Fluid Dynamics > 7.1 INTRODUCTION In the previous chapter. we studied the velocity and acceleration at a point in a fluid flow, without taking into consideration the forces causing the flow. This chapter includes the study of forces causing fluid flow. Thus dynamics of fluid flow is the study of fluid motion with the forces causing flow. The dynamic behaviour of the fluid flow is analysed by the Newton's second law of motion, ‘which relates the acceleration with the forces. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible and non- viscous > 7.2 EQUATIONS OF MOTION Acconding to Newton’ second law of motion, the net force F, acting on a fluid element inthe ditec- tion of xis equal to mass ofthe fluid element multiplied by the acceleration a, in the x-direction, Thus, ‘mathematically, 4) In the fluid flow. the following forces are present (i) Fy gravity force. in F, the pressure fore ii) F/force due to viscosity. (iv) Fy force due to turbulence. (0) F,. force due to compressibility, ‘Thus in equation (7.1), the net force B= (Foe t Fe (Pde Ede + Foe (i) If the force due to compressibility, F, is negligible, the resulting net force Fo (Foc t Fc Ect Ede and equation of motions are called Reynold’s equations of motion. (ii) For flow, where (F,) is negligible, the resulting equations of motion are known as Navier- Stokes Equation. (iii) Ifthe flow is assumed to be ideal, viscous force (F,) is zero and equation of motions are known as Euler's equation of motion. » 7.3 EULER'S EQUATION OF MOTION This is equation of motion in which the forces due to gravity and pressure are taken into considera- tion. This is derived by considering the motion of a fluid element along a stream-line as : ‘onsider a stream-line in which flow is taking place in s-direction as shown in Fig. 7.1. Consider a cylindrical element of cross-section dA and length dS. The forces acting on the cylindrical element are : 1. Pressure force pdA in the direction of flow. 2. Pressure force (» + 2 as) dA opposite to the direction of flow. 3. Weight of element pedAds. Let isthe angle between the direction of flow and the line of action of the weight of element. ‘The resultant force on the fluid element in the direction of s must be equal to the mass of fluid ‘element x acceleration in the direction s. zpin-(ps%a)ea-prarc® gy = pdAds x a, (7.2) Se where a, is the acceleration in the direction of s. 7 Now a,= s, where vis a function of s and 1. i = 0 ds, Ov vy | Ov { 8s di” Os” OF a It the flow is steady, 2 = 0 the low is steady, 8 va Os & Substituting the value of a, in equation (7.2) and simplify wothds ing the equation. we get 2 npr cs0= panire Fig. 7.1 Forces on a fluid element. But from Fig. 7.1 (b), we have cos @ = or Ps gde+dv=0 ° or 2 4 gde-+ vtv=0 e(T73) Equation (7.3) is known as Euler's equation of mi>» 7.4 BERNOULLI'S EQUATION FROM EULER'S EQUATION ‘Bernoulli's equation is obtained by integrating the Euler's equation of motion (7.3) as dp Ps Sedc+ fou Joe faee If low is incompressible, p is constant and constant or or f. Ps Equation (7.4) is a Bernoulli's equation in which ATA) n = pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head. e v7/2g = kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head. ‘= potential energy per unit weight or potential head. 7.4.1. Aussmptions. The following are the assumptions made in the derivation of Bernoulli's equation (i) The fluid is ideal, ie, viscosity is zero (ii) The flow is steady (iti) The flow is incompressible (iv) The flow is irrotational