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Test It, Fix It - English Grammar (Team Nanban) TMRG PDF
Test It, Fix It - English Grammar (Team Nanban) TMRG PDF
OXFORD
VNIVEICS ITY PR ESS
How to use Test it, Fix it 4
Oxford Univ ersity Press is a depart m ent of the University of Oxford . Articles (1) 6
Oxford and Oxford English are reg istered trade marks of Word order w ith adverbs 26
Co unt ab le nouns 42
means, without the prior perm ission in writ ing of Oxford Univ ersity
Press. or as express ly permitted by law, or under terms agreed Something, anybody, nowhere, everything, etc . 54
You must not ci rcu late t his book in any other bind ing or cover
and you must impose th is same cond ition on any acqui rer Prepo sit io ns of pl ace : in, on, at 70
Any websites referred to in t his publ icatio n are in t he publ ic doma in Quest io ns 74
and their add resses are provided by Oxford University Press for
information only. Oxford Un iversity Press disc laims any Question tag s 78
ISBN 0 19 438620 1
Printed in China
Test it, Fix it is a seri es of bo ok s d esi gn ed to help y ou i dentify an y probl em s
you m ay have in Eng lish , and to fix t he probl em s. Each Test it, Fix it bo ok
Test it again (Seco nd page)
t,••, "~!I " l n ~
has t wenty tests w h ich co nce n tra te on m ist akes comm onl y m ad e by learn ers .
Tes t it, Fix it has an u nusu al form at . You stan at t he f irst page of each unit,
o Do Test it again, exerci se 1.
," " ." ...
then go to th e t h ird pag e, then to t he second pag e. Her e's how it works:
. · ~I l· 0
e
Fix it [Third pagel
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Fix it (Th ird pagel
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t ime. It gives you extended Fix it
notes and example sentences. It's
a mistake, read the Fix it note. ....If--
. - - - - - - - - - - -
'" '
whole test.
G Now go back to t he second page an d do Test it eqoin.
Test it ~ Test it again
o Find and correct the m istake i n each sen tence. o Match t he t w o halves of each sen t ence. Add a, an or the w here necessary.
a Get into bed . I've got 1 octo pus?
Mike's wearing a red socks. f Some child r en wear an b The st o rm s last night we re 2 oi l on my favo urite shirt.
9
9 Pete, th ere's 7 eart h loo ks blue .
ar e in a kitchen.
got an fette r l
f) Find and correct five m ista kes.
d \\ 'ould YO\l lik e a ban ana a I In Bads ey to wn ce n tre yesterday, <l ma ll II-. l' anexud 1'0 1' Illll~g i llg a \ Oll ll~
o r a ora nge? wo mu n . :\ wo ma u lI'a, att acked ;\s she left the p o sl " ni ce in Redfo rd Road .
CEQ]
~
Articles (1)
C A and an
Use a (not an) before a conson ant You use the indefinite art icle a (not an) before a consonant sound. You use the
sou nd . Use an (not a) befo re a vowe l i ndef init e artic le an (not a) before a vowel sound .
Ilive in an old house. Would you like an orange? I'll take an umbrella.
o
Use a o r an when you ment io n • You d o n't use a or an with unco unt able nouns or plural nouns.
so me th ing for t he fi rst time. Can you smell gas? I'm wearing red gloves.
E You use a or an when you mention someth ing for the first time.
Use th e w hen you ment ion someth ing A boy was walking down the street when suddenly he saw an elephant.
for t he second ti m e. Would you like to go and see a film tonight? (Any film, not a particular f ilm .)
F The
Use th e when it 's obviou s which perso n
You use the when you m enti o n someth ing for a second t im e.
G
Use th e wh en th e t hi ng you ' re t alki ng
You use the when the person you 're talking to knows which perso n or thi ng
the m .
Can I speak to the manager? (The manage r of this shop .)
Your books are in the kitchen. (You know wh ich kitc he n.)
H
Use the w it h supe rlative adject iv es.
• You use the when the person or th ing yo u're t alking about is unique. (There's
only one .)
When I was little, I gave som e flowers to the Queen.
,r:>
Th e moon looks beautiful ton ight. I love watching th e sun go d own.
A the Belgium B Belg ium h ..._. Chinese is a difficult lang uage to learn.
A th e lo u d voice B a lo ud voi ce
h My doc tor says is bad fo r you . a Fin d and correct twelv e m istakes in t hese d ia lo g ues .
A sal t B t he sal t a Tim : Dan, do you want sugar in y our co ffee?
Can you pass me , please? Dan : Yes, please . I know t h e suga r's bad for yo ur teet h but I hate the
A sal t B t he salt coffee wi thout it. T he Dr Raws torne t ells me to give it up eve ry t im e
My brot her spea ks . I see him .
A the French B French
b Caro l: Wow ! This gu id ebook is g reat. Have you eve r been lip Eiffel Tower?
e Choose t h e best op tio n. Ni ck : No . in fact I've never been to the France. Pass me g uidebook,
please .
a Th e Dr Sm ith /Dr Smit h w as a lect u rer at Lon don U ni versity .
Ar t icles (2)
B
Use the w he n the person you're talking 'h
to knows which person or thing you're
• You use the when t he person you're talking to knows which perso n or th in g
C
Your glasses are in the car. (It's our car. You know wh ich one I mean.)
a mountain or a lake. names of buildings which include the words school, universitv, college; castle,
palace; airport. station, e.g. London University, Topkapi Palace; Frankfurt Airport.
E
Use the wi t h the names of places that No article
are pl ural; the names of deserts, seas ,
You do n't use an article (a, an or the) when you're talking about t hings in
:n
For ore inforrnati~n,
Review page opposite.
see the 1[> Children are adorable. (All children.)
You don't use an article wi th languages or with the names of most places.
Note, however, that there are exceptions to this rule. YOLI use the wi t h the
names of places which include words such as kingdom, sultanate, republic, e.g.
'Ira Ropubtic of Ireland, and with very big parts of the world, e.g. The Far East.
You don't usa nn article bofore people's names or before Mr, Ms, Mrs, Miss,
. __ . '- - - !- - ~ ._-
Test it ~ Test it again
o Choose the correct sentence in eac h pair. o Find and correct the mistake in eac h sentence.
II
C'I
d Wha t a funny boy you are!
M nt ch the two hal ves of each sentence . Add a, an or the w here necessary.
h Patrick Leig h Ferm o r tra velled fro m London to Istanbul o n foot.
~ ~
A rticles (3)
Don't use an article w it h some Jane's work ing as an assistant in the do cto r 's surgery. NOT as assistant
C
Do n't use an article w ith meals, days, You use a befo re til e wo rds hundred, thousand, million, billion, etc . w he n you
months, or wi th ho li days, fest iv als and 1110an 'o ne hu ndred ', 'on e t ho usan d', et c.
spec ia l days. Jill's won a h und red euros. A thousand years ago there w as a fo res t here.
D
Use a o r an befo re a singu lar countable You use the befo re some common exp ressions, e.g . the same, the cinema,
noun aft er as. th e th eatre, th e ri g ht, the left, the top, th e coast, etc . You need to learn t hese .
F YOIi d on 't use an article with some common ex p ressio ns relat ing to
G
Use a before hundred , tho usand. Huh will be in prison for six months. NOT in th e pri so n
million when vo u m ean 'o ne hu ndred' , Wo learnt a lot at school today. NOT at t he scho ol
YUIi d on't use an article with meals, days, months, ho lidays, festivals and
, J>
pucial days.
I IItJ kids love Christmas. We always have a party on New Year 's Day.
a St eve hit t he ball hard. Rab bit f ur feels soft ly. slo w slo w ly soft softly strange strangely
Across
c Harry is a dog black. h Did yo u get u p \'(' I J' early? 8 My rab bit has white fur.
OBliger. Drive , , .
d The Economist is a
hooks.
Down
;5
1 You ' re talk in g
e This curry tastes wonderful. I bought today a car. Hnv e you go t to ot hache?
6
9 Th ey test w eekly th e fir e alarm s. It Sue did n't en jo y much the film/th e f il m much.
h They test t he fire alarm s w eekly. You look ang ry/ ang rily - w hat's w rong ?
C@]
[ In ]
Adjectives and adverbs
C
YO Il don't change t he fo rm of an adjective with singular or plura l nouns.
Put adjectives (n ot adve rbs) after t hese
If 's nn interesting book. These are interesting books. NOT fftlefestifttjs
verbs : ap pear; be, become, feel, get,
Those shoes are cheap. NOT eheep«
l ook, seem, smell, sound, taste.
YOIl put ad jectives after (not before) t hese verbs : appear; be, become, feel , get,
o luok, seem, smell, sound, taste.
Don 't put adv erbs between the verb
~111 look tired. NOT You .tired-look.
and the ob ject. Usu ally put th em at th e
III"t seems easy. NOT -That·eaBy-seem s.
end of t he senten ce.
YOIl use an adjective (not an adverb) after these verbs: appear; be, become, feel ,
E
'til , look, seem, smell, sound, taste.
Early and lat e; fast and hard; daily,
111f/ tiresd smells wonderful. NOT -W8RtferftJl/ y
w eekly and m onthly are adject iv es and
I )II/I!! OW milk taste bad? NOT -hat#y
adv erbs .
1111 11(11' adverbs to say more about verbs. Adverbs tell you how, w here, when
III IJIIW much something happens. You usually put them at the end of the
uutnnce . You don't pu t t hem bet ween the verb and its ob ject.
CEQ] LJ2O]
Word order wi th adjectives
11 '11 im po ssible to gi ve exact rules f o r word order with adject ives in Eng lish because
height before other adjectives but after
I IHIre are ma ny except ions. How ev er, there are some g uidelines th at will he lp yo u
adjectives describing opi ni o n.
1' 1 choose the correct wo rd order in most cases. Generall y you don't use more than
II l! lw adjec ti ves togethe r in the same sentence.
B
You usually put adjectives that describe your opinion before any other
«tloctives,
You use adjecti ves that describe colour, or igin, material or purpose in that
E
uulur,
Ad ject ives go be fore (not aft er) a noun .
cases .
1111 p ili number s and words like first, second, last, etc . before adjectives.
/I II 1111 rl uo tom ato es. That's the last boring party I'm going to .
F
Put adject ive s aft er (not before) th ese
tllOl IIVll ll (10 befor e (not after) a noun . Don 't use an adjective on its own.
verbs: appear, be, beco me, feel, g et,
" (I IIIIIU wnlk: NOT Jt!s-B-wa-lk-Jong.
G
Use and bef o re th e last adjective if y ou NlI l lt. You can use an adjective withou t a noun in special cases, e.g . the elderly,
use tw o o r more adj ectives afte r 111ft I/lU II, tha unemployed, the young, etc. In these cases , you' re talking abo ut a
appear, be, become, feel, get look, JII II' P 0 1 peopl e and you're using the adjective as a noun.
seem , smell, sound and tast e. 1/" " f I",lily rnises money for th e poor. (Poor people as a group.)
III II lId ll11lll vI;lS nft er (not before) these verbs: ap pear, be, become, feel, ge t, look,
I
For mo re inform at ion, see th e
J> I '"
Til. 'W/II ,fI, smell and taste.
II/Ilk uonutitut! He seems happy. I feel tired. NOT -I-ti red-fee/.
'"" Tl fl fJlI lII, bu, become, feel, get, look, seem, so und, sm ell and taste, you use
,," l mln ru lh o lnst f1 cljacl ivo if vou li sa two or more ad jocti vos in th e sam e
1I111111.1t If vou li se thr oe adinctivea, vou put 11 cn nuun a lter tim Iirst ad jec ti ve.
II ' ·lJi"'", "/Ct' IlIIlI SI /ic y. YOII look ri" ttllll/l lllllh ~'flIJY-
Test it ~ Test it again
o Choose t he co rrect sentence in each p air. o hve o f th ese sentences are incorrect. Fi nd and co rre ct them.
a He ofte n forg et s to r ing m e.
. I I I' , {; l ll l d l l l.
go ou t II
~/
I ')
She doesn't very well ride a bike.
I I feel v ery sad.
I tI l '
Ton y kno ws t he ans wer. (probably)
tu m orrow go out B go ou t to m o rrow
11 11 II i liti S .
A VllI Y lo ud ly B lo udly very
~ ~
Word orde r with adverbs
C
In questions, put adve rbs of f req uency, You use adverbs of frequency and certainty after auxiliary verbs, e.g . can, do,
e.g . always, afte r auxil iary + subject. hnve. must, will, etc. and after the verb be.
/ can o ften beat him at chess. She has probably been there before.
D
Put ad ve rbs of quantity, e.g . much, at III quest ions, you use adverbs of frequency and adverbs like still and ever after
t he end of t he sentence (not betwee n III aux il iary + subject .
the verb and it s obje ct ). Do you often go out? Does he still love me? Have you ever seen him?
F
YO/l speak English well. NOT ¥eu-speak-well-English:
the v erb and its object) . W(J liked the restaurant a lot. NOTWe-liked-a lot the-restaurant;
G
Put adve rbs of manner, e.g . badly, at rb s before adjectives and past participles
th e end of th e sentence (not between YIIII put adverbs before (not after) an adjective or a past participle.
the v er b and its object) . 11m hook is nearly written. NOT -Th e-book-is-w rit ten -nettf/y.
H
Put ad ve rbs before (not after) an
adj ective o r a past partic ip le .
~- --
c han dsom e b IT'S OFFICIAL: Beckham is best fo otbaJler o f the world.
d we t
e far
c Is this the d iscovery the greatest?
cl E
xclusivel The w or ld's old er III WI roach es 7770 1 bi r rhdav.
C@]
Compara tive and supe rlative adjec tives
f) Fix It It o Review
A Com parat ive and superlative adjectives
Make th o C( Jl ll p l ll nllvll IlII d ~; lI pe ri a t i v e
of on e-sv lluhlu Iltl l" ot lvll lI lJl1ding in e
You make the comparative and supe rlative o f one- syllab le adjecti ves ending
by ad dinq r 'mel III I IIr other o ne
in e by adding ra nd st. You make t he comparative and superlative of other
syllabic m llo Cllvuli IHlei III /lnd est.
one-syllable adjectives by add ing er and est.
nice nicer the nicest fast faster the fastest
B
F You use than after a compara t ive adjective and the before a superlative
Use than after a compa rat ive adjective adjective .
and the before a superlative adjective. You're taller than me . John is the tallest in the class .
Nnte: You do n' t use o f w ith a singu lar word fo r a place or a group, e.g. the world,
II'" class, the team. Yo u use in. This is a very common mistake.
,[:>
Fo r more info rm atio n, see t he
I" uio cheetah the fas tes t an imal in the world? NOT . •• o f th e-w orld.
anct',superll tlv. ~
~. . Comp arat ive and superlat ive adverbs
I~II, 1
Test it again
est it ~
o Com p lete the sent enc es. Use th e cornpnrntlve UI 'n"" III th o W rite t h e m issin g for m s.
adverbs in brackets.
ad ve rb comparative sup er lative
a Rich ar d' s clever, b ut Bob wor ks ..
III " II ,1111 10I 1Id.1l1t l (h nrd)
a
slowly
b T hey all danced well , but Ell en d anced ... li lly)
b
t he most clearly
c M ary d rives th an Andre a. tbad lv) f urth er
c
9 mo re
E.k Edt \':".. F",,-onI« 1001> !;jEt>
.;.. e.-d. .... --. ~ :ii'-:::! ·~S e'"ch iJ F~,.Q"I~; ::) ~" ''''l' 1-,')' J im
h t he best
I>,jdl<:, ~ httP ;;!~. a',i,;:, ,, l magiC fr/
"'] ("Go l ll*.'S»
... . . m or e carefu lly
Animal
FAQs
:I!
, -,
. . '""'" . -II
._ - , \ . ... S';2'
f)
nea t ly
~~ -~
a I'd like to mov e ..
A near er
.__ to my fam ily .
B mo re near
A t han B -
A o fte ne r B m o re oft en
A w o rse B m o re badly
h Laura speaks Spa nish .......... t han her b rot her d oes.
m Can an elephant rem em ber th ing s more well th an ot her anim als?
o Can rab bits hear better than har es? I dri ve . v ou d o . Yo u'ru 11 turrihl o c1riv or l
~ 20
Comparative and supe rlative adverbs
Fix it n o Review
A Comparative and superlative adverbs
Make tho Glll ll p" l 11 11", . 11111 11 IIf most
adverbs by PIIIII III \I " '''''' IIlJ" " c t he • You make th e comparative form of m ost adverbs by adding m ore befo re t he
adve rb. M Ilko "'11
_' II ,rtlll.llvlJ form by adverb. You make th e su perlat iv e form by addi ng the most.
adding Ow " " ,,,, qu ickly [770 re quickly the most quickly
B You make t he comparative fo rm of the adverbs early, fast, hard, high, late, lo w,
Make th ll llll l ll l" II IlII II'1 1111 11\ o f th e near and soon by adding er. You make the super lat ive fo rm of t hese adverbs by
adverbs tJ ~" ly, /(/. , lim" 11I1l1 liiqt: by add ing the and est. You change the y at the end of early to an i be fore yo u add
adding 01 til lhtl "11,,... il l. Milke th e eriest and j ust add ran d st to late .
superlatlvu 111111 1 I ,y Pll ldl llU til e and est. early earlier th e earliest fast faste r the fastest
(Chang e tlll l V III Iit' l 11il 1I IIf cnriv to high higher the highest late latest the latest
an i bolor u l iCit 1111 (/ Ill/ illfl.)
Some adverbs have an irreg ular comparative and superlative fo rm .
You need to learn t hese.
far further the furthest
Il ive and well better the best
badl y worse the worst
D
You use than after a comp arative adv er b.
Note: Sen tences wit h superlative adverbs aren't as common as sentences with
e Choose the best optio n, A or B. You' re when you 'r e i n a bad mood . FRIGHT
FRUSTRATE
9 I fee l w he n I can 't solve a prob lem .
I It's very w hen t he co mp ut er doesn't w or k prop er ly.
A fascinating B fascinate d
n Lying on t he beach is very . RELAX
h W hy m e you ........ .? Th ere's a lot to do here. o T h e midnight m ov ie last ni g ht w as . HORRIFY
A bor ing B bored
It w as abou t g hosts and vamp ir es.
No one see m s in m y pl an s.
A inte res ted B in tere sti ng
I' m su re th e dog's He nev er w ags his tail.
e Choose t he best caption fo r t he cartoon.
A depressed B depressi ng T he teach er w as very borin g.
The teacher wa s very bored.
[ ~ ~
Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii
Answers to Test it
Check your answers. Wrong answer?
f) Fix it notes o Review
Read the right Fix it note to find out why.
A - ing or -ed7
Use participles ulldillU ill ed to talk
-+ A You can use present part ici ples (words ending in ing) and past participles (w ords
~I l a ~ exc ited abou t how people Ioul.
b correct -+ B endi ng in ed) as adjectives but you need t o know th e d ifference between them. It's
c correct -+ H common for people to mix them up because they look quite similar.
B
d befeti boring -+ B
Use participles endi ng In i ng when
e ~efle6 frightening -+ IS Past participles used as adjectives
yo u' re des cribing the reason for a
f correct -+ A"
feeling . • You use past parti ciples, e.g. bored, confused, interested, etc. as adjectives.
9 correct -+ B They describe how so m eone feels.
h ifttefesttftg interested -+ A
I'm bored. You 're tired. He's frightened. We 're irritated.
j correct -+ A
~l
j~
a B -+ 1:1
amazed
f B -+ B
-+ A
I
For more information. see t he
c B -+ A h B -+ A
The film was reall y boring. (The film made me fee l bored.)
d A -+ B j A -+ A
It was a very frightening film . (That's the reason I was frightened.)
e B -+ B jA-+ A She fi nds the lessons tiring. (The lessons make her feel tired.)
It was shocking new s. (The news shocked us .)
'.f Now go to Rage 39. ifest yourself again .
Here's a list of common past and present participles that are used as adjectives:
Answers to Test it again amazed amazing fr ightened frig hten ing
' U a disgusting amused amusing frustrated frustrati ng
b annoyed annoy ed annoying horrified horrifying
c amused
bored boring interested interesting
d confusing
co mf o rt ed comforting irritated irritating
e satisfied
confused confusing puzzled puzzling
f frig ht ening
depressed depressing relaxed relaxing
9 frustrated disappointed disappointing satisfied sat isfying
h int eresting disgusted disgusting shocked shocking
I com fo rti ng em barr assed embarrassing surprised surprising
I em barrassed sxcited exciting terrified terrifying
k te r rify ing xhausted exhausting tired tiring
I ox haust ed fascinated fascinat ing w o rried worrying
III su rp rised
n rel axing
o horrifying
I
3 4
h Sam likes mouses beca use a baguette, please .
steal chickens .
I- l-
S
14 The th ings you bite with .
l- I- I- -
2 Almost all offices nowadays
e
11
c story
-
d tooth
e dress 4
tomato
r
9 fox '---
h foot
wolf
ch ild .. ......_ " " ' .
~
r [,-~]
.,..,..
Countable nouns
B
noun t o make the plural form.
plural f orm .
C
watch/watches brush/brushes bus/buses
F
Use a singu lar v erb with si ng u lar Noun-verb agreement
co u nt able nou ns.
You use a singular ve rb wi t h si ngu lar countable nou ns.
The child is happy. The Oxford dictionary con tains 3,5 00 new words.
G
Us e a plu ral verb w it h p lu ra l nouns.
• Yo u use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns.
Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural ,
The girls are swimming. The children didn't go to school yesterday.
e.g. police, tr ousers.
A is Ba re
c John has to o m uc h to d o.
b Carla only d rin ks mineral She ne ver drinks any t hing else.
A works B work
t I w ish yo u .__ ... fo r yo ur exams.
d __ .__ " ... isn't importan t. Yo u can 't b uy hap pin ess.
A an B
e The spag hett i you cooked de licious !
e grows i n India and Ch ina .
A t astes B taste
W hat is .. .__ ? It's difficult to describe.
He uses th e London tube every da y so he spends a lot on .
A a B -
a I need money so 1'1l1 lo o king fi)]' a jo b. This a dvert says >'o u 1I11ls1
have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a
f) Chooso th e co rrec t sentence in each pa ir.
pl 'ogress if you are good at using a ('omp lltlT. J wa n : an iuforuuuion
T hroe co ffee, please.
abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsu't say al1~ ' lhiJlg- about pa y.
b Three cof fees, please .
r=D] Ll20J
j,'4
>.II
Answers to Test it
Chock your answers. Wrong answer?
Fix it note s o Review
Rood the right Fix it note to find out why. A Uncountable nouns
Un countab le noun s are no rm ally
I) a B ~ 0 f A ~ ft Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other
sing ular. Do n 't ad d s,
lang uag es. You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when
b A ~ B 9 A ~ C
c B ~ A h B ~ B you see it for t he first time. Fo r information about using quantifiers with
B
d B ~ C B-+ D unco unt ab le nouns, see pag e 53 .
Use a si nq u la r verb wit h uncou nt abl e
eA ~ B j B -+ C
no un s. • Uncountable nouns, e.g. advice, information, milk, petrol, sugar, et c. are
21 The co rrect sentences are:
normally singu lar. They don't have a plural form so you can 't add 5 to
b -+ 0
C
t he nou n.
c~ A Do n't use a or an wi th uncountab le
advice NOT adviees information NOT informations-
f -+ C no un s.
milk NOT -mHIts petrol NOT petrels
h" B
I .. r: o You use a singular verb w ith an un countable no un .
D Furn it ure
b w ater
c luck
d Money
f
9
h
i
happiness
a journey
a coffee
work
I
For m ore info rm at ion , see t he
c Ton j tr avel
b ootlee coffees
o·suger- suga r
There's a hair on your jacket. (just one hair)
c lInorenge-jtiiee o ran ge ju ic e
He's got blond hair. (the hair on his head)
10 0 S tea
mi lks milk
• Here's a list of common uncountable nouns:
twils fru it
accommodation furniture milk spaghetti
n-oouee co ffee
A any B so me
Can I have any more chee se, ple ase?
~
[ _[20]
IIIIhl
11, .
to ~rn
Quantifi ers: some, any, mu ch and rnany
Answers to Test it
Chock your answers. Wrong answer?
Fix it notes o Review
A
Quantifiers: some, any, much and many
Rood the right Fix it note to find out why.
Use some ill po sitiv e sentences with
,' I! T he co rrect sentences are :
unco unta ble noun s and plura l no un s Some
b -. A I" l~
wh en yo u' re talkinq abo ut a sma ll You use some w it h un countable nouns and pl ural nou ns when you're ta lki ng
c -' C m" C amou nt or numbe r. abo ut a small amou nt or n u m ber and yo u don't know or it isn't important to
0 -' 13 p-. A
know th e exact amount.
h-. D q " l)
B We need some information. He 's got some new books.
b so m e .. B There are som e letters on the table. NOT There aren 't some-tenere-on the-table.
c many .. E C
d voge ta b les .. E Use any in nega tive sente nces and in • You us e some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be 'yes' .
o so m e -. A m ost q uest io ns w it h unco untable Can I have some ch eese ? Do you w ant some help?
o
u B bA cA dB eA There isn 't any milk. Are there an y rooms for tonight?
E
b ony/ mo ny 9 any/m uch He doesn 't like any of the colours. NOT He does like 8 f1V of the-cotoure.
no u ns.
d muc h i any/ m any
o somo j so me Much
Yo u use much (or ho w muclii w ith uncou ntable nouns in q uest io ns.
Many
You use man y w it h plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es, not in positive
sentences.
Sheila hnsn 't (lo t m allY OVOs. NO] Sl ltJilll's "o t I/lflllY OVOs.
A somebody B anybod y
(: A re you sure y o u' ve looked somewhere/everywhere?
A Everywhere B Nowhere
Thor o isn' t somet hin g/anyth ing w ro ng .
A anythin g B so m ethin g
Did vo n say anyth ing/no thing to Jenny?
e Is read y?
Pu tur c a n see anybody/so m ebody t hrough the w indow.
~~
~ ))
I~
Something, anybody, nowhere, everything, etc .
You use ev erything, everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega tive
sentences. and also in q uestions.
Everyth ing is fine. No, I haven't looked everywhere yet.
Is everybody happy?
Be carefu l! You use a sing ular verb (not a plural ve rb) w it h everything,
everywhere and everybody.
either, neither
Both, all; each, everv; either. neutier
B • You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things.
Use all to talk about t hree or more AI/living things need oxygen. AI/ my friends are wonderful.
things. Use all with a plural nou n or
You're all crazy!
pronoun .
You use each when you 're talking about two or more things. It goes before a
C
singular noun.
Use each when you're talking about Each time I've seen him, he's been very kind to me. (I'v e seen him at least twice.)
two or more things . Put it before a Pete's decided to go running each day for a week.
singular noun .
• You use every to talk about three or more things. It goes before a singular noun.
D
Every letter you write is beautiful!
(She didn't like the bla ck dress. She didn't like the white dress.)
NaT -Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-#le--tiresses---+--bel:Jght~
I
For more information, see the
• You use both of, each o f, either of, and neither of before a plural noun or before
a pronoun.
'Which do yOIl protor? ' 'I like bo th of them .'
Tharu WOf(} tw o Il/IlIIlI clo{/s. E~lch of tile dogs WlI.'l wesrintt a red collar.
•~ tN)'IU nll J I Vii~J II" !.)... vJd l Ull li n rUtlll't IiJu.J 1-l ;l h'~ I IIf tlu;'I"
Possessives
b the boys/books
c The government sho uld listen to the peoples' p rob lems.
c th e peop le/choice
d The government shou ld listen to the people's problems.
d Hele n/ house
What's the babies' name?
r I lo v e th e Ita lians' passion fo r good food. Acacia Avenue at the day's end , The
A Charles B Ch arles's
the)' retu rned home from school ,
A m o nkeys' B monkey's
115] 11rlJ
Possess ives
o r an animal, e.g. the roof of the house. the end of the day NOT #te-fJay's-ernf the leg of the chair
F • You only use '5 once, even if there is more than o ne noun. You don't put's after
On ly pu t '5 (apostr oph e + 5) aft er th e both no uns .
seco nd no un in a pai r of nou ns, e.g. John and Barbara 's car NOT .JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfa!s
I
For more info rma tio n, see t he
J>
Test it ~ Test it again
o Complete t he sent ences. Use in, on or at. o Choose t he best op tion , A or B.
11 I' m see ing t he doctor Friday morn ing. a My appointment is .......... 10.20 tomorrow.
b Jack woke up th e night. He had a bad dream . A at Bo n
b Do you go to ch urch Easter?
c Fenelon Castle was built the fo urteenth cent ury.
A at Bin
d W hat are you do ing __ lu ncht im e? c We 're having a party New Year's Ev e.
o It's very nice here t he autumn . A at B on
d Are you free 11 J un e?
Com e and see m e ha lf -past tw o.
A Bon
o Let' s m eet up Easter. e Paddy was born 1970.
h N ick o fte n wo rks night. A on Bin
I woke up t hree times ...__ ..... t he night.
Wh ere w ill you be New Year's Eve ?
A in Bat
I'm go ing on hol id ay t he fi rst we ek of Ju ly . 9 Let 's go shopping ... ...... the m o rn ing .
A on B in
Correct t he m istakes in t he ins t ant messa ge con v er satio n. h She has her hair cut .... __ ." every month.
A B in
n Cookie says: W hat are you doing on tomorrow?
Montaigne lived .......... the sixteenth century.
b Cnc ket says: I'm busy. I' ve got a mee ting on 11.30.
A B in
c Cook ie says : Do yo u fancy goin g o ut at Friday?
I often have good ideas . .. ' night.
d Cricket says : No, I can't. I'm working on th e even ing tha t clay.
A in Bat
I! Cooki e says : Oh, OK. Wh at are you do ing on the weekend t hen?
Cricket says : We ll. t here's a f oot ball match in Satu rday afternoon .;;:1 e Put in a prepos itio n where necessary .
Cooki e says: How about m eeting on th e morning ?
a Quite a lot of people get depressed .......... t he winter.
ricket says: No, sorry. It's th e 15th. I have a mee t ing at th e 15t h of eve ry
m on th.
b Jo's see ing his bo ss this afternoon.
Cooki e says: Are yo u f ree at all at December?
c We're going t o a nightclub Satu rday evening.
Cricket says: Not really. I don 't go alit mu ch o n the wi nter.
C§
[12Q]
~~ Eix it Prepositions of timo .it. ot), /
Answers to Test it
Check your answers. Wrong answer?
Fix it notes o Review
Read the right Fix it note to find out why. A Prepositions of time: at, on, in
Use at w it h clock ti mes . times of t he
(i. a on -+ 0 f at -+ A
da y and w it h the expression at nig h t. At
bin -+ F gat -+ 8
• You use at with all clock times, times of the day and w it h tll H IJ Xp ll 11111 .' 11 , I/tI" t
c in -+ E hat -+ A
B
d at -+ A i on -+ C The appointment is at 10.20. t'tt see you at lunchtim e.
Use at w ith th e w eekend and fest iv als
e in -+ E i in -+ E Tony works best at night.
when you ' re talk ing about t he wh ol e
l2l a 6ft - -+ G
period of time.
•
Yo u use atwith weekends and festival s w hen you ' re ta lking abou t tl u- 1l1llld hV
b6ft at -+ A
cat on -+ 0
C
Did you have fun at the weekend? (All wee kend.)
d6ft in -+ F
Use on w hen y o u're ta lking abo ut on e
Wha t are you doing at Christmas? (The whole of the Christm as po' iod .)
e6ft at -+ 8
particular day in a festi v al. e.g . on New
f ffi on -+ 0
Year's Eve, on Easter Sunday.
On
g6ft in -+ F
hat on -+ D
o • You use on when you 're ta lking about one particular da y d u rin g 11 f ut~t I VlII .
iat in -+ E
Use on w it h days of the week, dat es There's a great film on TV on Christmas Day.
j6ft in -+ E
and expressions like Friday morning, 00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday?
kffi at -+ B
Satu rday afternoon.
IAt On -+ C
• You use on w ith days of the week, dates, and wit h expressio ns liku n/l M/lIJ(liI~ '
m 6ft - -+ G
E morning , on Sunday evening, etc.
nm - -+ G
Use in w ith m onths, years , centu ries, Kate 's baby was born on Friday. His birthda y is on 4 Octo l un .
o 6ft - -+ G seaso ns and w ith the ex pression the A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening
first/second/third/last w eek.
In
F
~ ~~' l l l i01~1 Use in with expressi o ns Iike in the
• You use in with mont hs, years, centuries, seaso ns and with the n x p t l j" 11
the first/secondlthird/last week.
G
(2 1a in f at
• Yo u use in w ith expressio ns li ke in the moming/a ftornoo ll!avellill ll , 11I1CI whll III,
Don 't use a preposition befo re
b- gin
expressio n in the night w hen you 're talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III
expressions like last year, next year,
can h-
nig ht before) .
next we ek, tom orro w .
don i on
See yo u in the morningl I had a horri ble d rontn ill th« 1I1[1l lt.
e at j at
No p re position
c 'I can see Tom in t he garde n bu t where's Geo rge ?' ' He's a t/in th e ci ne ma .'
c Tu rn right 3 t he riv er Ganges.
f Can y o u call back later? Myles isn't on/at his desk right no w .
f M y ho use is 6 schoo l. He'll be ho mo ~I l (om ,
on t he r oof . on th e pinn a,
Of course Rome ls in
e Katie was lying on t he grass t he ri ver Tiberi
staring at the Sky .
~ III
Preposi tions of place : in, on, at
On
e.g. on the Nile, o n the eq uato r. • You use on to talk about two-dimensional surfaces, like the pages of a book,
TV or computer screens, w alls, ceilings, shelves, tables, beaches, grass, etc .
o It's on page 237. Hang the picture on the wall.
Use o n to t alk about buses, trai ns, What's that mark on th e ceiling? { lo ve lying on the beach.
pl an es and sh ips (but not cars). The rabbit's sitting on the grass.
E • You use on to talk about the position of someth ing on a line, e.g . a ro ad o r
Use at f o r o ne-dim ensio nal points or a river.
pos iti on s, e.g. at a desk, at the door, at My house is on a busy street. London is on th e river Thames.
,L>
See you at the bus stop .
• Yo u use at to talk about b ui ldings or places when yo u' re th inking about what
people do inside th em.
Mum 's at th e supe r ma rket. We mal lit Nick's house.
Let 's m eet at tile ros tnurant. I'll droll yOIl 8 1 the sts tion,
SHA I I I I TAW H I-
I __ IDD - I aWH i SI
KELI I- .LI I Wa H TC DESa NA C I I I I
b Tom 's hur t himself .
g Do you can tell me t he time? WYH --=:J L1 LW I I I
What did happen?
a .. ....... is Keith doing?
f) Write questio ns . Use the words given and one other word in t he rig ht o rder. k Dad found his key s yet?
Answers to Test it
Check your answers. Wrong answer?
Fix it notes o Review
Road the right Fix it note to find out why. A Ouestions
Put aux iliary verbs, e.g. be, do, have,
T~ T he correct sentence is f.
and moda l verbs, e.g. can, must, will, • You p ut aux ilia ry verbs e.g . be, do, have and m odal verbs, e.g. can, will, should
a Do you like red wine? -+ c before (not after) the subject in a before (no t after) the subject in a q uestion.
b What happened? -+ F question. Do yO li want some help? NOT ¥Qu-do-went--same-helpl
c When wi ll you be back? -+ A
When will you be back? NOT When -you-will-he-ooek1
d Is John watching TV? -+ 8 B
o Who did you see?
-+ C Only put the aux il iary verb, e.g . be, do, • You on ly pu t t he auxiliary verb e.g . be, do, have before the subject.
f correct
-+ F have, before the subject in a question. Yo u don't put the whole verb before the subject.
9 Can you tell me the time?
-+ 0 Don't put the whole verb before the When are Patrick and Isabelle coming? NOT When-ere-eom;ng-;-;-;
h Did sh e go to Mexico?
-+ E sub ject. Where have you been? NOT Where have-been -you;
I How much does this cost?
-+ C
I W hy isn't Dan here?
-+ A C • If the question hasn 't got an auxiliary verb, you use do, does or did.
2 n W here are you going? -+ ;, If there isn't an aux iliary verb in the 00 you like travelling? NOT Like jlOU travelJiflg?
b W ho broke the window? -+ F question, use do, does or did. Does Martin enjoy his work? NOT Eniovs Martinhis-work?
c W ho did you meet? -+ C Did they ring you last night? NOT Rang-you-theylast-night?
d Do you speak Greek? -+ A o
o W here did you go?
-+ E You don't need do, does or did if there's You do n' t need to use do, does or did if there's already an auxi liary o r moda l
9 Who does he want to see? -+ G t he question . Have you been to Singapore? NOT -f)e--you--!tave-eeen -;-;-;
h Wi ll w e be late? -+ A Can you see Mike? NOT Do ~'ou can see Mike?
question. 00 you come here often? NOT Do-ve« to eome here often?
Now UO .t():B8·~ij~~~ Did Helen enjoy the play? NOT D:d feIen to enjoy the
'. IL
Q Whot 9 Does
where, is the subject of a question, put
W he n a quest ion word, e.g. who, what, where, why, how, etc. is t he subject
b did h w ill
it before the verb. Don 't use do.
of a quest ion, you put it before the verb. You don't use do, does or did.
e Is i can
Who said that? NOT II'/ho did say thaP
d lIke j Why
G
What happened last night? NOT What riirl hAnnnR lil.'it ninht7
o Who k Has
When a question word, e.g. who, what,
f How
where, is t he ob ject of a q uestion, use
• W he n a quest ion word, e.g. who, what, where, why, how, etc. is th e object
normal questio n wo rd order w ith do,
of a questio n, you use no rmal question word order with do, does or did.
2 ls supper rea dy, darlin g ?
does or did. Where do you live? What car does he drive? Why did you go?
,r:>
b
A am I B aren't I
They live in Japan, ?
e Write the correct question tags in the dialogue.
A live th ey B don 't they Nick: You went to the match yes terday, " __ ". 7
c We can go by car, ....,..... ? Jim: No , I missed it. But they're sho win g it on Cha nnel 5 ton igh t,
A can't we B can we
................................., 7
d She eats meat, ?
A isn 't she B doesn't she Nick: Yes. Yo u cou ldn't record it fo r me, c .. .... 7
e We can't leave yet, ? J im : Yes, sure. Oh tha t's riqh t l You 've go t to w o rk ton ig ht,
A can w e B can 't we
d , , , ?
f You won't tell anyo ne, ?
A w ill y o u B are yo u Nick: Unfortunately, y es. I'm a bit stupid reall y, c ".",,, , ..
g They'll co rne to th e par ty, ? Ji m : No . W hy ? Yo u did n't volu ntee r to w o rk t on igh t, ,,, ,,,, .
A w o n't th ey B can't the y
Nick: Yes, I did. T he bo ss neede d some ext ra he lp.
h Yo u ca n't corne t omorrow ?
A d o you B ca n y o u Jim: Oh dear. Sarah's goin g to be fu rious,
I'm w ron g, ? Nick: W hy ? I haven 't fo rgotte n somethi ng, 11 " .
A aren 't I B arnn't I
J im : W ell , it' s you r anni versa ry today, i "." " " .. 7
Beet hov en w as German, .......... ?
A w as n't he B was he? Oh no, Nick ! You hav en 't bo ugh t her a present, i .
~
1/ 0 1
Question tags
o n wh at's used in th e st ate m ent . You can drive, can't you? NOT vee-een-arive, don't-Ytttff.
o 2 Th e verb be + pronoun
If th er e isn 't an auxi lia ry v erb or be in He's French, isn 't he? NOT /Ie 's French, ~t-he-?
the state m ent, use the co rre ct form of (B e in the statement and in t he question tag.)
Cathy eats fish , doesn 't she? NOT Ctlthy ellts fish , iSI~
J>
• You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive.
I'm silly, aren't I? You 've got a car, haven 't you?
Note: The nega t ive question tag for I am is aren't f? ( NOT -afftft!t-P. ).
I'm com ing with you, aren 't I? I'm a bit silly sometimes, aren 't I?
We haven't got an y milk, have w e? You won't tell her, will you?
c Is Katy going ou t tonight? e Will Karl come for l unch? 5 She did.
A No, Katy isn't. B No, she isn't. f Can you swim? 6 Yes, w e do.
A No, they do! B Yes, they do ! h Did you see t he fil m last night? 8 Yes, he w ill.
A Yes, I live in a ci ty. B Yes, I do . Did they visit Sr i Lanka? 10 No, I wou ldn't.
~
h Which horse w on th e race?
A The white ho rse d id . B The w hi te horse wo n the race .
-.
Is Eli zabeth a teacher?
d
...
Haven't yo u d one it ye t?
Is It q olnq to s. . . .
h W ho told yo u that?
...
f Hasn't th is com puter got speakers? No, it hasn't/it has.
~
110 ]
Short answers
B
'Wo uld it matter?' 'No, it wouldn't. ' 'Can you help me?' 'No, I can 't.'
the q ues ti o n. Yes, I am. NOT -¥~ Yes, you ha ve. NOT Yes. vou\'e.
C
Don 't re peat all the wo rds in a q uesti o n You use a suitable pronoun in short answers. You don't repeat the noun.
wh en yo u g ive an answe r u nless there's 'A re you coming ?' 'No , I'm not.'
a very good reaso n to . 'Is Peter Irish?' 'Yes, he is. ' NOT 'Yes. Peter is.'
D • You don't usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer
If the su bject of a q uesti o n is a question unless there's a very good reason t o.
w or d, e.g . which, wh o, etc, use sub ject 'Who 's playing in the match?' 'Oscar and Fred are '.
+ auxilia ry in the short ans we r. NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match.'
E • You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer
If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes, use extra strength . Th is is common when you're d isagreeing w ith someon e.
a positive auxilia ry or fo rm of do. If t he 'You didn't tell the truth, did you?' 'Yes, I did tell the truth!'
sho rt answer st arts w it h No, use a
negativ e auxi lia ry or fo rm of do . • If t he subject of a question is a question word, e.g. who, which, you use subject
+ aux iliary for the short answer.
F 'Who said th at?' 'I did. ' 'Which suits me best ?' The red one does. '
You can also use a short answer t o agree or disagree wi th what someone says.
You use the same aux iliary in the short an sw er as in the statement.
If there isn't an auxi liary in the state ment, use the correct form of do. Don't use
the main verb fro m the statement in the short ans wor.
'TjOOlS tive in Ar,ie".' 'No, they don't!' NOl 'No, ,hay d an 't live!'
Usefu l gramma r tur In
Articles Pronouns
There are two kinds of article: definite and indefi nite. Articles go before a noun or Prono uns rep lace nouns.
an adje ctive + no un. Subject pronou ns are: I, you, he, she, it, we , they.
Adjectives t ell yo u m ore about nouns. Adjectives can go before a n oun or after Quantifiers
t he verb be. Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts . These are the most commo n
Nick is a man. -+ Ni ck is an intelligent man. quantifiers: a, an, some, any, a lot, a bit, a fe w.
Nick is intelligent. Ilike you a lot. There isn 't any milk. How much cash have you got?
There are also comparative adjectives, e.g. bigger. easier; more interesting, and
(See page 53.)
superlative adjectives, e.g. biggest, easiest and the most interesting.
Prepositions
Adverbs
They do three things:
Adverbs tell you more about verbs . They can describe the following t hings:
• in, on , at, behind, under, on top of, at the bottom of, etc. tell you where somuthl nu I
• how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency). e.g. never; rarely, occasional/y, The eat 's behind the sofa. The office is at the end of the street.
sometimes, often, usual/y, always, still, etc. • in, on, at, tomorrow, last week, etc. tell you w hen something happens.
• ho w certa in somet hing is (ad verbs of certainty), e.g. possibly, certainly, definitely, etc . M y birthday's in June. We're sailing to France tomorrow.
• how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner), e.g. carefully, slowly, fast, etc. • over, across, through, etc . tell you how something moves and whore it rnovoa to ,
Tony ran across the road. We drove over the bridge.
• when something happens (adverbs of time>. e.g. yesterday, today, tomorrow, etc .
• where someth ing happens (adverbs of place). e.g. here, there, etc . (See pages 69 and 73. )
The most common question words are: who, wha t, w hich, wtiere. when, w l1y, how,
Nouns
whose. You can use question words to ask about people, things, places, t lm e. runso u
No uns are words you use to talk about people, animals, th ings, places and ideas.
and possessions.
Patrick is my brother. I've got a dog. What's that box for? Who 's that? What colour is the sky? Wllere have you been?
We live in a village. Everybody needs love. When are they leaving? Why are you laughing? How did 110 rio thnt ?
M y dog bit the postm an. (The subject, my dog, is a noun. The object, the postman, is
A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence ,
also a noun.)
'Who saw youi" 'Mike snw mo .' (Wllo is tho subloct.)
Nouns are ei ther countable, e.g. apple, bouse, etc., or uncountable, e.g . advice.
'Who did yOIl S(J~ ?' 'I :mw Dnvkt. ' (Who III th e ob lect .)
information, bread, otc. Most common nouns are countable. You need to learn the
II , RI 11111 1 Hb )
uncoun tab le onos. Many unco untable nouns in English arc countable in o thor