An Approach to the Sediment Transport Problem From General Physics By R. A. BAGNOLD PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND HYDRAULIC STUDIES OF RIVERS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 422-1 From considerations of energy balance and of mechanical equilibrium, a mathematical expression is derived relating the rates of sediment transport as bedload and as suspended load to the expenditure of power by a statistically steady flow of water UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1966UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 35 cents (paper cover)CONTENTS Introduction... Th | ‘The final transport rate relationship... Lis General considerations. 2 | Evleting fume data 19 ‘Essential (eatures of granular Mow. 2| Limitations and uncertainties 19 Implication: the exstenge of an upward sipporting ‘Wall drag and flow depth. 2 2| Estimation of appropriate fall velocity V Es Restrictions of eanditions to be considered. 3| Comparison of the theory with the experimental fume Bedload and suspended lond and the work rates of thee data. ‘Transport work rates. Principle of solid frietion and bedioad work rate. Susponded-load work rate ‘Transport work rates atd available power; the general Gilberé 0.307-mm sand sediment-trensport relationship, ‘The general power equation. Avallable stream power. ‘The general transport relationship in Bedload transport efficiency ¢y at high transport stages Coneept of a moving flow boundary Critieal stage beyond which the bedioad eficiency ‘Transport of fine sits in experimental Buea, es should be predietable. Effect of inadequate flow depth on the values of es. Variation of the dynamic bedload frietion coefficient Bedloud and suspended Toad. tan a 10] Deficiency of sediment supply ‘The suspended transport ellicioney eof shear turbulence. 12 | Values of the stage eriterion Gritieal flow stages for suspension. 3) Gilbert So-mm pea gravel 3 | — Gitbert 0.787-mm sind. 4 | Gitbert 0,507-mm sand 4 5 ‘Simons, Richardson, and Alberéson 0.45-mm sand. Gilbert 0.370-mm sind 5] Barton and Lin 0.18-mm sand. 3 | Loureon 0.11-mm ait. 5 | General comments 6 6 6 iin for Experiments by Vanoni, Brooks, aad Nomieos Relation between {and w over the lower, transitional stages. 8 | The available river data, nature and wneertainties. 9] Enetay-slope estimation 15 | Comparison of predicted with measured river transport ‘The effective fall velocity V for pispension of rates 30 heterogencous sediments. 17 | Comparison of viver transport data with data for wind ‘The effective mean grain size D for heterogencous transported sand. coe 35 bedloads. . 18 | Conclusion. 35 2.18 | References 37 ILLUSTRATIONS cvmn 1, Diagratm ofthe relation of normal force or stress to tangential force or stress between solide in moving contact... Tt 2-5. Graphs: 2, Flow relative to moving boundaries. 7 18, Values of theoretical bedload effciensy factors, in tris of meat How veloci, for quarta-density solide ‘in an adequate depth of fully turbulent water. 2 44. Values of the solid-frction coeficient tan a in terms of the bod-stres eriterion @—r/(e-—p)gD for quartac ‘density solids of various sizos in water, derived from igure 5, and the predicted eritieal values of # boyox whieh the theory should be applicable o 5. Values of tho soli:iction coefficient tan a in terms of the Tteynolds-number criterion @ for granulat shear. a 6. Diagram of characteristic fuid motion close to tie boundary. _ 8 , Schematie diagram showing postulated asymmetry in the zara jonente of shear turbulence. 13, 81 Graph showing theoretical valves of the suspension erltetion 9,~VlgD togethst with Shields’ values of @ ab ‘the threshold of bed moveme ce 6