ~ 20+ 20, 5. From th eragh we etiate Tp = 160 asd T= TE". We observe that when T= 65 dT /dt = From the differential equation we then have atjdt 1 -Tn 85-75 6. By inspecting the graph we take Tato be Ta) = 0 ~S0coen/12. Then te temperate of he body at une ¢ is etermind bythe dfn enon Feifr-(co-mesZ)], 1>0 1. The umber of ane with the fa is od heme ot infected 5 1000 ~ so dt = p00 ~2) 6. By analogy with ira eunion modeling he sped oa eae wean that he ae at sich eh ecole anon is edged ie poprtona othe mer of peopl who ave cepted th nzration aaa tothe mbes of people), ho hae aot yt adopted one person who has doped the nnaton node into the popuition thee 2+ y= +1 and k 01 de 7 Fx ke(nsi-2), 2(0) 13.10. ote 12. 18. ua. Exercises 1.3 | The rate at which salt is leaving the tank is (8 gal/min): (4 toes) = A t/min Thus dA/dt = 4/00. ‘The rate at which sat is entering the tank is = (3 gal/min) - (2 lb/gal) = 6 !b/min. Since the solution is pumped out ata slower rate, it s accumulating at the rate of (3~2)gal/min = 1 gal/min, After ¢ minutes there are 300+ gallons of brine in the tank. ‘The rate at which salt is Jeaving is a= (2 gal/min) (eA — The differential equation ( saitcg toll) = gph m/min Cae eae a ast ‘The volume of water in the tank at time ¢ is V = Ah. The differential equation is then LAE (cf) aA a ZL, Ay = 10? = 100, and g = 82, this becomes Fp Au = 10? = 100, and g = 92, this b Using do = x ( a a ‘Te volume of water in the tank at time tis V = Jar = JAuA. Using the formala from Problems Li forthe volume of water leving the tank we see that the diferentil equation is Cie aia Stee = acd Brae wag sh) 2h Using As = (2/12)? = 1/36, 9 = 82, and c= 0.6, this becomes ah 308/38 ee OR a Cf dt “ae Ae “To find Ay we let r be the radius ofthe top of the water. Then r/K = Aw = x(2h/5)? = 4nh2/25. Thus ah Oar ia RS 0, 30 r = 2h and 2.5437, 44 og #4 4 git tain b2! 4 Rie Since i= Gf and L55y + RG = Ele) we obtain LE + Ri = E(t) By Kirchos second law we obtain RE +Exercises 1.3 15. From Newton's second law we obtain m4! = ku? + mg e 16. We have from Archimedes’ principle upward force of water on barrel = weight of water displaced = (62.4) (volume of water displaced) = (62.4)a(6/2)8y = 15.6r6%y wdy 2y oy LY 4 1.8re" then follows from Newton's second law that “4 = —15.6rs%y or £2 = 0, where Te chen folloms from Newton’ law that ESF = -15.6re%y or SP4 OEE 0 9 = 32 and wis the weight ofthe barrel in pounds 17, The net force acting on the mass is @& k p= ma= mS = -K(s-+2)-+mg = ke + mg ~ ks F Spo WHst 2) +mg = -ke+ me Since the condition of equilibrium is mg = ks, the diferential equation is @s mg = -ks 18, From Problem 17, without a dazaping free, the differential equation is md?2/d = ~ke. With @ damping force proportional to velocity the differential equation becomes Pe Ic 2 de F--e 0 — 0. 19, Let z(t) denote the height ofthe top ofthe cin at time ¢ with the positive direction upward. The ‘weight of the portion of cin off te ground ie W = (2 ft) (1 1b/t) = 2. The mass ofthe chain is m= W/gm 2/82, The net force is F'= 5 — 5—2. By Newton's second law, aye do de Rg) =8-2 or 2+ v= 100-320. ‘Thus, the differential equation is Pr dey? 288 (©) + 0 = 0 20. Te oe thew ee a 2 Neon’ sed my, ote porto aise ponds m= 2122) we ave 4 ;2(L~ 3) GREP qo ‘Thus the differential equation is er bog2. 23, 24. 25. 26. 2. 28, 29. Exercises 1.3, From g = k/R? we find & = gR®, Using a = d?r/dt? and the fact that the positive direction is upward we get &r Pr gh Ge o + =o . The gravitational force om m is F = —kMym/r?. Since M, = 4nér3/3 and Af = 4x6R9/3 we have M, = 9M) and Pate R Now from F = maa = dr/at? we have & er ma or hesitates is A = 4 ‘The differential equation is 2 = hy(M- A). rr ‘The differential equation is 2) ~ ke(t) where & > 0. By the Pythagorean Theorem the slope of the tangent line is ‘We see from the figure that 29 +0 =. Thus » = toner = tan(s — 29) = ~ tan ‘Since the slope of the tangent line is y’ = tan @ we have y/x = 2y/(1—(y')3] or y—yly/'}? = 2ay/, which is the quadratic equation y(y’)? + 2xy/—~y = 0 in y’. Using the quadratic formula we get ware fara -ra Pee v wy v since dy/dz > 0, the differential equation is = aie opt Fr i+e=0 The differential equation is dP/dt = KP, so from Problem 31 in Exercises 1.1, Pm eM, and a ‘one-parameter family of solutions is P = ce! ‘The differential equation in (3) is dT/dt = k(T - Tm). When the body is cooling, T > Tm, s0 T ~Tr > 0. Since T is decreasing, aT /dt <0 and & < 0. When the body is warming, T < Tm, 80 T-Tn <0, Since T is increasing, dT /dt > 0 and k < 0. 16Exercises 1.3 30. The differential equation in (8) is dA/dt = 6— A/100. If A(t) attains a maximum, then dA/dt = 0 at this time and A = 608. If A(?) continues to increase without reaching « maximum then A’(t) > 0 for t > 0 and A cannot exceed 600. In this ease, if A'(t) approaches 0 ast increases to infinity, we see that A(t) approaches 600 as t increases to infinity. 31. The input rate of brine is r gal/min and the concentration of salt in the inflow is ¢,lb/gal, so the input rate of salt is ric:Ib/min. ‘The output rate of brine is ro gal/min end the concentration of salt in the outflow is colb/gal, so the output rate of selt is rocolb/min. The solution in the tank is accumulating at a rate of (rj ~ re) gal/min (or decreasing if 7 < ro). After ¢ minutes there are Vo+(ri—ro}t gallons of brine in the tank, and the output rate of satis ro4/IVo+ (ri ~ro)fIb/rin ‘The differential equation is ee & "5" earth $2. This differential equation could describe a population that undergoes periodic fluctuations. ap a 33. (1: SP =KP is tinear (2 Baka is linear ay: Zour oy: & (@: Fann Tq) is new (Bm keins 1-2) isnontiner ax dag A (6): F=ka~X\(G-X) senonlinear (8): F = 6-35 is linear gh age tee (20): & (1): Lat ky a E(t) is linear bs dv 2; Sh mg istinear (14): mi = mg ko is tinear sas Pr 66 (05) mi + ABS = mg ts reas (06): Gz ~ Se =o is near 34. From Problem 21, dr /dt? = —gR?/r?. Since R is a constant, ifr = R+s, then d’r/dt? = d?s/dt? ‘e Reap et ‘Thus, for R much larger than s, the differential equation is approximated by d’s/dt? = ~e. 35. If p is the mass density of the raindrop, then m = pV and ae ee Frege PR gr Her g) =F If dr/dt is a constant, then dm/dt = kS where pdr/dt = k or dr/dt = k/p. Since the radius is decreasing, k < 0. Solving dr/dt — k/p we get r= (k/p}t +g. Since r{0) = rp, cy = r and rakt/p+ro oR R+ 5)? RR? — 2684] gt 736. Exercises 1.3 a ‘From Newton's second law, {ma] = mg, where vis the velocity of the raindrop. Then de yam 4) «a ecert mie amy or alert) aiken Dividing by donr3/3 we get ae de, Rie a 7 HR Rfpen ‘We assume that the plow clears snow at a constant rate of k cubic miles per hour. Let t be the time in hours after noon, 2(¢) the depth in miles of the snow at time t, and y(t) the distance the plow bas moved in ¢ hours. Then dy/dt is the velocity of the plow and the assumption gives dy | uaZak where w is the width of the plow. Each side of this equation simply represents the volume of snow plowed in one hour. Now let tp be the number of hours before noon when it started snowing and ane ae a See ee eT a "Te deena equation then becomes aod 7 wit Integeting we obtain i v= E tiniest) +e] where cis a constant. Now whan £0, y =O 90.6 = —Iny and Rao En(isd wats) Finally, from the fact that when ¢ = 1, y = 2 and when ¢ = 2, y = 3, we obtain the 1 (+8) = (13) Expanding and simplifying gives i+ to ~ 1 =0. Since 19> 0, we find & 0.618 hours = 37 minutes. Thus it started snowing at about 11:23 in the morning, 18Chapter 1 Review Exercises Chapter 1 Review Exercises 4 cet = epkelt 1. See = arte; & a See tae%) =-2ne* = 26 tae — 9); @ 3. FElercoskz + casinkz) = —key sin kz + hencos kr; plea coskr + cp sin kx) = ~ He, cos kx ~ Hopsin kz = ~#(ey cos ke + en sin kx); 2 oy sp pa —By or S54 iy a k - 4. (cr cosh ke + cosink ker) = key sinh kx + ke cosh kes 2 Falercosike + en sinke) = Hy cosh kr + Hepsi ke = Hey cosh kr + 2 Sink) ey fy dx? az? Bysad tart tae: yleaet hate +2ae% Yi ty = 2ciet + caret) + 2ne* = Acre? + case + exet) =2y; y"~2y/ ty =0 0 yor Ya-aeFsinz + eet cose + ef cose tee eins; yf! m= —c)e cosx — cet sin x — cyet sin 2 + cye* cos. ~ cne* sin x + ce" cose + ege* cos x + oe" sine Pee sin + 2epe® cos 2 Y= By = De! cas ~2exe* sin = By, yl —2y! + 2p Tad Be > 10. ac ub 12. abd 13. A few soutions are y=0, y=, and y =e 14, Easy solutions to see are y= 0 and y = 3 15. The slope of the tangent line at (2, ) is y, so the differential equation is xf = 2? + x? 16. The rete at which the slope changes is dy’/dr = y", so the differential equation is yf" = -y/ or vtv=0 17. (a) Tae domain is ll real numbers (b) Since y’ = 2/3219, the solution y = 2%! is undefined at x = 0. This function isa solution of the differential equation on (20,0) and also on (0,00). 18. (a) Differentiating y? ~ 2y = 22 — 2+ we obtain 2yy! ~ 2y/ = 2x ~1 or (2y~2)y! = 22-1 19Chapter 1 Review Exercises (b) Setting 2 = 0 and y = 1 in the solution we have 1~ 2=0—0-+e0r ¢=—1. Thus, a solution of the initial-value problem is »? ~ 2y = 2° — 5-1 (€) Solving »?~2y~(2?—2—1) = Oby the quadratic formula we get y = (2: 4-4 4a? — 2-1) )/2 = 14 Ve = 1+ ele 1). Since 2(x ~ 1) > 0 for z <0 or x > 1, we see that neither ya Yze=1) nor y = 1— HE 1) Is diferentiable ot x = 0, Thus, both functions are solutions of the difarental equation, but nether isa solution of the initial-value problem, 19. (a) {b) When y= 2? +0), of = 2p and (y’)? = az? When y= (c) Pasting together 2%, x >0, and -22, 2 < aq eM 20. The slope of the tangent line is |_-1.)= 21. Differentiating y = sin{ln-2) we obtain y/ in(la 2) ty! pay +y=2%( 22. Differentiating y = | 2)In(cos(ln-z)) + (In2)sin(lnz) we obtain Y= coxa) Haws (AED) + oontinay)(- 22) + ne) _lneosla 2) sin(ing) (22) ema) and = [ y' = 2 [n(costiny SY + sintina) + In(cosin 2) sinina) 4 +2 ce (ln) costin in) —la(cos(in2) cosine) + + n{cos(lnz) sin(ne) os(inz} (ina) sin(ln:z) + cos{ln 2) — (122) costinz)] 20Chapter 1 Review Exercises (in) ceslnz) = =~ In(cos(inz))cos(ln 2} + + In(cos(tn z))sin(in 2) ~ (In) sin(ln 2) + cos(in2) ~ (In 2) cos(!n:2) ~ In(cos(In =))sin(In:r) + (In2)cos(In-z) + cos(In 2) In(cos(!n z)) + (Inz}sin(ln x) sin*(ln 2) = ats (This problem is easily done using Mathematica.) sint{Qn-z) + cos*(Inz) casting) see(tna) 23, From the graph we see that estimates for yo and yy are 9 = 24, The differential equation is dh elo pe Fa -40 fann 15/976, Ay = n(2)? = 4, and g = 32, this becomes dh of ee eg Using Ao = n(1/24)2 ear 8 25, Froan Newton's second law we cain 1 v4 oe Bnew img or 16(1- va) a2 First-Order Differential Equations Exercises 2.1Exercises 2.1 @ 2316. at 18, 19, 20. a Exercises 2.1 Wiriting the differential equation in the form dy/de = y2(1 ~ y)(1 + y) we see that critical points ae located at y = ~1, y=0, and y = I. The phase portrait is shown below (a) rT (b) , © (a) Solving y? ~ 3y = y(y ~3) = 0 we obtain the critical points 0 and 3 3 t From the phase portrait we see that is asymptotically stable and 3 is unstable. Solving y? — y? = y2(1— y) = 0 we obtain the critical points 0 and 1. pp ° r From the phase portrait we see that 1 is asymptotically stable and 0 is semi-stable. Solving (y ~ 2)¢ = 0 we obtain the critica! point 2 > 2 From the phase portralt we see that 2 is semi-stable. Solving 10 + 3y — y? = (5 ~ y)(2+y) = 0 we obtain the critical points 2 and 5. a From the phase portrait we see that 5 is asymptotically stable and —2 is unstable. Solving 2°(4 ~y?) = y2(2~ y)(2-+y) = 0 we obtain the exitical points ~2, 0, and 2 a el 2 0 7 2422. 23. 24, 25. 26. Exercises 2.1 From the phase portrait we see that 2 is asymptotically stable, 0 is semi-stable, and —2 is uistable Solving y(2—y}(4— y) = 0 we obtain the critical points 0, 2, and 4. o y i From the phase portrait we see thet 2 is asymptotically stable and 0 and 4 ere unstable. Solving yln(y +2} = 0 we obtain the critical points ~1 and 0. 2 a From the phase portrait we see that -1 is asymptotically stable and 0 is unstable. Solving ye? ~ Gy = yleY ~ 8) = 0 we obtain the critical points O and In. a 3 me From the phase portrait we see that 0 is asymptotically stable and In9 is unstable {a) Woiting the differential equation in the form we see that a critical point is mg/k From the phase pottit we see that mg/k san esynpotialy stable critical poi. Thus, limigoe = mg/h. (©) Weting the diferent equation inthe frm de ¢ma_ ya) k (JPD_,) (Da B-*)- SWF) VE) am ‘we see that a critical point is ymg/E. pa vingk From the phase portrait we see that «/"mg/i is an asymptotically stable critical point. Thos, limoov = ymgfk. (@) From the phase portrait we see that critical points are a and 8. Let X(0} = Xo a ae 6 If Xp 8, we see that X(¢) increases in an unbounded manner, but more specific behavior of X(t) a8 ¢ + 00 is not known, (b) When a = @ the phase portrait is as shown, yp If Xo a, then X(t) incresses in an unbounded manne, ‘This could happen in 2 finite amount of time, That is, the phase portrait does not indicate ‘that X becomes unbounded as ¢ + co. (c) When k = 1 and a = 8 the differential equation is dX/dt = (— X)?. Separating variables and integrating we have For X(0} = 0/2 we obtain For X(0) = 2a we obtain _/ (| For Xp > a, X(t) increases without bound up to t = Ifa. For ¢ > 1/a, X(t) increases but X saat. 26Exercises 2.1 ical points are y = 0 and y= 28. 29. At each point on the circle of radius c the lineal element has slope 2 30. (a) When = dyjd (b) At (0,yo) the solution curve is headed down, As x increases, it will eventually tun around and ‘head up, but it can never cross y = 4 where a tangent line to a solution curve must have slope 0, Thus, y cattnot approach oo as x approaches oo. or y=4, dy/de = ~2 so the lineal elements have slope ~2. When y= or y = 5, 2, so the lineal elements at (2,3) or (5) have slopes x — 2 3. When y < $22, y/ = 2? 2y is positive and the portions of solution curves “inside” the nulleline parabola are increasing, When y > 422, vy = 2? — 2y is negative and the portions of the solution curves “outside” the nulleline parabola are decreasing 32. For dr/di = 0 every real number is critical point, and hence all critical points are nonisolated. 83. Recall that for dy/dz = f(y) we are assuming that f and j” are continuous functions of y on some interval J. Now suppose that the graph of a nonconstant, solution of the differential equation 2734. 35. Exercises 2.1 crosses the line y = c. Ifthe point of intersection is taken as an initial condition we have two distinct solutions of the initial-value problem. This violates uniqueness, so the graph of any nonconstant solution must lie entirely on one side of any equilibrium solution, Since f is continuous it can only change signs around a point where itis 0. But this is a critical point. Thus, f(y) is completely positive or completely negative in each region Ry. If y(x) is oscillatory or has a relative extremum, then it must have a horizontal tangent line at some point (29,4). In this case yp would be a critical point of the differential equation, but we saw above that the graph of a nonconstant solution cannot intersect the graph of the equilibrium solution y = yo By Problem 33, a solution y(z) of dy/dz = f(y) cannot have relative extrema and henoe must be monotone, Since 1/(2) = f{y) > 0, y(z) is monotone increasing, and since y(z) is bounded above by 6a, limo Yl asymptote of y(z), lims—o y/(x) #(E) = £m, (2) = Jim, Hv) = Jim, 2) = 0 But then L is a critical point of f. Since oy < L < cz, and f has no critical points between cy and a baa L, where < ex. We want to show that L = 2. Since L is a horizontal Using the fact that f(y) is continuous we have (a) Assuming the existence of the second derivative, points of inflection of y(z) occur where yi) = 0. From dy/dz = g(y) we have dy/dz? = g'(y) dy/dz. Thus, the y-coordinate of a point of inflection can be located by solving g(y) = 0. (Points where dy/da = 0 correspond to ‘constant solutions of the differential equation.) (b) Solving y?y—6 = (y—3)(y+2) = Owe see that 3 and ~2 are critical points. Now d®y/da? = (2y ~ 1)dy/de = (2y ~ 1Xy ~ 3(y +2), 0 the only possible point of inflection is at y ~ }, although the ‘concavity of solutions can be different on either sie of y= ~2 and y=3. Since y"(z) < 0 for y < -2end } 0 for -2. 3, we se that solution curves are couceve down fory < —2and } < y <3 and concave up for -2 < y < } and > 3, Points of infection of solutions of autonomous diferental ‘equations will have the same y-coordicates because between critical points they are horizontal translates of each other. 28Exercises 2.2 Exercises 2.2 In many of the following problems we will encounter an expression of the formn In |g(y)| = f(z) +e To solve for g{y) we exponentiate both sides of the equation. This ylelds |p(y)| = ef) = efe!! which implies g(y) = efe!"*), Letting cy = e° we obtain gly) = eM). 1. From dy = sinSzdz we obtain y = —}eosdz +e 2, From dy = (x41)? dx we obtain y= ${2+ 1) +e. 8, From dy =~" da we obtain y = be +e 1 L 1 4, From dy = dz we obtain tear = wr v Wee Tee tee 5. From = dy = 5 dr wo obsaininly! = 4injz| +eory = cnt 1 2 6. From dy = ~22dz we obtein In|y toorys ae” 7. From e~"¥dy = ede we obtain 9¢ ue + 40-8) de we obtain ye Het + eM =e 8. From yetdy ) 3 22inzdz we obtain © + 2y 4+ Info = = infa| - Ae? +e Inzde we obtain © 42y tine = 5 Inbal — fo + a eee wre Wy+a Gr5 L 11. From = dy soi te ors ydy = ~ con? ade = ~}(0 4 e082) dr we obtain ~cosy=—}o~Ysin2ete or deasy=2e+sinde+ cr 3c 12. From 2ydy = dg = ~ tan dzoec? Sede we obtain y? = —} sec? Sr +c cos Sz 1. Bom GS paye Gerd me chin (Hy = Her 4} Fre 14. From Tea ee la e we obtain a+vy?= 15. From 2.48 = kdr we obtain $= ce 16. From 375 4@ = kat we obtain in — 70] = kt +e or Q-70= ae 29Exercises 2.2 ar. ‘we obtain in |P|—In|1—P| = ¢+eso that In act ite or = cet, Solving for P we have P =a 1 (eet? 1 18, Room 2a = (it? 1) dé we obtain nV =! oe ) de we obtain se pon Bday = Zadar ( ) ee wat Haye ay « (224) 20 20. From ta cB) a= (14 2) dem oan WHIP _ ev 10 G35 2 1 tanto te 22, 23, we find e = ~34/4. The 4t+e. Using 2(n/4) % or x= tan(ue-%) 24. Bom ahh giy) ee mein 2 +1 wot nly A — In Inf — 1] —Iniz+1|+ine or Using y(2) = 2 we In|y 1] —Infy +2] = Inf af —tnj2e a+ SSP SEED. tain o(2) = 2 we find =1s-1 c= 1. The solution of the initial-value problem is 2—— <2 or yma. solution ofthe iitiol-vaue problem is => = FTF ory 25. From J dy = 3% ds = (Jy ~ 2) de wo obtain tay | = cor ay = ee¥, Using Ve, ‘Ths solution of the initial-value problem is zy dy = dt we obtain J n|1 — 2y| = t-te or 1 — 2y = exem%. Using y(0) = 5/2 we find whe on y = De + (rl) = =1 we find ¢ 26. From 1% 0 = ~4. The solution of the initial-value problem is 1 —2y 27, Separating variables and integrating we obtain fg bh 0 and sina sine. Was Joe 30Exercises 2.2 Setting 2 problem is sin~ and y = V3/2.we obtain : -r/3. ‘Thus, an implicit solution of the initial-value 2 —sin1y = 1/3. Solving for y and using trigonometric identity we get ye sin(surts +E roos + f= 2 sind coe + Va stain 1 2 TF Oop YH Tape we ota 28. From ego ty= Lean leh te or tne! ay tala? Using 9(1) = 0 we find er = 7/4. he solution of the initial-value problem is tan“! 2y+ tan“! 2? 29. (a) The equilibrium solutions u(r) = 2 and y(z) 2 satisfy the initial conditions y(0) = 2 and (0) = ~2, respectively, Setting 2 = J end y = 1 in y = 2(2 + oet2)/(~ ce) we obtain 1 Lice Tee 1 1 Tees 2+ 200, 3ce, and ¢ The solution of the corresponiling initial-value problem is sent Teh (b) Separating variables and integrating yields et v eee 1 1 Liny—a}—Finjy+21+ Ina flnly=21— FIniy +2) +n Injy~2|—In|y +2] +n yo? “ya Solving for y we get y = 2(c+e!#)/(c—ef*). The intial condition y(0) = ~2 can be solved for yielding c= 0 and y(z) = ~2. The initial condition y(0) = 2 does not correspond to a value of ¢, and it must simply be recognized thet y(z) = 2 is solution of the initial-value problem. Setting 2 = } and y= Lin y = 2c + et*)/(e~ eM) leads to c= Be. Thus, a solution of the initial-value problem is stereo 3-67 Stee 5ST 3130. 31. 92. Exercises 2.2 ) y= ba we hay tI-labt = cory Another solution is y = 0, (a) yo) = (b) 1 y(0) = 0 then y =o. then y 1 T+ie (6) Hi y(u/2) = 1/2 then y= (4) Setting x = 2 and y = } we cbsain 1 i te Sec) ae epee +ye 24% Singular solutions of dy/de = zy/T (e+e dy/az = is y = 0. Thus, are y = —l and y= 1. A singular solution of Differentiating in(x? + 10) + esey = ¢ we get apg ~ ty cocy Frm ME, 2 __cooy 1 dy F410 Snysinyar ‘2esin? ydz — (2? +10) cosy dy = 0. Writing the diferential equation in the form dy ___2xsinty de ~ G+ eosy ‘we see that singular solutions occur when sin?y = 0, ot y = kr, where k is an integer. 3233. The singular solution y = 1 sstisfies the initial-value problem. 34, dx, Then ete-l ze 28, Spang abe we obs AE = a, Th soumrioy-aste md vets bunttt 3 dy Ae ot Sing tinea BE Oy ~ 11) | Slop poze] 33 Exercises 2.2 ETT rrr” TE EEE”a7. Exercises 2.2 Separating veribles, we hove dy dy 7-8 "=a Integrating, we get lig : - tng) - jin -y)- jn +yi=z+e. ‘When y > 1, this becomes 1 1 ny Finfy -1) - FoF) = Ia Letting 2 = 0 and y = 2 we find ¢ = In(2/-/3), Solving for y we get n(x) = 2e"/ VIG =, where 2> in(¥9/2). When 0. In(/3/2) 34Exercises 2.2 388. (a) The second derivative of y is ay dy/dr __Wly-3) 1 a “GY —-1F G-8) The solution curve is concave up when d’y/dz* > 0 or y > 3, and concave down when dy/da? < 0 or y < 3. From the phase portrait we see that the solution curve is decreasing when y <3 and increasing when y > 3 (b) Separating variables and integrating we obtain (y-3)dy= ar i 1 Ly syeese Bea Py te 2eher Ss y- 3) = 224 7 i TIS * y=34vEFq ‘The initial condition dictates whether to use the plus or minus sign When yi(0) =4 we have cy = Land (2) = 3+ VFI ‘When yo(0) = 2 we have ¢ = 1 and yp(z) When yp(1) = 2 we have ey = 1 and ys(z) = 3~ VE=1 When ya(=1) © 4 we have = $ and pela) = 3+ VIEFS ~viEsT 39. (a) Separating variables we have 2y4 (2) = —1 we find ¢ root is chosen beceuse of the initial condition. (2r+1)dx. Integrating gives y? = 2242+ When —VETFET. The negative square 190 y= 2? 42—Land y 35Exercises 2.2 (b) The interval of definition appears to be approximately (~c0, ~1.65) (c) Solving 22 + x ~ (00, -} = £v8). 0 we get 2 = —} JVB, so the exact interval of definition 1s 40. (a) From Problem 7 the general solution is 3e~®¥ + 2e* = c, When y(0) = 0 we find o = 3e% 4 26 = 5, Solving for y we get y = —$ln (5 — 2e%) (b) ‘The interval of definition appears to be approximately (co, 0.3) : (c) Solving }(5—2e%*) = 0 we get x = }1n($), so the exact interval of definition is (—co, } n(§)). 41, (a) While ya(2) = -V25—2 is defined at x = —5 and x= 5, yh(2) is not defined at these values, and so the interval of definition is the open interval (~5,5). (b) At any point on the z-axis the derivative of y(z) is undefined, so no solution curve can eross the z-axis, Since ~2/y is not defined when y =O, the initial-value problem has no solution 42. (a) Separating variables and integrating we obtain 2? ~ y? For ¢ #6 the graph is a square hyperbola centered at the origin. All four initial conditions imply ¢ = 0 and y= +z. Since the clfferential equation is not defined for y = 0, solutions are y= 2, x < O and y=, 2 > 0. ‘The solution for p(s) = a is y= x, ¢ > 0; for y(a) = ~ais y= —2; for y—a) = ais y= —2, 2 <0; and for yl-a) =-aisy=2,2<0. (b) Since 2/y is not defined when y = 0, the initial-value problem has no solution. ewe got c= ~3, 904? = 2243 and yx) = VEFS, itial condition, The domain is all real (c) Setting x = 1 and y=2 in 2? where the positive square root is chosen becanse of the numbers since x? +3 > 0 for all z.Exercises 2.2 48, Separating variables we have dy/(yT + sin?y) = dx ‘which is not readily integrated (even by a CAS). We note that dy/ds % 0 for all values of x and y and that dy/de = 0 when y =O and y=", which are equilibcium solutions. 44, Separating variables we have dy/(yG+y) ~ da/(y/i-+ 2). To integrate f dt/(Vi-+t) we substitute qopdus2init+ulte=2in + vz) +6 wt and get 2u Sane lt Integrating the separated differential equation we have Qin + YH) = 2nd + Vz)+e or Inf. + yG) = In(t + VF) + Ina. Solving for y we get y = [ex(1 + vz) ~ 1) 45, We are looking for a function yz) such that v(8) dr = sinty=2te, Using the positive square root gives ‘Thus a solution is y = sin(x + 6). If we use the nogative square root we obtain sin(z +c) ye sine =z) = ~sine— Note also that y= 1 and y= —1 are solutions. (b) For j2| > 1 and ly > 1 the differential equation is dy/de = yu? —1/V2™=1. Separating variables and integrating, we obtain ay dr ot ot 5 and cosh"! y= cosh! 2 4c. Yeo vemT : 37Exercises 2.2 47. (a) (b) 48. (a) Setting 2 = 2 and explicit solution is y Separating variables anc integrating, ve have (Sy? + Udy =-(82 + 5)dr andy +y =—~4z" — Sete. Using @ CAS we show various contours of f(z.) =v? +y+4z?+ Sz, The plots shown on |-5, 5] x [5,5] correspond to c-values of 0, £5, #20, £40, £80, and +125, ‘The value of c corresponding to y(0} 1is (0,1) to y(0) = 2 is f(0,2) = 10; to y(t) = 4is f(-1,4) and to y(—1) = —3 is —31 Separating variables and integrating, we have (-2u+W dy = (2 2*)de and Using a CAS we show some contours of f(2,y) = 23 ~6y? +22 322. The plots shown on [-7,7] x {-5,5] correspond to e-values of 450, ~300, 200, ~120, ~60, ~20, -10, 190. 38 2 we find © = cash"! 2 coah™!2 = 0 and cosh™!y = cosh“'y. AnExercises 2.3, (b) The value of e corresponding to 4(0) = fis f(0,8) = =H. ‘The portion of the graph between the dots cor responds to the solution curve satisfying the intial con- dition, ‘To determine the interval of definition we find diy|ds for 24° ~ Oy? + 22° ~ 302 = —2 Using implicit differentiation we get of = (¢ - 22)/{y? ~ 29), which 's infinite when y = 0 and y = 2. Letting y = 0 in 2y9 — Gy? + 2c? — 32? = —2% and using a CAS to solve for = we get z = 1.18282, Similarly letting y = 2, we find of definition is approximately (—1.13232, 1.71299). (c) The value of c corresponding to y{0) = —2 is f(0,—2) = 40, The portion ofthe graph to the right ofthe dot corresponds to the solution curve satisfying the initial condition. To determine the interval of definition we find dy|d for 25° — 6y? +23 ~ 50? = 40, Using implicit 4 differentiation we get y= (e ~ 2*)/(y? ~ 24), which | is infinite when y = 0 and y = 2. Letting y = 9 in 2y — 6y? + 2% — 32? = —40 and using a CAS to solve for 2 we get 2 = ~2.20551, The largest interval of definition is approximately (2.20561, 00). SS Exercises 2.3 1. For p! ~ Sy = 0 an integrating factor is e~/54 = 0 <2 <0, Sy] = 0 and y = ce for 2. For yf +2y = 0 an integrating factor is ef 24 er sotne fey] 0nd y= eo oe 00 <2 < oo. The transient term is ce~*, A aud y = Je 4 ce-* for 3. Fory/ tyme an integrating factor ie! =e sothat Sle] co << 00. The transient term is ce“ te 4 fear) = byte pte = sothet [ety] = ge and y=} +0 4, For y/+4y = § an integrating factor is e! for ~00 < x < 00. The transient term is ce~**. 5. Pory+3e' 2? an integrating factor is ef sothet £ [ey] =22e" andy= beer for ~o0 <2 < oo. The transient term is ce 3910. vm 12. 13, a 416. 16. 5. For yf + 2ey = 2° am integrating factor is ef #4 . For yf - Exercises 2.3 so that Jo? — +00" for ~o0 <2 < 00, The transient term is ce-* Js tpg tor 010 = 09 tat A fg) = Lad y= bias sf este te 4 gett Por y -2y and y= 42? ~ Jo — 1 + 02% for —00 <2 < 00. ? +5 an integrating factor is i 1 = seeing an integrating factor i e° vs d3 If y(0) = 0 then e = -1/2 and for continuity we must have = —} c= je — 3 so that Hine), Ose s3 HE-1e™, 2>3. For o/ += f(z) an integrating factor ise so that Oszrsi 21 If y(0) = 1 then | = 0 and for continuity we must have cp = 2e so that 1 sesh; YY ogra, ga. For o + 22y = f(z) an integrating factor ise** so that 7 we i +a, OS2Sh &, D1 1 y(0) = 2 then ¢, = 3/2 and for contimity we must have c= jet § ao that ae - Osrsh; Dl 42Exercises 2.3 34, For an integrating factor is 1+ 2? so that csiee| If y{0) = 0 then c = 0 and for continulty we must have cg = 1 so that 1 1 oo 1 Integrating we got hee O dine + en z>1 Using (0) = 3 we find cy = 4. For continuity we most have cp = 2—1-+4e~® = 14 4e2. Then De 1+ 4e"%, Oszs1 Y Vasting se (1+4e M22, => 1 feral y= [eta m eta) +e an Petia) + ce 43ar. 39. aL. 42. 43. Exercises 2.3 From y(1) = 1 we get 1 = eerf(1) + ce, o that erf(t). Thus exi(a) + (1 — ef(U))e =e +e (eef(x) ~ exit) For y+ e*y = 1 an integrating factor is e*”. ‘Thus eee eee a Litdee wa fy [ease fom 0) 0 for all x we must have 1-2? > Dor —1 <2 <1, Thus, the interval of definition is (1,1) eV + oy + 2 hz) 20 that f (a) Since jy = N(z,y) = 2e¥ + 2ny + 1/2 we obtain vet Bena) Let Mize) see - () Since fe = M(x.) = ya! 42 (24 +y)* we obtain f = 2y'/%2"/? + Fin? +4) + of) sgh 2 (ty) wigs E(t) so that f, First note that +92). Let Niz.y) vy ay. yew Then dz + ydy = yr? + y2dz becomes [Fee eta "The let side isthe total diferenal of 277% and the right side iste total dferntal of + Thus y/z? + y? = z+ is a solution of the differential equation. es ieee nearer rican ree et a M = ~g(z) and N = L/hly), we soe that M, = 0 = Ne, so the differential equation is exact. 682Exercises 2.5 Exercises 2.5 1. Letting y = ur we have (e~ ur)de + 2(udz + 2du) drt edu Sodan Inala shh|+y=er 2. Letting y = uz we have (e+ unde + 2(udr + 2du) (1+ 2u)de+2du= a 1 Injal+ Fin + 2u| =e 2 (i428) P+ 2ry =e 3, Letting x= vy we have wyludy + ydv) + (y 209) dy = aydv (o? 2041) dy do dy way 0 1 info- I= +Iniy] =e 53Exercises 2.5 4. Letting 2 = wy we hove u(edy +y du) ~ 2(uy +) dy = 0 ydu—(v+2)dy =0 dv ty vray Info +2} — in ln E+: -tabi=e pr myaant 5. Letting y = us we have (ste? + us!) dz — "ude + du) =0 wd2—xdu=0 ds_ de zB? njttne lnjej+2 =e bei+z yln|z|+2 =a 6. Letting y = ux we have (2? + ua!) de +2%ude + 2du) (F401) art edu=0 a, du 2” wus) Lgl 2 In |2| + [n/n] — >In |u. =e Info|+$ln)u) ~ Fala +2) +) ty = oly + 22)7. Letting y = uz we have (ur ~ 2) dz ~ (ur +2)(ude + 2d) ~0 (P+1)éra(u+t}du=0 az ut a twsine te Infel+ Fin (u?-+1) tax ue e — sat (Gon) +20! 4 : : In (2498) +2tent Y= 8. Letting y= uz we have (2+ Suz) de ~ (Gr +ue)(udr +2du) =0 (2 -1)ée+stu+3)au ut3 wanes" 0 o tnJa| + 2Infu— 3] —In jut tf = 9. Letting y= uz we have wurde (2+ fis)(ude + edu (r+ 2Vu)dutwW?de=0 (ost) ar Hao Were =2u7N? + tnful + In|] =e Inly/2| +In|a| = 2y/s/y +e (ln y — 6 = ae. 55 Exercises 2.5Exercises 2.5 10. Letting y= us we have (r+ YAW) de state esas) =o aVit wide —22du de dw = View in -tofs Vive] =e utyltu ut Vireo LL, Letting y = uz we have (28-0829) do+ wr8(ude + 2du} drtutrdu= ste La Info] + 5 3% in|z] ty) = Using y(t) = 2 we find ot = 12, Letting y = ue we have ‘The solution of the initial-value problem is Sx? In|x| +9? = 8x? (2 4 20228) de — uYfude +d (1402) de — wed = d2__udu z Ire L 2 Inje|~$ia(2 +2) eae =e 1+e , #aa(e+2) 1 we find = 1/2. ‘Phe solution of the initial-value problem is 2r¢ = y? + 22 Using y(—1) 56Exercises 2.5 13. Letting y = ur we have (e+ ure!) dr ~ re"(ude + rdu} = 0 de— xe" du=0 Sema = Ine} In[a|—e¥/* =e, Using y(1) 14, Letting wwe find ¢ 1. The solution of the initial-value problem is In 2] = e¥/* — vy we have u(udy + ydo) + uy(iney = Iny ~ 1)éy=0 ydv+vinedy =0 de vine * y Ja [la[ol| + In | = viz =e Using v(1) wwe find ¢) = —e. The solution of the initial-value problem is y in| i An integrating factor is 2° s0 that 16. From y’~ y= ey? and w tw = fe +c ory ‘An integrating factor is e* 20 that re so that 2ew et tewcnytetale 1 dv 1 we obtain 22 4 Ly = 4 An integrating factor ist so that plyele 19, Brom of — Fy = py? and w a ty!op 5720. ai. 22 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. 28, 29. Exercises 2.5 ts Int +eory Lines We t ine j, Waiting this in the form = = Inz +, we se thatthe solution can also be expressed in the form e!/¥ 2 a, ain dv__2 2 Romy ts Y ura ene we obtain $2 — ay = An inegcating ie fs 1 1 i 2) so sp aothat Mea he teary Fal te(1+2) 9 From y/—2y = Sy and w = y°? we obtain s tou [An integrating factor is 2 so that fy = $a +00 y= fart + ca If y(1) = f then om Band y-S = 224 + Br From y-+y=y-¥/ and w= 99/9 we obtain $2 + Suv = 3. Am integrating factor is 2? so hat Laren ety me e819 + 0 of yl? = 1+ ceS*/?. If y(0) = 4 then c= 7 and y* Jat w= ety he hk dijde = 1+ dye Tn == ar log d = de, Th tan'usatcoru=tan(e+e), and c+y+1=tan(s+) or y= tan(x+o}— = or udu = dz. Thus 2 =2+0 tatu zy tat dole =1+dy/de Than or ul = 2r +1, and (x+y)? +3 Let w= by 80 that dufde = 1+ dy/de. Then 1 = tau or cos? udu = de. Thus cor Qu+sin2u = de-+ey, and 2(x+y}+sin2x-ty) = dete, of 2y+sin2x-+y) jut finde deter Let um 2+ y co that duds = 1+ dy/de. Then $2 — 1 sina ot dx, Multiplying sin cor Tesnu ty (1 = sinu)/(1 = sina) we have du = de ot (sed?u—tanuseeu) du = de. Tous tanu—secu= +c or tan(r+y)—seclr +y)= 2-46 24 Vitor = 25 +30 that dujde = dy/dz ~2 Then $2 +2 greand Wy FS +5 a0 that dufds = dy/de ~1, Then 41 = 140% or reand —ei-#8 rhe. du = de. Thus te cost and tet wn tte tht dfde w+ dye Ten ae Sow Treou30. Exercises 2.5 so we have J(csc* u-eseucotudu = fdr and —cotuteseu = ze. Thus ~ cot(z+y)-Heselz+y) = a +e. Setting z= 0 and y = 1/4 we obtain c= y2—1. The solution is 1 ese(a + y)—cot(z + y) = 2+ v3. sia. Thon Ht = 94 22 U6 Let u= S2++2y so that du/de = 3+2dy/dz. Then = 34 22, = EES ay Now 421, 4 fuy6 5 * Bus s0 we have ts SG stra) and fu+ ghln|25u+ 30] = 240 Thus 1 dae : g(8t + 2p) + 55 ln |75a + S0y + 30] = 2 +6. Land Sorting = 1 we obtain ¢= {1n95. The solution is i ae oar 392429) + Z iniror + soy + 30] = 2+ Zing Sy ~ Se +2in 75x + 50y +30] = 101n85, . We write the differential equation M(2, yd + N(x, y)dy =O as dy/de = f(x,y) where M(z,y) New) f(a.y) = ‘The function f(a, y) must necessarily be homogencous of degree 0 when M and NV are homogeneous of degree a. Since M is homogeneous of degree a, M(tz,ty) = ¢°M(z,y), and letting t = 1/z we have M(Ly/2)= 2 M(zy) or M(x,y) = 2°M(,y/2). Thus dy FM(.y/2) M(t) _ p (¥ geo fewl= yey owas PC) To show that the diferoatial equation aso has the frm 2-6(5) wwe use the fact that M(z, y) = y*M(z/ys1). The forms F(y/z) and G(z/y) suggest, respectively, the substitutions w= y/x or y= uz and v= 2/y or 2 = wy, 59Exercises 2.5 82, As x —,—00, e% + Oand y — 22 +8. Now write (1 + c28)/(1 — ce) as (€-P + o}/(e-®? ~ 0) Then, a3 x + 00, e-F 0 and y + 22-3. 33. (a) The substitutions y=; +u and ay an, du aa ae ead to a aun du n+u) + Rly +4)? et Gen P+ An tu + Rtn +H = P+ Qu + Ruf + Qu + 2y Ru + Ru? or au Be (Ot Rhu = Ra? ‘This is a Bernoulli equation with n = 2 which can be reduced to the linear equation dw at (Q+ 2 Rjw = -R by the substitution w= ut (b) Identify P(e) = 4/22, Q(2) = -1/2, and R{z) = jet teoru 24, Write the diferential equation in the form 2{y//y) = Inz-tiny and let u=Iny. Then du/dz = y//y and the differential equation becomes x(du/dz) = Inx + u or dufde —u/z = (Inz}/x, which is first-order, linear. An integrating facto is e~S4*/* = 1/z, so that (using integration by parts) ait ke ul lin integrating factor is 2° so that zw = eGuny my a ‘The solution is el Ingter or = Exel eS 2.6 1. We identify f(x,y) = 2x ~ 3y 41. Thee, for h = 0.1, Urol = tn + OAR, — 3yq +1) = 020 +07 Yn +01, and (1-2) = yi = 0.2(1) +075) +01 = 38 y(1.2) & yp = 0.2(L.1) +0.7(8.8) + 0.1 = 2.98. 60Exercises 2.6 For k= 0.05 = tn +005(20, — Spy +2) = Oly + 0.854 + 0.1, and (1.05) = ys = 0.1(1) + 0.85(5) 40.1 = 44 y(1-1) = ye = 0.1(1.05) + 0.85(4.4) + 0.1 = 3.895, (1.15) = yp = O.1(1.1) + 0.85(8.695) + 0.1 = 3.47075 V{L.2) = ye = 0.1(1.15) + 0.85(8.47075) + 0.1 = 3.11514 . We identify f(2,y) = 2+ 92. Then, for k= 0.1, Yott = Ue+ OL( n+ BR) = Oem + ve + OLN, and (0.2) & yy =0.1(0) +04+0.1(0)? =O y(G.2) = yp = 0.10.1) +0+0.1(0)? = 0.01. For ha 005 tess = Yo-+ .05(tn + 42) = 0.0525 + vn + 00542, and (0.05) = yn = 0.05(0) + 0 + 0.05(0)? w(0.1) = yp = 0.05(0.05) + 0+ 0.05(0)? = 0.0025 (0.15) © 4s = 0.08(0.1) + 0.0025 + 0.05(0.0025)? = 0.0075 w{0.2) = ye = 0.05(0.15) + 0.0075 + 0.05(0.0075)? = 0.0150. Separating variables and integrating, we have dy Pedr and iny|=2+e. 7 lvl Thus y # Is the solution of the initial-value problem coe and, using y(0) = 1, we find 1soy 61Exercises 2.6 0.1 20.05 sey vatue perce preae| | ye TAT oe a Poe 230 tugs i082 a.a0se 0.47 | | o.cs sespo 33 Hoe ida gine acsa | [ace icSbes 033 isto Use Slousa 9.43 | ois iasre lao Liaeen lapis oloar7 las | | e:30 2 2is8 0:30 Tieies least oleae 2:32 | foras Lares Ole tyme ile gloss 2.77 | [one aan. 0:99 Honey lots oc0es0 a3 | [elas dlapmt O13 2lase 2998s nossa des | Jota cers 0190 23sr 24596 ort? 443 | [ous tse iis es; Bites arises 23a | forse cease Oise l7ios O33 E7933 ties danse 2179 Tapes S73 bares 183 32820 0:98 bs0e8 else 2 5200 ioe e533 4. Separating variables and integrating, we have Bards wd nylae +e Thus y= cye*” and, using y(1) = 1, we find c= problem, po. 0.05 a Teas fs Ye value areor_error| | * Ye va Twa ee Bua 112000 212337 010337 2:73] | 1105 1.1000 113079 230 Tasso 115827 ldap S172] | t10 dlaiss t!3337 ido Liaise i99a7 oltmea ales | | Las akan "Sec rao 2ize7e 2leiay o1s2e2 aalaz| | 1:20 soaa 115527 Ess 3:397a dieso1_ 93635 tela | | 1128 Teeas 113852 130 Lleass 29937 ras italia 2.3762 tao Pat 367 14s 2.7us 30117 550321933 314503, 62Exercises 2.6 peo. 0.05 peo 5 ay my ase Ye ToT 8- OTT] | T0000 oT Toa p30 o-t000 | | 0:05 0.0800 e190 211000] | 0:05 39500 0:20 o-isos | | 0:36 o:0978 9:20 i2u20{ | o:$0 itoss 0350 ol2ns: |) ons oe 6330315458] | O18 3 ieee 0:40 0.3492 | | 0:20.86 6.40 1st35| | 0:20 112360 6:50_o:aisa| | 0128 0.2978 a'$6 ies] | ols ine 9.30 0.2676 030 1.4099 835 O:30%8 835 sow 840 013437 840 ileae7 oes ore Olas 13600 O50 bait 85039892 neo 19.05 a x 8 Tne myn 7.30 0-500 TO SCT TTT TH 0.30 915250 | | 0.05 0.8125 a1 1 '1000 | } 0.05 1.0500 6:20 0:5a31 | | 0.30 ocszs2 6:20 arse] | 0/90 33039 8:50 of8e4s | | 0:38 ocshz2 830 113808 | | ois ties 0.40 0s613 | | 0.20 15395 oa i'sora | | 0.20 12005 0:50 0.5638] | 0132 ovsase S'50_ilesoa | | 0.25 3.2921 0:30 o1se96 0.30 13653 233s olss27 033 1aNo 0:43 lssa7 140 115393, 014s olssse eas 1en7 6$0_bl8565 oso 179 30.05 : My Yn 0 % me mee TEE [TOOTS] 105 30000 0.5250 | | o'95 05128 340 Lanes :sass | | 0:10 5:s250 iis Mae Gister | | ois Olss98 320 io2s8 o'sse1 | | 0:20 05099 ibs Todos oie233 | | 9.35 O's022 30 ons 030.86 335 ans. 0135 isees ao Hise 1a 5989 alas 13087 O45 3.6309, Eiso_i3e06 8:56_ol6a98 a , 7 OO pune dass 63Exercises 2.6 13. Using separation of variables we find that the solution of the differential equation is y = 1/(1—2”), Which is undefined at 2 = 1, where the graph has a vertical asymptote. poo. Byler ho0.05 soles bed.) RK bad coat cease Xe Ya cause T TOR Soa Tee] Fae 0:30 1.0000 | | c.08 3/0000 | | 9:10 alata] | aos 30025, 0:20 Loaga | | 8:20 ito0se | | 9:20 toe17] | 049 donor 0:30 esis | | ots Lloist |] | 0:30 tioeag| | 0:15 a0a%0 0140 113292 ]0.20 Llosoe'| | 0140 aias0s| | 0.20 deeu7 o's i2a13 | [012s ilosas | | o's0 31333] | 0:35 tose e160 1.3803] ] 0130 1.0795] | 9:¢0 1562s] | 9.30 2.0989 0'50 Lletzs | | 9:38 alties | | 0:70 119607] | 0:35 aa3e6 Oia 19763] | dao aitsv9 | | o1e0 2.9r0a| | olan ac4905, oso aeoa| Jos izus| | oa 20a] | oes 2.2539 toc 3:sisi | | o'so ir7¢] [ion a2'ss3i] | ovso 2/3333 0155 1.9592 0135114337 060 114608 010 1'se25 Dies 11sau8 oles 17316 0.70 113523 0:70 13608 0.80 2.2588 9.60 2.7077 oles 2iesee bias 326034 09 3/3t08 0130512809 0.95 4.2336 0195 10"1973 200 _§/365 3000_ealca32 Because the actual solution of the differential equation becomes unbounded at x approaches L, very. small changes in the inputs 1 will result in large changes in the corresponding outputs y. This cam bbe expected to have a setious effect on numerical procedures. 64Chapter 2 Review Exercises 14. (a) (b) For y' + 2ry = 1 an integrating factor is e/ 2=4 so that Zip] = 2 and 2p a fv arre® = Sect +00? Fant (2) + 1 y(0) a and y = eet ( then e= 0 Serf (2) (c) Using FindRoot in Mathemation we see that the solution bas @ relative minimum at (0.924139, ~0.541044) and a relative maximum at (0.924139, 0.541044). Chapter 2 Review Exercises 1. Writing the differential equation in the form y’ = k(y + A/2) we see that the critieal point ~A/k fs a repeller for k > O and an attractor for k < 0 2. Separeting variables and integrating we heve dy y Iny=4inz+c=lnz* +e We see that when x = 0, y = 0, s0 the initial-value problem has an infinite number of solutions for k=0 and no solutions for k ¥ 0 4 8. B= vw 3) ay uly 2(v 4)Chapter 2 Review Exercises ‘2 even =) eed "when For dr/dt = 2% when a iseven, 0 is semi-stable; when n is odd, Os unstable. For dz /dt = ‘is even, 0 is semi-stable; when n is odd, 0 is stable 6. The zeroof f occurs at approximately 1.3. Since P'(t) = f(P) > Ofor P< 13and Pit) = s(P) > 0 for P > 1.3, lime P(t) = 13. 8. (a) linear in y, homogeneous, exact (b) tinear in = (c) separable, exact, linear in 2 and y (@) Bernoulli in 2 (0) separable (8) separable, linear in 2, Bernoulli (8) finear in = (h) homogeneous (i) Bernoulli () homogencous, exact, Bernoulli (6) tinesr in and y, exact, separable, homogeneous (1) exact, linear in y (ra) homogeneous (n) separableChapter 2 Review Exercises 9. Separating variables we obtain v cos? Leg Leinze = Lin(g?4) +e a ae tsin2e =2in(y?+1) +6 rT get jane Fin G41) +e Pe tsinde 2 (P41) + 410, Write the difexential equation in the form yin dz = (em S %) dy, ‘This is « homogeneous v i equation, 40 let z= uy. Then de = udy-+ du and the dierentel equation becomes yilnu(udy+ydu) = (uylnu—y)dy or ylnudu= —dy. Separating vaiahes we cbiin dy Inudus — > win|al - = a lu) 5 =Inlyl te -Injyjte => Zin ty) i v => a(lng—Iny) 2 = ~ylaly| + oy. ee 9 ve ota 11, The erential egstion Se =P oy = Sy? ig Bel Using w = 9! ea w, S27 An integrating factor is 62 +1 Bg Eom gO. aninteptin fr 6 +1, 9 a : 323 e Peon qellGe te Myu) = 90? wa SS (Get ay = 3a + (Note: The differential equation is also exact.) 12. Write the differential equation in the form (3y?+2z)dx-+ (4y? + Gzy)dy = 0. Letting M = 3y?-+2r and N = 4y? + Gay we see that My = 6y = Nz so the differential equation is exact. From fo = 3y?+ 20 we obtain f = Sry? +2? +h(y). Then fy = 6ry+ h'(y) = 4y? + Gry and h'{y) = dy? so h{y) = $y°. The general solution is 4 a4 any? +2? + 5 13. Write the equation in the form 42 19a) et zea eint ‘An integrating factor is e™* = t, so ad gitdl=tint = 1Q= 14, Letting u= 22+ y+ 1 we haveChapter 2 Review Exercises (Sjare ft Separating variables and integrating we get 2u—Infdu +1] = 22+ oy Recubstituting for u gives the solution e+ 2y+2— In [te + 2y +3] = 2 per e+ 2y +2— Inde + 2y +3) = dy 82 2s : 244) 1. Wate the equation in the fora 2 + PE oy = PE Am integrating factor is (2% +4)*, 99 F244) re => y=} tele +a) ae (t+) =e (et 44)4y tite gt Ellery Letting M = 2r?cos 6 sind +r cosé and NV = 4r+sin 6 — 2rcos? @ we see that M, = 4r cos@sin@ + From fg = 2r?cosdsin@ + rcos@ we obtain 16. cos = Np so the differential equation is exact. f= —rPeosté-+rsind + hr). Then jy = —2rcos?O + sind + M(r) = 4r + sind ~ 2rcos?@ and N(r) = ar so A(r) = 2r?, The general solution is =F c0s?6 + rsind +27? = 6 17 Tie tet ion tse few nay = 9 nating we hve ney = 6 Toy y= ens, vir y = c/sinz. The initial condition implies ¢ = —2sin(7x/6) = 1 << 2r is chosen to include x = 75/6. 68Chapter 2 Review Exercises 18. Separating variables and integrating we have dy. 2043) gen 20+) 1 -G+1ee eT re ‘The initial condition implies c= —9, 60 the solution of the initial-value problem is 1 ERE where -4et<2 eyHae 19. (a) For y <0, yf is not a real number. (b) Separating variables and integrating we have de and 2oe2 Va Letting y(zo) = yo we get ¢ = 2/96 — 20, 60 that QG=2+2VH—z0 and y= fle+ 2 ~ 20). Since Yj > 0 for y # 0, we see that dy/dz = $(e + 2/6 ~ 20) must be positive. Thus, the interval on which the solution is defined is (z9 — 2/78, 00). 20. (a) The differential equation is homogeneous and we let y= ur. Then (2 yP)de +aydy=0 (a? = ws?) de + ua"(ude +2du) = 0 de+urdu=0 2 ¥ =~] +0. ‘The initial condition gives cy = 2, so an implicit solution is y? = 2°(2~ 21) 69a. 22, Chapter 2 Review Exercises (b) Solving for y in pact (a) and being sure that the initial condi- tion is stil satisfied, we hove y = —y3|xi(1 ~ kn|2})"/, where =e 0. The graph of this function ind'= cates that the derivative is not defined at 2 =D and =e. Thus, te solution of the initial-value problem is y = —V3.2(1—In 2)" fordcr = S2I80 16 tous Let N= N(¢t) be the amount at time t, From dN/dt = kt and V(0) = 100 we obtain N = 100et Using (6) = 97 we find & = J 1n0.97. Then 1V(24) = 100et4/6Ni9097)% — 199(0.97)4 = 88.5 mg. Setting V(t) = 50 in Problem 8 we obtain 1 1/2 50 = 100eM# => kt=ins => t= 5 Ayeynogy © 1985 hours (a) The solution of dA/dt = kA is A(t) = Ace, Letting A = }do and solving for t we obtain the halflife T = ~(1n2)/f. (b) Since & = ~(n2)/P we have Alt) = Age ONT Aga? (c) Writing $4y = 402“! a5 2-3 = 2-H and solving for ¢ we get # = 97. ‘Thus, an intial amount Ag will decay to 4g in three half lives ‘Assume that A= Age# and k = ~0.00012378. If A(t) = 0.145 Ag then ¢ ~15,600 years. From Example 3, the amount of carbon present at time t is A(t) = Age®0!%7%, Letting ¢ = 660 and solving for Ao we have A(G60) = Age~S%%297186) — 0.921553.49, Thus, approximately 92% of the original amount of C-Id remained in the cloth as of 1988. Assume that dT/dt = k(T ~10) so that T = 10+ ce. If P(0} = 70° and T(1/2) = 50° then c = 60 and & = 2n(2/3) so that T(1) = 36.67°. If T(t) = 15° then t = 3.06minutes, Ascume that dT'/dt = &{T'~§) so that T = 6 +ce!, If T(1) = 5° and 7(5) = 30° then k = —}1n2 and c= 59.4611 so that T(0) = 64.4611°. ‘Assume that dT/dé = K(T ~ 100) so that T = 100 + eM. If 7(Q) = 20° and T(1) = 22° thea ¢ = ~80 and k = In(99/40) so that T(t) = 90° implies t = 82.1seconds. If T(t) = 98° then t= 145.7 seconds. Using separation of variables to solve dT/dt = (I —Tim) we get T(t) = Tm +ce¥. Using T(0) = 70 we find = 70~ Tn, 20 T(t) = Tm + (70~ Tine. Using the given observations, we obtain 1 eid 1(5) = Ta + (70~ Tie? = 110 (1) = Ton + (10 ~ Trae = 148. 72a. 18. 19. 20. 21 22. Exercises 3.1 Then ef? = (110 ~ Ty,}/(70~ Tin) and kc gitya _ (M0— Tn)? _ MS = Tn 80 = pore) — Fate (210— Tn)? yg Ser 45 — Tn 12100 = 220 +73 = 10150 ~ 2507 + 72 Try = 390. ‘The trapersture inthe oven i 80° From dA/dt = 4— 4/50 we obtain A = 200+ ce. If A(0} = 30 then c= -170 and A= 200 ~ 1702-18, From dA/ét = 0— A/50 we obtain A= oe~*/®, If A(0} = 30 then ¢= 30 and A = S0e~"( From dA/dt = 10 ~ 4/100 we obtain A = 1000+ ce~*/I"0, If A(0) = 0 then c = ~1000 and A= 1000 ~ 1000e~#)%, At t= 5, A(5) = 48.77 pounds, aw 104 rom 4A yg 104 _ 19 _ 24 ye obtain A = 1000 ~ 10" + o(100 ~ #2 From Sp = 20— sae—ag ap = 10 yqgecy me abtain A = 1000 ~ 304+ (100 ~ 0 A) =0 then ¢ ‘The tank is empty in 100 minutes. aA 44 2a : ane on From SP = 8 appa ay 9~ ayeey Ne Obtain Am SOL S04, AO) = 10 he ¢ =~ 100,000 and A(30) = 64.38 pounds, (2) Initially the tank contains 300 gallons of solution. Since brine is pumped in at a rate of 3 gal/min and the solution is pumped out at a rate of 2 gal/min, the net chang of 1 gal/min, Thus, in 100 minutes the tank will contain its capacity of 400 gallons. ‘an increase (b) The differential equation describing the amount of salt in the tank is A’(t) = 6~24/(300+ ¢) with solution A(t) = 6004 2 (4.95 x 307)(300+8)"%, O 20 the differential equation is 20di/dt + 24 = 0 and 4 = ope~!/"0 74Exercises 3.1 Ast = 20 we want o¢°? = 60 ~ 606°? so that «p= 60 (e? = 1). Thus ; 60 — 60e~1/19, Ost<20; = Veo(a= aye, e> 00 28. Separating variables we obtain 4g at a (Fo-a/Cy© _ Boge" emg > ~Cm |b gl=ghlhtetira = Gem 2 0 Setting 4(0) = qo we fd an SH . (Bo= afC)-F _ (Eo ~ w/c" rk We ky \Moh ae 20+ (@- HC) (-#-) 29, (a) From mdv/dt = mg— ky we obtain v= gmm/k-tce-HI™, If (0) = then ¢= ty —om/k and the solution of the initial-value problem is om Belo (b) Ast — oo the limiting velocity is gm/k: (c) From de/dt = v and o(0) = 0 we obtain ecttin 5 7 (yy — Jewn= 3 (o- @) 30, (a) Integrating d?s/at? = —g we get u(t) = ds/dt = —gt-+ c. From u(Q) = 300 we find e = 300, so the velocity is v(t) = —32¢ + 300. (b) Integrating again and using s(0) = 0 we get s(t) = —162 + 300t. The maximum height is attained when v = 0, that i, at fg = 9.875, The maximum height will be (9.375) = 1406.25 31. When air resistance is proportional to velocity, the model for the velocity is medv/dt = —mg — fev (using the feet that the positive direction is upward.) Solving the differential equation using separation of variables we obtair v(t) = —mg/k + ce". From v(0) = 300 we get ut ng me 78 (90047 75Exercises 3.1 Integrating and using s(0) = 0 we fad Setting b = 0.0025, m = 16/32 = 0.5, and g = 32 we have s(é) = 1,840,000 ~ 6 4008 ~ 1,340,002 808 and v(t) = 6,400 + 6 70027 ‘The maximum height is attained when v= 0, that is, at ta = 9.162, The maximum height will be (9.162) = 1368.79, whichis less than the maximum height in part (a) 32, Assuming that air resistance is proportional to velocity anc the positive direction is downward, the model forthe velocity is m du/edt = mg — kv. Using separation of variables to solve ths differential equation we obtain v(t) = mg/k + ce-/, From v0) = 0 we get u(t)’ = (mg/k)(l — e-#/m), Letting # = 0.5, m = 160/32 = 5, and g = 32 wo have v(t) = 320(1 ~ e°°%'). Integrating, we find s(t) = 920¢ + $2002". At ¢ = 15, when the parachute opens, u(15) = 248.598 and (15) = 5514.02, At this point the value of & changes to k = 10 and the now inital velocity is vp = 248.598. Her velocity with the parachute open (with time measured ftom the instant of opening) is vp(t) = 16 + 232.598e"%, Integrating, we find sp(t) = 16t — 116.2986~, Twenty secon after leaving the plane is five seconcis after the parachute opens. Her velocity at this time is up(5) = 16.0106 ft/sec and she has fallen (16) + 59(5) = 5514.02 + 79,9947 = 5594.01 ft Her terminal velocity is limos p(t) = 16, 60 she has very nearly reached her terminal velocity five seconds after the parachute opens. When the parachute opens, the distance to the groune is 15,000 ~ $514.02 = 9485.98 f. Solving sp(t) = 9485.98 we get ¢ = 592.874 s = 9.88 min. Thus, it will take her approximately 9.88 minutes to reach the ground after her parachute has opened and a total of (592.874 + 15)/60 = 10.13 minutes ater she exits the plane, 33. (a) The differential equation 1s first-order, linear. Letting = k/p, the integrating factor is ef Bato) (ry B8)%. Then a 2, llro + 20)%o} = alra-+ B6)® and (om +B4)%v = Fira + be) +e. ‘The solution of the differential equation is u(t) = (g/4b)(r0-+8t) + o(ro+bt)~®. Using »(0 we find ¢= ~ord/4b, 90 that oer oh 2, ro + Reo Biro + ey ak 9 & Etro+ bs) - (ra + By) (b) Integrating dr/dt = k/p we get r = kt/pre. Using r(0) = r9 we have c= ro, so r(t) = kt/p+ro. 76Exercises 3.1 (c) Tfr = 0.007 when t = 10s, then solving r(20) = 0.007 for k/p, we obtain k/e = ~0.0008 and 7(f) = 0.01 — 0.00034. Solving r{t) = 0 we get ¢ = 33.3, so the raindrop will have evaporated completely at 33.3 seconds. sees ener : © pentdt — tlPlnbentte > Peat, If P(0) = Ph then cy = Ph and P = Pye in’. 3 16 + 35. (a) From dP/dt = (ky — kz}? we obtain P = Peet! where Py = PCO). (b) lf ky > kg then P — 00 ast 00. If ky = ky then P = Fh for every t. If ky < kz then P+ 0 ast 00. 36. The first equation can be solved by separation of variables. We obtain 2 = ce". From 2(0) = zo ‘we obtain c; = zp and so x = ge~™". The second equation then becomes ay “at whe day or + day = zoe ‘which is linear, An integrating factor is ef, Thus f fetty| = ape Me = ro 'ye¥ a = EOL Oat ae reery “a zo at Y" = From y(0) = yo we obtain cp = (yod2 — voAt ~ 2041)/(A2 — 9). The solution is OM gre 4 WAL— BOM — ZOM oot =m %—¥ 87. (a) Solving ky(M —A)—faA = 0 for A we find the equilibrium solution A = ky M/(k1 +z). From the phase portrait we see that lim: ae A(t) = Ay M/(ky + ka), ss kM are Since fp > 0, the material will never be completely memorized and the lerger fy is, the Tess the amount of material will be memorized over time. 7Exercises 3.1 (b) Write the differential equation in the form dA/dt+(kt tha) = kM. Then an integrating factor is e+, and 4 stn] = gern] = stelle we attitheg BM test yg Rem’ kM cotta hth” AM aM Using A(0) = 0 we ind o= — ZF an Aik kM Thee 38. (a) Solving r~ kx = 0 for x we find the equilibrium solution x = r/k, When 2 < r/k, dr/dt > 0 and when 2 > r/k, d2/dt <0. From the phase portrait we see that lim, oo 2(t) = r/k (b) From dz/dt =r ~ kr and 2(0) = 0 we obtain x so that x r/k as t+ oe. Wf.x(T') = 1/2k then T He (rf Be (n 2)/f. 39. It is necessary to know the air temperature from the time of death until the medical examiner arrives. We will assume that the temperature of the air is a constant 65°F. By Newton's law of cooling we then have (7-65), T(0) =82 Using linearity or separation of variables we obtain T= 65++ce, From T(0) = 82 we find ¢= 17,50 hat atts 5-+ Tet, To find & we need more information so we assuzae that the body temperature hours was 75°F. Then 75 = 65 + 17e and k = ~0.2658 and Te) = 65-4 116078 At the time of death, to, T'to) = 98.6°F, so 98.6 = 65 + 17e~®285%, which gives 568, Thus, the murder took place about 2.568 hours prior to the discovery of the body. 78Exercises 3.2 40. We will assume that the temperature of both the room and the crear is 72°F, and that the temperature of the coffee when itis first put on the table is 175°F. If we let T)(t) represent the ‘temperature of the coffee in Mr. Jones’ cup at time t, then hry —72), at 2-+cyeM. At time t = 0 Mr, Jones adcis cream to his coffee which immediazely which implies T; redluces its temperature by an amount a, so that Ty(0) = 175— a; Thus 175~ a= 7)(0) = 72+c1, which implies ¢, = 103 ~ a, so that Ty(4) = 72-4 (103 ~ ae. At t = 5, Ty(6) = 724 (108 — a}e™. ‘Now we let To(t) represent the temperature of the coffee in Mrs. Jones’ cup. From Tp = 72+ one! and T;(0} = 175 we obtain cy = 103, 90 that To(t) = 72+ 108e, At t = 5, T3(6) = 72+ 10825 When cream is added to Mrs, Jones’ coffe the temperature is reduced by an amount a: Using the fact thet k <0 we have Bs) - 2+ 1032 — a < 72+ 103e — ae® = 72+ (103 ~ ae = 75). ‘Thus, the temperature ofthe coffee in Mr. Jones’ cup is hotter. 41. Drop an object from a great height and measure its terminal velocity, w. In Problem 29(b) we sew Bhat v= p/h, 80 k= gm/v 42, We saw in part (a) of Problem 30 thet the ascent time is ta = 9.975. To find when the cannonball hits the ground we solve s(t) = ~16¢2 + 300 = 0, getting total time in fight oft = 18.75. Thus, the time of descent is ty = 18.75 ~ 9.875 = 9.875. The impact velocity is us = 0(18.75) = -300, which has the same magnitude as the intial velotiy. ‘We saw in part (b) of Problem 30 that the ascent time in the case of alr resistance is t = 9.162. Solving s(¢) = 1,340,000—6,400t—1,340,000e"220 = 0 we see that the total time of fight is 18.466. ‘Thus, the descent time is tg = 18.466 ~ 9.162 = 9.304. The impact velocity is uy = v(18.466) = '~290.91, compared to an initial velocity of ve = 300. Exercises 3.2 1. (a) Solving N(1 ~ 0.00054) = 0 for Nv we find the equilibrium solutions N= 0 and N When 0 < NV < 2000, dlv/dt > 0. From the phase portrait we see that limo V(t) Soeeeeeeameeneeeeattas: o 2000 A graph of the solution is shown in part (b). 79Exercises 3.2 (0) Separating variables ad iatgrting we have | “ aod reco) se and “soo, InN = in( ~ 2000) = t +6. wet Doderet/(1 + ee"). Using (0 1000e"/(1989 + et). Then (10) Solving for NV we get Nit} solving for e® we find & 2o0deF*#/(1 + e°**) 1999 and so M(t) 50 1834 companies are expected to adopt the new technology when t = 10. aN Ly - 2 5000 a 2. From > = N(a~5N) and N(0) = 500 we obtain N = spar. Since Jin NV 00 $ 80,000 and N(1) = 1000 we have a = 0.7033, 6 = 0.00014, and N = > es a. ey o _ 500. “ 3. rom SE = P(10~! = 10°7P) and P(0) = 5000 we obtain P= Poe re 90 that P — 1,000,000 as ¢ + 00. If P(¢) = 500,000 then t = 52.9 months. 4. (a) We have dP/dt = Pla bP) with P(0) = 3.929 million. Using separation of variables we obtain 3.9290 a/b ~ $9206 + (a — 3.0BGb}e-F ~ TF (a/S-G296 — He Team —Net [At {= 60(1850) the population is 25.192 malin, so Pw or c= 23.192 + 23.192(6/3.929 ~ Ie, At ¢ = 120(1910) S197 = Ty (efm = 91.972 + 91.97%(0/3.929 ~ 1)(e~*4}?. Combining the two equations for ¢ we get {c= 28.192}/28.192 ( oni) = See 3.929 = 1 3938 ore re 91.972(8.929)(c ~ 23.192)? = (28.192)*(c — 91.972)(c ~ 3.929). ‘The solution of this quaciratic equation is = 197.274. This in turn gives a = 0.0313. Therefore 197.274 PO) = Tapa oe 80Exercises 3.2 a. rom 2 = gaan = x7, 0 = 0, ed X10) = 10 ean X = 190 oe wt ‘= 000095238. Then X(20) = 33.3 grems and X — 150 as t + 00 so that the amount of A +0 and the amount of B +0 as t+ 00. IF X(t) = 75 shen ¢ = TO minutes. 9. (a) The initial-value problem is dh/dt = —8A,VR/Aw, 10 (0) =H. Separating variables and integrating we hare Ay 84y, 4 Sth ar and wim ~The to Hi we find c= 2V7F, so the solution of sar sae TEE * the initial-value problem is A(t) = (AyWH ~ 4Ant)/Aw, where AwVH ~ 44yt 2 0. Thus, AW) = (Au ~ 4A, /42 for 0S tS Ault/4Ay (b) Identifying Hf = 10, Ay = 41, and Ay = 1/576 we have A(t) = ¢2/331,776 — (y/572 /144)¢ +10. Solving h(t) = 0 we see that the tank empties in S76VT0 seconds or 30.36 maimutes 10. To obtain the solution of this differential equation we use A(t) from part (a) of Problem 11 in Exercises 11.3 with Ay replaced by cay, Then A(t) = (Auv ~deAyt]?/AZ. Solving Ai) = 0 with ¢ = 0.6 and the values from Problom 11 we see that the tank empties in 3035.79 seconds or 50.6 minutes. 11. (a) Separating variables and integrating we have en?ah 15 -St and ZAP = st +0 Using h(0) = 20 we find © = 1920V8, so the solution ofthe initial-value problem is h(t) = (s00v5 ~ 41)°*, Solving A(t) = 0 we see that the tank empties in 384V3 seconds or 14.31 minutes (b) When the height of the water is h, the radius of the top of the water is r = htan 30° = h/ V3 and Ay = rh?/3. The differential equation is - Ur Beg tah = 08 Ga, Vom Separating variables and integrating we have 5H?qh = —2dt and 2h? = 2 +e, Using h(0) = 9 we find ¢ = 486, so the solution ofthe initial-value problem is h(t) = (243-1) Solving A(t) = 0 we see that the tank empties in 243 seconds or 4.05 minutes. 12, When the height of the water is A, the radius of the top of the water is $(20~ A) and Ay = 4n(20 ~ h}2/25. The differential equation is ah An oe gg tasty svi Fn OR Va = Ne VOR 82Exercises 3.2 (v) meus Freie = Year | Population Population __Error_Brror 70 ‘398 dea oa 000 150 5.08 5304 0028 048 10 20 7mm om 04 10 9608 ous 0108-112 uso | 12806 yao 02% aa 160 | 17068 ram tao B38 wo | 292 23143 ood 021 uo | aise 03a 102 347 reo | 38586 so272 one 185 ro | 50156 sous oz oz wo | caus 62600 0318 Os iso | 75995, 78588 088 asi | sign 91.759 025 so | smi = aras 135 xo | irs = iio 082 iso | iiss 38.068 3H seo | soe ass 19 ‘The model predicts a population of 159.0 million for 1960 and 167.8 million for 1970, ‘The census populations for these years were 179.3 and 203.3, respectively. The percentage errors are 12.8 and 21.2, respectively. 5. (a) The differential equation is dP/dt = P(.—In P), which has equilibrium solution P= €. When Fy > e, dP/dt <0, and when Py . {b) The differential equation is dP/dt = P(1+In P), which has equilibrium solution P = 1/e. When Py > 1/e, dP/dt > 0, and when Pp < 1/e, aPidt <0, 6. Prom then © X(8) = 10 then X e 1. Let X= X) be he anon of ot ine and 2 Koad = 2480 = 99. 1X0 Pla~bla P) we obtain In abla P| in Po +e] so that P= e/emee™ Tf PLO) = Ph and (0001289, and (20) 29.8 grams. Now X + 60 as t +00, so thet the amount of A — 0 and the amount of B — 90 as t — oo. 81Exercises 3.2 1A, We solve mit = ing a using separation of variables. This gives Integrating and using s(0) = ia jeos Me —taartamyfE | + Bn (14 OOM ste s0000% ) Solving u(t) = 0 we see that ¢ = 6.60159. The maximum height is s(t) = 823.84 ft 15. (a) Let p be the weight density of the water and V the volume of the object. Archimedes’ principle states that the upward buoyant force has magnitude equal ta the weight of the water displaced, ‘Taking the positive direction to be down, the differential equation is 9 — kv? ~ pV. (b) Using separation of variables we have may Tags oy Pe Mt tt VE (ving = eV)? — (ve) eat) -1_vkv Tus feat wo i= TEs.) w(t} (6) Since tant —1 a8 too, the terminal velocity i m= V7 —— er = (Fav ond 16. (a) Writing the equation in the form (z— (3? + wP)dx + ydy we identify M- Nv =y. Since Mf and NV are both homogeneous of degree 1 we use the substitution y= uz. It 84Exercises 3.2 Separating variables and integrating we have (20-1)? 5 ji 0,9 4 p82 ah i e00v/ 2 28 dt and 800VR SR? + Et Using (0) soovi a9 28 To find the time it takes the tank to empty we seth = 0 and solve for #. The tank empties in 1024/3 seconds or 38.16 minutes. ‘Thus, the tank empties more slowly when the base of the cone Js on the bottom. 13. (a) Separating variables we obtain 1 de g i= (vjng? vag__Vilmoee ay ld ‘Thus the velocity at time is = 2 wan (/B tea) Setting t = 0 and v = up we find c; = tanh” "(VR up/ /7ig). (b) Since tank +1 as t+ 00, we have » + yng7E as ¢ — oo. (e) Integrating the expression for v(t) in part (a) we obtain =f fram (Bere) a= Piola (Broa) +0 Setting f= 0 and s = so we find op = sp ~ ™ In(cosh cy). Fn 83Exercises 3.2 follows that (2- Vee ute) as + welds + rdu) = 0 2[(0-ViF8) +a] ert trer=o udu ds pe vIte "= du a Wrea- Tea = Lesting w= 1~ VIFF we have dw = -udu/VT+O? so that -i(1- Jive) -tns +e (-e = 1/e1) Solving for y? we have Y= tae=4=4(2) (e# which isa family of parabolas syrmmetzic with respect to the z-axis with vertex at (~c2/2,0) and focus atthe origin (b) Let w= 2? + 9? so that ‘Then and the differential equation can be written in the form 1du 1du -ttyi orExercises 3.2 Separating variables and intgreting we hove fe ave Vaerte wart tirte Payattrerte P= 2er+ 2, 17. (a) From 2? — W? = W2(2—W) =0 we see that W and W are constant solutions, () Separating variables and using a CAS to integrate we get aw Ware = at Using the facts that the bypecbolic tangent is an odd function and 1 — tanh? = sech®z we have ee 2 34-26) = tanh +0) 1 te. 1b = tanto +4) GW = 1 tants +0) = sech(e +0) ‘Thus, W(z) = 2sech?(x +c) (©) Letting x = 0 and W = 2 we find that sech®(c) = L and e=0. ” 3 3 18, (a) Solving +? + (10 A)? = 10? for 12 we see that r? = 20h —h#. Combining the eate of input of water, , with the rate of output due to evaporation, kar? = kr(20h ~ 12), we have dV/at = —kr(20h ~ f?), Using V = 10h? — Enh, we see also that dV/at = (20nh ~ wi®)ah et. Thus, adh 2ydh a — kataoh = A ah (20mh — nh) = 2 kx(208~ HY) andExercises 3.2 (b) Letting k = 1/100, separating variables and integrating (with the help of a CAS), we get Q 100h(h — 20) —i07 Using {0} = 6 we find ¢= 1000, and solving for A we get a(t) = 0.008( VE74 4000E ~ 1), where the positive square root is chosen because h > 0. dh=at ERE THEO ESOT TROP TICE {c) The volume of the tank is V = (10) feet, so at a rate of x cubic feet per minute, the tank ssl lin $(20)8 = 666.67 minutes = 12.12 hours. (d) At 666.67 minutes, the depth of the water is A(666.67) = 5.486 feet. From the graph in (b) we suspect that lime A(t) = 10, in which case the tank will never completly fill. To prove this ‘we compute the limit of A(t) + 40001 — 2 lt) = 0.005 hn (2 4000" 2) = 0.0085 fre oP AON = dig AC) = 0005 i (004 — 2) = 0.005 fin ae 0.005 Ji, —— A000 0.05 Jim, #000 eo Ji a000/t +t a 1 0,005(2000) 8a) OH os toe 8 ed 8 coe 5 tas 7 oe 7 san 8 | BEG | oa 87Exercises 3.2 (b) ‘The regression line is Q = 0.0348391 — 0.000168222P. (6) The solution of the logistic equation is given in equation (8) in the text. Identifying a = 0.0348091 and 6 = 0.000168222 we have af 0 Fre thie (a) With Py = 3.929 the solution becomes 6883 TRGB 0.058171 TE PO @ ea a (£) We identify ¢ = 180 with 1970, t = 190 with 1980, and t= 200 with 1990, The model predicts (180) = 188.661, P(190) = 198.735, and P(200) = 197.485. The actual population figures for these years ate 203.303, 226.542, and 248.765 millions. As ¢ +00, P(t) + a/b = 207.102, 20. (a) Using a CAS to solve P(1 — P) +0.3e~P = 0 for P we see that P= 1.09236 is an equilibrium solution, (b) Since f(P) > 0 for 0.< P < 1.09216, the solution P(t) of aP/dt = PL P)+03e"P, PIO) =P, | is increasing for Fp < 1.09216, Since f(P) <0 for P > 1.09216, the EN solution P(t) is decreasing for Pp > 1.09216. Thus P = 1.09216 is) an attractor, aa. 22. Exercises 3.2 (c) The curves for the second initial-value problem are thicker. The cauilbrium solution forthe lgle model is P= 1. Comparing 1. 1.09216 and 1, we se thatthe percentage increase is 9.216% To find tg we solve av mo amg— mF (0) = using separation of variables. This gives Integrating and using (0) = 0 gives s(t) = ‘To find the time of descent we solve s(t) = 828.84 and find ty vite) 77882. The impact velocity is 182.998, which is positive because the positive direction is downward. (a) Solving w= ymu/F for k we obtain k = mg/vp. Tae differential equation then becomes ‘The inal condition (0) = O implies = 0, s0 eatamtt v(t) = vy tanh, iy We find the distance by integrating: st f wtann Za Bloat) +a ‘The initial condition s{0) = 0 implies ¢ as at so-4 ta (com 1 25 seconds she has fllen 20,000 — 14,800 = 5,200 feet. Solving 5200 (o/c 222) 8923. Exercises 3,2 for vy gives 271,711 ft/s. Then 2 s(t) es ‘(cosh #) ‘= 2307.08 In(cosh 0.117772), (b) Att =15, 9(15) = 2,542.94 ft and u(25) = s"(15) = 256.287 fe/seo While the object is in the ait its velocity is modeled by the linear differential equation mdv/dt ~ mg—ky, Using m = 160, & =}, and g = 22, the diferential equation becomes dv/dt-+ (1/640)v = 92, ‘The intogeating factor is ef 5 — e#/ and the solution of the differential equation is e/6H0y =f 32e8/40dt = 20,4802 + 0, Using v(0) = 0 we see that ¢ = —20,480 and v(t) 480 — 20,4802, Integrating we get s(t) = 20,480 + 13,107,2006-V6 +c, Since s(0) = 0, 13,107,200 and s(t) = —13,107,200+20,480t + 13,107,200e~*/*°, To find when the object hits ‘the liquid we solve s(t) = 500—75 = 425, obtaining ty = 6.16018. The velocity at the time of impact with the liquid is vq = o(ta) = 164.482. When the object isin tie liquid its velocity is modeled by mmdv/dt = mg—Av?, Using m = 160, g = 32, and k = 0.1 this becomes du/dt = (51,200 v2) /1600. Separating variables and integrating we have ang V8 pg P= 100V3 |g Simo 0? ~ i600 2 aa0!™| y+ 160vi |” 1600 Solving v(0) = vs = 164.482 we obtain ¢ = -0.00407837. Then, for v < 160V3 = 226.274, [LZHOME | eesti gg YIIOVE ays oly ori Solving for v we get 139646 ~ 2208.296V/5 ee {0 = Sorisa + 9 T9aTe BE Integrating we find (0) = 226.2751 ~ 1600 In(6.3237 + V9) + Solving s(0) = 0 we see that ¢ = 3185.78, so s(t) To find when the abject hits the bottom of the tank we solve s(t) = 75, obtaining t = 0.466273. ‘The time from when the object is dropped from the helicopter to when it hits the bottom of the tank is te + ty = 5.62708 seconds 185.78 + 226.275¢ ~ 16001n(6.3237 + e¥#/5)Exercises 3.3 Exercises 3.3 1. ‘The equation de/dt = x2 can be solved by separation of variables. Integrating both sides of da/xr = —Ddt we obtain In|z| = —Ayt +e from which we got 2 = ce", Using 2(0) = zo we find e170 s0 that 2 = zoe". Substituting this result into the second differential equation we have 8 soy = nage St day = dune which is linear. An integrating factor is €% so that 4 fey) m reel be dato alte Mat 4 peat wen ( we find ep = —dya0/(2 ~ Ax). Thus Dato (-at Yee Svs heen he hid iret quaton we ve as Aaa aah egg we dso Using =(0) Geefai gna The Ar eae A aaa proximately 4.7 days, To determine the half-life of B 29] wwe use é 0 as a base, since at this time the amount of substance A is so small that it contributes very lit tle to substance B. Now we see from the graph that +0 y(50) = 16.2 and y(191) © 8.1. Thus, the halflife of 5} Bis approximately 141 days. 2s S075 300 195 150 3. The amounts of x and y are the same at about t = 5 days. The amounts of z and 2 are the same fat about ¢ = 20 days. The amounts of y and z are the same at about t = 147 days. The time when y and 2 are the same makes sense because most of A and half of B are gone, so half of C should have been formed, : 21Exercises 3.3 Suppose that the series is described schematically by W ae A,X mp —Ag¥ mo —3sZ where ~Nt, ~Az, and As are the decay constants for W, X and Y, respectively, and Z is a stable clement, Let wit), 2(t), y(t), and 2(t) denote the amounts of substances W, X, Y, and Z, respectively. A model for the radioneve series is dw Grow & Gree ay Fh = dar — day dz a 5. The system is Fea Ey Lk, 2 Mem gee > gota Byte = 357 — gt 3. Let 21, 2, and zy be the amounts of salt in tanks A, B, and C, respectively, so that 1 1 aes oe 1 et hogy = hay 2 Pomp = Sn ane hy 1007? ~ 1007? GO these 100 Lot 1 ~ yn heed (a) Armodel is eae a : z 3 Too=t Tow" (0) = 100 dz yt ao Ho? ma aT) 7H) = (b) Since the system is closed, no salt enters or leaves the systern and 2y(t)-+2(¢) = 100-50 = 150 for alltime. Thus x1 = 150 ~ x2 and the second equation in part (a) becomes deq _ 2150-2) __302_ __800___2zp_ Sy a ~~ y00+t — 1O0-t~ i0+t i0o+t I0-z area 3 300 \ioose * 0-% 10+" whieh ig linear in 22. sai integrating factor is e2lne0r2) 810000) — (400 + 9% (100 — e)-* 92Exercises 3.3 £a00 + 42200 ~ 9-22 = 300(100 + 2}200 - "8 Using integration by parts, we obtain ‘Thus Using (0) = 8. A model is ay & dey ra es a (200 + 2(200 ~ 47-®x9 = 300 {2 (100 + 1)(100-1)-? - Lao yt + d 2 2 Gaara [e99- 8 ~ 5000-4? + F200 +2(200— 2] . “a0 1)? ae #)41(100— 9). 50 we find e= 5/3000. At t= 10, 2 = (800/1902)(70%e + 30-70) = 47.4 tow (4 gal/min)(0 Ib/gal) ~ (4 gal/min) (aa loss) = (ein (ss el) ~ etn (Ln et) 4 amin) (Penne!) ~ (ati) (5) fered Ba-an dz a” 2 BiB Over @ long period of time we would expect x3, 22, and zg to approach 0 because the entering pure water should flush the salt out of all throe tanks ). From the graph we see that the populations are first equal at about t = 5.6. The approximate periods of 2 and y are both 45, 9310. un. 2. Exercises 3.3 (a) The population y(t} approaches 10,000, while the population 2(¢) approaches extinction. (b) ‘The population 2(¢) approaches 5,000, while the population ut) approaches exsinetion (c) The population y(t} approaches 10,000, while the population -2(t) approaches extinction. (d) The population x(t) approaches 5,000, while the population x(t} approaches extinction. 1 20 ot) s wt enaawe 10 n ® Oey 5 sf} ee , 2 0 20 0° © %4 . @ : 5 — re w» 0! 20 0 In each case the population 2(t) approaches 6,000, while the population y(t) approaches 8,000. By Kicchof’s first law we have iy = in ig, By Kirchofs second law, on each loop we have BY) = Li + Rain and 80) = Li + Rain + J 0 that g = CRvin~ CRais. Then ig = of = CR —-CRain so that the system is Lik, + Li + Bria = E(t) b+ Ried Rith + Paik + Gis = 0. 94Exercises 3.3 13. By Kirchoft’s first law we have t= ip + ig. Applying Kirchofl’s second law to each loop we obtain BU) = Ry + L182 + Ry ra and aig BU) = ks + oS + isha. Contbining the three equations, we obtain the aystem 1,82 + (Ry + Rain Reis = E 158 + Rain + (Ri + Radin = B. 14. By Kirchoff's fret law we have f E(O = Li + Ria and E(t) = Li + aso that g ig + is. By Kirchof’s second law, on each loop we have Rin. Then is = g! = CR so that system is Li! + Rin = Bt) Rb +20 15, We first note that o{t) +4(¢] +r(t) =n. Now the rate of change of the number of susceptible persons, s(t), is proportional to the number of contacts between the number of people infected and ‘the number who are susceptible; that is, ds/dé = —kys;. We use ~hy because s(t) is decreasing. Next, the rate of change of the number of persons who have recovered is proportional to the number Infected; that is, dr/dt = kai where kp is positive since r is increasing. Finally, to obtain di/dé we a Foetitn ‘This gives a The system of equations is then ksi hei + hist at. [A reasonable set of initial conditions is #(0) = ip, the mumber of infected people at time 0, 6(0) = nig, and r(0) = 0. 16. (a) If we know s(t) and i(t) then we can determine r(¢) from s+ itr =n. 95Exercises 3.3 (b) Jn this case the system is S 2 0281 a di Gm OT +028. We also note that when i(0) = i, s(0) = 10 ~ ig since r(0) = 0 and #(¢) + s(t) +r(t] = 0 for all values of t. Now f/ki = 0.7/0.2 = 3.5, so we consider initial conditions 5(0) = 2, #0) (0) = 3.4, (0) = 6.6; 5(0) = 7, £(0) = 9; and s(0) = 9, (0) = 1. é ’ 14 wi 5 5 z 7 a a meio ri We see that an initial susceptible population greater than f2/&; results in an epidemic in the sense that the number of infected persons increases to a maximum before decreasing to 0. On the other hand, when (0) < h/ky, the number of infected persons decreases from the start ‘and there is no epidemic. LT, Since zp > yo > 0 we have a(t) > y(t) and yz <0, Thus dz/dt <0 4 and dy/dt > 0. We conclude that z(t) is decreasing and y(t) is increasing. As t — 00 we expect that z(t) > C and y(t) = C, *10 ‘where C is a constant common equilibrium concentration, 18. We write the system in the form amy-s dy + = nie -¥),Exercises 3.3 where ky = «/Vq and kz = «/Vg. Letting 2(t) = x(t} — y(t) we have de dy aa dz Goma) ~ ke wnly-2)~ fale») a 7 Gtlhth)e=0 ‘This is a first-order linear differential equation with solution 2(8) = e~(h+¥9)*, Now e - nr) a chs = yet Shy hse he and a A detiox Om Re Me Since y(t) = 2(¢) ~ 2(0) we have eng Be thene w= nage +o ‘The inital condition 2(0) = 20 end y(0) = imply : sake + wh a=m-w and aint yh “The solution ofthe system is tty SHOE te 4 Za + (= Eke + tk 9 = 20a, teen, fob + 40h 10- nth + atk Ast — 00, 2(¢) and y(t) approsch the common limit ok + yok: _ son/Va+ wox/Va _ 2oVa + v0Ve 1 ka xWVateVp Vat Va = 20 Va ‘This makes intuitive sense because the limiting concentration is seen to be a weighted average of the two initial concentrations, 97Exercises 3.3 19. Since there are initially 25 pounds of salt in tank A and none in tank B, and since furthermore only pure water is being pumped into tank A, we would expect that: 21(t) would steadily decrease over time. On the other hand, since salt is being added to tank B from tank A, we would expect 12(t) to increase over time. However, since pure 0 100 ‘water Is being added to the system at a constant rate and a mixed solution is being pumped out of the system, it makes sense that the amount of salt in both tanks would approach 0 over time, Chapter 3 Review Exercises a. om 220910? sn Pg =ion mecha P= ao Was) 099 Mon 2. Let A= A(t) be the volume of COz at time t. From a = 12-4 and 4(0) = 168 we obzain A= 48+ 1120-4, Since A(10) = 578%, the concentration is Q017%. As f —+ oo we have A+ 498 oF 0.00% 3. (@) For0$t<4,6$t< 10,and 12 <1 < 16, no voltage is applied to the heart and () = 0. At the other times the difrential equation is dB/de = ~B/RC. Separating variables, integrating, aud solving for E, we get B= ke-'/RC, subject to B(8) = E(10) = (16) = 12. These initial conditions viel, respectively, k = 12e7RC, k = 12649RC, an k = 120!/FC, Thus °, o 10 the equation forthe current becomes 0.24 = 4 or = 20. Thus {eo o 4 and 1 < Py <4 the population approaches 4 as ¢ increases. For 0-< Fy <1 the population decreases to 0 in finite time. (b) The differential equation is ap BH PG-P)- Separating variables and integrating, we obtain, = -(P? = 5P 44) = -(P-4)(P ~ 1). OPH va eas (5;- Beara Setting = 0 and P = Pp we find cy = (Fo 4}/(Fo~ 1). Solving for P we obtain yer {e) To find when the population becomes extinct in the case 0< Py <1 we set P =O in Po4_ Ant w Pri~ Api from part (a) and solve for t. This gives the time of extinction 1,, 4 =1) a R= 2. (a) Solving P(S — P) — % = 0 for P we obtain the equilibrium solution P= §. For P # §, aP/dt <0. Thus, if Py < §, the population becomes extinct (otherwise there would be another equilibrium solution.) Using separation of variables to solve the initial-value problem we get 101Chapter 3 Related Exercises P(t) = [4Fb + (10Pp — 25)4]/|4 + (4) — 10)t]. To find when the population becomes extinct for Py < § we solve P(t) =0 fort, We see that the time of extinction is ¢ = 4P)/5(5 — 2) (b) Solving P(5—P)~7 = 0 for P we obtain complex roots, so there are no equilibrium solutions Since dP/dt <0 forall values of P, the population becomes extinct for any initial condition Using separation of variables to solve the initial-value problem we get Peo $+ Branftent 2S Solving P(t) = 0 for t we see that the time of extinction is F(Vatan-* (6/3) + V3tan (2A, -9)/V3}) 3. (a) Without harvesting, the population is governed by the logistic equation dP/dt = P(r —rP/K). With initial oe —— tobe sons Py PO = SRE BRI . Bs sey Rik +0 =A] Ke To find when PCS = HK ve abe ‘This gives (b) Letting K = 400,000, Fy = 70,000, and r = 0.08, and solving Ae for h, we get h = ho = 4620. 402Chapter 3 Related Exercises (©) The MSY is obtained when Ey = 1/2 = 0.04, and the 4 yield in this case is EP, = KE(1~ E/r) = 8000. The “*™ limiting population is K(1 ~ B/r) = 200,000. 21080 4. (a) Letting 1959 be year 0 and 1973 year 14, we obtain the graph shown. a c (b) Taking P(0) = 191/(¢- 414-294) = 784613 andex perimenting with the other parameters, we find that the . sraph of the logistic function fits the data points reasons . ably well for K = 500 and r = 0.11. 209 Let (©) The graph is shown with Py = 78.4613, K = 500, , r= O41, and h= fr 687 wl (4) The graph is shown with Py = 78.4613, K = 508, > r= O11, and B= 4r = 0.085. as 1034 Higher-Order Differential Equations Exercises 4.1 1. From y = eye? + ope" we find / = cie® ~ qe°*, Thea y(0) = 41 +2 = 0, (0) =a m= 180 2. The solution is y . ef — fe we find y= deye"* ~ ene™#. Then y(0) = ex +62 = 1, 90 Belt ere 2. From y = cre! + one" so that cy 4c) ~ on /5 and c = 2/5. The solution is 180 3, From y= cis -+eqelne we find y =o +0,(1+Inz), Then y(1) =r =3, ¥(1) = a1 ten that cy = 3 and eg = —4. The solution is y = 3x — 4zinz, 4, From y= ci +egcosr+cssina we find yf = cosine +03 cos and y" = —cpcos~cysinx. Then 1 s0 that cr ,"(a) = 02 rer = 0, o(n) 1~ cos 2 — sing. 8. From y = e1 + exe? we find y’ = 2en2. Then y(0} = ci = 0, y/(0) = 2e2-0 = 0 and y'(0) possible. Since ag(z) = x is 0 at 1is not 0, Theorem 4.1 is not violated. 6. In this case we have y(0) = ¢; =0, y/(0) = 2m-0= are y = 2? and y 20 ¢1 =D and cp is arbitrary. Two solutions 7. Brom 2(0) = 2y =o we see that 2(2 Then 20) aponsut + epsinut and x(t) = ~zysinut + qu cost fu, 2, = en implis & = 2 a(t) = zocosut + sinwt, 8. Solving the system 2(lo) = €1 caso + on sin sta a'(to) = ~cxusinuty + enw cosuaty = 21 for ex and on gives cag cosas ae wrpsinuty ey = Saseewi and te Funpsineip ‘Thus A re a(t) = CBwceswito — Hi Sinuty ag ¢ Seoswte Fumosinwto sin uy = zo(cosust coswte + sinw sinusto) + “(sin wt cosuty ~ cosut sinuxta) = sy conut~ ta) +B anal ~t) 10410. a. 12, 13. a4. 45. 16. a. as. 1. 20 Exercises 4.1 |. Since aa(x) = 2~2 and zo = 0 the problem hes a unique solution for ~00 < 2 <2 Since ao(z) = tanz and zo = 0 the problem has a unique solution for —n/2< 2 O and let yp = ~2! for x <0. a2 (b) W220 thon m= stand Won) =|, 24] 0 {2 -3 | <0 then yp =—2? Wyisye) = Hecothenn=—# and Wit) =|o2 “al ‘This does not violate Theorem 4.3 since an(c) = 2° is zero at (c) The functions ¥j = =* and ¥4 = 2? are solutions of =%y" — day! + 6y = independent since W (23,x2) = 2! 4 0 for ~0 0, and the solution cannot approach 0 as x00, Thus for the solution to approach 0 we must have 6 > 0, Now, fe < 0 then ViP=HE > b and —b + VF=HE > 0. Thus u(x) cannot approach 0. Finally, if ¢ > D then VPA O and e > 0. (b) 1f5—4e > 0, then y = eye + cye"** and the only solution satisfying y(0) =0, y(1) =0 is y=0 mt $1 =(m?+ 1)? — 2m? = ua) 120Exercises 4.3, 1 4 isy=0. 0, then y= c1e™* + oxte"=. Again, the only solution satisfying »(0) =0, y(1) = 0 10? ~ 40 <0 then t 2 "cos te iin Vaem Pa, yece* 2+ oe % sin yte— Now y(0) = 0 implies ¢) = 0 and ye Psi Vide — Ba, If we are to have @ nontrivial solution, the condition y(1) = 0 implies Vae— HF = ne or 4c~ # = nts? for m a positive integer, ve 57, The auxiliary equation is m?-+ = 0 and we consider three cases, Case T When A= 0 the general solution ofthe differential equation is y = ¢1 +z. The boundary conditions imply 0 = y(0) = e1 and 0 = u(n/2) = car/2, 0 that «1 = ep = O and the problem possesses only the trivial solution Case II When A <0 the general solution of the differential equation is y = cyev-¥* + oge-¥¥*, or alternatively, y = cycosh V=Xz+ casinh V=12, Again, y(0) = 0 implies = 0 0 ‘gsinh Ye. The second boundery conéition implies 0 = y(r/2) = cpsina Y=Xr/2 orca = 0. In this case also, the problem possesses only the trivial solution. Case TI. When > 0 the general solution of the diferential equation is y = eyeos Vz + ep8in Viz. In this case alo, y(0) = 0 yields cy = 0, so that y = epsin VTz, The second boundary condition implies 0 = opsin VXn/2. When /ir/2 is an integer multiple of x, thet is, when Vi'= 2h for ke nonzero integer, the problem will have nontrivial solutions. Thus for X= 4&2 the boundary-value problem will have nontrivial solutions y = cysin kr, where kis a nonzero integer On the other hang, when Vie not an even integer, the boundary-value problem will have only the trivial solution 58, Applving integration by parts twice we have [erie terye)-1 ferred Elberta) 2 ferries]59. 60. e1. 62. Exercises 4.3 Tn order for the technique to work we need to have fe (ie Aso) ak fe feel - J fe) = fle), where k 0. This is the second-order differential equation F(a) + ok ~ 1) fla} = 0. IE k <4, k, the solution of the differential equation is a pair of exponential functions, in which iginal integrand is an exponential function and does not require integration by parts for its evaluation. Similarly, if k = 1, f(z) =O and f(x) has the form f(z) = az +6, In this case a single application of integration by parts will sufice. Finally, if& > 1, the solution ofthe differential equation is case the Fla) = eycosaVE=T2 + epsinavE=Ts, and we see that the technique will work for linear combinations of eosaax end sin a Using a CAS to solve the auxiliary equation m? ~ 6m? + 2m +1 we find m1 = ~0.270504, ‘mg = 0.658675, and ms = 5.61185. The general solution is ya eye OT yg DORIS 4 gy gS Using 2 CAS to solve the auxiliary equation 6.1m? + 859m? + 7.93m 40.778 = Owe find 0.110241, my = ~0.647826 + 0.857582%, and m3 = —0.647826 ~ 0.857582i. The general solution is ys ye OIE 4g PEIEE (o> 05 0,857532x + cg sin 0,8575322), Using a CAS to solve the auxiliary equation 3.15m! ~ 5.34m? + 6:33m ~ 2.03 = 0 we find =1.74806, mz = 0.501219, ms = 0.62342 + 0.588965i, and my ~ 0.62342 ~ 0.588965i. The seneral solution is spe" NTABOEE 4. ogg 501218 4 6982225 (cy cog .588965r + ca sin 0.588965z). oo Using a CAS to solve the euxiliery equation m‘ + 2m? —m +20 wo find m = 1/2 + v3i/2, my = 1/2 ~ 84/2, mg = ~1/2-+ VTH/2, and mg = ~1/2~ V7i/2. The general solution is 122Exercises 4.4 63. From 2m + 3m? — 16m? + 18m —4 = 0 we obtain m= 4, m= J, m= 1, and m= 1, so that y= cre + exe? + get + eae. If (0) = -2, (0) = 6, ¥"(0) = 3, and y"(0) = J, then atata=-2 1 wt +jatate a Wer + Feat es + 2e4 = 3 1 ~6ler + ga tert3a= 5, Esc = OF, cq = - 8, and 64, From m! — 3m} + 3m? —m = 0 we obtain m=0, m= 1, m= 1, and m= 1 so that yet eae + eare! + eq2te®, If y(0) = 0, v0 , and y"(0) = 1 then tm=0, ata=0, at2attanl, etderéeanl, 1/2, and so =2a=-2q=24= yereatene lie Exercises 4.4 —__ 2 and we assume and 1. From m? + 3m +2= 0 we find my = —1 and mp = —2, Then ye= c1e™* +026" yp = A. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 2A = 6, Then A= 3, yp = yer + ee $3, 2, From 4m?-+9-= 0 we find my = —Ji and ma = Ji, Then ye = cy c0s32-+ opsin fz and we assume ‘yp = A. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 9A = 15. Then A= §, yp = § and ercos e+ cqsin Se +3 veos get easinge + 3 3. From m? — 10m + 25 = 0 we find my = mz = 5. Then ye = cje™ + cpre™ and we assume up = Az+ B. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 26A = 30 and ~10A +258 = 3. Then A=§, Ba $, yp=$e+§, and are + epze +8248 yoae® tee +5245 123Exercises 4.4 . From m? +m 6 us wwe find my = —3 and mg = 2 Then y. = ce¥ + ope and we assume Ax+B. Substituting into the diferential equation we obtain ~6A = 2 and A~65 =0. Then $8 From 4m? +m +1 = 0 we find m = m2 = 0. Then ye = c1e"™ + erze"** and we assume up = At? + Bz +C. Substituting into the diferental equation we obtain A = 1, 24 +B = ~2, and JA+B4+C=0. Then “4. O=Fiup= 2 ae §, and 7 tee ea? dott . From m? — Sm +20 = 0 we find m, = 2+ 4i and my = 2—4i, Then yo =e (cy cos +c9sin dz) and we assume yp = Az? + Bz +C + (Dz + B)e*. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 2A-8B +200 =0 0D +118 =0 164 +208 =0 1D = -26 20d = 100 \D= 2, B= -H op Se? +e + fh (22-4) et and y= eM(eenete rensnts) 45 var La (00 Bet . From m?+3 = 0 we find rm ~ V3i and ma = -V3i. Then ye = crcos Vz + sin v2 (Az? + Br + C)e"*. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain e008 V3 tos V+ (—t2? +4 — 3) . From 4m?—4m_—3 = 0 we find my = 3 and m; ve = Acos2e + Bsin2z. Substituting into the diferetial equation we obtain ~19 ~ 8B = 1 and BA 198 =0. Then A=, B= ~ aby, p= —Boowde — ay sin2e, and A =}. Then ye = ere? pene? and we assume 3 cos 2e ~ Fe sin2e. y= cel? + one 12410, un. 12. 13. ua |. Brom mi? — Exercises 4.4 0 we find my = 1 and mz = 0. Then ye = cre +2 and we assume yp = Az, Substituting into the differential equation we obtain A = -3. Then A = 3, yp = x and vec +0943, From m? + 2m = 0 we find m = ~2 and mz = 0. Then ye = cre + ep and we assume ty = Ax? + Br + Cze™®, Substituting into the diferental equation we obtain 2A + 2B = 5, 4A=2, and -2C =-1, Then A=}, B=2,C=}, p= ja? +204 Jae, and . 7 wat htenes toer™ Zz 2 From m?~ m+ } = Owe find m) = mp =}. Then ye = ce"? + egret? and we assume tp = A+ Batetl®. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain }A = 3 and 2B = 1. Then Aw12, B=}. p= 124422, ond Logslt yaa oct! 4124 32th From m? - 16 = 0 we find m, = 4 and mz = -4. Then ye = ce + cye™** and we assume tp = Aze!™, Substituting int the differential equation we obtain 84 =2 Then A=, yp = Jze™ and 1 ym cre 4 get + Delt ¥ tenet +e From m? +4 = 0 we find my = 2i and my = ~2i. Then ye = c1 00822 + cp sine and we assume Up = Avcos2z + Brsin2z, Substituting into the diferential equation we obtain 42 = 0 and “4A=3, Then A= ~}, B=0, yp = —}r 00822, and 3 7 0082r. y= ey c0822-+ epsin 22 ~ 3 From m?+4.= 0 we find m; =2i and mp = —2i, Then te = ¢1 00822 + epsin 2x and we assume p= (A2"-+ Ba? + Cx) cos2z+ (Dr + Bx? + Fa) sin 2x. Substituting into the diferential equation we obtain 2B+4P =0 6A+8£=0 wp=0 40+ 28 -3 -8B+6D=0 “A= 1. 12515. 16. ar 18. is. 20. Exercises 4.4 D=0, B= fy P= 0, ¥ = (— ye" + Hr) cose + for? sin 2s, - 2+ (het + 3 da ym ercos22 + sina + ( pet Be) este + pean From m? +1 = 0 we find my (Az? + Bz) cosz + (Cz? + Dz) QA+2D = 0, -4A = 2, and 28 +20 —fotoos2 + }esing, and td my = ~i. Then ye = 60082 + ens and we ass p= 2, Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 4C = 0, Then A= =}, B= 0,C=0,D=hp= =cjcosz-+epsinz — J2teosz+ besinz y= cicosz-+oysin —} } From m? ~ Sm = 0 we find mj = 5 and m = 0. Then ye = eye +.) and we assume yp = Ax‘+Bz!+C2"+ Dz. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain ~204 = 2, 124-15B = 4, 6B - 0G = -1, and 20 ~5D = 6. Then A = Bal, C= %,0=-8, ty hat + Het + Bet Bes, and se Lisy pace +e — pate a From m? -2m+5 = 0 we find my = 1+2% and my (cr cos 2x + cy sin 2x) and ve assume yp = Axe" cov2e + Bre sin2z. Substituting into the diferential equation we obtain 4B= and —4A=0. Then A=0, B= 4, yp = fret sin, and y= floycos2e + esin22) + F2e* sn From m?— 2m +2 = 0 we find m = 1+¢ and mg = 1—i Then y, = e*(c cos + cpsinz) and we assume yp = Ae™ cosa + Be sin zx. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain A420 = 1 ond 24+ B= 3. Then A=], B=—b, vp = Jo conz— fo sine and 7 y= (c,cosz + epsinz) + ze™ cosz ~ ze™ sinz. From m2 + 2m +1 = 0 we find m; = mg = m1. Then ye = cie~* + opre-* and we assume up = Acosz + Bsinz + Cecos?x + Dsin2r. Substituting into the diferential equation we obtain 2B =0, -2A~= 1, -3C +4D =3, and -4C ~3D =0. Then A= -}, B=0,C = -2, D= 8, ty = ~foos2 ~ froos2e + H sin2z, and otc eynet 9 2 meet +eqze* ~ Joss ~ eos + sin 2r From m? + 2m ~ 24 = 0 we find my = ~6 and mz = 4 ‘Then ye = c1e® + eye! and we asoume y = A+ (B2?+Cz)e, Substituting into the differential equation we abtain ~244 = 16, 12624, 22, 23. 24, 25. 26. Exercises 4.4 2B+100 = ~2, and 201 and 1. Then A= 2,8 i O= He (he Hea)e, wee nett 2 (Bate Ba) ot From m®— 6m? = 0 we find my = m= and my = 6. Then ye =o +eq7 + cge™ and we assume Up = Az? + Boosx + Csinz, Substituting into the differential equation we obtain -12A = 3, 6B-C= 1, end B+6C §.C= 4, up =—}et— cose sing, sod j = st + eye — cosz + == sin: yeaten set gysing From mi —2m?—dm-+8 =O we find my = mg 2 Then 4 = c1e® 4eyae rege (4z+ Bate. Sebstivuting into the dierent] equation we obtain 244 = 6 (je) = a2), and and we assume and 6A+8B~0, Then A=}, B=-A.y, met beget oe? + (ta8 — a2) oe ead are hae > (ia Fa) 2 From m®— 3m? + 3m—1= 0 we find my = my = mg <1. Then ye = exe? + epze? + eget and we assume yp = Ar + B+ Crie?, Substituting into the differential equation we obtain —A = 1, 3A~ B= 0, and 6C = -4, Then A=—1, B= -3, C=}, p= -2-3- Fhe, and yea tard + ate 2-9- Fie 1 tay = 2, and my = 2, Then te = cye* + ope +ege7* A+Bre*+Cze#. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 44 = 5, Fy upa ft feet + dee, and From m?—m?—am+d = Owe find m= and we assume y -3B = -1, and 4C Peso pose + Ft Geet + G From m! + 2m? +1 = 0 we find my = ms = i and my = me =i, Then ye = c1cosz + cpsin + concos + cqesinz and we assume Yp = Az? + B+, Substituting into the differential equation we obtain A= 1, B= -2, and 44+C=1. Then A= 1, B= -2, C= -3, y= 2? 22-3, and ye qeosrtosine+ cress} cizsins +a? — dr 3. 2 From m‘—mé we find m) = my = 0, my = 1, and mg = —1, Then ye = 1 +0g7 + cye* + cge* and we assume yy = Az! + Bu? + (C2? + Dz)e-*, Substituting into the differential equation we obtain “6A = 4, -2B = 0, 100 - 2D = 0, and ~4C = 2. Then A= -3,B=0,0=-4, D=-f.ya~¥e!~ (Jet 4 feet end veatartar suet Bt (Weber 127a7. 28, 29. 30. a1. 32. 33, Exercises 4.4 We have ye = ey cos 2r-+cysin 2x and we assume yp = A. Substituting into the differential equation we find A= —}. Thus y = c1.cos2z +.c2sin2z — }. From the inital conditions we obtain cr = 0 and c= V2, 90 y = VE sin2e~ } We have yo = cie™™ + ce? and we assume yp = Az?+ Bz +C. Substituting into the diferential equation we find A = 7, B= ~19, and C = ~37, Thus y = c1e"®* + oge*/? — 7? — 192 ~ 37, From the initial conditions we obtain ct We have ye = c1e/S-+ep and we assume yp = Az?+ Bz. Substituting into the differential equation wwe find A = —3 and B = 30. Thus y = cie*/5 + cp ~ 32° + 302. From the initial conditions we obtain 1 = 200 and c2 = ~200, so y= 2004 — 260 ~ S22 + S02. We have ye = je"? + care" and we assume yy = (Az? + Bz?)e“*. Substituting into the differential equation we find A= } and B=. Thus y= qe + opne-% + ($29 + $r%) e-® rom the initial conditions we obtain ¢ = 2 and c) =9, 30 wrt samt e(LPs beet We have ye = e~*(cy cos +ezsin) and we assume yp = Ae“. Substituting into the differential equation we find A= 5. Thus y = e-2(cx cos + oysin:z) + Te~*, From the initial conditions we obtain ct = —10 and «2 =9, s0 yse™(-10cosz + Osinz +72) We have ye =r cash z-+epsinh 2 and we assume yp = Az cosh x + Businh 2, Substituting into the differential equation we find A = 0 and B= }. Thus 1 ye cicwhs+ersinbs + jasinbs From the initial conditions we obtain o = 2 and ¢2 = 12, 90 1 y= Zeosh2 + 12sinh2 + Zzsinhs. We have xe = c1 cosut + cpsinust and we assume zp = Atcosut + Btsinwt. Substituting into the differential equation we find A = —Fy/2u and B = 0. Thus 2 = cy cosist-+eo sin ut—(Fo/2u)t cost Fe /22, 50 From the initial conditions we obtain c, = 0 and c 2 = (Fo/ 2) sinut — (Fo/2w)t cosut. 12834. 35. 36, 37. 38, Exercises 4.4 We have x: = cx cotwt-bepsinut and we assume xp = Acos-yt+Bisin 7, where 7 4 w. Substituting into the differential equation we find A= Fa/(w* ~ 7?) and B = 0. Thus Pe creosut + epsinwt + yay cost From the initial conditions we obtain ¢) = Fo/{w? ~ 9°) and op = 0, so fo Po a eet Gray We have ye = c1 + exe® + ee? and we asmume yp = Az + Bate? + CeO. Substituting into the differential equation we find A = 2, B = -12, and C= }. Thus Lise yeatae tearet +20 — 1st + Fe From the initia! conditions we obtain ¢y = 11, ep = 11, end cy = 9, so 2 4) ys 1] ~ 1le” + 9ze + 29 - 122767 + 3 We have te = c1e72* + e#(opeos Y3x + epsin VB2) and we assume gp = Ar + B+ Ce Substituting into the dferentiol equation we find A=}, B=—f, and C= 3. Thus y set ele Vir stain) te 84 de® From the ital conditions we btn cy = #9. = HR, and = B20 23 ns 4 2 (89 cos V+ M Vasin Vaz) + 12-8 4 Zeer Bet +e (Roos Vae+ Zvasia Vaz) + 52-2 + Gee ‘We have ye = 1 cos +eysinz and we assume yp = A? + Bx +C. Substituting into the differential ‘equation we find A= 1, B = 0, and C =—1. Thus y= cost + cosinz +2? — 1. From y(0) = and y(1) = 0 we obtain Ps (cos ter + sin(2)ea = 0 Solving this system we find ¢; = 6 and cp = ~6cot 1. The solution of the boundary-valve problem is y= Gcosa ~ 6{cot 1) sine + 2! We have ye = (ci cos + ysin.z) and we assuite yp = Ax + B. Substituting into the differenti equation we find A = 1 and B= 0. Thus y = e%(c; cosx-+epsinz)+2, From y(0) = Oand y(r) wwe obtain a0 12939. 40, Exercises 4.4 Solving this system wo find « problem is, 0 and cp is any real number. The solution of the boundary-value ys eqetsine +2, We have ye = c1con2e + oysin2z and we assume yp = Acosz+ Bsin: on (0,/2}. Substituting into the diferential equation we find A= 0 and B = §. Thus y = or cos2s + cxsin2e + $sinz on [0,/2]. On (#/2, 00) we have y = cs 008 2x + cysin2z. From y{0) = 1 and y'(0) = 2 we obtain a= 1 aoe Solving this system we find ey = Land cg = §. Thus y = cos2z + ain 2r + fins on (0/2) Now continuity of y at 2 = 7/2 implica cose + Ssinw + EsinZ ger gea <1 +} = cs. Hence cy = §. Continuity of y/ at x = #/2 implies 308 7 + cy sine 5 los ~Peins +S coon + 3 00s = ~2eq. Then oj = § and the solution ofthe initial-value problem is cos2e+ $oinde¢ $ainz, OS 2 n/2 2eysin ® + 2e4 cos We have yo = e*(c1 cos3r + e2sin3z) and we assume yp = A on [0,r], Substituting into the x. v(z) 130Exercises 4.4 41. (a) From yp = Act we find y = Ake and yf = AMeM. Substituting into the differential equation we get Ale + bAbe + cel = (ak? + bk c)Act = ott, 60 (ak? + bk + c)A = 1. Since his not root of em? +m +e= 0, A = 1/(ak? +0k-+6), (b) From yp = Ane we find yf, = Akze' + Ac and yf} = AKze! + 2Ake!, Substituting into the differntial equation we get aAbre™ + 2nAket* + bAkzel + bac + cAze* = (ah? + bk +c) Aze™ + (Dak + a) Ae! = ()Aze** + (2ak + b)Ae* = (2ak +b)Ae* where ak? + bk +c = 0 because k is a root of the auxiliary equation. Now, the roots of the usiliary equation are ~b/2a+ VP Wad, and since k isa root of multiplicity one, k # ~B/2a and 2ok +0. Thus (Qak-+8)A=1 and A= 1/(2ak ~)) (6) 18 kis a root of multiplicity two, then, 2s we sew in part (b), k= —b/2a and 2ak + 6 = 0. From ty = Az?el™ we find yf, = Akzo + 2AzeM ond yf = AMPatcl + 4Akret® = 2Aeh= Substituting into the diferental equation, we get aAMze + daAkze + 2aAe + bAkste™ + 2bAre™ + cAzte = (al? + bk-+ Ase 4 2(2ah = 8) ze + Dadel™ = ()As%e + 2(0) Aze™ + 2aAc = Dade = ef, Since the differential equation is second-order, a # 0 and A = 1/(2a). 42. Using the double-angle formula for the cosine, we have ssinx cos 2x = sin 2(cos* z ~ sin®z) = sinz(1 — 2sin?2) = sing — 2sin’. Since sinz is a solution of the related homogeneous differential equation we look for a particular solution of the form yp = Azsing + Bx cosz + C'sin’ x. Substituting into the differential equation ‘we obtain 2sin* 2acose + (Ge ~ 2%)sinz ~ Sesin’x = sine Equating coefficients we find a = 0,¢= }, and b= }. Thus, a particuler solution is 1 + bein? up = jecosa + 2 sin 43. (a) f()= (b) f(t) =e" We see that yp 00 a8 t + 00 and yp 00 a6 t+ m0. sin t. We see that yp —+ 00 as t + oc and yp —+ 0.as t+ —o0. 131Exercises 4.4 (c) (0) =sin2t. We see that yp is sinusoidal. (4) f(t) = 1. We see that yp is constant and simply translates ye vertically 44, ‘The complementary function is ye = e (cx cos2z + casin2z). We assutne a particular solution of the form yp = (Az? 4. Ba? + Cz)e2 cos2e + (Dr? + Bx? + Fe? sin2x. Substituting into the differential equation and using a CAS to simplify yields [12De? + (6A + 8B)z-+ (2B + 4F\je% cos 2 +[-12Az? + (-8B + 6D)z 4+ (—4C + 2B)]e™ sine = (22 — 3n)e cos2z + (102* — 2 —1)e* sin 2e, ‘This gives the system of equations 12D =2, 6A+88 =~ 2B 44F =0, -WA~1, -8B+6D=-1, ~40428=-1, from which we find A= —$, 8 solution of the differential equation is (Cah Dab ee vend P= =}. Thus, a particular won (Seta tate Se) reste + (Hat det Le) siae 45, The complementary function ise = ous topsinz-+cyr 008 cyesin 2. We assume a particlar solution ofthe fom Yp = Az?oos-+ Bz sins, Substituting int the diferntil equation and wsing 8 CAS to simplify yields (80+ 240) cosa + Sbrsing 2ces 2 ~ rain. Fia=$, and y= ‘This implies -8a + 246 and —24 = -3. Thus 6 steosz + fabsine Exercises 4.5 (9D? — dy = (aD - 290 +2) (B= Sy =(D~ VEND+ V5) =2? (DP 4D = 12)y = (D~6)(D + 2y= 2-6 (2D? - 3D — 2)y = (2D + 1(D ~ 2) (D+ 10D? + 25Djy = D(D +5¥ (D8 + AD)y = D(D? + 4)y = & cose (D3 +2D? — 13D + 10)y = (D~1(D = 2)(D + 5)y = ze 8. (D¥ + 4D? + 3D)y = D(D+1)(D + 3)y = 2?cosz — 32 132Exercises 4.5 9. (D8 +8D)y = DID +2\.D2— 20+ 4)y 10. (D4 ~ 8D? + 16)y = (D ~ 27D + 2}¢y = (2! — 22} 11, Dfy = Dave! — 22) = D°(B022 ~ 2) = D*(60e) = D(6O} 32, (2D ~1)y = (2D ~ 1)tet!? = Set — dee! = det? — 4eF/? = 9 18. (D-2)(D45)(e%+3e"%) = (D-2)(26—15e°S 4564156) = (D~2) re ~ de 140% = 1d. (D? + 64)(2cos82~ Ssin&z) = D(~16sin 8x — 40cosBz) + 64(2cos Br ~ 5 sin 82) ~128cos 8x + 320sin Br + 128c0s8x ~ 320 sin Sx = 0 15. D* because of 2? 16. DS because of 2* 17. D(D —2) because of 1 and e 18. D?(D ~ 6)? because of x and ze 19, D?-+4 because of cos 22 20, D(D? +1) because of 1 and sinz 21, DD? + 16) because of =? and sind 22, D(D*+1)(D? + 25) because of 2, sinz, and cos Sz 23. (D+1)(D~1)? because of e~* and ste? 24. D(D—1)(D — 2) because of 1, &, and e* 25, D(D® - 2D +5) because of 1 and e* cos 27 26. (D? + 2D +2)(D? ~ 4D + 5) because of e-* sinz and e* cos 27. 12,24, 23,24 28. D?+4D= D(D+4); en 9D-%6 =(D-12(D+3); el, 31. cos YSz, sin vSz 82, D2 6D410= DP-AH)DH(P +1), cos, sine 33. D3— 10D? + 25D = D(D- 5) 3, , ze 34, 12, €, el? 35. Applying D to the diffe ial equation we obtain D(D? - 9)y=0. ‘Then38. a7. 38. 39, Exercises 4.5 Substituting yp into the differential equation yields —9 = 54 or A = ~6. The general and up solution is se ym cre + one" = 6. Applying D to the differential equation we obtain (2 -7D+5)y=0. ‘Thea F012 oye +05 yrae and yp = A. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 5A general solution is 29 or A = ~29/5. The yaciets et — 2 5 Applying D to the differential equation we obtain D(D* + Dy = DD + ly =0. ‘Thea vrata tor and yp = Ar. Substituting yp into the diferential equation yields A = 3. The general solution is ye tee + ae, Applying D to the differential equation we obtain D(D? +20" + Dy = DUD + 1)"y =0. Then toe bese s tee and yp = Ax, Substituting yp into the differential equation yields A= 10, The general solution is yer toe + ene + 102. Applying D? to the differential equation we obtain DUD? +4D + d)y = D(D +2)*y =0. ‘Thea gre + cose + 04 + c4s 13440. a1. Exercises 4.5 and yp = Az+ B. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 4/4z + (4A +48) = 22 +6. Equating coefficients gives 4A=2 4A + 4B =6. ‘Then A= 1/2, B=1, and the general solution is 1 yee ™ + eee + 5241 Applying D? to the diforential equation we obtain D'(D? + 3D)y = D(D + 3)y = 0. ‘Then vraroe® +e27 + or and yp = Az?+ Bz. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields GAz + (24+3B) = Equating coefficients gives saws asa Then A= 2) B= 19, ad the pvr ston ema 1 yearacts? Applying D® to the differential equation we obtain DDS + D¥y = DD + Ly =0. Then tee tet toys! ae) + ot? and yp = Ast + Bz! + C22, Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 122A? + (244 + 6B)z + (6B +20) = 8a? Equating coefficients gives A8 ALOR =0 6B +20 =0. 13542. 43. Exercises 4.5 ‘Then A = 2/3, B= 8/3, C=8, and the general solution is 34 8a? Applying D4 to the differential equation we obtain DD? = 2D + ly = DD = 1)"y =0. Tes y= cet + eaae® tour + cuz” + 052 + 05 and yp = Ax) + Ba? + Cx + D. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields Az! + (B~6A)z? + (GA = 4B + C)z + (2B - 20 + D) = 2 + Az. Equating coofficients gives A BH6A 6-48 +0 28-20+D=0 Then A=1, B= 6,C = 22, D=32,, and the general solution is yeoet + enre® 42° 4 6x? + 222 +92. Anplving D ~ 4 to the difeestial equation we obtain (D-4(D? ~ D~2y=(D-4AD+3)y=0. ‘Then Ae yea tae and yp = Aze**, Substituting yp into the differential equation yields Te coefficients gives A = 1/7. The general solution is teate =. Equating L oF poe + sae _ 7 Applying D ~ 6 to the differential equation we obtain (D-6\.D?+2D +2 =0. Then #(cycoss + casing) + eye i 13645. 46, 47. Exercises 4.5 and yp = Ae. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields S0Ae%* = Se. Equating coefficients gives A = 1/10. The general solution is 1 ce. (cx cosz + casing) + se yr Applying D(D ~ 1) to the differential equation we obtain D(D ~1)(D? - 2D - 3)y = D(D~1)(D + 1)(D -3)y = 0. Thea vege toe? tact tey and yp = Ae* +B. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields ~4Ae? ~ 3B = de® ~ 8. quating coefficients gives A= —1 and B= 3, The general solution is yea tae er3 Applying D°(D +2) to the differential equation we obtain D*(D + 2)(D? + 6D +8)y = DD + 2)°(D + 4)y = 0. Thea ee te tesse + cr tes and yp = Aze"™ + Br +C. Substituting up into the dlferential equation yields 2Aew™ + 8Bx + (6B+8C) = 3e + 22 Equating coefficients gives 2A=3 sB=2 6B +80 =0. ‘Then A= 3/2, B= 1/4, C= -3/16 , and the general solution is mee + eget + Sent bee ym ere ™ tb cge S20 + J Applying D® + 1 to the differential equation we obtain (P4102 + 255y=0 ‘ThenExercises 4.5 and yp = Acosz, + Bsinz. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 2Acosr + 24Bsinz = 6sinz. =O and B = 1/4. The general solution is Exquating coetficients gives 4 el cqeoaSe + epsin Sr + Fina. 48. Applying D(D® + 1) to the differential equation we obtain D(D? +1)(D? +4)y <0. ‘Thea 0032 + pain 2g + opcoss + cysine + 05 and yp = Acosa + Bsinz +C. Substituting yp into the differensial equation yields BAcosa +8Bsine +4C = deosz +Ssinz 8. Equating coofiicients gives A= 4/3, B= 1, and C= —2. The general solution is 4 y= cyc082r + opsin2e + 5 cose + sins ~ 2. 49. Applying (D — 4)? to the differential equation we obtain {D-4)°(D? +6D +9}y = (D-4)(D+3)"y =0. Then w= ce + enze™® + cgze™ + eye and p= Ave" Be, ubming yn the crea quan sls Are + (144 + 49B)e = —ze" Equating coefficients gives 494-1 A+ 4B =0, Then A= -1/49, B = 2/343, and the general solution is ~3e as Lge ya cre + ese ~ Goel + 50. Applying D2(D — 1)? to the differential equation we obtain D'D-1)°(D? +3 ~ tly = DAD ~ 1)%(D-2}(D + 5)y = 0. 13851 52 Exercises 4.5 ‘Then = ce + cge7® + cgze® + oye” + 052 + 05 and yp = Aze® + Bet + Cx +D. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields ~GAze? + (5A — 6B)e — 1002 + (30 ~ 10D) = ze* +2. Equating coefficients gives ~6A=1 54-6B=0 -100 =1 30-10 =0. ‘Then A= ~1/6, B= ~5/36, C= -1/10, D = —3/100, and the genesal solution is Beet, 8 ae ~ 10" 0 ead tae Applying D(D — 1)° to the differential equation we obtain D(D -1)(D? 1) D(D=1)(D + )y Thea vere tea”? + carte? + caz%e® + core” +06 — and yp = Azte® + Bae + Cre? + D. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields Ose! + (6A + 4B)ae! + (2B + 2C) et — Dam ate? +5 guating cots gives oA 1 6A+4B <0 25 +20=0 -D=5. Then A= 1/6, B= —1/4, C= 1/4, D = ~8, and the general solution is Rasassettanmeseseanceoeieaasanes y= eye? + exe * + Eke! — ate? 4 Geet — 5. Applying (D ~ 1)" to the differential equation we obtain (D+ 402+ 2D 4 y= (D+1)y=0. 13953, Exercises 4.5 Thea ym cue™* + epee™® + eyaten= + oa%em* + esa%e* — and yp = Aate™* + Bu?e~* + Ca%e“*, Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 12Ag*e"* + 6Bze~* + 2Ce Eaquating coeticients gives A= fy, B= 0, and C-=0, The general solution is ee yao eset + hate Applying D? ~ 21) +2 to the differential equation we obtain (DP = 2D +2\(D"— 20 + 5)y ‘Then elects septs) + Algae teva) and yy = Ae cons Bena Subtig no the itentl equton il BAe nes + 8Bedns = eins Baosting coset ges A= 000d B = 1/8 Te el etn y= Hace tse) + ten Applying D? — 2D +10 to the differential equation we obtain (0° 2019 (+ D+) : (pat)? ; (DP-20+10)(D+5) v Then y= ee? + egae*l2 + ope cond + eye? in d2 rs and y = Ae? cos 32 + Be®sin3r, Substituting yp into the differential equation yields —eF cose +o sin ar (9B — 27A/4)et cose — (94 +278 /4)e* sin 3 Equating coefficients gives 4/205, B = ~28/205, and the general solution is aft ya? + onze 2 28 oe ppg ose ~ Fee sind.Exercises 4.5 55. Applying D? + 25 to the differential equation we obtain (DP + 25)(D? +25) = (D? +25)? = 0 ‘Then y= cicosSz + epsin Sz + cyreosSx + cyz cos and yp = AvcosSz + Brsin Sz. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 10B cos Sz — 10AsinSz = 20sinSz. Equating coefficients gives A = ~2 and B = 0. The general solution is ye cy cose + cpsin Sz ~ 2x cos Se. 56. Applying D? +1 to the differential equation we obtain (0? +1)(D? +1) = (D8 +1? =0. Then VE qieoss + cpsing + cyrcos + cyr cost and yp = Azcos + Brsin x. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 2Beosr ~ 2Asing /2 and B = 2. The general solution is Equating coefficients gives A ye acwstosnr+ trons 2edns 87. Applying (D? + 1)? to the differential equation we obtain (02+ y{D'+D+1) Then nn and yp = Acosz-+Bsinz+Crcost+Drsinz. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields (B+C+2D)cosz + Drcos + (-A~2C + D)sinz~ Crsinz = esinz. Equating cosfcients gives B+O+2D58. 59. Exercises 4.5, ‘Then A =2, B=1,C=~1, and D=0, and the genezal solution is Z 2 2 Wilting cos? 2 = (1 + cos22) and applying D(D? +4) to the diferenial equation we obtaln D(D? + 4)(D? +4) = DD? +4)? <0. ‘Then y= c100s2e + oysin 2 + exe cos 2r + cyrsin 2x +5, and yp = Azcos 2x + Bzsin 2x +C. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 1 1 5+ poosae. Equating coefficients gives A = 0, B = 1/8, and C= 1/8. The general solution is 4Asin2e + 4B c0s2r +40 Teer y= c1cos2-+ersinde + gzsin e+ 5. Applying D* to the differential equation we obtain Dp! +804) = D°(D +8) =0. ‘Then ext eoae + ge + cy” + cg? + cg! and yp = Az? + B23 + Cxt. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 16A +68 + (488 + 24C)2 +9602" = 2492 ~ 6:4 Equating coefficients gives A+6B 488 +240 960 = 6. ‘Then A = 11/256, B = 7/32, and C = —1/16, and the general solution is = Tis ta yar tear tose Be ). Applying D(D — 1)*{D + 1) to the differential equation we obtain D(D - )(D-+1)(D* - D® + D- 1) = DID ~ {D+ 1D" +1) <0. ‘Then - 2 bey t cae + ogo” + ore ye" toncose ter 142Exercises 4.5 and yp = A+ Bev® + Cze* + Date®, Substituting vp into the differential equation yields AD ae? + (20 + AD)e* ~ 4Be°# — Aa net —e +7. Equating coefficients gives 4D=1 20+4D=0 B= -1 wae? Then A= ~7, B = 1/4, = 1/2, and D = 1/4, and the generel solution is, Lites ee + encase + egsing = 7+ 5 e 61. Applying D?(D —1) to the differential equation we obtain D'D~1)(D* ~ 30? +3D~ 1) = D(D- 1 ‘Then ym cet + eaze® + carte +c + opt cote and y= A+ Be + Ozer. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields (-A+3B)- Br+60e = 16-242, Equating coefficients gives -A+3B = 16 -B=-1 oC m1 /6, and the general solution is ily vrei? erect + egate® 1942+ ate’ 62, Writing (f+ e748)? = 242+ obtain ‘and applying D(D~2)(D +2) to the differential equation we D(D~2)(D + 2)(20" - 3D? ~ 3D +2) = D{D ~ 2°(D +2)(D+1)(2D- 1) = ‘Then eT + ce + eye?! + cu + eze™ + coe 143,63. 64. Exercises 4.5 and yp = A+ Bae™ + Cen, Substituting-tp into the differential equation yields 24+ 9Be* ~ 2006 Equating coeflicients gives A= 1, 8 = 1/9, and C 1/20. The general solution is 1 ae cet eae beac? $1 + dae — Applying D(D ~ 1) to the differential equation we obtain D(D—1)(D ~ 209 + D4) = DYD—1)8 Then yma tear tose” beure® tops? + oprtet and yp = Ar? + Bae*, Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 24 + 2Be™ = 1 + 6%. Equiating coefficients gives A = 1/2 and B= 1/2. The general solution is z Applying D*(D — 2) to the diferential equation we obtain DD - 2)(D* — 4D") = DY(D - 9)°(.D +2} = 0. ‘Then _ ea tear beget + cse™ + op? bean! + orn + cane and yp = Ax + Bs? + Cz! + Dae, Substituting yp into the differential equation (8+ 240) ~ 2482 ~ 4802? + 160 = 52? Equating coefficients gives “84420 =0 2B =0 48 5 36D = =1. ‘Then A= -5/16, B= , C= -5/48, and D = ~1/16, and the general solution is ya or tear + oye + oye — 144Exercises 4.5 128 + qe. Using D to anniilate 16 we find yp = 16. Thus A= -1/4 and 65. The complementary function is ue Substituting yp into the differential equation we obtain —644 1 eet teyet aie +ene"* — 5 = Beye — Beye ‘The initial conditions imply ata=t 821 ~Be2= Thus ¢) = = 5/8 and = Seley Bente 1 ate a 66. The complementary function is ye = 61 + ¢2¢°*. Using D? to annihilate x we find yp = Az+ Ba? Substituting yp into the differential equation we obtain (4+ 2B) +282 = 2, Thus A= 1 and B=1/2,end ‘The initial conditions imply Thus o1 1, and 67. The complementary function i ye = c1-+ ene. Using D® to annihilate x—2 we find yp = Ax-+ Ba? Substituting yp into the diferential equation we obtain (~54+2B)—10B2 = -2+2, Thus A= 9/25 =1/10, and end ex + Sn tat eae + 37 30 2,91 Sexe + 55 ~ 5 ‘The initial conditions imply ata=d a Sa = oe 14568. 69. 70. Exercises 4.5 Thus oy = ~41/125 and cq = 41/125, ond ‘The complementary function is ye = oie" + oye~**, Using D~ 2 to annihilate 10e* we find yp = Ae Substituting yp into the differential equation we obtain 8c = 10e%. Thus A = 5/4 and 5, yee? tere + Fett te, Bt 12 bye + § ‘The initial conditions imply ‘The complementary function is ye = c\cosz + gsinz. Using (D? + 1)(D? + 4) to annihilate 8cos2r —dsinz we find yp = Azcosr + Brsinz + C'cos2z + Dsin 22. Substituting vp into the differential equation we obtain 2B cos ~ 30 cos 22 — 2A sin ~ 3D sin 2x = 8cos2x—4sinz, Thus A=2, B=0,C=-8/3, and D=0, and 8 yey c0sz +epsing + 2vcosir ~ 5 cose ym -eysinz + orcas + 2cos2—~ 2esinz + sin ae 3 ‘The initial conditions imply 8 eatgenl -q-=0. ‘Thus ¢) = - and op = 11/3, end u 8 —reosz— 4 sine +2082 ~ Scos2e _ 3 ‘The complementary function is ye = or + exe + egze?. Using D(D ~ 1) to annihilate ze +5 we find yp = Az-+ Bz%e! + Ca%et, Substituting yp into the diferential equation, 146nm. Exercises 4.5 wwe obtain A+ (2B + 6C}e + 6Cze* = re" +5, Thus A 3, B = ~1/2, and C = 1/6, and yoan aera sen fetes te Vert tele eA) t bane + Eee Pea taleets2e) eae betes late ‘The initial conditions imply ates? tatoa? cat Des Thus cy = 8, cp = —6, and cs = 3, and 2 4 See? + Sr — tater + Later, y= 8— Ge" + Sac" + 5x — pate + Erie! ‘The complementary function is yo = e%*(c, cos 2x + cy sin 2z). Using Dé to annihilate <* we find yp = A+ Br + C2? + Dz®, Substituting up into the differential equation we obtain {84-48 +20) + (8B -8C + 6D)x + (SC ~ 12D)2*~ 82" = 2°, Thus A= 0, B= 3/32, © =8/16, and D = 1/8, and a pose orate y= Moyooste+ sind) ~ Boe Br +b v= & [oy(2cos2x — 2sin 2x) + ox(2eos2r + 2sin2a)] +24 S24 Se ‘ ntets ‘The initial conditions imply a= 3 Dey + 2p += Hats Thus cy = 2, en = ~3/64, and a= ~ Fanaeys 324 3024} y= E(Reoste — Zsin2z)+ Bot Sat 4 Lat . The complementary function is ye = ex + exe + cg2? + cye® Using D%(D — 1) to annihilete 2 +E we find yp = Az! + Brt + Cze*. Substituting yp into the differential equation we obtain 147Exercises 4.5 (64 +248) — 2482+ Cet = 24%, Thus As 1/6, B= ~1/24, and C= 1, and yee ter teeth ae — te Lat pce? a” ae a gettet tae? 1 of = Dept cse® ~~ ba? + Det tae Ym cge® 1-2 $e + re The initial conditiors imply ate =0 atari=o Regt eqt2=0 2Ha 0. Thus ey = 2, ¢2= 1, 3 =0, and ce = -2, and 1 s240- 2 iad Lal gael ya der 2d ia 5 73. To see in this case that the factors of L do not commute consider the operators (xD ~ 1)(D +4) and (D +4)(cD— 1). Applying the operators to the function x we find (2D=1(D +r = (2D? 4420 ~ D~4)2 = 2D°s+4eDr— Dr~ 4s = (0) + 4z(1)~1-4r= and {[D+4)(zD —1}x=(D+4)(2Dz— 2) =(D+4\(2-1-2)=0, ‘Thus, the operators are not the same, Exercises 4.6 ‘The particular solution, yp = wiy1 + uayp, in the following problems can take on a variety of forms, especially where trigonometric functions are invelved. The validity of a particular form ean best be checked by substituting it back into the differential equation. 148Exercises 4.6 1. The auaclisry equation is m?+1=0, s0 Ye =) cos + csing and cz sn] w E Identifying f(z) = seca we obtain oh = SEBS ane yo EEE T Then vy = In|cosz}, up =, and y~ cycosz +epsinz + coszin|cos| + zsinz. 2. The auxiliary equation is m? +1=0, s0 ye = cy cosa +cpsing and we | |) Identifying f(x) = tan we obtain cose} ~ sing tan cos ~ seer ‘Then wy = sinz — In| seoz + tanz|, ur cos, and y=cycasr + cqsing + cosr(sinz ~ In|secx + tans) ~ cosz: 3. The euniliery equation is m® +1 = 0, so ye c1cosz + cpsinz and cose sinz| -sinz cosz| Identifying f(2) = sin we obtain ‘ 2 ujsosinte uh = cosesinz, Then and 1Exercises 4.6 4, The auxiliary equation is m?+1=0, so ye= 1 cos2 +ersing and cost sine} w -sinz cose Identifying f(x) = seex tan z we obtain tants =1—sectz =sinz(secrtanz) 4 tty = cosz(se0 2 tan z) = tens. tn |cosa}, and stan, we y= crease +osins +0082 ~ sinz ~ sin zin|cos3| = c1cosz +e58inz+ zcos.x — sin zIn| cos, 5, The auxiliary equation is m?+1 = 0, so ye = 1 c082-+ orsinz and | coor sinz =1 Wl ene cess Tdenttying f(x) = cos? we obtain a = ~sinzcos?s hace feos? up =sinz~ fain’ z, and excosz +epsing + 5 costa +sin?2~ tints Leos + egsin e+ 5 ; = cxcose + epsins +3 (ous! 2 + sin? 2) (cos*s sin?) + sin? eyeost +eysinz + benste + 2 sin? 1 eqsing + jens + 5 sins . tesine +24 deinte, creoss tensing + 5 +5 sin $0 ve = ey cos + ep sins and 6, The auxiliary equation is m?+1 j cose sinz |-sinz cos w Identifying f(z) = sec. we obtainExercises 4.6 ‘Then cose t= In|seca = tan] and y= cycosa+cpsing ~ cosrsece + sin In |secz + tanz| = c1cosz-+oysing ~ 1 +sinrIn|secx + tanz The auxiliary equation is m?— 1s 0, s0 ye = cre? + epe~* and, Identifying f(x) = cosh = Then and . The auxiliary equation is m®—1= 0, $0 ye = exe* + oye* and ee] We Ieentifying f(z) = sinh 2x we obtainExercises 4.6 ‘Thea end yraet tee +o eye ta lh Faet toe t+ 6 a ss cqe? + oge* + 5 sin 22. tege* + 5 sinh The auxiliary equation is m?— 4 =D, 50 ye = cre + pe" oe and In os We lye gyi Identifying f(+) = e2*/x we obtain uj = 1/4r and u} wel /a4z. Then and woe tee et (Arinje| ee [PS e yoo toy +4( lel i 10. The auxiliacy equation ism? ~9 = 0, s0 ye = cre™* + one and ven wl fe Jett met Identifying f(c) — 92/e we obtain uh ~ Jre-®* and wy = ~2. Then and ymcie™ + exe ee sae + oe" — Feer(1 — 3) 152Exercises 4.6 LL. The auxiliacy equation is m? 43m +2 = (m+ 1){m +2) =0, 60 ye = c1e* + epe™* and a janet tet Identifying f(z) = 1/(1 +e) we obtain w ‘Then uy = in(1 +e), ug = In( +) wm cet tone FIn(l + eF) ee Ind + mee ene EL bee In +e) 12. The auxiliary equation is m? — 2m +1 = (m—1)? =0, so ye = cre + onze and w Identifying J(2) ~ €°/ (1+ 22) we obtain Bee) ie y= ,. ee 1 “Q° ese) 14a? Then sy = —}lo (1-424), wp = tant, and eos 2 . gro teyee® — Zein (1424) + 20% tants 13. The auxiliary equation is m? + 3m +2= (m+ 1)(m-+2) =0, 90 ye = c1e7* + ope and jer et de ate ‘Then uy = — cose, uz * cose — sine, and ya cre + one =e coset + e-* cose 2s sae +e sine 153Exercises 4.6 14. The aurciliary equation is m? — Identifying /() ‘Thea prac sate + (- = eiet tate + Le [(P — 1) tan 15. ‘The auxiliary equation is m® + 2m+1= (m+1)? We Identifying f(s) = e~Iné we obtain wee ‘Then and ya cet tegte™ ot ty last = cet onto Seta — et entet4 Se 16. The auxiliary equation is 9m? + 2m +1=0, so w 154Exercises 4.6 en cos 5 er aing e*eosh— fe-*!sin§ Je-*!cos§ — Je¥sin§ VE we obtain Identifying #(2) Bee sents/22y se ie uj = SRDS set V5 sind ec coste/ NEVE _ gps 2 oS se Je cos, Then w= —4 [el sin Sat 4 boy vi 2 wnt fleVicabet ant yeer(qcel +an%) se? co! | eVien fats sean? ‘The auxiliary equation is 3m? t fs® 2 a. 6m +6 =0, 50 ye= e*(c1 cos + cpsinz) and cease @sinz cosz—eFsing cos +efsing Identifying f(2) = Je seer we obtain uy = sale se2)/3 2 “5 tanz 1 _ (oP cose? sec2)/3 vy = Rowse Then uy = Jn(cos2), ue 2, and ee, yee cose + ce cone + Hinfeasz)e cose + beetsine 18. The au Fy equation is 4m? — 4m + = 1? =, 80 ye = cre? + epret!? and eget |fer? foetl? 4 er? JeeAVTRF? wo obtain Identifying f(z) seltelyi=a mae eee Te 155.19. 20. Exercises 4.6 Then 1 ay? a= $(-2) waiVinse bert and ee ne) Ay re + egretl? + etl? (1 2)" teria e Leet ants 1 = (2m ~ 1)(2m +1) =O, 90 ye = eye? + oge™*!? and em eth) jean tesa ‘The auxiliary equation is 4m? Identifying f(2) = ze*?/4 we obtain u = 2/4 and uy = —re"/4, Then uy = 24/8 and up = 20/4 +eF/4, Thus ona 1 1 Lei? len, wf = 500 7! ‘The initial conditions imply ‘Thus ¢3 = 3/4 and @ = 1/4, and pity lent g Latent lege ar 2 oe 4 eye®l? + ope"* and m= 1m +1 ‘The auxiliary equation is 2m? +m 0, 50 y she feet) 156au. Exercises 4.6 Then ‘Thus and ‘The initial conditions imply q—2-2=1 1 gate-1=0. ya78 ‘Thus ¢ = 6/3 and o = 1/3, and Ban) San gletiae ya getehet aan ‘The auxiliary equation is m? + 2m — 8 = (m_—2)(m +4) = 0, s0 ye = cre + ee“ and po gets ya[% © ber Wolfe nal Identifying f(2) = 26-% Thea Thus and22, 23. Exercises 4.6 ‘The initial conditions imply 5 atean-gal 7 2a - den ‘Thus cy = 25/26 and e = 4/9, and Boe 4 = Bet + 30 0 ‘The ausiliary equation is m* — 4m +4 = (m — 2)? = 0, 80 ye = c1e™ + eye and jee ete Wm lott onelt 40 dentifying f(2) = (122* — 6x) &™ we obtain = 62? 1229 a uy = 122? — 62, ‘Then uy = 22? = art up =z? — 52" Thus y= ee oe + (20° ~ 24) o% + (404 ~ 32%) ne = cic ence te (24 ~ 28) and of = Dope 4» (2ee™ +e) +e (423 — 3) +202 (24 — 2!) “The initial conditions imply a ot dato =O ‘Thus ¢; = 1 and o = ~2, end 2° ee 4 el (2423) Write the equation in the form y and identify f(2)=2-¥/2, From m1 =Exercises 4.6 oY? cos ot sing | 1 Wiw¥) =| o-atging—Jo"Meose 2“ Veoss — Jx-Ysing| 3 Now uj=snz 20 =o, and eee se Thus year Peose +ea"Vsinz+2VPeoe! 2 + 2° in? s =r cosa + or VP sine + 2M and identify f(z) = sec(laz)/2®, From yy = cos(inz) and yp « sin(Inz) we compute sin(ln) | 1 cota |" = sw =ln|cos(inz), so weinz. ‘Thus, a particular solution is ‘Yp = cos(In-z) In jcos(ln-z)| + (In2) sin(In x) 25, The auxiliary equation is m' +m = mlm? + 1) = 0, $0 ye= er +p cosa + cysinz and 1 cost sine W=|0 -sine cose 0 ~cosz ~sinz’ 159Exercises 4.6 Wdentifying f(2) tanz we obtain 0 cose sine w=W=| 0 -sinz cos |=tanz tanz -cosz -sing!| 100 sing = Wr=|0 0 cose 0 tens sins 1 coz 0 bet ween |o —sing 9 [= -sinstines P=! ope cs Jo cose tanz| Then uy In| cos x} oe wg = sing —In|sor + tanz| and yer tencose + cysinz ~In|cosz| + cos” +sin? 2 —sinzin|secx + tana) og-+ pcos + sin ~In|oose| ~sinln |see2 + tan] for ~20 <2 < 00, 26. The auxlary equation is m+ 4m = m(m?-+4) = 0, 80 ye + cxe082e + cysin2e and |b coszz sina | We=l|o -2sin22 20622 }o -deos2r Asin 20 160Exercises 4.6 Identifying f(2) = sec 2x we obtain 0 ets sine | 0 =28in2e 2eo82x | = + sec 2x sec2e —Acos2z —4sin2r} JL 0 sindx | Bo 0 aeu2e lo sectr —ssin2e| {|} comer 3)0 ~2sinzz 0 JO —4cos2z sec2r Then 1 ginlsec2r + tan 22] 1 En fcos2z| 3 and vaertepente + ens Pants + tal Become + inte este lanfaczcrln 27. ‘The auxiliary equation is 3m?— 6m-+30 = 0, which has roots 1+3i, so ye = "(cy cos 32-4 ¢9 sin 32). ‘We consider first the differential equation 3y" ~ 6y' + 30y = 15sinz. which can be solved using undetermined coeficients, Letting yy, = Acos2 + Bsinx and substituting into the differential (27A - 6B) cos + (6a + 275) sin x = 15sin z. Thea A=00~0 and a2 5, 50 A= and B= fh. Thus, yp = coer $ sing. Next, we consider the diferenta! equation iy" ~6y'++300, for which a particular solution yp, can be found using variation of parameters. The ‘Weonskian is eos tr singe “cos3z~ Se" sin3z 3e*cos3z +e sin Sx) se Identitving /(2) = Jef tan we obtain 1 oo} pemdetands and uh = jsin3e, 16128. 29. Exercises 4.6 Then 1 1 uy = jpainde + ine oa’) van patte Saad Lie tof ar 30) Br ar sma et xtelia(co ~ sn 32) — noon 'F +0 )] and he ec slo a hel etal uation i y= (cy cosSa + casin3r) + Yp, 2) + Ypa(2): ‘The auxiliary equation is m?—2m+1 = (m—1)? = 0, which has repeated root 1, so ye = cre tone”. We consider first the differential equation y’— 2/ + y = 4c? —3, which can be solved using undetermined coefficients. Letting yp, = Az? + Bx +C and substituting into the differential equation we get Att + (—4A4+ B)r + (QA-2B +0) = 4a? 3, ‘Then A=4, -4A+B=0, and 2A~2B+C so A= 4, B= 16, and C ‘Thus, tp, = 42? + 16z + 21. Next we consider the differential equation y! — 2y +y = 27le®, for which a particular solution yp can be found using variation of parameters, The Wronskian is @ atte Identifying f(2) = ef/2 we obtain v{ = —1 and vp = 1/2, Then uy = —2 and uy = In, a0 that a w ty = nae + ae7Inz, and the general solution ofthe original diferentil equation is Y= Yet Yor + Ypr = cre® + cae® + 4a” + 162 + 21 — ce? + ze? Inc. ‘The interval of definition for Problem 1 is (~r/2,7/2), for Problem 7 is (~c0,c), for Problem 9 is (0,00), and for Problem 18 is (1,1). Ia Problem 24 the general solution is y= excos(tnz) + eysin(la) + cos(in2)In{cos(in.2){ + (In2)sin(Inz) for ~n/2 =]. Thes,e=$.0—-1, HH x! we obtain uj = —dr* and uh = dr. Then 122, andy = cre? + opr! 42°, The initial conditions imply ‘The intial conditions imply cy +4 = 1 and on +4 andy =~ Inzt fe? The auxiliary equation is mi? — 6m +8 = (m—2)(m ~4) =O, so that ye =e12? + et! and 16629. 30. 3h 32, 33. Exercises 4.7 tied da i 1 ate Thus ey = qh. co =f. and y= ha? — det bat Senet cena ein a fy 45 204 =0 Ble 2\- ‘The auxiliary equation is m? + 8m — 20 = (m+ 10)(m ~ 2) = 0 so that ge + gel = ae"! + ct Substituting nto the diferente equation we obtain @y #Y 108 ayo The auxiliary equation ism? — 10m +25 = (m~ 5)? =0 so that ez’ +ens*Inz, Substituting into the differential equation we obtain Fu gt ‘The auxiliary equation is m? +9 +8 = (m+ 1}(m+8) = 0 s0 that ye = cre! + one" ®*, Using undetermined coeficients we try yp = Ae#, This leads to S0Ac = et, so that A= 1/0 and +8y tegen ® 4b et Lege 8 + sat Hy eer ar leal ret ee x 30 Substituting into the differential equation we obtain fy oi $Y ol oye ne, ‘The suxilary equation is m? — fm +6 = (m~2}(m—8) = 0 so that ye = cre + one. Using undetermined coofficiento we try yp = At+ B. This leads to (-5A +68) + GAt ~ 2, so that A=1/3, B= 5/18, and y yendttats lied endroantstuses. 8 a8) Substituting into the differential equation we obtain fy dy ‘ Get t y= dt se 16734. Exercises 4.7 ‘The auxiliary equation is m—4m-+13 = 0.0 that ye = e%(c1 cos 3t-+epsin3t). Using undetermined coefficients we try yp = A+ Bet. This leads to 13+ 10Bet = 4+3e', so that A = 4/13, B= 3/10, and os +tade y =e (cy c093t + exsin3!) + 75 + 3 A 43 = 22(e;cos(8inz) +epsin(Sing)} + + a From fy (& %) az? 2? a? ~ at, it follows that fy _ sy ody dy wea oa " by ou gy = Ga og tu -6y=3 +58 (m—1)(m—2}(m—3} = D0 that ye = cet tenet + +t, This leads to (118-64) —-6Bt = 3+3¢, ‘The auxiliary equation is m3—6m?-+11m—6 ose. Using undetermined coefficients we try up so that A= ~17/12, B= —1/2, and qetor?+oy2*- hing. sorter +ez'— 5-5) ya cet tea + ge 168Exercises 4.7 In the next two problems we use the substitution t= = since the initial conditions are on the interval (26,0). In this ease fy _dyde dy ae” de dt de Py 4 (i) 8 (_) dy ade dy de ay ae ~ at at) ~ ae ae, Woe a dt dt dt and a 85. The differential equation aud initial conditions become vi) ‘The auxiliary equation is 4mm? — 4m +1 = (2m ~ 1}? = 0, 60 that payee | se Frty=G WO, yact set iat and y= doe eo(e¥84 Pt) The initial conditions imply o = 2 ond 14 = ~4. Thus ya 28? — 50 int = 2(-2)!? —5{-2)!in(-2), 2 <0 136, The difeental equation aad initial conditions become GY u¥sev=0 vols volo = (m= 2)(m~ 8) = 0, s0 that ye ottteg® and of =2et+ dent 2 # ‘The auxiliary equation ism? ~ 5m + ‘The initial conditions imply fey +82 = ey + 120 2. Thus fom which we find c) = 6 and c= ya bt —28 622 +209, 2 <6. St. tesng un 2+ 2eobuin Mo an sng te due fy 4 (dy) fy du Py _ dy de? de du) ~ Ga de a Substivuting into the differential equation we obtain éy wv Poe yBeye eB euB eyo ‘The auxiliary equation is m? +1 = 0 so thet y= excos(lau) + ep Sin(lau) =e cos|In(z-+ 2)} +c sin In(z + 2} 169Exercises 4.7 38. If 1-1 is a root of the aunillary equation then so is 1 +4, and the auxiliary equation is (m—2)fm ~(1+i]lm~ (1 ~i)] =m? — 4m? + 6m—4 =0. We neod m?—4m?+6m-—d4 to have the form m(m~1){m—2)+bm(m-1)-+em +d. Expanding this last expression and equating coefficients we get b= 1, ¢ = 3, and d= ~4, Thus, the differential ‘equation is ao 39, For ay! = 0 the auxiliary equacion is m(mm — 1) = 0 and the general solution is y = ci + at. The initial conditions imply cx = yo and cz = yi, 80 y = yo + yn. The initial conditions are satisfied for all real values of yp and yp For 2 —2ry/ + 2y =0 the auxiliary equation ism? — 3m +2 = (m—I){m ~2} = 0 and the general solution is y = cx + e224. The initial condition y(0) ~ go implies 0 = yo and the condition ¥(0) = vi implies cy = yx. Thus, the intial conditions are satisGed for yo = 0 and forall rel values of. For 22y! —dey/ + 6y = 0 the auxiliary equation is m — Sm +6 = (m—2}(m —3) general solution is y = ¢12?-+e32%. The initial conditions imply y(0} = 0 = yp and y/(0) = 0. Thus, the initial conditions are satisfied only for yo = 91 = O. 40, "The function y(2) = —YZcca(In2) is defined for 2 > 0 and has z-intercepis where Inz = x/2-+kn for k an integer or where x = e"/2*6", Solving 1/2 + kr = 0.5 we get k= ~0.34, so eV 05 for all negative integers and the graph has infinitely many 2-intercepts in (0,05). AL. The auxiliary equation is 2m{m — I)(om ~ 2) ~ 10.98m(m ~ 1) + 8.5m +13 = 0, so that m = ~0,088299, ma = 1.81164, mg = 6.73166, and 068009 4 oye and the S706 year" Hoga! 42, ‘The auxiliary equation is m{m ~ 1)(m~2)+4m(m — 1) +m —9= 0, so that m, = 1.40819 and the two complex roots are ~1.20409 4: 2.22291, The general solution of the differential equation is 2140819 4, 12008 oy (2.20091 In x) + 5 sin(2.22291 In 2) ¥ 48, The auxiliary equation is m(m—1}(m—2)(on ~3) + 6m{(m—1}(m —2) +3m(m—1)-3m+4~=0, 0 that m = m2 = v2 and my = m4 = —v2. The general solution of the differential equation is sa ae. yee? + coeFing + oye + cae" 44. The auaiiary equation i mlm 1)(rm2)(en—8)—6m{m-—1)(m-2}+39m(m-—1)=105m+169 = 0, so that my = mg = 3 +24 and my = m= 324. The general solution of the differential equation is y= 2%[eycox(2in) + casin(2inz)] +24 inal eoa(2In2} + exsin(2In2}] 170