Apr-18

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
SESSION-1

By JSR

PUMP CLASSIFICATION
PUMP

Dynamic Positive Displacement

Centrifugal Axial Rotary Reciprocating

Mixed-Flow Controlled
Power
Volume
Screw Piston
Direct Acting
Progressive Cavity Plunger
Plunger
Gear Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Rotary Lobe
Air-Operated Double
Slide Vane Piston
Diaphragm (AODD)

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 Apr-18

COMPARISON TABLE

PUMP SELECTION CURVE

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CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 Principle
Pressurized the handling liquid by centrifugal
force generated by the impeller

 Application
Generally, it can be applied to large capacity,
compared to PD pump

o Most commonly used machine (next to electric

motors)

ANIMATION Discharge

 This animation shows fluid Suction

particles (represented by gray
balls) enter the eye of the
impeller and after they turn 90
degrees.

 At this point they are at the

entrance of the volume formed by
two adjacent impeller vanes.

 The rapid rotation of the vanes

displaces the fluid particles by
moving them in a radial direction
into the pump volute and are
decelerated and pressurized.

 Check out the direction of

rotation. Impeller
Volute

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APPLICATION
 General purpose fluids,
 Pure water,
 Sludge and sewage,
 Slurry,
 High viscosity fluids,
 Power generation,
 Paper industry,
 Petroleum industry,
 Chemicals and corrosives,
 Fast moving customer goods,
 Agriculture
 Gravel and solid materials,
 High temperature materials, and
 Marine applications

MAIN PARTS
 Consist of a set of rotating vanes, enclosed within a housing
or casing, used to impart energy to a fluid through
centrifugal force.
 Two main parts:
 a rotating element which includes an impeller and a shaft, and
 a stationary element made up of a casing (volute or solid), stuffing
box, and bearings.

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CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CLASSIFICATION

PUMP TYPE OH-1

Foot-mounted, single-stage overhung pumps shall be designated
pump type OH1.
(This type does not meet all the requirements of this International
Standard; see Table 3.)

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PUMP TYPE OH-2

Centreline-mounted, single-stage overhung pumps shall be designated
pump type OH2. They have a single bearing housing to absorb all
forces imposed upon the pump shaft and maintain rotor position during
operation.
The pumps are mounted on a baseplate and are flexibly coupled to their
drivers.

PUMP TYPE OH-3

Vertical, in-line, single-stage overhung pumps with separate bearing
brackets shall be designated pump type OH3.
They have a bearing housing integral with the pump to absorb all pump
loads. The driver is usually mounted on a support integral to the pump.
The pumps and their drivers are flexibly coupled.

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PUMP TYPE OH-4

Rigidly coupled, vertical, in-line, single-stage overhung pumps
shall be designated pump type OH4. Rigidly coupled pumps have their
shaft rigidly coupled to the driver shaft.
(This type does not meet all the requirements of this International
Standard; see Table 3.)

PUMP TYPE OH-5

Close-coupled, vertical, in-line, single-stage overhung pumps shall
be designated pump type OH5. Close-coupled pumps have their impellers
mounted directly on the driver shaft.
(This type does not meet all the requirements of this International
Standard; see Table 3.)

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PUMP TYPE OH-6

High-speed, integral, gear-driven, single-stage overhung pumps
shall be designated pump type OH6. These pumps have a speed-
increasing gearbox integral with the pump. The impeller is mounted
directly to the gearbox output shaft. There is no coupling between the
gearbox and pump; however, the gearbox is flexibly coupled to its driver.
The pumps may be oriented vertically or horizontally.

PUMP TYPE BB-1

Axially split, one- and two-stage, between-bearings pumps shall be
designated pump type BB1.

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PUMP TYPE BB-2

Radially split, one- and two-stage, between-bearings pumps shall be
designated pump type BB2.

PUMP TYPE BB-3

Axially split, multistage, between-bearings pumps shall be designated
pump type BB3.

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PUMP TYPE BB-4

Single-casing, radially split, multistage, between-bearings pumps
shall be designated pump type BB4. These pumps are also called ring-
section pumps, segmental-ring pumps or tie-rod pumps. These pumps
have a potential leakage path between each segment.
(This type does not meet all the requirements of this International
Standard; see Table 3.)

PUMP TYPE BB-5

Double-casing, radially split, multistage, between-bearings pumps
(barrel pumps) shall be designated pump type BB5.

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PUMP TYPE VS-1

Wet pit, vertically suspended, single-casing
diffuser pumps with discharge through the
column shall be designated pump type VS1.

PUMP TYPE VS-2

Wet pit, vertically suspended, single-casing
volute pumps with discharge through the
column shall be designated pump type VS2.

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PUMP TYPE VS-3

Wet pit, vertically suspended, single-casing
axial-flow pumps with discharge through the
column shall be designated pump type VS3.

PUMP TYPE VS-4

Vertically suspended, single-casing, volute,
line-shaft-driven sump pumps shall be
designated pump type VS4.

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PUMP TYPE VS-5

Vertically suspended, cantilever sump
pumps shall be designated pump type VS5.

PUMP TYPE VS-6

Double-casing, diffuser, vertically suspended
pumps shall be designated pump type VS6.

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 Apr-18

PUMP TYPE VS-7

Double-casing, volute, vertically suspended
pumps shall be designated pump type VS7.

GENERAL PERFORMANCE CURVE

 Usually mention in the pump catalog

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PERFORMANCE CURVE

Absorbed
Power

Check Points :
 Capacity (m3/hr or Usgpm)
 Head (m or ft)
 Efficiency (%)
 Absorb Power (kW or HP)
 NPSHr (m or ft)

PERFORMANCE CURVES
 Best Efficiency point (BEP) – flow rate at which
highest efficiency is achieved
 Shut off head – for parallel operation to be >
110% of rated head.
 Rated operating point flow to be 80% to 110% of
BEP (preferred range)
 Allowable range 70% to 120% of BEP
 Min. continuous stable flow (% of BEP)
 Minimum continuous stable flow % increases as
Suction Specific speed increases.

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CHARACTERISTICS CURVES
 Figures are non-dimensional
curves which indicate the
general shape of the Axial
characteristic curves for the
various types of pumps – radial,
mixed and axial flow.
 They show the head, brake
horsepower, and efficiency
plotted as a percent of their
values at the design or best
efficiency point of the pump.

Centrifugal Mixed-Flow

SPECIFIC SPEED
∗
= /
∗

 Ns = Specific Speed, dimensionless

 N = Rotation speed, rpm
 Q = total pump flow, m3/s (gpm)
 H = Head per stage, m (ft)
 Values are taken at best efficiency point (BEP)
 Pump Flow is taken at largest impeller diameter
 For double suction impellers, pump flow is divided
by two

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SPECIFIC SPEED CALCULATION CHECK

 Flow (Q) = 360 m3/hr = 0.1 m3/s = 440.3 usgpm
 Head (H) = 100 m = 328.08 ft
 Pump (N) = 2950 rpm
 SI Unit
2950 ∗ (1) .
= = 200
9.81 ∗ (100) .
 US Unit

∗( . ) .
= = 802.9
. ∗( . ) .

COMPARISON OF PUMP PROFILES

 Radial flow – low specific speed
∗
 Mixed flow – intermediate specific speed = /
 Axial flow – high specific speed
∗

Comparison of pump profiles based on Specific Speed, Ns.

(Ns scale in US unit)

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COMPARISON OF HIGH AND LOW NS

High Ns pump impellers Low Ns pump impellers

have inlet diameters (D1) have outlet diameters (D2)
that approach or equal the that are much larger than
outlet diameter (D2), and the inlet diameters (D1) and
relatively large open flow relatively narrow flow
passages. passages.

IMPELLER TYPES (1/2)

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 Apr-18

IMPELLER TYPES (2/2)

AFFINITY LAWS
 The generated pump head depends upon the exit fluid velocity at
impeller periphery, which is V =  x D x N, where D = Imp.
diameter, N = RPM.
 Change in Diameter :

 = =
Affinity Laws
( )
 = ( ) 140

 Change in Speed : 120

100
N1
 = =
80
Diff Head

( ) N2
 =( )
60

40
 D = Diameter, mm or inch
20
 N = Speed, rpm
 Q = Flowrate, m3/h or gpm 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
 H = Head, m or ft Capacity

 P = Power, in kW or HP

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 Apr-18

AFFINITY LAWS - EXAMPLE

 A pump operating in Singapore at 2950 RPM (2 pole
motor, 50 Hz) generates 100 m3/hr at 100m
differential head.
 Same pump in USA operating at 3540 RPM (60 Hz)
will generate approximately
 Flow 100 x 3540 / 2950 = 120 m3/hr and
 Head 100 x (3540 / 2950)2 = 144 m
 Power ratio P2/P1 = N23 / N13 = 1.728

VARIABLE SPEED OPERATION

System head
requirement
 For varying flow or pressure, RPM1
(no valve)
a variable speed drive may be
used.
RPM2
 Using affinity laws, one can
H (ft)
calculate the flow rate &
head at any given operating
speed.
 The drives may be using q (gpm)
hydraulic couplings, variable q produced by
q* (desired)
frequency drive, or a steam/ pump with no flow
gas turbine for variable speed control

operation.

Advantage: Lower operating Cost

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 Apr-18

SYSTEM HEAD CURVE

PUMPS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL (1/2)

Pumps in Series Pumps in Parallel
Flow rate Q is same for both Head H is same for both
Total Head = HA + HB Total Flow = QA + QB

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 Apr-18

PUMPS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL (2/2)

Pumps in Series
When two (or more) pumps
are arranged in serial, their
resulting pump performance
curve is obtained by adding
their heads at same flow
rate as indicated in the
figure below.
Pumps in Parallel
When two or more pumps
are arranged in parallel
their resulting performance
curve is obtained by adding
their flowrates at the
same head as indicated in
the figure below.

BASIC FORMULA OF PUMP

 Head (m) = 10*(Pd-Ps) / SG
 BHP (kW) = (SG/367)*Q*H/Eff.
 NPSHA (m) = HLiquid + 10*(PVessel - PLoss - Pv) / SG
 NPSHR (m) = By pump vendor (performance curve)
 Speed (rpm) = 2*60*Hz / (No. of pole)
Note: P=kg/cm2 ; Q=m3/h ; H=m ; Eff=%

 Head (ft) = 2.31*(Pd-Ps) / SG

 BHP (HP) = (SG/3960)*Q*H/Eff.
 NPSHA (ft) = HLiquid + 2.31*(PVessel - PLoss - Pv) / SG
 NPSHR (ft) = By pump vendor (performance curve)
 Speed (rpm) = 2*60*Hz / (No. of pole)
Note: P=psi ; Q=gpm ; H=ft ; Eff=%

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 Apr-18

HEAD
 Energy content of liquid per unit weight

 Relationship with pressure

 Head in m = kPa / (9.81 x S.G.)
= 10.2 x bar / S.G.
= 10 x (kg/cm2) / S.G.
 Head in ft = 2.31 x psi / S.G.

 Velocity Head m = V2/2g,

 g = 9.81 m/s2, V in m/s
 g = 32.17 ft/s2, V in ft/s

WHY USE HEAD ?

The main reason for using head instead of pressure to measure a
centrifugal pump's energy is that the pressure from a pump
will change if the specific gravity (weight) of the liquid
changes but the head will not change.
Many Different Types of Pump Head
 Total Static Head - Total head when the pump is off
 Total Dynamic Head (Tot System Head) - Total head when the pump is on
 Static Suction Head - Head on the suction side, with pump off, if the head is
higher than the pump impeller
 Static Suction Lift - Head on the suction side, with pump off, if the head is lower
than the pump impeller
 Static Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of pump with the pump off
 Dynamic Suction Head/Lift - Head on suction side of pump with pump on
 Dynamic Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of pump with pump on

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 Apr-18

PRESSURE, LIQUID HEIGHT (HEAD) AND SPECIFIC

GRAVITY RELATIONSHIP - FPS UNITS
2.31 ∗
ℎ=

. ∗ . ∗ . ∗
ℎ= =115.5 ℎ= =115.5 ℎ= =115.5
. . .

NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)

 NPSHA: Net Positive Suction Head available is
the total suction head available from pump
centerline less the vapor pressure of the liquid in
ft (m) absolute – determined by purchaser at
rated flow.

 NPSHR: Net Positive Suction Head required is a

performance characteristics of the pump,
determined by the vendor by testing with water
(3% loss of head, first stage head in a multi stage
pump)

 NPSHA > NPSHR through the range of

operation to prevent detrimental cavitation.

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 Apr-18

NPSHA CALCULATIONS
 Calculation of system Net Positive Suction Head Available for typical
suction conditions.
 NPSHA =
a) PB – (VP + Ls + hf )

b) PB + LH – (VP + hf )

c) P – (VP + Ls + hf )

d) P + LH – (VP + hf )

a b

PB = Barometric Pressure, m or ft
VP = Vapor pressure of the liquid at c d
maximum pumping temperature, m or ft
P = Pressure on surface of liquid

SUCTION SPECIFIC SPEED (API 610)

∗
 =( ) /
 Nss : Suction Specific Speed, dimensionless
 N : rotating speed, RPM
 Q : pump flow per impeller eye m3/sec
 NPSHR : Net Positive Suction Head required at
best eff. Point & max. impeller diameter, m

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 Apr-18

NPSHR AND MARGINS

 NPSHR of a pump is the
NPSH that cause the total
head (1st stage head of
multistage pumps) to be
reduced by 3%, due to flow
blockage from cavitation
vapor in the impeller
vanes.
 NPSHR is not the point at
which cavitation starts.
(that level is referred to as
incipient cavitation).
 The NPSH at incipient cavitation can be from 2 to 20 times the
3% NPSHR value, depending on pump design.
 The higher ratios are associated with high suction energy pumps
or pumps with large impeller inlet areas.

a pump running at an NPSHA equal to the NPSHR is already cavitating!

CAVITATION
 Cutaway view of a pump
volute shows the passage of
flow through the impeller.
 Cavitation exists in high
percentage of pumps,
Eye
however acceptable life can
be achieved.

Top curve
 System pressure (Ps) > fluid vapor pressure  cavitation cannot
occur.
Bottom curve
 Ps < the vapor pressure as it enters the impeller eye  this will
cause cavitation.

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 Apr-18

SYMPTOMS OF CAVITATION
 "Pumping gravel" cavitation noise
 Failure history: repeated seal or bearing failures
 Rapid decrease in discharge pressure when
attempting to increase rates
 "High vibrations
 Lower than expected
discharge pressure
 Repeated impeller
replacements

CAVITATION TYPE
1. Low NPSHA Fluid vaporizes at impeller inlet
2. Low Flow Suction recirculation and discharge recirculation
3. Air Entrainment  Air leaks or entrained gases
4. Turbulence  Excessive, due to high velocity, bends, Tee at inlet

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 Apr-18

SUCTION CAVITATION
 Suction Cavitation: The pump
suction is under a low pressure
condition where the liquid turns into
a vapor at the eye of the pump
impeller.
 This vapor carried to the discharge
side of the pump no longer sees
vacuum and is compressed back into
a liquid by the discharge pressure.
 This imploding action occurs
violently and attacks the face of the
impeller which will remove large
chunks of material from its face
causing premature failure of the
pump.

DISCHARGE CAVITATION
 When the pump discharge is extremely
high. Normally occurs in a pump that
is running at less than 10% of its BEP.
 The high discharge pressure causes the
majority of the fluid to circulate inside
the pump.
 Liquid must pass through the small
clearance between the impeller and the
pump cutwater at extremely high
velocity which causes a vacuum to
develop at the cutwater similar to what
occurs in a venturi and turns the liquid
into a vapor.
 A pump operating under these
conditions shows premature wear
of the impeller vane tips and the
pump cutwater, also failure of the
pump mechanical seal and
bearings.

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 Apr-18

SUCTION ENERGY (1/3)

Pumps with high suction energy level are generally more
likely to suffer from cavitation damage. However, there
are many factors that contribute to this and no precise
definition has been established.
These factors typically include:
1. The peripheral velocity at the outside diameter of the
impeller eye. Values above approximately 120-ft/sec
are considered high suction energy.
2. The suction speed S of the pump. Values above about
12,000 are considered high energy.
3. The specific gravity of the liquid pumped. The higher
the level, the higher the suction energy.

SUCTION ENERGY (2/3)

4. Thermodynamic properties of the liquid. Cold water
is one of the highest energy liquids, followed by high
temperature water and hydrocarbons.
5. The geometry of the pump inlet. Side suction pumps
are considered higher suction energy than end
suction.
6. The overlap of the impeller vanes. Impellers with two
or three vanes have higher suction energy than four
or more vanes.
7. The incidence angle between the inlet impeller vanes
and the approaching liquid. The greater the angle,
the greater the turbulence and suction energy level.
This value may have to be obtained from the pump
manufacturer.

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 Apr-18

SUCTION ENERGY (3/3)

8. The geometry of the inlet piping to the pump. Piping
turns and pipe size changes add to the suction energy
of the pump.
9. Operation away from the best efficiency point (BEP)
of the pump. At reduced rate of flow, the pump may
operate in its suction recirculation region, which
considerably increases suction energy.

This is a complex situation and a single equation or

relationship has not been developed which will
accurately tie all of these factors together.
Manufacturers can often provide installation lists of
pumps that are operating successfully.

AVOIDING PUMP CAVITATION

 Keeping the maximum available suction head
 Keeping the liquid temperature as low as possible
 Keeping the suction pipe size as large as economics
will allow
 Avoiding any unnecessary elbows or other fittings and
valves on the suction line to keep suction line losses as
low as possible
 Selecting the pump which gives the most favourable
NPSH requirements within the bounds of economy
 Specifying the pump discharge head as near as
possible to actual operating conditions. The most
common cause of cavitation in pump installations is
pump discharge requirements specified for above the
actual requirements of the installation.

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 Apr-18

FLUID PROPERTIES (1/3)

The properties of the fluids being pumped can
significantly affect the choice of pump. Key
considerations include:

1. Acidity/alkalinity (pH) and chemical

composition: Corrosive and acidic fluids can
degrade pumps, and should be considered when
selecting pump materials.

2. Operating temperature: Pump materials and

expansion, mechanical seal components, and
packing materials need to be considered with
pumped fluids that are hotter than 93°C (200°F).

FLUID PROPERTIES (2/3)

3. Solids concentrations/particle sizes: When
pumping abrasive liquids such as industrial
slurries, selecting a pump that will not clog or fail
prematurely depends on particle size, hardness,
and the volumetric percentage of solids.

4. Specific gravity: The fluid specific gravity is the

ratio of the fluid density to that of water under
specified conditions. Specific gravity affects the
energy required to lift and move the fluid, and
must be considered when determining pump
power requirements.

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 Apr-18

FLUID PROPERTIES (3/3)

5. Vapor Pressure: A fluid’s vapor pressure is the force
per unit area that a fluid exerts in an effort to change
phase from a liquid to a vapor, and depends upon the
fluid’s chemical and physical properties.
Proper Consideration of the fluid’s vapor pressure will
help minimize the risk of cavitation.
6. Viscosity: The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its
resistance to motion.
Since kinematic viscosity normally varies directly with
temperature, the pumping system designer must know
the viscosity of the fluid at the lowest anticipated
pumping temperature.
High viscosity fluids result in reduced centrifugal pump
performance and increased power requirements.
It is particularly important to consider pump suction-
side line losses when pumping viscous fluids

VISCOSITY CORRECTION
FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Example:
Pump at 750 GPM,
100 ft diff head,
Viscosity 1000 SSU,
Sp. Gr. 0.90
CQ = 0.95, CH = 0.92 for 1.0
QNW, Ch = 0.635
QW = 750 / 0.95 = 790 GPM
HW= 100 / 0.92 = 109 ft
Select pump for water capacity
790 GPM @ 109 ft head. If
selected pump eff. 81%, than
viscous eff. = 81% x 0.635 = 51.5%
Pump BHP = (750 x 100 x 0.90) /
(3960 x 0.515) = 33.1 HP

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