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Chapter 5 Diffusion PDF
Chapter 5 Diffusion PDF
Diffusion
MSE 201
Callister Chapter 5
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University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
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University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
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Introduction To Materials Science FOR ENGINEERS, Ch. 5
What is diffusion?
Atomic Vibrations
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Introduction To Materials Science FOR ENGINEERS, Ch. 5
What is diffusion?
Interdiffusion and Self-diffusion
• Diffusion is material transport by atomic motion
• Interdiffusion occurs in response to a
concentration gradient (more rigorously, to a
gradient in chemical potential)
(Heat)
Before After 5
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
Before After
Atomic migration by a mechanism of vacancy
migration. Materials flow (the atom) is opposite
the vacancy flow direction. 6
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
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Introduction To Materials Science FOR ENGINEERS, Ch. 5
Diffusion Flux
The flux of diffusing atoms, J, is used to quantify
how fast diffusion occurs. The flux is defined as
either in number of atoms diffusing through unit area
and per unit time (e.g., atoms/m2-second) or in terms
of the mass flux - mass of atoms diffusing through
unit area per unit time, (e.g., kg/m2-second).
1 dM kg atoms
J= ⇒ or 2
A dt 2
m s m s
x-direction
Unit area A
through
which
atoms
8
move.
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
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Introduction To Materials Science FOR ENGINEERS, Ch. 5
Steady-State Diffusion
dC ∆C C A − C B
≅ =
dx ∆x x A − x B
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University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
5
Introduction To Materials Science FOR ENGINEERS, Ch. 5
D = D 0 exp − d
Q
RT
D0 – temperature-independent preexponential (m2/s)
Qd – the activation energy for diffusion (J/mol or eV/atom)
R – the gas constant (8.31 J/mol-K or 8.62×10-5 eV/atom-K)
T – absolute temperature (K)
Qd 1 Qd 1
ln D = ln D0 − or log D = log D0 −
R T 2.3R T
Qd 1
log D = log D0 −
2.3R T
log D1 − log D2
Qd = −2.3R
1 T1 − 1 T2 12
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
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Introduction To Materials Science FOR ENGINEERS, Ch. 5
Diffusion Coefficient
Plot of the
logarithm of the
diffusion
coefficient
vs. the reciprocal
of the absolute
temperature for
several metals.
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University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
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Introduction To Materials Science FOR ENGINEERS, Ch. 5
∂C ∂ ∂C ∂ 2C
= D = D
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x 2
Solution of this equation is concentration profile as
function of time, C(x,t):
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University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
Solute conc. = Cs
x=0
Solute conc. = Co
z Cx-Co = 1-erf(x/2√Dt)
erf (z) = (2/√π)∫ exp(-y2) dz
0 Cs-Co
Characteristic
“Diffusion Length” 16
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
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Introduction To Materials Science FOR ENGINEERS, Ch. 5
(not tested)
The solution to this differential equation with the
given boundary condition is:
where Cs is the surface
Cx-Co = 1-erf(x/2√Dt) concentration, which remains
constant, Co is the initial bulk
Cs-Co concentration of the diffusing
species and erf refers to the
Gaussian error function.
z
erf (z) = (2/√π)∫ exp(-y2) dz
0
“erf” function – Gaussian error function, based on
integration of the “bell shaped” curve 17
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
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University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
9
Introduction To Materials Science FOR ENGINEERS, Ch. 5
Energy
Em Vacancy
Atom
Distance
R j = R 0 exp − E m
k B T
where R0 is an attempt frequency proportional to the
frequency of atomic vibrations.
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University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
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Introduction To Materials Science FOR ENGINEERS, Ch. 5
R j = R 0 exp − E m
k B T
The diffusion coefficient, therefore, can be estimated as
(E + Q V ) = D exp − Q d
= D 0 exp − m
k BT 0
k B T
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Introduction To Materials Science FOR ENGINEERS, Ch. 5
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Introduction To Materials Science FOR ENGINEERS, Ch. 5
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University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
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University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
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