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Elementary Particles: Standard Fermions Fermions
Elementary Particles: Standard Fermions Fermions
Elementary Particles
This shows all the elementary particles in the standard model (SM) of particle physics
? Supersymmetry (SUSY) theory proposes
a partner boson for each fermion and
plus some hypothetical particles. a partner fermion for each boson.
Squarks
Quarks
1⁄ up charm top 0 sup scharm stop
2 1.7–3.1 MeV 1.1–1.4 GeV 171–175 GeV
Atom e
nucleus -⅓ -⅓ -⅓ -⅓ -⅓ -⅓
d s b d s b
u d u u proton
d d uud down strange bottom sdown sstrange sbottom
d u u d neutron 4.1-5.7 MeV 80–130 MeV 4.1–4.4 GeV
u d udd
electron e− μ− τ− e− μ− τ−
Sleptons
Leptons
e
1⁄ electron muon tau selectron smuon stau
2 511 keV 106 MeV 1.8 GeV 0
νe νμ ντ νe νμ ντ
electron muon tau electron muon tau
neutrino neutrino neutrino sneutrino sneutrino sneutrino
<2 eV <190 keV <18 MeV
Gravity 1 g 1⁄ g
Gauginos
2
?
Color force force
Planck
scale quarks/gluons attract gluon gluino
1019 GeV Grand massless
Unification Weak force Weak
Wi Weak 1⁄
GUT scale
1 Isospin W± Z force 2 Wi W± Z
Flavor change
1016 GeV Electro- radioactivity W W Z wino wino zino
weak massless 80 GeV 91 GeV mixtures
Weak
EW scale Electromagnetic Hyper- B γ Electromagnetic 1⁄ γ χ 0i χ ±i
102 GeV 1 force 2 B
force charge
charges attract/repel, B photon bino photino neutralino
light massless massless chargino
Bosons
Scalar
0 ± 1⁄ 0 ± χ0 χ±
Higgs field(s) 0 H H H Higgs field 2 H H
creates mass, breaks symmetry Higgs Higgs Higgsino neutralino
124-127 GeV chargino
Unified forces split by symmetry breaking. Electroweak symmetry breaking Electroweak symmetry breaking
Other elementary particles may yet be discovered.
? String theory proposes that all elementary particles are actually tiny vibrating strings.