PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION Estimate has always been regarded as a valuation based on opinion or roughly made from imperfect or incomplete data; a calculation not professedly exact; an appraisement; also a state- ment, as by a builder, in regard to the cost of certain work. This book is in of technology advances and the demand for sts in- creases educators, architects, engineers, contractors, carpenters, and other workers in allied fields are becoming more cognizant of the importance and value of near accuracy even in estimates. It is at this juncture that the author, in his desire to be of some help. prepared this o the studies of b construction mi Book is, by design, an outline whose purpose is tO\quide those persons concerned on matters of estimation. Tables ahd formula have been prepared with the hope that readers or user of the book will find it easy to for- mulate solutions to their cost problems. Illustrative examples were included to serve as visual aids for more perplexing prob: lems. Since this is an initial attempt on the part of the author ‘along this line of endeavor, he does not claim that this work is in itself perfect. In fact he would welcome suggestions, from those who are better knowledgeable that may further enrich the contents of this book. For the present edi author wishes to express grate- ful acknowledgement for the valuable suggestions of Dean Fran- cisa Guevara of UNEP, Iriga Cify“and Edgar Tuy who read the preliminary of the entire manuscript. The author likewise, wishes to express his indebtedness to the countless persons here unnamed, who have contributed to the scientific and experien- tial background from which this book has been based “MBFTABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 CONCRETE. Page 1-1 Plain Concrete 1 1-2. The Principles of Concrete Mixing 3. 1-3 Unit of Measure 4 1-4 Concrete Proportion 8 15 Concrete Slab 10 1-6. Estimating by the Area Method 13, 1-7, Concrete Column “4 1-8. Estimating by the Linear Meter Method 16 1.9 Post and Foating 19 1-10 Rectangular 23 1-11 Rectangular Bs 24 1-12 Circular Column 25 1-13 Concrete Pipes 28 CHAPTER 2 MASONRY 2-1, Concrete Hollow Blocks 31 2:2 Comparative Cost Analysis Between a Reinforced Concrete Wall and a Concrete Hollow Block Wall 46 2:3 Special Type of Concrete Hollow Blocks 53 2-4 Adobe Stone 55 2-5 Decorative Concrete Blocks 60 CHAPTER 3 METAL REINFORCEMENT 341. Steel Reinforcement 63 3-2. Identification of Steel Bars 65 3:3. Bar Splice, Hook and Bend 65 3-4 Concrete Hollow Blocks Reinforcement 70 3-5 TieWire for Steel Reinforcement 74 3-6 Independent Footing Reinforcement 75 3-7. Post and Column Reinforcement al3-8 Beams and Girders Reinforcement 82 3-9 Lateral Ties 83 3-10 Stirrups for Beams and Girders 94 3-11 Spiral and Column Ties 96 3-12 One Way Reinforced Concrete Slab 99 3-13 Two Way Reinforced Concrete Siab 102 3-14 Concrete Pipe Reinforcement 105 CHAPTER 4 LUMBER 4-1 Wood 107 4-2. Definition of Terms 107 4:3. Classification of Wood 108 4-4. Methods of Sawing the Log 110 45. Defects in Wood 12 4-6 Seasoning of Lumber 112 4-7. Unit of Measure of Lumber 114 48 Wood Post 117 49 Girder 119 4-10 Floor Joist and T & G Flooring 122 4-11 Siding Wood Board 126 4-12 Girts, Rafters, Truss, Purlins and Fascia Board 129 4-13 Studs 130 4-14 Ceifing Joist 134 4-15 Ceiling Board 136 4-16 Door Frame 140 4-17 Window Frame 143 CHAPTER 5 FORMS, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING 5:1 Form 145 5-2. Greasing of Forms 147 5-3 Scaffolding and Staging 147 5-4 Comparative Analysis Between the T&G and Plywood as Forms 149 5-5. Forms Using Plywood 156 5-6 « Forms of Circular Column 158 5-7. Estimating the Scaffolding and Staging 165