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 Billy Graham

Billy Graham was an evangelist at revival meetings, and on radio and television for over 40
years.
Synopsis

Born on November 7, 1918, in Charlotte, North Carolina, Billy Graham was

preaching at an L.A. revival and was a guest on Stuart Hamblen's radio show in 1949. The
publicity made Graham a superstar and he began broadcasting his sermons globally. Though
detractors have criticized Graham for being too liberal, one Time reporter dubbed him "the
Pope of Protestant America." Billy Graham retired in 2005.

Early Life

Religious figure and Christian evangelist William Franklin Graham, Jr. was born on
November 7, 1918, in Charlotte, North Carolina, to parents William and Morrow Graham.
Billy Graham was the first of four children raised on the family's dairy farm in Charlotte. In
hindsight there was little indication that Graham would one day preach the Christian gospel
to as many as 215 million people in live audiences over 185 countries. Graham has been
credited with preaching to more individuals than anyone else in history, not counting the
additional millions he has addressed through radio, television and the written word.

While Graham's parents were strict Calvinists, it would be an unfamiliar traveling

evangelist who would set Graham on a profound spiritual path. At the age of 16, Graham
attended a series of revival meetings run by evangelist Mordecai Ham. Despite the fact that
Graham was a well-behaved adolescent, Ham's sermons on sin spoke to young Graham. After
high school Graham moved to Tennessee to enroll in the conservative Christian school, Bob
Jones College. However, he felt disconnected from the school's rigid doctrine and soon
transferred to the Florida Bible Institute. While in Florida, Graham joined a Southern Baptist
Convention church, where he was ordained in 1939.
After graduating from the Florida Bible Institute with a bachelor's in theology, Graham
moved to Illinois and enrolled at Wheaton College for further spiritual training. Here he
would meet his future wife, Ruth McCue Bell. Ruth was the daughter of a missionary, and
lived with her family in China until she turned 17. After graduating with a bachelor's in
anthropology, Graham and Bell were married on August 13, 1943. They would eventually
raise five children together.

Superstar Preacher

Graham briefly pastored the First Baptist Church in Western Springs, Illinois, before
leaving to join Youth for Christ, an evangelical missionary group which spoke to returning
servicemen and young people about God. In 1947, Billy Graham became president of
Northwestern Schools, a group of Christian schools in Minnesota. In 1948, he resigned from
Youth for Christ and focused on Northwestern Schools until 1952, when he resigned to
concentrate on preaching.It did not take long for people to identify with Billy Graham's
charismatic and heartfelt gospel sermons. In 1949, a group called "Christ for Greater Los
Angeles" invited Graham to preach at their L.A. revival. When radio personality Stuart
Hamblen had Graham on his radio show, word of the revival spread. The publicity filled
Graham's tents and extended the revival for an additional five weeks. At the urging of
newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, papers around the nation covered Graham's
revival meetings closely.As a consequence, Graham became a Christian superstar.
Sociologically it is believed that Graham's success was directly related to the cultural climate
of post-WWII America. Graham spoke out against the evils of Communism—one of the
biggest fears threatening the American consciousness. In a 1954 interview Graham stated,
"Either communism must die, or Christianity must die, because it is actually a battle between
Christ and anti-Christ." With the advent of nuclear weapons and the demonstrated fragility of
life, people turned to spirituality for comfort, and Graham illuminated their path.Thus,
Graham helped bind together a vulnerable nation through religious revival. By glazing over
the finer details of Christianity and focusing on more moderate doctrines, Graham made
evangelism enticing, non-threatening, even easy—and the media made his messages
accessible to the masses.

Televangelist

In order to expand and maintain a professional ministry, Graham and his colleagues
eventually incorporated the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (BGEA). Graham began
broadcasting his sermons over the radio during a Christian show called Songs in the Night.
Once a week he also hosted a program called The Hour of Decision, a program ABC initially
transmitted to 150 stations before reaching its peak of 1,200 stations across
America.Eventually this program was converted into a television show which ran for three
years. The success of Graham's radio and television programs speak to his role as a Christian
media visionary. Graham used the media as a means for spreading the gospel of Christ,
allowing him to access millions of people around the globe.With Graham's success, BGEA
opened numerous international offices and started publishing periodicals, records, tapes,
films and books. BGEA also accepted invitations from religious figures around the world to
hold evangelical "crusades." Scouts would be sent to these cities to reserve a venue, organize
volunteer choirs and arrange speakers. At the end of these events, audience members would
be invited to commit to Christ and meet with volunteer counselors.

These new recruits would be given workbooks for at-home bible study and referrals to local
evangelist pastors. BGEA eventually began to air footage of these crusades on national
television with subscriber information. In 1952, the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association
created the Billy Graham Evangelistic Film Ministry as a means of distributing personal
conversion stories to the public through films. BGEA also acquired several radio stations
around America in an effort to broadcast Graham's radio shows to a wider audience.

In terms of print media, BGEA created Christianity Today in 1955. This magazine continues
to be the leading journal for evangelical Christians. In 1958, BGEA
started Decision magazine, a monthly mailer with bible studies, articles, church histories and
crusade updates. Eventually this magazine was published in Spanish, French and German.
Additionally, Graham himself authored numerous books including such titles as Angels:
God's Secret Agents (1975), How to be Born Again (1979), Death and the Life After (1994)
and The Journey: Living by Faith in an Uncertain World (2006).Billy Graham speaks from
the podium at a Billy Graham rally on June 13, 2003 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

Impact and Criticism

Graham's detractors have criticized him for being too liberal and refusing to play into
partisan politics. Fundamentalists wrote him off when he condemned violence perpetrated by
the anti-abortion group "Operation Rescue." Theologian Reinhold Niebuhr has called him
"simplistic," while evangelist Bob Jones believes Graham has done "more harm to the cause
of Jesus Christ than any other living man." President Truman even went so far as to call
Graham a "counterfeit." Some anti-Semitic comments between Graham and President Nixon
were also caught on tape in 1972.However, through his long and extraordinary career,
Graham has overwhelmingly been regarded in a positive light, one Time reporter calling him
"the Pope of Protestant America." Another reporter from USA Today writes, "He was the
evangelist who did not rip off millions (Jim Bakker) or run with prostitutes (Jimmy
Swaggart) or build a megachurch (Joel Osteen) or run for president (Pat Robertson) or run a
Christian political lobby (Jerry Falwell)."

Graham's integrity has encouraged millions to heed his spiritual guidance, including Martin
Luther King, Jr., Bono, Muhammad Ali and United States presidents from Eisenhower to
Bush. He has been rated by the Gallup organization as "One of the Ten Most Admired Men
in the World" a staggering 51 times. He is regarded by contemporaries as humorous, non-
judgmental, sincere, innocent and accepting.
Legacy

Graham has been awarded the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation Freedom Award, the
Congressional Gold Medal, the Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion, the Big
Brother Award, the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion, and the Speaker of the Year
Award. Additionally Graham was recognized by the National Conference of Christians and
Jews for promoting understanding between faiths, and bestowed with the Honorary Knight
Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE).

In 1992, Graham announced that he was diagnosed with hydrocephalus, a disease similar to
Parkinson's Disease. His son William Franklin Graham III was chosen to take over BGEA
upon his father's retirement. Billy and his wife Ruth eventually retired to their home in
Montreat, North Carolina, in 2005. In 2007, Ruth Graham passed away from pneumonia and
degenerative osteoarthritis. She is remembered by her husband, five children and 19
grandchildren. Graham turned 90 in 2008.

Graham, who rarely leaves his home, went to a celebration for his 95th birthday in Asheville,
North Carolina, in November 2013. Roughly 900 people attended the event. Around this
time, Graham released what some have called his final sermon. In a video entitled My Hope
America, he expressed concern for the spiritual health of the nation. "Our country's in great
need of a spiritual awakening," he said, according to a report in USA Today. "There have
been times that I've wept as I've gone from city to city and I've seen how far people have
wandered from God.

John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy, the 35th U.S. president, negotiated the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty and
initiated the Alliance for Progress. He was assassinated in 1963.
Who Was John F. Kennedy?

Born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts, John F. Kennedy served in both
the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate before becoming the 35th president in
1961. As president, Kennedy faced a number of foreign crises, especially in Cuba and Berlin,
but managed to secure such achievements as the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty and the Alliance
for Progress. On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated while riding in a motorcade
in Dallas, Texas.

Early Life

John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts. Both the
Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys were wealthy and prominent Irish Catholic Boston families.
Kennedy's paternal grandfather, P.J. Kennedy, was a wealthy banker and liquor trader, and
his maternal grandfather, John E. Fitzgerald, nicknamed "Honey Fitz," was a skilled
politician who served as a congressman and as the mayor of Boston. Kennedy's mother, Rose
Elizabeth Fitzgerald, was a Boston debutante, and his father, Joseph Kennedy Sr., was a
successful banker who made a fortune on the stock market after World War I. Joe Kennedy
Sr. went on to a government career as chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission
and as an ambassador to Great Britain.
John F. Kennedy, nicknamed "Jack," was the second oldest of a group of nine extraordinary
siblings. His brothers and sisters include Eunice Kennedy, the founder of the Special
Olympics; Robert Kennedy, a U.S. Attorney General; and Ted Kennedy, one of the most
powerful senators in American history. The Kennedy children remained close-knit and
supportive of each other throughout their entire lives

Joseph and Rose Kennedy largely spurned the world of Boston socialites into which they had
been born to focus instead on their children's education. Joe Kennedy in particular obsessed
over every detail of his kids' lives, a rarity for a father at that time. As a family friend noted,
"Most fathers in those days simply weren't that interested in what their children did. But Joe
Kennedy knew what his kids were up to all the time." Joe Sr. had great expectations for his
children, and he sought to instill in them a fierce competitive fire and the belief that winning
was everything. He entered his children in swimming and sailing competitions and chided
them for finishing in anything but first place. John F. Kennedy's sister Eunice later recalled,
"I was twenty-four before I knew I didn't have to win something every day." Jack Kennedy
bought into his father's philosophy that winning was everything. "He hates to lose at
anything," Eunice said. "That's the only thing Jack gets really emotional about — when he
loses."
Despite his father's constant reprimands, young Kennedy was a poor student and a
mischievous boy. He attended a Catholic boys' boarding school in Connecticut called
Canterbury, where he excelled at English and history, the subjects he enjoyed, but nearly
flunked Latin, in which he had no interest. Despite his poor grades, Kennedy continued on to
Choate, an elite Connecticut preparatory school. Although he was obviously brilliant —
evidenced by the extraordinary thoughtfulness and nuance of his work on the rare occasions
when he applied himself — Kennedy remained at best a mediocre student, preferring sports,
girls and practical jokes to coursework.

His father wrote to him by way of encouragement, "If I didn't really feel you had the
goods I would be most charitable in my attitude toward your failings ... I am not expecting
too much, and I will not be disappointed if you don't turn out to be a real genius, but I think
you can be a really worthwhile citizen with good judgment and understanding." Kennedy was
in fact very bookish in high school, reading ceaselessly but not the books his teachers
assigned. He was also chronically ill during his childhood and adolescence; he suffered from
severe colds, the flu, scarlet fever and even more severe, undiagnosed diseases that forced
him to miss months of school at a time and occasionally brought him to the brink of death.

After graduating from Choate and spending one semester at Princeton, Kennedy
transferred to Harvard University in 1936. There, he repeated his by then well-established
academic pattern, excelling occasionally in the classes he enjoyed, but proving only an
average student due to the omnipresent diversions of sports and women. Handsome,
charming and blessed with a radiant smile, Kennedy was incredibly popular with his Harvard
classmates. His friend Lem Billings recalled, "Jack was more fun than anyone I've ever
known, and I think most people who knew him felt the same way about him." Kennedy was
also an incorrigible womanizer. He wrote to Billings during his sophomore year, "I can now
get tail as often and as free as I want which is a step in the right direction."

Nevertheless, as an upperclassman, Kennedy finally grew serious about his studies

and began to realize his potential. His father had been appointed Ambassador to Great
Britain, and on an extended visit in 1939, Kennedy decided to research and write a senior
thesis on why Britain was so unprepared to fight Germany in World War II. An incisive
analysis of Britain's failures to meet the Nazi challenge, the paper was so well-received that
upon Kennedy's graduation in 1940 it was published as book, Why England Slept, selling
more than 80,000 copies. Kennedy's father sent him a cablegram in the aftermath of the
book's publication: "Two things I always knew about you one that you are smart two that you
are a swell guy love dad."

Shortly after graduating from Harvard, Kennedy joined the U.S. Navy and was
assigned to command a patrol torpedo boat in the South Pacific. On August 2, 1943, his
boat, PT-109, was rammed by a Japanese warship and split in two. Two sailors died and
Kennedy badly injured his back. Hauling another wounded sailor by the strap of his life vest,
Kennedy led the survivors to a nearby island, where they were rescued six days later. The
incident earned him the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for "extremely heroic conduct" and a
Purple Heart for the injuries he suffered.However, Kennedy's older brother, Joseph Kennedy
Jr., who had also joined the Navy, was not so fortunate. A pilot, he died when his plane blew
up in August 1944. Handsome, athletic, intelligent and ambitious, Joseph Kennedy Jr. had
been pegged by his father as the one among his children who would some day become
president of the United States. In the aftermath of Joe Jr.'s death, John F. Kennedy took his
family's hopes and aspirations for his older brother upon himself.

Upon his discharge from the Navy, Kennedy worked briefly as reporter for Hearst
Newspapers. Then in 1946, at the age of 29, he decided to run for the U.S. House of
Representatives from a working class district of Boston, a seat being vacated by Democrat
James Michael Curly. Bolstered by his status as a war hero, his family connections and his
father's money, Kennedy won the election handily. However, after the glory and excitement
of publishing his first book and serving in World War II, Kennedy found his work in
Congress incredibly dull. Despite serving three terms, from 1946 to 1952, Kennedy remained
frustrated by what he saw as stifling rules and procedures that prevented a young,
inexperienced representative from making an impact. "We were just worms in the House," he
later recalled. "Nobody paid attention to us nationally."

Congressman and Senator

In 1952, seeking greater influence and a larger platform, Kennedy challenged

Republican incumbent Henry Cabot Lodge for his seat in the U.S. Senate. Once again backed
by his father's vast financial resources, Kennedy hired his younger brother Robert as his
campaign manager. Robert Kennedy put together what one journalist called "the most
methodical, the most scientific, the most thoroughly detailed, the most intricate, the most
disciplined and smoothly working state-wide campaign in Massachusetts history – and
possibly anywhere else." In an election year in which Republicans gained control of both
Houses of Congress, Kennedy nevertheless won a narrow victory, giving him considerable
clout within the Democratic Party. According to one of his aides, the decisive factor in
Kennedy's victory was his personality: "He was the new kind of political figure that people
were looking for that year, dignified and gentlemanly and well-educated and intelligent,
without the air of superior condescension."

Shortly after his election, Kennedy met a beautiful young woman named Jacqueline
Bouvier at a dinner party and, in his own words, "leaned across the asparagus and asked her
for a date." They were married on September 12, 1953. Jack and Jackie Kennedy had three
children: Caroline Kennedy, John F. Kennedy Jr. and Patrick Kennedy.

Kennedy continued to suffer frequent illnesses during his career in the Senate. While
recovering from one surgery, he wrote another book, profiling eight senators who had taken
courageous but unpopular stances. Profiles in Courage won the 1957 Pulitzer Prize for
biography, and Kennedy remains the only American president to win a Pulitzer Prize.
Presidential Candidate and President

Kennedy's eight-year Senate career was relatively undistinguished. Bored by the

Massachusetts-specific issues on which he had to spend much of his time, Kennedy was more
drawn to the international challenges posed by the Soviet Union's growing nuclear arsenal
and the Cold War battle for the hearts and minds of Third World nations. In 1956, Kennedy
was very nearly selected as Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson's running
mate, but was ultimately passed over for Estes Kefauver from Tennessee. Four years later,
Kennedy decided to run for president.

In the 1960 Democratic primaries, Kennedy outmaneuvered his main opponent,

Hubert Humphrey, with superior organization and financial resources. Selecting Senate
Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson as his running mate, Kennedy faced Vice
President Richard Nixon in the general election. The election turned largely on a series of
televised national debates in which Kennedy bested Nixon, an experienced and skilled
debater, by appearing relaxed, healthy and vigorous in contrast to his pallid and tense
opponent. On November 8, 1960, Kennedy defeated Nixon by a razor-thin margin to become
the 35th president of the United States of America.Kennedy's election was historic in several
respects. At the age of 43, he was the second youngest American president in history, second
only to Theodore Roosevelt, who assumed the office at 42. He was also the first Catholic
president and the first president born in the 20th century. Delivering his legendary inaugural
address on January 20, 1961, Kennedy sought to inspire all Americans to more active
citizenship. "Ask not what your country can do for you," he said. "Ask what you can do for
your country."

Kennedy's greatest accomplishments during his brief tenure as president came in the
arena of foreign affairs. Capitalizing on the spirit of activism he had helped to ignite,
Kennedy created the Peace Corps by executive order in 1961. By the end of the century, over
170,000 Peace Corps volunteers would serve in 135 countries. Also in 1961, Kennedy created
the Alliance for Progress to foster greater economic ties with Latin America, in hopes of
alleviating poverty and thwarting the spread of communism in the region.

Kennedy also presided over a series of international crises. On April 15, 1961, he
authorized a covert mission to overthrow leftist Cuban leader Fidel Castro with a group of
1,500 CIA-trained Cuban refugees. Known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the mission proved
an unmitigated failure, causing Kennedy great embarrassment.In August 1961, to stem
massive waves of emigration from Soviet-dominated East Germany to American ally West
Germany via the divided city of Berlin, Khrushchev ordered the construction of the Berlin
Wall, which became the foremost symbol of the Cold War.

However, the greatest crisis of the Kennedy administration was the Cuban Missile
Crisis of October 1962. Discovering that the Soviet Union had sent ballistic nuclear missiles
to Cuba, Kennedy blockaded the island and vowed to defend the United States at any cost.
After several of the tensest days in history, during which the world seemed on the brink of
nuclear annihilation, the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles in return for Kennedy's
promise not to invade Cuba and to remove American missiles from Turkey. Eight months
later, in June 1963, Kennedy successfully negotiated the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
with Great Britain and the Soviet Union, helping to ease Cold War tensions. It was one of his
proudest accomplishments.

President Kennedy's record on domestic policy was rather mixed. Taking office in the
midst of a recession, he proposed sweeping income tax cuts, raising the minimum wage and
instituting new social programs to improve education, health care and mass transit. However,
hampered by lukewarm relations with Congress, Kennedy only achieved part of his agenda: a
modest increase in the minimum wage and watered down tax cuts.

The most contentious domestic issue of Kennedy's presidency was civil rights.
Constrained by Southern Democrats in Congress who remained stridently opposed to civil
rights for black citizens, Kennedy offered only tepid support for civil rights reforms early in
his term. Nevertheless, in September 1962 Kennedy sent his brother, Attorney General
Robert Kennedy, to Mississippi to use the National Guard and federal marshals to escort and
defend civil rights activist James Meredith as he became the first black student to enroll at the
University of Mississippi on October 1, 1962. Near the end of 1963, in the wake of the March
on Washington and Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Had a Dream" speech, Kennedy finally sent a
civil rights bill to Congress. One of the last acts of his presidency and his life, Kennedy's bill
eventually passed as the landmark Civil Rights Act in 1964.

Assassination

On November 21, 1963, President Kennedy flew to Dallas, Texas for a campaign
appearance. The next day, November 22, Kennedy, along with his wife and Texas governor
John Connally, rode through cheering crowds in downtown Dallas in a Lincoln Continental
convertible. From an upstairs window of the Texas School Book Depository building, a 24-
year-old warehouse worker named Lee Harvey Oswald, a former Marine with Soviet
sympathies, fired upon the car, hitting the president twice. Kennedy died at Parkland
Memorial Hospital shortly thereafter, at age 46.

A Dallas nightclub owner named Jack Ruby assassinated Lee Harvey Oswald days
later while he was being transferred between jails. The death of President John F. Kennedy
was an unspeakable national tragedy, and to this date many people remember with unsettling
vividness the exact moment they learned of his death. While conspiracy theories have swirled
ever since Kennedy's assassination, the official version of events remains the most plausible:
Oswald acted alone.
 For few former presidents is the dichotomy between public and scholarly opinion so
vast. To the American public, as well as his first historians, John F. Kennedy is a hero — a
visionary politician who, if not for his untimely death, might have averted the political and
social turmoil of the late 1960s. In public-opinion polls, Kennedy consistently ranks
with Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln as among the most beloved American
presidents of all time. Critiquing this outpouring of adoration, many more recent Kennedy
scholars have derided Kennedy's womanizing and lack of personal morals and argued that as
a leader he was more style than substance.

In the end, no one can ever truly know what type of president John F. Kennedy would
have become, or the different course history might have taken had he lived into old age. As
historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. wrote, it was "as if Lincoln had been killed six months after
Gettysburg or Franklin Roosevelt at the end of 1935 or Truman before the Marshall Plan."
The most enduring image of Kennedy's presidency, and of his whole life, is that of Camelot,
the idyllic castle of the legendary King Arthur. As his wife Jackie Kennedy said after his
death, "There'll be great presidents again, and the Johnsons are wonderful, they've been
wonderful to me — but there'll never be another Camelot again."

Release of Assassination Documents

On October 26, 2017, President Donald Trump ordered the release of 2,800 records
related to the Kennedy assassination. The move came at the expiration of a 25-year waiting
period signed into law in 1992, which allowed the declassification of the documents provided
that doing so would not hurt intelligence, military operations or foreign relations.Trump's
release of the documents came on the final day he was legally allowed to do so. However, he
did not release all of the documents, as officials from the FBI, CIA and other agencies had
successfully lobbied for the chance to review particularly sensitive material for an additional
180 days.
William Stott