BUILD BASIC GATES USING UNIVERSAL

GATES (NAND GATE)

Digital Techniques
PREPARED BY:

1440 AKASH SINGH

1441 ASHWINI BANSODE

1442 JINENDRA BAFNA

1443 KARAN BHANDARE

GUIDE BY:

Ms. C. M. Maind

AISSMS’s POLYTECHNIC PUNE 411001

OCTOBER …., 2018

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 Abstract

the implementation of universal gates in logic circuits has been made. There are two functions
required to observe and F1 is in the SOP form while F2 is in the POS form. We have been given
four variables (A, B, C and D) or in other words, four inputs that we must carry out in their 16
possible combinations by connecting toggle switches for each and one toggle switch that was
always on to represent each of combination output. We began to construct a circuit diagram
composed mainly of the AND, OR and an INVERTER logic gate for each of the two functions
and listed every output voltages we measured from the VOM. We also constructed a series of
possible answer for each combination so as to serve as a guide to the values were going to
measure. We then compared our computed or expected value to what we measured in actual
operation and the results did match to one another .Then, to perform the main point of the
experiment which was the universal gates, we are required to reconstruct the circuits in the first
procedure using universal gates only, but must maintain the same behaviour the previous circuits
had obtained. In other words, we have to prove why the NAND and NOR gates are so called
universal gates

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 Table of Contents

CONTENTS PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION 4

2. MATERIALS 6

3. DATA / RESULT 7

4. PRACTICAL APPLICATION 9

5. CONCLUSION 12

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 13

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 14

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 INTRODUCTION
A universal logic gate is a logic gate that can be used to construct all other logic gates. There are
many articles about how NAND and NOR are universal gates, but many of these articles omit
other gates that are also universal gates. This article covers two input logic gates, demonstrates
that the NAND gate is a universal gate, and demonstrates how other gates are universal gates
thatcan be used to construct any logic gate

NAND GATE

the NAND function has functional completeness all logic systems can be converted into NAND gates – the
mathematical proof for this was published by Henry M. Sheffer in 1913 in the Transactions of the American
Mathematical Society (Sheffer 1913). This is also true for NOR gates. In principle, any combinatorial logic
function can be realized with enough NAND gates

Q = A NAND B
Truth Table
Input A Input B Output Q
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

NOR GATE

A NOR gate is a logic gate which gives a positive output only when both inputs are negative.
Like NAND gates, NOR gates are so-called "universal gates" that can be combined to form any other kind
of logic gate. For example, the first embedded system, Apollo Guidance Computer, was built exclusively from
NOR gates, about 5,600 in total for the later versions. Today, integrated circuits are not constructed
exclusively from a single type of gate. Instead, EDA tools are used to convert the description of a logical
circuit to a netlist of complex gates (standard cells) or transistors

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 Q = A NOR B
Truth Table
Input A Input B Output Q
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

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 MATERIALS
 IC 7400 (3)
 Zero PCB
 7 connecters
 DC Power Supply
 Connecting wires
 Led (3)
 14 Pin IC base

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 DATA AND RESULT

A NAND gate is a universal gate, meaning that any other gate can be represented as a
combination of NAND gates.
NOT
A NOT gate is made by joining the inputs of a NAND gate together. Since a NAND gate is
equivalent to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate, joining the inputs of a NAND gate leaves
only the NOT gate.
Desired NOT Gate NAND Construction

Q = NOT( A ) = A NAND A
Truth Table
Input A Output Q
0 1
1 0

AND
An AND gate is made by inverting the output of a NAND gate as shown below.
Desired AND Gate NAND Construction

Q = A AND B = ( A NAND B ) NAND ( A NAND B )

Truth Table
Input A Input B Output Q
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

If the truth table for a NAND gate is examined or by applying De Morgan's Laws, it can be seen
that if any of the inputs are 0, then the output will be 1. To be an OR gate, however, the output

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must be 1 if any input is 1. Therefore, if the inputs are inverted, any high input will trigger a high
output.
Desired OR Gate NAND Construction

Q = A OR B = ( A NAND A ) NAND ( B NAND B )

Truth Table
Input A Input B Output Q
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

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 PRACTICAL APPLICATION

(a) Burglar alarm

When the switch is closed one input of the NAND
gate is LOW. When the LDR is in the light the other
input is LOW. This means that if either of these
things happen, i.e. the switch is closed or the light is
on one of the inputs is LOW, the output is HIGH and
the buzzer sounds.

(b) Freezer warning buzzer

When the thermistor is COLD its resistance is
LARGE and the input to the NAND gate is high.
Since the NAND gate is connected as an
INVERTER the output is LOW.
As the thermistor warms up its resistance
decreases, the voltage across it falls and the input
to the NAND gate falls.
When it becomes low enough the output
becomes HIGH and the buzzer sounds.

How would you adjust the temperature at which the buzzer came on?

Further circuits using logic gates

The following four circuits demonstrate some further practical applications of logic gates, the
function of each circuit being explained.

A push-button lock
To open the lock the solenoid must be activated and this can be done by pressing both switches
A and B. If B is pressed before A, however, the buzzer will sound.

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A light-activated burglar alarm
When the switch is in position A the buzzer
stays off whatever the illumination of the
light-dependent resistor. If the switch is
closed in position B the buzzer will come
on, however, and stay on when a brief flash
of light (perhaps from the torch of a burglar)
falls on the light- dependent resistor. The
buzzer may only be turned off by returning
the switch to position A.

A safety thermostat
The two contacts X and Y are near the top of
the hot water tank and are normally covered
with water so that there is a contact between
them. The thermistor is also in the water. If
the water is too cold and if the contacts are
also covered the heater comes on. The
temperature at which this occurs may be set
by the variable resistor R.

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An automatic watering system
This is designed to water plants
only if the contacts, which may
be buried in the soil, are too dry
and it is night-time. The relay
closes and starts the pump only
if both these conditions are
fulfilled. (Presumably somebody
waters the plants in the daytime
because if the switch is pressed
the water pump works regard
less.)

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 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, a NAND gate is an inverted AND gate, and a NOR gate is an

inverted OR gate. The output of a two input NOR gate is low, when either one or
both inputs are “High”. In Comparison, The output of a two input NAND gate is
high, when either one or both inputs are “LOW”. To configure a NAND or NOR
gate to function like an inverter, connect the inputs together.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.google.co.in/url?rct=j&q=wp3EDU

https://www.google.co.in/url?rct=HJU=HTMLBEGINNERS

https://writinginstructor.org/files/conciusion.html

https://www.Decoder.com

https://www.chrome.com

https://informatiabout7segmentdecoder

https://www.google.com

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 ACKOWLEDGEMENT
In performing our assignment, we had to take the help and guideline of some respected persons,
who deserve our greatest gratitude. The completion of this assignment, give us much pleasure.
We would like to show our gratitude to Mrs.C.M.Maind for give us a god guideline for
assignment throughout numerous consultations we would also licke to expand our deepest
gratitude to all those who have directly and guided us in writing this assignment. In addition, a
thank you to professor of work shop mam who introduced us to the methodology of work, and
whose passion for the ‘’underlying structures’’ had lasting effect. We also thank the University
of AISSMS for consent to include copyrighted pictures as a part of our paper. Many people,
especially our classmates and team members itself, have made valuable comment suggestion on
this proposal which gave us an inspiration to improve our assignment. We thank all the people
for their help directly and indirectly our assignment.

Guided By- Mrs.C.M.Maind

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