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Steam Turbine
Steam Turbine
The steam turbine is a first mover that converts potential energy into kinetic
energy of steam and then converted into mechanical energy in the form of rotation of the
turbine shaft. The turbine shaft, directly or with the help of reduction gears, connected by
a mechanism that will be moved. Depending on the type of mechanism used, the steam
turbine can be used in various fields such as industry, for power generation and
transportation. In the process of changing potential energy into mechanical energy in the
form of shaft rotation is done in various ways.
Basically steam turbine consists of two main parts, namely the stator and rotor
which is a major component in turbinkemudian plus other components that include
pendukunnya such as bearings, couplings and other auxiliary systems so that the turbine
can work better. A steam turbine harnessing the kinetic energy of the working fluid is
increased due to the addition of thermal energy.
The steam turbine is a first mover that converts potential energy into kinetic
energy and kinetic energy is then converted into mechanical energy in the form of
rotation of the turbine shaft. The turbine shaft directly or with the aid of other elements,
connected by a mechanism actuated. Depending on the type of steam turbine-driven
mechanism that can be used in various industrial fields, such as for electricity generation.
Systems steam turbine - generator used for thermal power generation is used to
convert the heat energy of steam into electrical energy. The process that occurs is heat
energy shown by gradient / temperature change is converted into kinetic energy by the
turbine and the blades of the turbine converts this kinetic energy into mechanical energy
to the shaft / shaft. In the end, the generator converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy. The heat from the water vapor that is not converted into mechanical energy,
dissipated / discharged in the condenser by cooling water.
Generally steam turbine power plant using multistage type, the steam turbine
which consists of more than one stage turbine (High Pressure Turbine, Intermediate
Pressure and Low Pressure). The water vapor generated by the boiler superheater entry
into the turbine High Pressure (HP), and out on the exhaust side toward the boiler again
for the reheater. Water vapor is reheated and re-inserted into the steam turbine side of the
Intermediate Pressure (IP), and the steam coming from the IP turbine will go directly to
Turbine Low Pressure (LP). Furthermore, the water vapor out of the LP turbine into the
condenser to undergo a process of condensation.
The steam turbine consists of a disc surrounded by leaves disc called blades. The
rotating blades for blowing of pressurized steam coming from the boiler, which had been
heated prior to use solid fuel, liquid and gas.
The vapor is then divided by using a control valve that will be used to turn
turbines that dikopelkan directly to the pump and also the same as coupled to a
synchronous generator to produce electricity.
After passing through the steam turbine, the steam pressure and temperature had
emerged into a low-pressure steam. The heat that has been absorbed by the condenser
causing the vapor turns into water which is then pumped back to the boiler. The residual
heat discharged by the condenser to half the original amount of heat entering. This
resulted thermodhinamika efficiency of a steam turbine is worth less than 50%. The
modern steam turbine boiler has a temperature of about 5000C to 6000C and a
temperature of 200C to 300C condenser.
A. shaft Seals
Shaft seals are part of the turbine between the shaft with a casing that serves to
prevent water vapor out of the turbine passes between the axis of the casing due to
pressure differences and also to prevent air entry into the turbine (especially turbine LP
because the vapor pressure more vacuum) for steam turbine operation.
The steam turbine system using the labyrinth seal for shaft seals. These systems
form part of the twisting on the shaft and its casing that both sides meet each other
alternately. Between the labyrinth shaft with labyrinth casing there is little cavity with
certain jaraj. This system aims to reduce the vapor pressure of water in the turbine that
goes to the sidelines labyrinth so that water vapor pressure between the outside air will
reach the same value at a certain point. In addition to the labyrinth seal system, there is an
additional system named seal and gland steam system. This system served to keep
pressure on the labyrinth seal at a certain value, especially during the initial start up or
shut down the turbine which at that time there was no water vapor into the steam turbine.
B. turbine Bearings
• Holding a variety of styles unstable from moisture against the turbine blades
• Holding the kinetic force as a result of the remnants of imbalances or imbalances due to
damage to the blade (anticipation)
The type of bearing used in the design of steam turbine that is thrust bearings,
journal bearings, and a combination of both. It also required a lubrication system using
oil, which is continuously recirculated and cooled to lubricate bearings that continue to
encounter friction during normal operating steam turbines.
C. balance Piston
In a steam turbine, there is a 50% ngaya reaction of the rotating blades generate axial
force against the back side of the first cylindrical turbine, style is what needs to be
countered by the balance piston system.
Or also known as the Emergency Stop Valve because it serves to isolate the steam
turbine from the water supply in case of emergency to avoid damage or too overspeed.
Serves to control the supply of water vapor into the turbine in accordance with
control systems that rely on large electrical loads.
F. Turning Device
Is a mechanism to rotate the rotor of the turbine at start early or on time after shut
down to prevent distortion / bending as a result of heating or cooling process that is not
uniform in the rotor.
TERJEMAHAN
TURBIN UAP
Turbin uap merupakan suatu penggerak mula yang mengubah energi potensial
uap menjadi energi kinetik dan selanjutnya diubah menjadi energi mekanis dalam bentuk
putaran poros turbin. Poros turbin, lansung atau dengan bantuan roda gigi reduksi,
dihubungkan dengan mekanisme yang akan digerakkan. Tergantung pada jenis
mekanisme yang digunakan, turbin uap dapat digunakan pada berbagai bidang seperti
pada bidang industri, untuk pembangkit tenaga listrik dan untuktransportasi. Pada proses
perubahan energi potensial menjadi energi mekanisnya yaitu dalam bentuk putaran poros
dilakukan dengan berbagai cara.
Pada dasarnya turbin uap terdiri dari dua bagian utama, yaitu stator dan rotor
yang merupakan komponen utama pada turbinkemudian di tambah komponen lainnya
yang meliputi pendukunnya seperti bantalan, kopling dan sistem bantu lainnya agar kerja
turbin dapat lebih baik. Sebuah turbin uap memanfaatkan energi kinetik dari fluida
kerjanya yang bertambah akibat penambahan energi termal.
Turbin uap adalah suatu penggerak mula yang mengubah energi potensial
menjadi energi kinetik dan energi kinetik ini selanjutnya diubah menjadi energi mekanik
dalam bentuk putaran poros turbin. Poros turbin langsung atau dengan bantuan elemen
lain, dihubungkan dengan mekanisme yang digerakkan. Tergantung dari jenis mekanisme
yang digerakkan turbin uap dapat digunakan pada berbagai bidang industri, seperti untuk
pembangkit listrik.
Sistem turbin uap – generator yang digunakan untuk pembangkit listrik tenaga
uap berfungsi untuk mengkonversikan energi panas dari uap air menjadi energi listrik.
Proses yang terjadi adalah energi panas yang ditunjukkan oleh gradien/perubahan
temperatur dikonversikan oleh turbin menjadi energi kinetik dan sudu-sudu turbin
mengkonversikan energi kinetik ini menjadi energi mekanik pada poros/shaft. Pada
akhirnya, generator mengkonversikan energi mekanik menjadi energi listrik. Panas dari
uap air yang tidak terkonversi menjadi energi mekanik, terdisipasi/dibuang di kondenser
oleh air pendingin.
Umumnya PLTU menggunakan turbin uap tipe multistage, yakni turbin uap yang
terdiri atas lebih dari 1 stage turbin (Turbin High Pressure, Intermediate Pressure, dan
Low Pressure). Uap air superheater yang dihasilkan oleh boiler masuk ke turbin High
Pressure (HP), dan keluar pada sisi exhaust menuju ke boiler lagi untuk proses reheater.
Uap air yang dipanaskan kembali ini dimasukkan kembali ke turbin uap sisi Intermediate
Pressure (IP), dan uap yang keluar dari turbin IP akan langsung masuk ke Turbin Low
Pressure (LP). Selanjutnya uap air yang keluar dari turbin LP masuk ke dalam kondenser
untuk mengalami proses kondensasi.
Turbin uap terdiri dari sebuah cakram yang dikelilingi oleh daun-daun cakram
yang disebut sudu-sudu. Sudu-sudu ini berputar karena tiupan dari uap bertekanan yang
berasal dari ketel uap, yang telah dipanasi terdahulu dengan menggunakan bahan bakar
padat, cair dan gas.
Uap tersebut kemudian dibagi dengan menggunakan control valve yang akan
dipakai untuk memutar turbin yang dikopelkan langsung dengan pompa dan juga sama
halnya dikopel dengan sebuah generator singkron untuk menghasilkan energi listrik.
Setelah melewati turbin uap, uap yang bertekanan dan bertemperatur tinggi tadi
muncul menjadi uap bertekanan rendah. Panas yang sudah diserap oleh kondensor
menyebabkan uap berubah menjadi air yang kemudian dipompakan kembali menuju
boiler. Sisa panas dibuang oleh kondensor mencapai setengah jumlah panas semula yang
masuk. Hal ini mengakibatkan efisisensi thermodhinamika suatu turbin uap bernilai lebih
kecil dari 50%. Turbin uap yang modern mempunyai temperatur boiler sekitar 5000C
sampai 6000C dan temperatur kondensor 200C sampai 300C.
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin_uap