Women Aud mse iw CRoss- CucTveac feesrecnie epiny by ELcew KaskoFh wit. of Teeiwors peers, 1989. (vesava Amar chicago) Le ach ef Vac Paster hires eo et 0 Gy tytianr Luar Mtowees donmabitmn joke cada atuam os FN 15 Carol E. Robertson Power and Gender in the Musical Experiences of Women p 225-244 eee eee peepee canner Soldat emi peer ae or er ra, pe eee rr ee ucane eee See oe es pete aes ee pee re ied terns on rk OC eee eee cr acerca eee ene ee etcetera a eee ony arenes oe Sees sere eee oes ee ec ieee see aoe ge ee ee Sy ie as an, Din Sc A gegen ictpcrmeriete eat reny ma p, isthe ol of women i erfomans eas that allow Beta ng and cot. Tei secon is based on my otervation Fa ative participant in the feminist comment it ‘Washington D.C, and focises on newly created repertoires and tual dat 25Py eee 226 Catt Roberton (eee: xmpower woe o propel social changes wii hi own caviar, The ‘Sroneer mn In ese conse ead 1s concluding framework of qusions tht may be pl we he croc! ny en ad msc aig. “Theme tng on fs sy to cob tases apron th ramp between pede, soil power, and perfomance. The dacs ‘on one a Sve asumptios tat met aieaon 1. The dpay and mediation of power (contol ove tes) pees ban rant ‘om, bth te pit nd pb levels. Even in suns hat conde cores contol held byte indi who ean Sate or peform tr gnc ih eran epenetsoe 2 I ll human conten, power and gender a inked hugh asamp sae the ‘ate of uaa th aes oct with each gener, an the ned cote tecea tthe econ king proves ‘Allculaes recopie spre ind of omer witha muse —whete tat ye i ‘eae hough commincatn alco heating tg he ‘heaton of comple sacl ents it the acre to peforance 4 These aecaton of pect wth ender and mai nk hese phenomena so cheat to prone an hel frum forte expan fperiomance a+ uve ey 19 social alc a the process tough which Tiare Betws ae which gener rks Moca Bet 5. Power, gener, and perfomance interlock on 2 complex and ever-changing con {usu The prciption of gen prope in efomance stator fe fk {or seca cont ict between he yeu of oservaton dination, The pee of gender egaanimity within cltues ext Independently of chase scheme tn ope, nd non oa the dvinon alt nd opin In most societies, the public display of power and presentations of perfor: mances that evert social conto rn the male domain. These presentations are tsualy the more obvious oracessibe spheres of musical hfe and ae such are well documented in the iterature of ethnomuncology, Though the emergence of omen in scholarship has deepened ou record ofthe musical experiences of| omen (ef. Nett 1983), we sl lack clear vision of the impact of performance on issues of gender and power. A Tocus on women i lowly becoming accep shen some department of music, bat the attudes that have constrained serious research on women can sil be witestd nthe are ha many emit holes Contine 10 take in protecting the confidentiality oftheir emale informants Taicularly those who dispute the male norm within thir respective societies. Male dominance nthe scholarship of our own culture sil legates the woman's ‘view and subject mater fo Secondary and sometimes threatening tesold “The tensions between men and women in mos calles are coed so that specialization and paricipation hing on the dynamics of ie-pving and ie: taking. This polarization of gender responsible addressed from two diet Taser are quite uneven and col ‘of some ofthe question ase in the conclusion. The significance ofa rigorous, tobal aproach to women's masic cannot be overooked. Any discipline that purports 10 explain the habits of communication most come 1 terms with de, ‘Tays im which sie operates a3 mediator of power between “Te blesses of evry Clie ate Spun ovr Lieto egiimié Bower siccures. Those Who hope Tor changes inthe gender Blae of specie “Feo ust acknowledge that thi typeof modification aso requis 2 profound Elcaion ofthe elit system that har given exedence tothe ways in which male {or oer groupe and esttions wid arty ove those person thy Sekt ‘Shur. tn edvocating that researchers should not ater tbe salons they Stedy—although ou ey prestce ineniaBly des jst hat—we have iored iba our ingurywsely ese eSaBTsbed aur wi he eg for disso and those processes ough wih (cule challenge a aaa oer aac ‘THE RITUAL ENACTMENT OF MALE SUPREMACY “he {mae initiation eas cme to an nd. The Molen now haows tha be po Scr only a'man ad be may have gored aleady Ua all the apes the tae He wl be repel dnd never wt e women he sce nor ‘rer to meton totem what wanes in he Has feremon]- He wil be ware tie td again hat he wll be ped upon hen be eto oma If, ht if et ou Sights hint of the forbsenhnledge to he women o to he ren, wll Imm be kil uel the wean whoa be cote (Chapman 19776) This description ofthe ancient Haig ceremony of Tira del Fuego was offered ty Lola Kia,» woman of ctl ad inights who was he at representative of fice Sek Nam descent line Kips eclectios of + Sot Terige point fo an important premise inthis say. Gener artagoion ad ‘osiy may have their base in perceptions and psychological tats of broad lstibtion throughout ov planet However, the form ta his tension kes is ‘ecrmined byte social abs ofeach group. te Frat power dialect is repetanted though mythologies! and ceremonial sactons. we ca pred tht femaleness or malencs wll define inva o member of extsive foupe Age, dice, and india abihiy ay subvide socal aegresnn ven more minutely Conversely, i geade-fined groups ae perpetsied over< Y atadty 2 abrvi'ela cles i got Ce clean e Je ssraan Wells hime time, we can anicipnte the emergence of “Teme cures and “male cule > tures operating win some pres hoe and within oer spheres tha ae gente speci. "The Focean Sek Nam exit emergence of oil oder a res of ‘men wing pial oer om women, Ou othe mythical past arse a eed {to contol women though intimidation and secrecy. Sprit masks and dances LL = powers signified through sound-producing instruments tha ink the preset with ‘ere we inthe Hain ceremony frighten women and chien into sbmission eg the past. Ando esow over on intiaed males, whos “sect” wa ir vaneabiny C2774 Se rte mat tet forms of earatizaton of mae dominance canbe 4 humans ting to dominate ther hemane. Thar, the spit tha ep ferale pe found ne ceremonial performances of Fenaleimpesonto. Armenia ee Behavior in check were merely men cared with exposing the Hatten othe | teste perfomners, knows a8 ""dag quem for example, often porn in tccniqus of soil eoeteion trough itl performances of sores that sn Suan een bhi" ha be rom ‘ined the poweresnss of women. Anniging spect ofthis pai ta en Vitoria Reifer Becker (1973) doctmens the impact of ise on the {Lat Kiel knew the secret fhe mains, ands pone ht many of bavi of women ia her lndnark sty of raed humor among Meic's_ her kinstomen were abo wise the Bile of mile dominance Tooaapeaking peoples. Sana sybils i these communis portay Tn many clues that purposeful xe musical performance to coerce of undesirable quae i women—qualties sully atibued wo Ladino women, oni sil stat, ul knowledge nd power ae eve to av ngs to are pereived to negate tir Maya ancesty by wering the cates and to women na dinnt pat. At some pint in ancient mena women sed Speaking the languge ofthe Spanish conquerors. Female impersonator ia he {tet power of were tke imo submision Oy competing males. Subequet {Sons of Chala and Cena porvay “abooral behav. The Lacan ‘myles explanations ae given to show hy women shuld be exe from ‘women of the neighboring towns are poryed as promicoos. Nana Mara the dominant power sacred why en fea ad mst eae he beaver {Cocorna, a Ladino charter in dance is pblily shared for wails of women. In ete stations, men explain tat since women have soch get er hasbind. Bricker esis andere th randmathr rin thi way fore as bine, hey most be hep rom other kinds of powe ht would “The panier impersonator in Znacntn etarerts the devi behavior ‘ive them complete contol over the ives and eilty of community. Th ‘of women by playing exceptionally wel the role bef met faring witha Instances where msi Ket fom wren tects it mba te Kin of ‘fa man. The incongruity of men dessa anmen pretending Wo do womens owed ht en wish toposes exclusively the pains of prformance ‘ork serves odie women donot pefoam the woman's ole dequtly often apy spect to thus of ein intents fen sb even ‘ad who thas eemasavkward 5 ic ogg womens sks. Te grander’ Jaivethem he fates by refusing to hunt and fed the women and their hen, “Though women gave in under the heat of starvation, os dey nen consider it secestry o guard the sacred hardt from women, who might we then 10 ‘eine thei dominance, The ene complex of pubic tual among he Mu ‘horocd is derived from this piciple of gender competition fr power, a ht more frequently, pli associated fates and bullae 7~ humor, thea, serves to define role boundaries for women” (1973-149), Rober Murphy, who recopnzes a universal antagonism between the sexes, ) ) ‘Wot re by ao means te only persons manipulated trough performance in has dactmened an imptat case of musical a Fal excision moog ie J) these stings. Sodomy, adultery, incest celibacy, physical abe, homoses- Mundurct ofthe Amazon region (1957, 1973). Mandar men conto ul | ‘ality, and lack af conformance wo closely defined socal voles and hierarchies of acces and cer their actives on warfare and hunting, purus ta excloe oity ae all targets of pic eres. Allo then relies, heldin check by ‘tomen and form the coe ofthe mule experience ‘stracim and public commentary, ae sen o make thi sci ysem “work.” “The Mondiruc, like some oftheir rverine neghhors, malta separate Deviation fet this concept of layered eer rings chaos, Asta any other wiles for women and nen These separatist dwellings are als define by bor ‘society the rationalization of ere bil upon notions of morality, power, and ‘pecaizations based on gender. Men conto social balance and spernatual song provided by a belief ssa that ais cach lass of Tule & {fess trough the ws of musical insruments hosed in the chamber adjacent 0 _spciic place within the fabric of soit and scion he authority of ‘ich man's hows. Herein res the kar hollow aes payed in proups of 80 soup of people over a fr tvee apd characterized by a single reed inserted throgh the tp of each ‘rating charter, These Mus x well the epee that menue to ase {hee power ever animal busy and social tblity, were once the derai of it motivates ations without ‘women. Posesio of the thee orignal karkd enabled women fo sie power, Challenging the deeper rationale behing hoe actions If viewed this igh, he ‘ccupy male oer, and move into men's hoses, Rares myth tl th Western Judeo-Christian cretion myth iterpected ere hads some itresing Women used the tes (viewed a sacred pene exensions) o obtain the ight paral with he the canes above and power to fre thei ateaions on unemposered men, Men forced women 0 p Parken ae