Reliability Assessment of Distribution Network Considering Preventive Maintenance Hong-shan Zhao, Hong-yang Liu, Song Chen, Ying-ying Wang and Hang-yu Zhao ‘North China Electric Power University Baoding Hebei China Abstract—Maintenance strategy impacts the reliability of distribution network directly. Common distribution network maintenance strategies contain corrective maintenance and preventive maintenance. However, the existing reliability assessment methods ignore the effects of preventive maintenance. ‘This study showed the influence of preventive maintenance on the system failure rate by describing the preventive maintenance strategy with a reliability function and proposed a reliability evaluation method considering preventive maintenance of the distribution network. The method adopted the Sequential Monte Carlo method to simulate changes of elements lifetime and the operation condition of distribution network elements and used two kinds of clocks to simulate the state change and the reliability fof elements respectively. The proposed method was used to evaluate the reliability of IEEE RBTS BUS6 system with tenance strategy. Finaly, the effeets of reliability threshold on the frequency and cost of maintenance and distribution network reliability index were analyzed. A reasonable range of reliability threshold is given. Index Terms—distribution network; preventive maintenance; reliability assessment; reliability funetion IL. Iyrropuction The maintenance strategies, having close relationship with the failure rate and service lifetime of equipment, affect the reliability of distribution network directly [1]. Generally, distribution network maintenance strategy contains the corrective maintenance (CM) and the preventive maintenance (PM) [2]. CM is a maintenance task performed to identify, isolate and rectify a fault so that the failed equipment, machine, ‘or system can be restored to an operational condition within the tolerances or limits established for in-service operations. The sudden failure may cause huge economic loss for the power grid and the customers, and serious harm to equipment, personnel and the environment, ie. the security and reliability of distribution network, which just implements the CM, are very poor. On the other side, PM is the care and servicing by personnel for the purpose of maintaining equipment and facilities in satisfactory operating condition by providing for systematic inspection, detection, and correction of incipient failures cither before they occur or before they develop into major defects (3 In distribution network, compared with the CM, the PM strategy can effectively reduce the failure rate of components, extend component lifetime and reduce the maintenance costs, It is an effective measure to improve the reliability of distribution network. With the above advantages, the PM has become one ‘of important maintenance strategies for main components in distribution network. However, the current reliability evaluation methods for distribution network, whether simulation methods [4]-[5] or analytical methods [6}-[7], only consider the impact of CM and ignore the PM effect, e-g., the analysis of outage of power for each component in distribution system. The component outage models, the load point failure ‘models and element failure rates under PM strategy have great differences with those under CM, Therefore, in the actual distribution network reliability assessment, in addition to considering CM mode caused by random failures, the impacts of PM strategies on reliability index calculation should also be considered. In the paper, we built a reliability function to describe the PM strategy and study their effects to the failure rates of distribution network components. On this basis, we proposed a reliability assessment method to the distribution network with PM strategy, which could effectively compensate for the inadequate of current distribution network reliability assessment methods. The method is tested to assess the reliability of IEEE RBTS BUS6 system. Finally we analyzed the influences of PM reliability threshold to the number of ‘maintenance, maintenance costs and reliability index, Tl, PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE STRATEGY OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK A. Fault Rate and Reliability of Distribution Components Distribution system consists of feeders (overhead lines and cables), switchgears (circuit breakers, disconnect switches, load switches and fuses), distribution transformers and so forth Failure rates of distribution components are mainly affected by component aging, maintenance strategies, and environmental factors [8]. In this paper, the effects of aging on failure rates of components are described by the Weibull distribution with the parameter fi>1 [9]. For component i, its failure rate can be expressed as a function fi(0. Lay 1 non Bedy “ ‘where 0s the characteristic life parameter (days) of component, i, fis the seale parameter. While £1, the failure rate funetion (0) increases withthe increase of the operation time ¢ [10]. In the next section, a detailed analysis ofthe impact of PM strategy to failure rate of. distribution component is proposed. Reliability refers tothe probability ofa product completing the requited function under specified conditions and within the stipulated time. It is a funetion of time, which is named reliability function R(.). The relationship between the reliability function and failure rate of component is shown in (2). R= 2 B. Preventive Maintenance Strategy in Distribution Network ‘The most common way for PM is fo maintenance unexpired components in accordance with predetermined time or specified criteria. The distribution elements with great variety, huge number and significantly individual differences, shouldnot adopt a unified maintenance interval. This paper uses the proposed component reliability function ‘R( to simulate changes of component lifetime and determine the health status of component. We identify whether the clements should achieve PM conditions or not, by setting PM. reliability threshold K, and comparing the reliability function of clements R() with Ry at time . The PM strategy in distribution network is shown in Fig. 1 Fig PM strategy in disuibution network In Fig 1, the abscissa represents the service year fof element i, and the ordinate represents the reliability Ri) of element i at the time £, Reliability of element / is | at time (=0. With the increasing of service year, the reliability decreases. The reliability respects the probability of that clement i don’t fail before time f, in another word, the probability of that the lifetime of element jis longer than f. A large Rit) means the probability of that lifetime of clement / is longer than f. The probability of clement i fails before time ¢ grows with the decrease of R(t). Hence, we can judge the health status of ‘component and make appropriate service decisions by R(t). To ‘make the reliability of elements maintain at a high level, PM ccan be implemented for the elements which do not malfunction but whose reliability has reduced to a certain degree, so that failure of elements can be prevented effectively These are the basic ideas of PM strategy in distribution network. OF course, PM strategy cannot completely avoid clement failures, so PM strategy consists of two maintenance ‘modes: PM and CM. Assuming that PM reliability threshold is, RyORe, g0 to step 9 (Q)Ifr> TTR, element i needs implementation of CM: calculate T7Rand a new TTF; GIF RetwysRy(tm)SRy, clement jn need implementation’ of PM: calculate 77%, ~,77Ry and new TTF", 1TF (4) Renew TPF of related elements and count times of CM and PM respectively. Stop 8: Record the outage information of each load point by searching the maintenance mode and effects analysis table and reset fx of the repaired elements; =k Step 9: If kk, AH, teterH, retam to step 5 Step 10: Compiete the simulation process, calculate thereliability index of each load point and the whole system. V. Case Stuy A. Test System and Parameters The method is tested on IEEE RBTS BUS6 system and the system structure is shown in Fig 3, including one 10kV bus and four feeders (Fl, F2, F3 and F4), Feeder Fl and F2 are contacted. There are 64 feeder segments, 38 distribution transformers and 40 load points in the system. The length of the feeders, load size, the numbers of users connected to each load point are shown inthe literature [13]. Reliability parameters of ‘main elements in the system are listed in Table I. Fault isolation ‘and load transfer time is Ih; repair degree parameter is K=1;PM costs is 1/5 of CM [14] Fig 3. Comested IEEE RBTS BUSS system TABLE I RELIABILITY PARAMETERS OF MAIN ELEMENTS, ‘Average maintenance time i) coke, B. Simulation and Result Analysis 1). Effects of Simulation Step Length and Simulation Length The values of simulation step length Hand simulation length ¥ affect the calculation accuracy and the simulation time, Numbers of maintenance according to different values of H and Yare shown in Table II and Table II, respectively. R, is set 0.8. Take the average of 5 simulations considering the error of the Monte Carlo method. TABLE II shows that, when H=Imonth, the average number of annual maintenance is gradually steady with the increase of simulation length and the precision meets requirement when simulation length is longer than 2000 years, TABLE III shows that, when ¥=2000 years, the number of maintenance gradually converges with the decease of the simulation step length #7, Number of PM is more sensitive to the change of the simulation step length 7 comparing with CM. ‘H takes Iday quite reasonably considering the simulation time and accuracy. ‘TABLE II NUMBER OF MAINTENANCE WITH DIFFERENT Y, H=1month Simulation Comective Peete nye ‘Seo Tanna Teta YM 10001 CTAAE«T3G~—«TRD=~«CA~S~C«*COMH 2000-2919 LAMd 136406823 ITM 3000 4367145520806 6798502 40005762440 2732.78 03% sooo 7218 Las 340426 808 ‘TABLE III NUMBER OF MAINTENANCE WITH DIFFERENT II, ¥=2000 years Naber Numberor . ofCM PM timets M. wis 195% aM ass 6a 2867176 H 2% 26529 2 460% Dass 9.98155 Het hour 2881 ss 2359.9 2)_ Effects of Ry on Number of Maintenance ‘Number and cost of maintenance vary with the changes of Ryas shown in Fig 4. (Y=2000years, HIday) ‘cove times of CM cont of PM 5S cost of CM Fig. Nomber and cost of maintenance vary wi changes of Fig4 shows that the frequency of CM reduces and the frequency of PM increases with the inereasing of PM reliability threshold Rp. The change trend of both frequency comply the approximate linear. The total frequency of maintenance with PM (R,>0) is larger than that with CM (Rj=0). Its flat when, 0.10.7. The total number of maintenance increases but the total cost of maintenance reduces gradually. Change trends of the number of CM and maintenance costs are basically the same, The above analysis shows that the larger PM reliability threshold is, the smaller the number of failures in distribution network and the maintenance cost are, but atthe same time the total number of repairs will increase. Appropriate value of Kp should be selected considering the above factors.3)_ Effects of Ryon Reliability Index ‘The most common reliability indexes of distribution system are System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFD, System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) and Customer Average Intemuption Duration Index (CAIDD [15] Fig.5 shows the above three reliability indexes varying with ‘change of Ry. Rj=0 can be seen as reliability indexes with CM. (12000 years and /7=1day) 7 ae sagt Soar Oy ob SOF a OO, Shetty “SG ab oh 04 OF 06 OF 0 OR, j25. SAIFI, SAIDI and CAIDI change with Ry As can be seen from Fig 5, the value of Ry impacts the indexes differently. The dashed lines indicate the index with CM. SAIFI with PM grows by the same trend of total ‘maintenance number in Fig 4. While R,>0.7, SAIFI grows fast With the increase of R,, CAIDI reduces and substantially linear tends. The trend of SAIDI varying with R, is not monotonous. ‘When 00.3, SAIDI decreases significantly and when 8,>0.8, SAIDI gradually becomes larger. But overall, SAIDI with PM is lower than that with CM. On the whole, the interruption duration indexes, SAIDI and CAIDI with PM are better than those with CM, Especially when R, is in the interval (0.3, 0.8), SATDI and CAIDI decrease with the increase of R. The interruption frequency index SATFI deteriorates and SAIFI grows rapidly when R,>0.7. The trends of SAIFI and the total maintenance number with the reliability threshold R, are basically the same. Therefore, considering all kinds of reliability indexes, especially system interruption frequency index, the value of Ry should not be too large. VI. CONCLUSION This paper describes PM strategy with reliability function, analyzes the impact of PM on clement failure rates, on this basis, proposes. distribution network reliability evaluation method considering PM and CM, and gets the following conclusions. Firstly, PM impacts element failure rate, The extent of impact relates to PM reliability threshold Ry and repairing degree parameter K. The relationship between component failure rate with CM Ay and that with PM ,can be expressed as J,=K(I-R,)a. Then, in reliability assessment, the operation status of element is simulated to determine fault elements by Sequential Monte Carlo method based on state duration sampling. PM is implemented when R(Q is less than the threshold R, Two kinds of clocks ({, and fx) are used to get ‘operation status of elements and reliability function R(®). The asynchronous problem is solved by adopting system clock ¢. 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