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
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
٢٥١
 ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  
 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  (Working Stress Design Method)    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (Theory of Elasticity)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  (Ultimate Strength Design Method (U.S.D.M.)) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬    ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
KCP. 110Bs 8110‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٧٢EF‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
   E‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠ZK ٢L١٠Z٢L
 KK١٠ZKKKZKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   E٤
K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Principals of Structural Design
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKK   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Economy)‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 (Safety)‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 (Deflection) ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    (Serviceability)  ‫א‬   J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Cracks)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬          ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
 W
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{١
(Different  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ Structural Elements)
 E١ J١F
 (Beams)‫א‬ (Solid Slab)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (Slab Spans) ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K (Columns)
KE(Spread Footings)
‫א‬K(Joist-Slab) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 (Beams)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
Spandrel
beam
Door Beam joist

lintel slab
2nd floor column
Supported
slab Column
Beam Joist
Foundation
wall 1st floor
Slab on
grade
Landing
Basement Stairs
Wall
footing
Spreed
footing Column
 
 E١ J١F
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Joists)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ (Flange)W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(beams)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T
  (Soil)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬٢{١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫ א‬١{٢{١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬-
‫א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
-
 W‫א‬‫ א‬٢{٢{١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣{١
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{١
 
 W‫א‬١{٤{١
٢٨‫א‬   (fcu)‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K
‫א‬ ٢٨K ٣٠‫א‬ ١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ١٥×١٥
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١ J١F‫א‬٢٨‫א‬‫א‬
١٥ ×١٥×١٥‫א‬E (f cu)‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٨
 
 E٢Lf cu‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬WE١ J١F
٤٥٠ ٤٠٠ ٣٥٠ ٣٠٠ ٢٧٥ ٢٥٠ ٢٢٥ ٢٠٠ ١٧٥ ١٥٠ ١٠٠ ‫א‬
 
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٢{٤{١
 
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬٢٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣‫א‬F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E

KEf cu‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٪٥٠FE٪٣٣F‫א‬
 
‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ٪٥٠ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬      E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٠{٠٠٢‫א‬E‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
KE٣ J١F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
    ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E
E‫א‬F‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
Stress
6
0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004

Strain
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F‫א‬
Typical concrete stress-strain curve, with short-term loading.
 
 E٣ J١F
 
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬٣{٤{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
 K ٢L ٣٧٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ E
.ø٤٥L٢٨٣٥L٢٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E

.(ØFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٢L٣٦
.(ФFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٠L٤٠
‫א‬ K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
E‫א‬ F ٥٢L ٤٥‫א‬  ٤٥L ٢٨ ٣٥L٢٤
E٣ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J١F‫א‬KEΦF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J١F‫א‬
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J١F
Φ Weight Area of Cross-Section in cm2

mm Kg/m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6 0.222 .283 .566 .848 1.13 1.41 1.70 1.98 2.26 2.54 2.83
8 0.395 .503 1.01 1.51 2.01 2.51 3.02 3.52 4.02 4.52 5.03
10 0.617 .785 1.57 2.36 3.14 3.93 4.71 5.50 6.28 7.07 7.85
12 0.888 1.13 2.26 3.39 4.52 5.65 6.79 7.92 9.05 10.2 11.3
14 1.21 1.54 3.08 4.62 6.16 7.70 9.24 10.8 12.3 13.9 15.4
16 1.58 2.01 4.02 6.03 8.04 10.1 12.1 14.1 16.1 18.1 20.1
18 2.00 2.54 5.09 7.63 10.2 12.7 15.3 17.8 20.4 22.9 25.4
20 2.47 3.14 6.28 9.42 12.6 15.7 19.8 22.0 25.1 28.3 31.4
22 2.98 3.80 7.60 11.4 15.2 19.0 22.8 26.6 30.4 34.2 38.0
24 3.55 4.52 9.04 13.6 18.1 22.5 27.1 31.7 36.2 40.7 45.2
26 4.17 5.31 10.6 15.9 21.2 25.5 31.9 37.2 42.5 47.0 53.1
28 4.83 6.16 12.3 18.5 24.6 30.8 37.5 43.1 49.3 55.4 61.6
30 5.55 7.07 14.1 21.2 28.3 35.3 42.4 49.5 56.6 63.6 70.7
32 6.31 8.04 16.1 24.1 32.2 40.2 48.3 56.3 64.3 72.4 80.4
34 7.13 9.08 18.2 27.2 36.3 45.4 54.5 53.6 72.6 81.7 90.8
36 7.99 10.2 20.4 30.6 40.9 50.7 61.2 71.4 81.6 91.8 102
38 8.90 11.3 22.6 33.9 45.2 56.5 67.8 79.1 90.4 102 113
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٤{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬E
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬
 K٪٠{٢‫א‬
 K‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J١F
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٪٠{٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 
 EF F٢L F٢L
 E  E
 ٢٠  ٣٥  ٢٤   ٣٥L٢٤ 
 ١٨  ٤٥  ٢٨ ٤٥L٢٨
 ١٢  ٥٢  ٣٦  ‫א‬ ٥٢L٣٦  
 ١٠  ٥٢  ٤٠ ٦٠L٤٠  ‫א‬
      ‫א‬    
 ١٠  ٥٢  ٤٥   ٥٢L٤٥  
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{١
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬١{٥{١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ E
K‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٥{١
   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
E٥١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬     
 K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢LF٢٨‫א‬
 ٣٠٠  ٢٧٥  ٢٥٠  ٢٢٥  ٢٠٠  ١٧٥  ١٥٠ f cu  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٠  ٦٥  ٦٠  ٥٥  ٥٠  ٤٥  ٤٠ f co** (e=e min)‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٥  ١٠٠  ٩٥  ٩٠  ٨٠  ٧٠  ٦٥ f c* ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ٩  ٩  ٩   ٨  ٨  ٧  ٧ qc F‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 ٧  ٧  ٧  ٦  ٦  ٥  ١٥ qc ‫א‬E
 ٢١  ٢٠  ١٩  ١٨  ١٧  ١٥  ١٥ q ct ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬
١٠  ٩  ٩  ٨  ٨  ٧  ٧ q ct  ‫א‬‫א‬
               ‫א‬
١٤٠٠ ١٤٠٠ ١٤٠٠ ١٤٠٠ ١٤٠٠ ١٤٠٠ ١٤٠٠    ٣٥L٢٤E١
١٦٠٠ ١٦٠٠ ١٦٠٠ ١٦٠٠ ١٦٠٠ ١٦٠٠ ١٦٠٠    ٤٥L٢٨E٢
٢٠٠٠ ٢٠٠٠ ٢٠٠٠ ٢٠٠٠ ٢٠٠٠ ٢٠٠٠ ٢٠٠٠    ٥٢L٣٦E٣
٢٢٠٠ ٢٢٠٠ ٢٢٠٠ ٢٢٠٠ ٢٢٠٠ ٢٢٠٠ ٢٢٠٠    ٦٠L٤٠E٤
                ‫א‬E٥
 ٥٢L٤٥
١٦٠٠ ١٦٠٠ ١٦٠٠ ١٦٠٠ ١٦٠٠ ١٦٠٠ ١٦٠٠    E
٢٢٠٠ ٢٢٠٠ ٢٢٠٠ ٢٢٠٠ ٢٢٠٠ ٢٢٠٠ ٢٢٠٠    ‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٠    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  G
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢L ٢٠، ١٥، ١٠، ٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨،١٠،١٢،٢٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{٥{١
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٩١٠KE ٥ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE J٥ J١F‫א‬‫א‬ ،
،E J٥ J١F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬       E ٤ ،٣  F ‫א‬   ١٩٣٢  
‫א‬  ،        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E‫א‬ ‫א‬  F J E J٥ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٥٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٦٣،‫א‬
 
‫א‬        ١٩٧١    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J٥ J١F،E J٥ J١F‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
0.85 cu 0.85 cu 0.85 cu cu cu
0.85 cu 0.85 cu 0.85 cu co cu
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J١F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F E
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
KE‫א‬‫א‬FE
- ١٤ -
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 EDead LoadsF‫א‬‫א‬١{٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKK
 
 (Slab Dead load)‫א‬‫א‬١{١{٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Z(Own Weight of slab - O.W of slab)‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K(γ c)‫א‬‫א‬×(t)‫א‬×(A)‫א‬
 (γ c =2.5 t/m3)٣L٢{٥Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
i.e. O.W of slab = A × t × γ c
 K‫א‬١{٠(A)‫א‬
 O.W of slab = 1.0 × t × 2.5
- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E١ J٢F
 E٢LF‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬
 ٢٠٠  ٨
 ٢٥٠  ١٠
 ٣٠٠  ١٢
 ٣٥٠  ١٤
 ٤٠٠  ١٦
 ٤٥٠  ١٨
 ٥٠٠  ٢٠
 
 W‫א‬W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
٥ J٣HE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ٢L١٥٠Z‫א‬E١ J٢F
Tiles
Mortar
3-5cm sand
isolated sheets
R.C slab
(plaster)
 E١ J٢F
‫א‬ ٢L ٢٥٠ J٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ٢L٦٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ٢L١٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
٢L٦٠Z‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ٢L٢٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{١{٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Own weight of Beam)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬F(O.W of slab)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
KE١ J١ J٢‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
K  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Thickness of beam (t) = span / 8-10 ١٠ J٨L‫א‬ZtZ‫א‬
  For simple beams choose t = span / 8 ‫א‬‫א‬
 For continuous beams ,, t = span / 10 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W٠{٦Z(t) ٠{٢Z(b) K٦{٠Z‫א‬
 W‫א‬x‫א‬xx (L0) Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
O.W of beam = L0 x b x (t - ts) x γc 
Where; 
γc = 2.5 t/ m3 , ts = ‫ = ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‬10 cm = 0.1 m
L0 = length of beam = 1.0 m (١{٠‫א‬)
i.e. O.w. of beam = 1.0 x 0.2 x (0.6 – 0.1) x2.5 = 0.25 t/m
 L٠{٢٥Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 γ wall = 0.75:1.0 t/m3   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١

 γ wall = 1.20 t/m3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 γ wall = 0.75:1.2 t/m3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 γ wall = 0.6 :0.8 t/m3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
γ wall = 1.8 t/m3 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 γ wall = 1.5:1.9 t/m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
 
،K ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٢٥،١٢W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
  W wall = γ wall × t wall ( t/m)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢L١٢٥ J٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢L١٥٠ J١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢L ٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W(Live Loads)‫א‬‫א‬٢{٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬    ‫א‬     K‫א‬  E‫א‬F   E٢
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ، E  F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 ٢L
   W‫א‬‫ א‬ ١
 ٥٠  EFE
 ١٠٠  EFE
 ٢٠٠  E
 ٤٠٠ E
   W  ٢
 ٢٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٣٠٠ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
   W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ٣
 ٣٠٠  ‫א‬E
 ٤٠٠  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
 ١٠٠٠ J٥٠٠ E‫א‬F‫א‬E
   W‫א‬‫ א‬ ٤
 ٣٠٠  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٤٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٥٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬E
   W‫ א‬ ٥
 ٣٠٠  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٤٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٥٠٠ J٣٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٨٠٠ J٥٠٠ ‫א‬E
   W‫א‬‫ א‬ ٦
 ٥٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ٦٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬E
   E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ ٧
 ٥٠٠  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
 ١٠٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫ א‬ ٨
 ٢٠٠  ‫א‬E
 ٤٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
   W‫ א‬ ٩
 ٤٠٠  ‫א‬E
 ١٠٠٠  ‫א‬E
   W‫א‬‫ א‬ ١٠
 ٣٠٠  ٢{٤‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٤٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٥٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬E
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬١{٣{٢
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬K ٪٥ ‫א‬
KEKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Working Stress Design K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬Method)
 ,,D,,(Dead Load)‫א‬‫א‬ E
,,L,,(live loads)‫א‬‫א‬ E

D + LZ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 (Ultimate loads)‫א‬‫א‬٢{٣{٢
 J٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬EE١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
WE ASCI‫א‬F‫א‬
 
U = 1.4 D + 1.7 L (2-1)
 Dead Loads ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZD

 Live loads‫א‬‫א‬ZL
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
U = 1.5 (D +L) (2-2)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
U = 1.4 D + 1.7 (E + L) (2-3)

 
 (Lateral Load)‫א‬‫א‬ZE
 (2-1)‫א‬‫א‬U
 
 
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W٤{٢
 
 ‫א‬ B2  B1‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ١ 

Z‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F
K٥H‫א‬K١٠
 
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
Own weight of slab = Ws =1×1× t ×γ c = t × γ c 
= 0.1× 2.5 = 0.25 t/m2 = 2.5 kN / m2
Flooring (‫א‬) = 0.15 t / m2 = 1.5 kN / m2
Live Loads (L.L.) (‫א‬‫ = )א‬0.20 t/m2 = 2.0 kN / m2
Total Loads (wt) (‫ = )اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬0.25+ 0.15+ 0.20 = 0.60 t/m2 = 6.0 kN/m2
B1‫א‬‫א‬E
W = 6.0 x (3.5/2) = 10.5 kN/m
B2‫א‬‫א‬E
  W = 6.0 x 3.5 = 21 kN/m
 
 
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫ﺑﻼﻃﺔ‬
L=8,0 m B2 ‫آﻤﺮة‬
B1 ‫آﻤﺮة‬
L=3,5 m L=3,5 m
 
 E٢{٢F
 
 
‫א‬ B2  B1 ‫א‬  S1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ W ٢ 
١٢Z‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E٣ J٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
Own weight of slab = Ws =1×1× t ×γ c = t × γ c 
= 0.12× 2.5 = 0.30 t/m2 = 3.0 kN / m2
Flooring (‫א‬) = 0.20 t / m2 = 2.0 kN / m2
Live Loads (L.L.) (‫א‬‫ = )א‬0.30 t/m2 = 3.0 kN / m2
Total Loads (wt) (‫ = )اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬0.30+ 0.20+ 0.30 = 0.80 t/m2 = 8.0 kN/m2
B1‫א‬‫א‬E
W = 8.0 x (4.0/2) = 16.0 kN/m
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
B2‫א‬‫א‬E
  W = 8.0 x(4+3)/2 = 28 kN/m
 
 
1 ٢ ٣
4.5 m 4.5 m 4.5 m ٤
3.0 m
B B2
S1
4.0 m
B1
C
9m
 
 E٣{٢F
- ٢٥ -
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬   E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   E٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 •
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Structural Analysisfor Slabs and Beams
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬: ‫א‬‫א‬ J١

‫א‬ ‫א‬  (Beams) ‫א‬‫א‬  (slabs) ‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬K(Footings)‫א‬(Columns)
  Slabs‫א‬
 Beams‫א‬‫ א‬
 Girders‫א‬‫ א‬
Columns‫ א‬
 Footings‫ א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬
Over hanging beam Simple slab or beam
continous slab or beam
(Column)
Simple frame
(Column)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T،،،W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬KUL،
U L T
U - section L - section circular sec T - section square sec Rectangular sec
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٣
‫א‬ Statically System ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  W W١ J٢ J٣

E٣ J٣F (Knife Edge Support) ‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K 
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
Knife edge support
 
 E٣ J٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٢ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (Linear Elastic Theory)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W
 Three Moment Equation‫א‬‫א‬E
 Virtual Work Method‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 Moment Distribution‫א‬E
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬      E‫א‬  ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٠{٤،‫א‬‫א‬٠{٨(lo)‫א‬‫א‬(d)‫א‬
i.e d / l0 < 0.8 for simple beams.
d / l0 < 0.4 for continues beams.
 (Deep Beam)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Plastic Analysis)‫א‬
 
 W(Effective Span l0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 l01‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 l02 = l0 × 1.05 ‫א‬‫א‬١{٠٥ •
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
  l03 = l0 + d •
 E٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zd
 
L 1
L 2 = 1.05 L
L
C L
C
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E(Rigid Connections)
  l01 = Centerline to Centerline of Supports‫א‬‫• א‬
 l02 = 1.05 × l0‫א‬‫א‬١{٠٥ •
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L03 = Distance from Centerline to Centerline
  Or L03 =l0 +d
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (l01)‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
L02 = l0 + d2
 E٥ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 
C
L
d1
d2
L
1
C
L
 
E٥ J٣F
 :(Straining Actions)‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٣

(Normal Forces) ‫א‬‫א‬(Straining Actions)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Bending Moments)‫א‬(Shear Forces)‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (N)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (M) ‫א‬   (Q)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(D.L + L.L )‫א‬‫א‬
 Z(N)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  :Simple Slab or Simple BeamE‫א‬‫א‬FE١
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬ •
 
  Q = K q × wt × L (3-1)
 E J٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬٠{٥Z (shear factor) ‫א‬ZK q

 Uniformly Distributed Load (D.L +L.L) ‫א‬‫א‬Zwt
 Span of Slab or beam ‫א‬‫א‬ZL
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬(M)‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
2
  M = w × L / Km (3-2)

 E J٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬ ٨Z(moment factor)‫א‬ZKm
w t/m
Loads
L
wL
Q=
2
S.F.D
K q = 0.5 Q
B.M.D
K m= 8
2
wL
M=
8
 
E٦ J٣F
 WOver Hanging Slab or Beam‫א‬‫א‬E٢

  W‫א‬‫א‬(D.L + L.L )‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W(Q)‫א‬
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
(D.L+L.L) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬        
 ‫א‬    KKKK (D.L only)  ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE J٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬(D.L + L.L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
i.e. Q = K q × wt × L (3-3)
 
 ،E‫א‬F٠{٥Z (shear factor) ‫א‬ZK q W
 Uniformly Distributed Load (D.L +L.L) ‫א‬‫א‬ZW t
 Span of Slab or beam  ‫א‬‫א‬ZL
W(M)‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬       E
‫א‬ ‫א‬  (D.L)  ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬    (D.L+L.L)
KE J٧ J٣F
 
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
w1 = D.L + L.L (t/m) D.L

w w
Loads
L L L
1 1
w1L
2
wL1
Kq = 0.5 S.F.D
wL1
w1L
M -v 2
e
Case of max +ve M B.M.D
w1L2
8
w1 t/m w1(D.L + L.L)
w t/m (D.L)
Loads
w1L21
M -ve =
2
Case of max -ve M B.M.D

2
wL
8
 
 E٧ J٣F
 
W
 
2 2
Max. M +ve. = wt×L /8 – w × L1 /2 (3-4)
 (D.L+L.L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZwtW
 (D.L. only)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zw
 ‫א‬‫א‬ZL1 ‫א‬‫א‬ZL
 
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬       E
E J٧ J٣F ‫א‬‫א‬ (D.L+L.L.)‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ (D.L.)

 
  Max. M-ve = w × L12/2 (3-5)
 
 
 Continues Slab or Beam E٢
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
W(M)‫א‬‫א‬ •

2
M = w×L / Km (3-7)
 E٨ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬(moment factor)‫א‬ZKm

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZL
 
(Q)‫א‬ •

Q = K q × wt × L (3-6)
   
 E٩ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬ (shear factor) ‫א‬ZK q

 (D.L+L.L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zwt
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZL
L1‫א‬L،٪٢٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 WL2
L = (L1 + L2) / 2 and, wt = (wt1 + wt2) / 2
Where, L1 < 1.2 L2 or, L2 < 1.2 L1
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
w t/m or w1 w t/m or w2
Loads
L or L L or L
2 1
-24 -9 -24 Km
( Moment factor)
+11 +11
w L2
2
wL 9 w L2
24 24
B.M.D
w L2 w L2
11 11
 
 ‫א‬E٨ J٣F
 
0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4
K q ( Shear factor)
0.6 wL
0.4 wL
S.F.D
0.4 wL
0.6 wL
 ‫א‬E٩ J٣F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
(Q)‫א‬ •
 
Q = K q × wt × L (3-8)
 E١٠ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬٠ (shear factor) ‫א‬ZK q

- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 (D.L+L.L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zw t 

 Effective Span of Slab or beam ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZL 

W(M)‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
2
M = w×L / Km (3-9)
 E١٢ J٣FE١١ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬(moment factor)‫א‬ZKm

 EffectiveSpan of Slab or beam ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZL
 L ،٪٢٠  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  W
 WL2L1‫א‬
L = (L1 + L2) / 2 and, wt = (wt1 + wt2) / 2
Where, L1 < 1.2 L2 or, L2 < 1.2 L1
0.45 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Kq
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F
-24 -10 -12 -12
+10 +12 +12

Km ( Moment factor)
‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٣F
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
-24 -10 -12 -12
+12 +16 +16

Km ( Moment factor)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٣F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬E‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F E
 EE٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ E

 F ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 E٧ J٣‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬FE
 E١٠ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٢ J٣FE١١ J٣F‫א‬
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W٦{٣
 
KE٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 W‫א‬
W = 0.6 t/m2
Loads
m m
3.0 3.0
wL2 --v M
e wL2
24 24
B.M.d
+v e M +v e M
loads & B.M at section s-s
 
 
 
Bending Moments:
2
w × l 0 .6 × 3 .5 2
M +ve = 11 = 11 = 0.668mt / m
t 1
‫א‬‫א‬
 
2
× 0 .6 × 3 .5 2
  M −ve = w l t 1
= = 0 .816 mt / m ‫א‬‫א‬
9 9
 
:٢ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
.‫أوﺟﺪ ﻋﺰوم اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﺮة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ذات ﺑﺤﺮﻳﻦ و ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠىﻬﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﻮزع ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻀﺎم‬
3.5 t/m
C
A
B
6m 6m
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
×
2
3.5 × 6 2  ‫א‬‫א‬
  M + ve =w l t 1
= = 11 .45 mt / m
11 11
×
2
3 .5 × 6 2  ‫א‬‫א‬
  M −ve = w l t 1
= = 14 .0 mt / m
9 9
   
  Q A = 0 .4 × wt × l1 = 0 .4 × 3 .5 × 6 = 8 .4 mt / m  C ‫ و‬A‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Q A = 0 .6 × wt × l1 = 0 .6 × 3 .5 × 6 = 12 .6 mt / m  B‫א‬‫א‬
:٣ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
.‫أوﺟﺪ ﻋﺰم اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﺮة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ذات ﺑﺤﺮ واﺣﺪ و ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠىﻬﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﻮزع ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻀﺎم‬
1.8 t/m
B
A
7m
 
 
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
 
×
2
1 .8 × 7 2  ‫א‬‫א‬
  M + ve =w l t 1
= = 11 .025 mt / m
8 8
   
 Q A = + 0 .5 × wt × l1 = 0 .5 × 1 .8 × 7 = + 6 .3mt / m   A‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Q B = − 0 .5 × wt × l1 = −0 .5 × 1 .8 × 7 = − 6 .3mt / m  B‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W١
E٢ J٢F   ‫א‬ B2  B1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
KE٢‫א‬F
 
 W٢
E٣ J٢F‫א‬ B2  B1‫א‬ S1 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢‫א‬F
 
 
- ٤١ -
‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 •
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬
 Solid Slabs‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬W(Hollow Block Slabs)‫א‬‫א‬E٢
KE١{٤ F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(Flat Slabs)‫א‬‫א‬E٣
F ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢{٤
 Waffle Slabs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 Lift Slabs‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 Pre-Slabs‫א‬‫א‬E٦
- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ WE١ J٤F
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢ J٤F
 
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣ J٤F
‫א‬ ‫א‬  (Solid Slabs) ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬(Beams)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEKKKKK‫א‬
 K‫א‬(girders)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
  K‫א‬ E

 W
 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٤
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤ J٤‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  i.e. r = L / B ≥ 2 the slab is one way slab
‫א‬‫א‬B،‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬rW
- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
1m
d/2
B
d/2
 
 
 E٤ J٤F
 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٤F‫א‬

F ‫א‬‫א‬ KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    F ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 WE‫א‬(Deflection)
 
 t min.. =B/30 ‫א‬ E١

t min.. =B/35 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
t min.. =B/40 ‫א‬ E٣
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B
 
- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٤
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?٢?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
i.e. L / b ≥ 1.0 ≤ 2.0
 ‫א‬Zb‫א‬ZL
 J٤F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KE٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٤F
 
 KL/b ‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 αE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
βE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  t min.. =b/35 ‫א‬ E
 t min. =b/45  ‫א‬‫א‬ E

 Kb
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬(Hook’s Law) (Bernoulli theorem) 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Pure Bending Moment or Pure ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ١{٤{٤
 Flexure)
 ‫א‬ •
  (Bond slip )EF‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
 ‫א‬
    ‫א‬   (Plane cross sections) ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
 KE٦ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
c fc x
3
x C
d Z=d -x 3
s fs n
R.C sec Strain diagram Stress diagram

 E٦ J٤F
- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫אא‬‫א‬
M
  (4-1) d = k 1  
b
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Zb
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zd
  (f c)  ‫א‬  ‫א‬       Z k1
 KE١ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬K(f s)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZM
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
M
(4-2) A =  
s
k 2 × d
 
 (M)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZAs
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zd
‫א‬(f c)‫א‬‫א‬ZK2
 KE١ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬K(f s)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZM
 
- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬E١ J٤F
fs fc 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 90 95 100 105
α .403 .428 .452 .474 .494 .512 .529 .545 .574 .588 .600 .612
Fs=1000
β .866 .857 .849 .842 .835 .829 .824 .818 .809 .804 .800 .796
k1 .357 .330 .308 .289 .273 .259 .247 .237 .219 .211 .204 .193
k2 866 857 849 842 835 829 524 818 809 804 800 796
α .360 .385 .407 .428 .448 .467 .484 .500 .529 .543 .555 .567
Fs=1200
β .880 .872 .864 .857 .851 .844 .839 .833 .823 .819 .815 .811
k1 .374 .345 .322 .301 .284 .269 .256 .245 .226 .218 .210 .204
k2 1058 1048 1037 1029 1021 1013 1007 1000 988 983 978 973
α .325 .349 .372 .391 .411 .429 .446 .462 .491 .504 .517 .529
Fs=1400
β .892 .884 .876 .870 .863 .857 .851 .846 .836 .832 .826 .824
k1 .391 .360 .335 .313 .295 .279 .265 .253 .233 .224 .216 .209
k2 1248 1237 1227 1217 1208 1200 1192 1185 1171 1165 1162 1154
α .297 .319 .340 .360 .379 .396 .413 .429 .458 .471 .484 .496
Fs=1600
β .901 .894 .887 .880 .874 .868 .862 .857 .847 .843 .839 .835
k1 .408 .375 .347 .324 .305 .288 .274 .261 .240 .230 .222 .214
k2 1441 1430 1419 1408 1398 1389 1380 1371 1367 1349 1342 1335
α .273 .292 .310 .328 .344 .360 .375 .403 .416 .429 .440
Fs=2000
β .909 .803 .897 .891 .885 .880 .875 .866 .861 .857 .853
k1 .402 .371 .346 .328 .306 .290 .276 .252 .242 .233 .225
k2 1818 1898 1793 1782 1771 1769 1750 1731 1723 1715 1706
α .254 .273 .290 .307 .323 .338 .353 .380 .393 .406 .417
Fs=2200
β .915 .909 .903 .898 .892 .887 .882 .873 .869 .865 .861
k1 .415 .383 .357 .334 .315 .298 .283 .269 .248 .239 .230
k2 2013 2000 1987 1976 1962 1952 1940 1921 1912 1903 1894
 
 
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 Diagonal Tension‫א‬‫א‬٢{٤{٤
Horizontal ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vertical Shear‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KShear
Wq‫א‬‫א‬
  (4-3)
q = Q
0 . 87 × bd
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬Zq
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ZQ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٤ J٤
 W‫א‬W
 E‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     (١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٠{٢٥
E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٢
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬E 1 F
5
KE٥F
E٪ ٢٠    F ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ٥L١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤L ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (٤
‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬ ٢٠
K١٠‫א‬
K٢{٠١{٥‫א‬ (٥
E ٣L ١F   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       (٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K٨ (٧
 
 W‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢L٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬ E٣
 
 W‫א‬W
K ١٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٥‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬W‫א‬
١{٠٥  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W ٤{٤{٤
‫א‬   ‫א‬ KE٧ J٤F   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   WE١F 
 K
 W‫א‬
 Dead loadsW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠Z(t)‫א‬‫א‬
 
A
m One - way slab

2.25
m A
L=6
2
w = 0.6 t/m = 6 KN/m
Loads
m M B.M.d
 
2.25
 E٧ J٤F


i.e. Own weight of slab =1×1× t ×γ c = t × γ c 
= 0.1× 2.5 = 0.25 t/m2 = 2.5 KN / m2
Flooring (‫א‬) = 0.15 t / m2 = 1.5 KN / m2
Live Loads (L.L.) (‫א‬‫ = )א‬0.20 t/m2 = 2.0 KN / m2
Total Loads (wt) (‫א‬‫)א‬ = 0.60 t / m2 = 6.0 KN / m2
Bending Moments (‫א‬)
- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
Section A-A:
M = wt ×L2/8 = 0.6 × (2.25)2 / 8 = 0.380 m.t /m
Assume f c =60 kg / cm2 (f cu = 250 kg / cm2)
And f s = 1400 kg/cm2 (mild steel 37)
i.e. From table (4-1)
k 1= 0.313 and k 2 = 1217
 Eb=100cm.F١{٠‫א‬EdF‫א‬‫א‬
M 0 . 380 × 100000
d = k1 = 0 . 313 = 6.10 cm.
b 100
‫א‬   ‫א‬    K  ٨ Z  EtF ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K
 I.e. take t min = 8.0 cm.
d act. = t – cover = t – (1.5: 2.0 cm) = 8.0 – 1.5 = 6.5 cm.
 W‫א‬
M × 10 5 0.380 × 10 5
As main = = = 4.8 cm2/m
k2× d 1217 × 6.5
Choose 7Ø10 mm/m (5.5cm2/m)

Check: As min = 0.25% Ac = 0.25 / 100 ×10×100 = 2.5 cm2
i.e. As main chosen is okay.
As secondary = 0.20 A s main = 0.20 × 4.8 = 0.96 cm2 /m
Choose As secondary = 5 Ø 8 mm/m (2.51 cm2)
 
- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 WE٢F
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬KE٨ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{٠٠
 KE٢L٢٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
L 6
r= = =2 (One way slab)
b 3
Loads on Slab: assume t s=10 cm.
  O.w. of slab = 0.1 ×2.5 = 0.25 t/m2 = 2.5 KN/m2
Flooring = 0.15 t/m2 = 1.5 KN/m2
L.L. = 0.20 t/m2 = 2.0 KN/m2
Total load wt = = 0.60 t/m2 = 6.0 KN/m2
3.0 m 3.0 m
W d.L + L.L
Loads
m m
3.0 3.0
S S
m
wL2 --v M wL2 6.0
e
24 24
B.M.d
+ve M +ve M
loads & B.M at section s-s

m m
L = 3.0 L = 3.0
E٨ J٤F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
Bending Moments:
2
×
wt l1 = 0.6 × 9 = 0.49 mt / m
M +ve = 11 11
2
w × l 0.6 × 9 = 0.6 mt / m
  M −ve = t 1 =
9 9
(Cases of ‫א‬٢L٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ W
 K(case of total loads)‫א‬‫א‬loading)
And f s = 1400 kg/cm2 (mild steel 37—24/35)
k 1= 0.313 and k 2 = 1217
 Eb=100cm.F١{٠‫א‬EdF‫א‬‫א‬
0 . 6 × 100000
  d = k1
M
= 0 . 313 = 7.74 cm.
b 100
Take t = 10.0 cm
d act. = t – cover = t – (1.5: 2.0 cm) = 10.0 – 1.5 = 8.5 cm.
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
M +ve ×10 5 0 . 49 × 10 5
A main =
s1
k2 × d
=
1217 * 8 . 5 = 4.74 cm2/m
Choose 7 Ø 10 mm/m (5.5cm2/m)

Check: As min = 0.25% Ac = 0.25/100 ×10×100 = 2.5 cm2
i.e. As1 main chosen is okay.
As1 secondary = 0.20 As1 main = 0.20× 4.74 = 0.948 cm2 /m
Choose As1 secondary = 5 Ø 8 mm/m (2.51 cm2)
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
M −ve ×105 0.6 ×105
As2 main = k2 × d = = 5.8 cm2 / m
1217× 8.5
Choose 8 Ø 10 mm/m (6.28cm2/m)

Check: As min = 0.25% Ac = 0.25/100 ×10×100 = 2.5 cm2
i.e. As2 main chosen is okay.
As2 secondary = 0.20 As2 main = 0.20× 5.8 = 1.16 cm2 /m
Choose As2 secondary = 5 Ø 8 mm/m (2.51 cm2)
‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٩ J٤F
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩ J٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٤
 
 WE١٠.٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K٥
٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K٥‫א‬
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 WE١١{٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ١٠ J٤
 
 
 ١١ J٤
 
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬E١٢{٤F‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬٦
 KE١٠{٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
K‫א‬W١٢{٤
- ٥٩ -
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W١{٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K٢٠٢٠WKK‫א‬
 KE١ J٥F‫א‬F٢٥٢٥
T 20 cm
25 cm
12 cm 12 cm 12 cm
b b b
25 cm b< 25 cm 20 cm b< 20 cm
b< T
 E١ J٥F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ E٥
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Main girders ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
Secondary beams‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
E‫א‬ F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
4.00 m 4.00 m
m
0.3
Beam
m
3.00
m
0.2
Seconadry Seconadry
Beam Beam
m m
0.3
Main
3.00
 
 E٢ J٥F
 
 F‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  KE‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
   K   E٣ J٥F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  
‫א‬ (G1) ‫א‬ ‫א‬     (B1→B2→B3)     ‫א‬
 KC4‫א‬B1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬     K  E٣ J٥F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G1‫א‬
،C1‫א‬‫א‬ G1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B3،B2،B1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C4،C3،C2
 
4.00 4.00
4
G1
C4 C3
3
m
3.00
2
C5 B2
1 B3
m
3.00 B1
C2 C1
 
 E٣ J٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢ J٥
 
‫א‬ E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ‫א‬   E١
(Embedded beams) ‫א‬ (Dropped beams)  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ (Loop of loading)E ٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬EF‫א‬E J٤ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬ a‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ d c b a ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE J٤ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J٤ J٥F‫א‬
cba‫א‬‫א‬E J٤ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ D‫א‬ e d

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ،E J٥ J٥F ، E J٥ J٥F  ‫א‬  K E J٥ J٥F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE J٥ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
m m m m
S D S D
m m
D D
b m b m
c S c S
m a m a d
d
S S
m m
D D
m m D m m
D S D S
 
 E٤ J٥F
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
X m X m
ks
ac
Cr
m m
Y Y
Cr
ac
ks
m
X
m
Y
 
 E٥ J٥F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢.٢.٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٢
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٣
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬ E٧{٦FE٦ J٥F  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF ‫א‬  K         EF ‫א‬  
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   E٥{٧ F ‫א‬   
 KE١ J٥F
 
1m
 
 
 
  d/2
B  
 
d/2
 
 
 
L  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٥F
 
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
L
X Y
Beam A
45°
2X
Beam B
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٥F
 
 E١ J٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬β،α‫א‬
L/2x 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
 α 0.667 0.725 0.769 0.803 0.829 0.853 0.870 0.885 0.897 0.908 0.917
 β 0.500 0.554 0.582 0.615 0.642 0.667 0.688 0.706 0.722 0.637 0.750
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZW
 K‫א‬‫א‬ZL
 KZX
 W
 (Equivalent coefficient for moment)‫א‬‫א‬Zα
 (Equivalent coefficient for shear)‫א‬‫א‬Zβ
 W
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zα ×w ×x
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zβ ×w ×x
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  F ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KEα‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KE٢ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 E٢ J٥F
0.5 0.667 L/2 1

L
0.5 0.5 2
From
=
table 3
0.5 0.667 4
0.5 0.333 5
= 0.5 6
From
=
table 7
Take = 1/2x for
  one trabizoidal
 E١ J٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٨ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E J٨ J٥F‫א‬KE J٨ J٥F
 W
 KE٣L١{٢‫א‬F٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬KE J٨ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬K٣{٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 KB2‫א‬‫א‬B1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
1 2 3 4
A A
m
6.00
B B
m
6.00
C C
5.00 m 4.00 m 5.00m
  1 2 3 4
 E J٨ J٥F

 
1 2 3 4
G2
A A
S2
m
6.00 B2 S2 S1 m B2
0.2
B B
G1
m B2 B1 B1 B2
6.00 S2 S2
0.4 m S1
C C
G2
5.00 m 4.00 m 5.00 m
1 2 3 4
 
 E J٢ J٥F
 
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
h2 ( clear height )
 
 E J٢ J٥F
 
 ‫א‬
 B2،B1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 E٩ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬B1‫א‬‫א‬
 
2.00 2.00
G1
G2 2.50 2.50 G2
6.00 m 6.00 m
B1
w t t/m
G2 G1 G2
B1
E٩ J٥F
 
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 Wt on beam B1 = loads from slab + o. w. of beam

 Loads on slab:
Assume t s = 12 cm = 0.12 m
O.W. of slab = 0.12 × 2.5 = 0.30 t/m2 = 3.0 KN / m2
O.W. of flooring = 0.15 t/m2 = 1.5 KN / m2
L.L = 0.30 t/m2 = 3.0 KN / m2
Total load on slab = 0.75 t/m2 = 7.5 KN / m2
Slab s1 is 4 × 6 m
r1 = 6/4 = 1.5
α1 = 0.853 and β1 = 0.667 (from table 5-1)
Slab s2 is 5 × 6 m
r2 = 6/5 = 1.2
α1 = 0.769 and β1 = 0.582 (from table 5-1)
Beam B1 has two equal span = 6.0 m
Assume b =20 cm
And t = span / 10 = 60 cm
 W
 W‫א‬B1‫א‬‫א‬(working loads)‫א‬
W α = total working load for moment
= 0.853 × 0.75 × 4/2 + 0.769 × 0.75 × 5/2 + 0.2 (0.6 – 0.12) × 2.5 = 2.96 t/m 
 W‫א‬B1‫א‬‫א‬(working loads)‫א‬
W β = total working load for shear
= 0.667 × 0.75 × 4/2 + 0.582 × 0.75 × 5/2 + 0.2 (0.6 – 0.12) × 2.5 = 2.33 t/m 
 K‫א‬B1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ B2‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬G1(Main girder)‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 
 E١٠ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬B2‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
2.50 2.50
col col col

6.00 m 6.00 m
B2
w t/m
t
col col col
B2
E١٠ J٥F
Loads on slab:
Assume t s = 12 cm = 0.12 m
O.W. of slab = 0.12 × 2.5 = 0.30 t/m2
O.W. of flooring = 0.15 t/m2
L.L = 0.30 t/m2
Total load on slab = 0.75 t/m2
Slab s2 is 5 × 6 m
r2 = 6/5 = 1.2
α1 = 0.769 and β1 = 0.582
Beam B2 has two equal span = 6.0 m
Assume b =20 cm
And t = span / 10 = 60 cm
Loads from wall:
= 3.0 – 0.6 = 2.4 m‫א‬‫א‬H wall =
W wall = γ b × t w + o.w. of plaster = 1.2× 0.2 + 0.05 = 0.29 t/m2
 W
 WE‫א‬)B2‫א‬‫א‬(working loads)‫א‬
W α = total working load for moment
= 0.769 × 0.75 × 5/2 + 0.2 (0.6 – 0.12) × 2.5 + 0.29 × 2.4 = 2.38 t/m
WE‫א‬FB2‫א‬‫א‬(working loads)‫א‬
 
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
W β = total working load for shear

= 0.582 × 0.75 × 5/2 + 0.2 (0.6 – 0.12) × 2.5 + 0.29 × 2.4 = 2.38 t/m
 
 :B2،B1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 J٥FE١١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FB1‫א‬E١
 E١٢
2.33 t/m
Load for shear
6.00 m 6.00 m
0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4

K ( Shear factor)
q
8.4 t
5.6 t
S.F.D Q=K * w L
q
B
5.6 t
8.4 t
 
 E١١ J٥F
 
2.96 t/m
Load for moment
6.00 m 6.00 m
-24 -9 -24 K
+11 +11 m ( moment factor)
2
w L= 11.84
-4.44 9 - 4.44
2
B.M.d M= wL /Km
  9.7 9.7
 E١٢ J٥F
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 WE‫א‬FB2‫א‬E٢
W β (for shear) = 1.74 t/m
W α (for moment) = 2.22 t/m
 
 KB2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 
WDesign of R.C. Sections of Beams‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٥

 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       K ‫א‬
‫א‬    K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٥F‫א‬
 
  
 E١٣ J٥F
 
‫א‬(Deflection)‫א‬‫א‬A-B‫א‬E١٤ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 WEB-B‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EA-A‫א‬F
 
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 E١٤ J٥F
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬E١٥ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬KE١٥ J٥FE١٥ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬      K ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
    T       ‫א‬   
E١٥ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
KE١٥ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 
b
A-A B-B A-A

T
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 E١٥ J٥F
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٥ J٥‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 E١٥ J٥‫א‬‫א‬FT‫א‬‫א‬TE
L‫א‬ (L-shaped)L ‫א‬‫א‬
K(L-Section)>
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٤{٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Linear) ‫א‬  E١
KE١٦ J٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  f c   ‫א‬ ‫א‬        
Kf s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
ft
d
+
d
-
fc
Stress diagram Strain diagram
 
 E١٦ J٥F
 
‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(M)
W‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
M
  (5-1) d = k 1
b
 W
‫א‬‫א‬(Depth of R.C. Sec.)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zd
 EE١٧ J٥F&E١٦ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬F
    (f c)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        Z k1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬(f s)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZB
 f s,bf c f cuE٥

- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬W
f cu = 250 kg/cm2 , f c = 80 kg/cm2 and f s = 1400 kg/cm2
So, k1 = 0.253 , k 2= 1185  
 E١ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬‫א‬E٦
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬As‫א‬ E٧
 
M
(5-2) A =
s
k 2
× d

From figure (5-21)
t = d +d′
Where; d′ = 3 + Ø /2 + (2.5 + Ø /2) × (n-1)
 K‫א‬ZnW
 W٢٠ZØ،‫א‬Z(n)‫א‬‫א‬
d′ = 3 + Ø /2 ≈ 4 cm.
KE١٧ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
fc
t d
+
d
b fs / n
 
 E١٧ J٥F
 
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F LT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٤{٥

 L‫א‬T‫א‬I‫א‬∏‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٨ J٥‫א‬FL‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K T    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 (Floor) K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KL‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (B)‫א‬‫א‬
 WL‫א‬T
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬
T E
 
B = 12 ts + b
Or B = L/3 (for simple beams) (5-3)
Or B = L/4.5 (for continuous beams)
 
 LE
B = 4.5 t s + b
Or B = L/6 (for simple beams) (5-4)
Or B = L/9 (for continuous beams)
t sK٨K‫א‬Z
LK‫א‬‫א‬Z
 
 
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
M M
B B
ts ts
d d
As As
bO bO
T - section L - section
 
 E١٨ J٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Maximum B)‫א‬‫א‬W
KE١٩ J٥F
 
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
C C
L S L
S S
m
6.30
L sec T sec
bo
L sec
C C
L L
 
 E١٩ J٥F
 
 WLT‫א‬
 WT
E‫א‬F‫א‬  (Z)‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٥F
‫א‬F ‫א‬     (Z) ‫א‬      E٢
KT‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٠ J٥FE
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
B B
ts z ts
z
d t t
bO bO
 
 E٢٠ J٥F
 

W‫א‬‫א‬ (neutral axis distance (z))‫א‬‫א‬
 
M
 Z = 0 . 14 (5-5)
B
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ BK B‫א‬ (r)‫א‬ 

WK‫א‬‫א‬Br
 
 Br= r × B (5-6)
B/b0&ts/z‫א‬K(r)‫א‬E٣ J٥F‫א‬
 
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
(Br=r.B) (r)‫א‬E٣ J٥F

ts/z
B/b0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
2.0 1.0 1.0 .98 .96 .92 .88 .82 .76 .68
2.5 1.0 .99 .98 .95 .90 .85 .78 .70 .62
3.0 1.0 .99 .97 .94 .89 .83 .76 .67 .57
3.5 1.0 .99 .97 .94 .89 .82 .74 .65 .54
4.0 1.0 .99 0.97 .93 .88 .81 .73 .63 .52
5.0 1.0 .99 0.97 .93 .87 .80 .71 .61 .49
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
M
d = k 1
B r
 :k1‫א‬W
 
f c′= 0.75fc 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ f cW
 K(t)‫א‬‫א‬
T = d + d′ 
W‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
M
A =
s
k 2
× d

 Kf s , (f c′)‫א‬E١ J٤F‫א‬k2W
‫א‬‫א‬ (shear stress)‫א‬‫א‬ (Check)‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬LT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬(L)‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٥
: Shear stress‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٥
(q)  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ (shear forces (Q)) ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬(Diagonal Tension)(T)(shear stress)
 KE٢١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬q‫א‬
 
Q
q = Kg / cm2
0 . 87 × b × d
 
T
q
q q
q
E٢١ J٥F
 
 W‫א‬
 K٢L٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E١
١٨  E   F        E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢L
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 :‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٥{٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KE١٣ J٥١١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬K(Shear force diagram) (S.F.D)‫א‬‫ א‬E١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
Q
q =
max 0 . 87 × b × d

 q maxK (Linearity)‫א‬ Q qW
 K(Face of column)‫א‬‫א‬
K(7kg/cm2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 KE٢٢ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q
S.F.D
Q
By concrete
q
st
7 kg/cm
q = 1: 1 q
st 3 2 max Ab
q
max
 
E٢٢ J٥F
 
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 Kq max½⅓‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
n × Ast × f
I.e. q stirrups =(⅓: ½) q max = s
b× s
 K(No. of branches of stirrups)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZnW

 K(Area of bar of one branch of stirrups)‫א‬ZA st
 (A st = 0.503 cm2)W٨‫א‬
 K٢L١٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬Zf s
 (breadth of beam)‫א‬ Zb
 K‫א‬Zs
 
W‫א‬‫א‬(A sb)‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 
A × b
A sb
= b
f s
Where; A b = area from diagram of shear stress.

 
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K٦{٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬B1‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
Design data:
L= Effective Span =6.0 m
Q max. +ve = 8.4 ton
Q max. – ve = 5.6 ton
M max. –ve = 11.84 t.m.
M max. +ve = 9.7 t.m.
Assume f cu = 250 kg/cm2
f c = 90 kg/cm2
f s =1400 kg/cm2
Therefore: Q Design = 8.4 ton
At Sec. 2-2 M –ve = 11.84 t.m.
At Sec. 1-1 M +ve = 9.7 t.m.
From table k1 = 0.233
k2 = 1171
Design of Sec. 2-2 (Slab lies in Tension zone)
So design as a rectangular Sec.
5 5
M × 10 11 . 84 × 10
d = k 1
2
= 0 . 233 = 56 . 7 cm
b 20
Take: t = 60 cm
d act. = 56 cm
5 5
= M × 10 2
=
11 . 84 × 10
= 18 . 06
2
A cm
s
k ×d 2 act
1171 × 56
Take 6 Ø 20 mm (18.8 cm2)

Check on section 1-1 (slab is in compression zone)
So design as a T section
B (breadth of flange) is taken the least of:
B = 12 t s + b = 12 × 10 + 20 = 140 cm
Or B = L/4.5 = 600/4.5 = 133.33 cm
Or B = ¢ :¢ =450 cm
I.e. B =133.33 cm
- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
6
M 9 .7 × 10
And Z = 0 .14 + ve
= 0 .14 = 11 .94 cm
B 133 .33
Z > t s > 10 cm
So: the sec. is actually T sec.
f c′ = 0.75 f c = 0.75× 90 = 67.5 kg/cm2
Take f c′ = 70 kg/cm2
I.e. k1= 0.279
k2= 1200
d act.= 56 cm
M × 10
5
9 .7 × 10 5
As at sec .1 = 1
= = 14 .43 cm 2
k ×d
2 act
1200 × 56
Take 5 Ø 20 mm (15.7 cm2)
8.4 t
sec 2 x
3.6 m 2.4 m
45°
q 255
max q 5.6 t
st
7 kg/cm
8.62 kg/cm Ab
 
E٢٣ J٥
 Check of shear:
 
8 . 4 × 10 3
q = = 8 . 62 kg / cm 2 > 7 kg/cm2
2 max . 0 . 87 × 20 × 56
Take stirrups 2 branches 5 Ø 8 mm/m

- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
n × Ast × f 2 × 0.503×1400 1 1
q = s
= = 3.52 = ( : ) q
st b× s 20× 20 3 2 2 max.
= A ×b = × b
b
= (45 ×
8.62 − 3.52 + 7 − 3.52
)×
20
= 2.28 cm
2
A bent
f A f b
2 1400
s s
Take 2 Ø 20 mm (6.28 cm2 for more safety)

 KB1‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٧{٥
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
 
B1
 
 B1‫א‬E٢٤ J٥F
 
2Φ18  
٦Φ٢٠
 
 
 
‫ آﺎﻧﺎت‬Φ
 
 
  ٢Φ٢٠
5Φ20
 
‫ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ اﻟﻜﻤﺮة‬  

‫ﻓﻮق اﻟﺮآﻴﺰة‬
 
 B1‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٥ J٥F
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K٣٥٠H٣٠{٤H٣٠{٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬٢٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 ٢L٢٥٠
 K٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F٣٥L٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬٤L١‫א‬٥L١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬٧L١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧
 K٣٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨
‫ א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬٤L١‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠
 
 E٣٥L٢٤F‫א‬
 
    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
   L٨Ø٥  ١٦Ø٢   J ١٦Ø٢  ١
   L٨Ø٥  ١٨Ø٢ ٢٠Ø٢ ٢٠Ø٢  ٢
   L١٠Ø٦  ٢٠Ø٢ ٢٥Ø٣ ٢٢Ø٣  ٣
   L١٠Ø٦  ٢٥Ø٢ ٢٢Ø٥ ٢٢Ø٥  ٤
- ٩١ -
‫א‬
‫ א‬‫ א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 •
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬١{٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬          K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W(Braced and un-braced column) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{١{٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (Shear walls)‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢ J٦F‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Shear wall A and B)‫א‬ Y ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬ F ٥‫א‬K ٨ ← ١ X ‫א‬
 KX‫א‬(un-braced)Y‫א‬(Braced) 
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 E٢ J٦F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢{١{٦
(λ i = He/ i)‫א‬(λ b=He/b)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZiW
i = 0.3b for rectangular section
i = 0.25 D for circular section
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬bW
 
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٦F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 λ i  λb λb
 ٥٠  ١٢  ١٥  
 ٣٥  ٨  ١٠  
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬•
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢{٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
   ‫א‬ F K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    (٢
KE‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٢{٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
KE٣ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬K(Y)‫א‬(X)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (B-3) ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬   E٢
K(A)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 E٣ J٦F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(B-3)‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
 KEA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
Therefore; total load P of each floor is equal to:

P = W slab ×A + weight of beams + weight of walls + own weight of column
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
Where;
W slab = t s × 2.5 + weight of flooring + Live Loads.
If t s = 12 cm,
Weight of flooring = 150 kg/m2 and Live Loads = 300 kg/m2
So, W slab = 0.12 × 2.5 + 0.15 + 0.3 = 0.75 t/m2
Weight of beams = b × t × 2.5 × ∑ L beams
KE٢٠ZF‫א‬Z b W
K(t = span / 10: 14) ‫א‬Z t  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (A)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z ∑ L beams
K
Weight of walls = γ wall × h wall ×t wall × ∑ L walls
 K‫א‬Zγ wallW
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z h wall
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Z t wall
‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  Z ∑ L 
walls
  KE‫א‬
For example;
If γ wall = 1.2 t/m3;
t wall = 0.2 m ;
∑ L walls = 6.0 m ;
h wall = 2.4 m ;
And, own weight of plaster = 50 kg/ m2 = 0.05 t/m2
i.e., Weight of wall = (1.2 × 0.2 + 0.05) × 2.4 × 6.0 = 4.176 tons / floor
Own weight of column / floor = b c × t c × 2.5 × h c
Where;
 E٠{٦F٠{٦←٠{٢Z‫א‬Zb c
 ٢{٠←٠{٢٥Z‫א‬Zt c
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zh c
 WPc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pc = total vertical load on column = N × Pc/floor
 K‫א‬‫א‬ZNW
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZPc/floor
 W
‫א‬  E‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬       
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ٪ ١٠ ±       ‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣{٦
 
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
   K ‫א‬  ‫א‬    EF  
Ke min.‫א‬‫א‬
e min = 0.05 t or 20 mms (Whichever is bigger)
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
P = fc0 × Ac + 0.44 f y ×A sc (6-1)
 W
 KEE٤ J١F‫א‬‫א‬Kf cu FZfc0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZAc
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zf y
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZA sc
 A sc = 1% ×AcW‫א‬µ = A sc/Ac = 1%‫א‬
E١ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  W
 K‫א‬
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٦
‫א‬   ٪ ٠{٨  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٪ ٠{٦‫א‬
 KE١ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(λ i)‫א‬(λ b)
‫א‬   ٪ ١  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١{٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٤ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٦ •
 K‫א‬E٤
 K١٢‫א‬E٥
 K٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
K ٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٢٥
 KE٤ J٦F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F  ١٥  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KEF٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٤ J٦F
- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨
 KE١٥FE
 K٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K٨¼E٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠
‫א‬  K ٣    K ٨  ‫א‬     E١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬٤٠‫א‬‫א‬E١٢
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W٥{٦
W‫א‬K١٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 ‫א‬٣Z‫א‬‫• א‬
 K(36/52)‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K٢L٢٥٠Z(f cu)‫א‬ •
 
 ‫א‬
Assume: µ (total steel ratio) = 1% ;
f co = 60 kg/cm2 (for f cu =250 kg/cm2)
And f y = 3600 kg/cm2
i.e., applying in equation (6-1)
So 100×1000 = 60×Ac + 0.44×0.01×Ac×3600 = 75.84 Ac
Ac = 1318.56 cm2
b = breadth of column = 25 cm; Take
1318 . 56
So t = = 52 . 74 cm
25
Take t = 60 cm
A sc = 1% ×25×60 = 15 cm2
Choose 8 Ø 16 mm
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W٢
W‫א‬K150Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬4Z‫א‬‫• א‬
 K(36/52)‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K٢L300Z(f cu)‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬
Assume: µ (total steel ratio) = 1% ;
f co = 70 kg/cm2 (for f cu =300 kg/cm2)
And f y = 3600 kg/cm2
i.e., applying in equation (6-1)
So 150×1000 = 70×Ac + 0.44×0.01×Ac×3600 = 85.84 Ac
Ac = 1747.43 cm2
d = diameter of column = 50 cm; Take
π × (50 )2
So Ac = = 1962 . 5 cm 2
4
A sc = 1% ×1962.5 = 19.62 cm2
Choose 8 Ø 18 mm =20.4 cm2
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ٦{٦
 
 K١ ‫א‬E٥ J٦F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬E٥ J٦F
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫ ﺳﻢ‬٥٠
٨Φ١٨  
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٦F
 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W3
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٦F‫א‬
 (C5 ; C6)٦W٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (C5 ; C6) ٦W ٥‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٦F
 
 ‫א‬
 W
 (L.L = 200 kg/m2)‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬ •
٧٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٩٠Z‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬FA5‫א‬(C5)٥‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬FA6‫א‬(C6)٦‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٨ J٦F
For column (C5):

• Slabs:
W slab = t s× γ c + flooring + L.L
= 0.1×2.5 +0.15 + .200 = 0.6 t/m2
Area (A5) = (3.0 + 1.0) ×(3.5/2) = 7 m2
∑ loads from slabs = 0.6×7 + (0.12 -0.1) × 2.5× (3.5/2) ×3 = 4.463 tons
- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
• Beams:
∑ L (of Beams) = (3.5/2) + 1 +3 +1 = 6.75 ms
O.W. of Beams = 0.2× (0.7 – 0.1) ×2.5 = 0.3 t/m
∑ loads of Beams = 6.75 ×0.3 = 2.025 tons.
• Walls:
γ wall = 1.2 t/m3
O.W. of wall = 0.2 ×1.2 +0.05 (Plaster) = 0.29 t/m2
∑ L (of Walls) = 1 + 3 + (3.5/2) +1 = 6.75 ms
h wall = 2.9 – 0.6 = 2.3 ms
∑ loads of walls = 6.75 ×0.29×2.3 = 4.5 tons.
• Columns: assume column dimension = 20 × 60 cm

O.W. of column = 0.2 ×0.6 ×2.5 ×3 = 0.9 ton
Total load P on column C5 = (Pc5)
Pc5 (per one floor) = 4.463 + 2.025 + 4.5 + 0.9 =11.888 tons
Pt = 11.888 × 6 = 71.328 tons = 72.0 tons
For column (C6):

• Slabs:
W slab = t s× γ c + flooring + L.L
= 0.1×2.5 +0.15 + .200 = 0.6 t/m2
Area (A6) = (2.5/2 + 2.0) × (3.5/2 + 3.5/2) = 3.25 × 3.5 = 11.375 m2
∑ loads from slabs = 0.6×11.375+ (0.12 -0.1)×2.5×(3.5/2)×3.25 = 7.11 tons
• Beams:
∑ L (of Beams) = (2.5/2) + 2 +3.5/2 +2.5/2 +3.5/2 = 8.0 ms
O.W. of Beams = 0.2× (0.7 – 0.1) ×2.5 = 0.3 t/m
- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
∑ loads of Beams = 8.0 ×0.3 = 2.4 tons.
• Walls:
γ wall = 1.2 t/m3
O.W. of wall = 0.2 ×1.2 +0.05 (Plaster) = 0.29 t/m2
∑ L (of Walls) = 8.0 ms
h wall = 2.9 – 0.6 = 2.3 ms
∑ loads of walls = 8.0 ×0.29×2.3 = 5.336 tons.
• Columns: assume column dimension = 20 × 70 cm
O.W. of column = 0.2 ×0.7 ×2.5 ×3 = 1.05 ton
Total load P on column C5 = (Pc6)
Pc6 (per one floor) = 7.11 + 2.4 + 5.336 + 1.05 =15.896= 16 tons
Pt = 16 × 6 = 96 tons
Design of column C5:
Assume: f c0 = 60 kg/cm2 for f cu = 250 kg/cm2;
f y = 3600 kg/cm2 and A sc= 1 % Ac
So; Pc5 = Ac × fc0 + 0.44× A sc× f y
72×1000 = 60 × Ac + 0.44×0.01×Ac×3600
= 60 Ac +12.32 Ac = 75.84 Ac
Ac = 72000/ 75.84 = 949.3 cm2
Take b = 20 cm
i.e. t = 949.3 /20 = 47.4 cm
Take column section = 20 × 50 cm
Area of required steel reinforcement (A sc) = 1/100 × 20×50 = 10 cm2
Take 6 Ø16 mm (A sc = 12.1 cm2)
Use stirrups 5 Ø 8 mm/m
. C5 ‫( واﻟﺬي ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻗﻄﺎﻋًﺎ ﻋﺮﺿﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬٩-٦) ‫اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
C5‫א‬E٩ J٦F
Design of column C6:

Assume: f c0 =60 kg/cm2 for f cu = 250 kg/cm2;
f y = 3600 kg/cm2 and A sc= 1 % Ac
So; Pc6 = Ac × fc0 + 0.44× A sc× f y
96×1000 = 60 × Ac + 0.44×0.01×Ac×3600
= 60 Ac +12.32 Ac = 75.84 Ac
Ac = 96000/ 75.84 = 1265.8 cm2
Take b = 20 cm
i.e. t = 1265.8 /20 = 63.3 cm ≈ 70 cm
Take column section = 20 × 70 cm
Area of required steel reinforcement (A sc) = 1/100 × 20×70 = 14 cm2
Take 8 Ø 16 mm (A sc = 16.1 cm2)
Use stirrups 5 Ø 8 mm/m
KC6‫א‬  ‫א‬E١٠ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 C6‫א‬E١٠ J٦F
 
 
- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٦F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ (C1-C2-C3-C4-C7) ٧– ٤– ٣– ٢– ١‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬K ٧٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٢{٩٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
K‫א‬ (C1-C2-C3-C4-C7) ٧– ٤– ٣– ٢– ١‫א‬  E٢
(36/52)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K٢L300Z(f cu)‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٠ -
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   E٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 •
W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٧
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫ א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Shallow  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K foundation
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KDeep foundation‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K (Strip footings)‫א‬‫א‬ (١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K(Spread footings)‫א‬‫א‬ (٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       K (Combined footings) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬
K
- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
    K ‫א‬  K (Raft foundations) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(D f)‫א‬(q all.)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
P =
P  (7-1)
T
1−
γ a
× D f
q all
 
 K‫א‬ZPW
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZPT
 KE٣L٢٠Z٣L٢ZF‫א‬‫א‬Zγ a
 K‫א‬ZD f
 (Gross allowable bearing stress of the soil)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zq all 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬PT‫א‬
 
‫א‬   K‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   E١ J٧F  ‫א‬ K ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Two Way Footings ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
- ١١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 One Way Footings‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E


 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٧F
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(L - l) = (B - b) (7-2)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
A = L × B = PT/q all (7-3)
Or q all = P T / (L × B) (7-4)
- ١١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬  B ، LE3 J٧F،E2 J٧F 

 KE١ J٧F‫א‬PTKE٥F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬PT
K(B,L)‫א‬‫א‬PTK
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J٧F
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬KE٢ J٧F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Section a -a:
⎡ ⎛ L − l ⎞2 2
⎤
M =
P
⎢b ⎜ ⎟ / 2 + (B − b )⎛⎜ L − l ⎞⎟ / 3⎥
A ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
- ١١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
(7-5) M =
P
(2 B + b )(L − l )2
24 × A
Section a′- a′:
(7-6) M =
P
(2 L + l )(B − b )2
24 × A
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Section a -a:
(7-7) M =
P
(L − l )2 / 8 
L
(7-8) M =
P
(B − b )2 / 8
B
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   KE6 J٧F ، E5 J٧F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WQ b‫א‬
 
Fn=P/A (7-9)
W‫א‬‫א‬Q b
For section a -a:
Q b =¼ (B + b) (L - l) × F n (7-10)
For section a′- a′:

- ١١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
Q b =¼ (L + l) (B - b) × F n (7-11)
 Punching Depth ‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢ J٧

   (L × B) ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (l × b)  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K(Direct Shear)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢L٨q P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE3 J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬˚٤٥‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
Q = P − Fn ⎜ b + d ⎟ × ⎜ l + d ⎟ (7-12)
P
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
QP
qP =
2 d (l + b + 1 .33 d )  (7-13)
 
 
- ١١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
E3 J٧F
 WW3 J٧
 ١
K ١{٠‫א‬K ١٠٠ ٤٥ × ٤٥
 E١٨ø٨‫א‬F٢L١{٧٥‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 
 E٤ J٧F
- ١١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
Footing Dimensions:
P 100
P = = = 112 . 9 ton
T γ × D 2 ×1
1 − a f
1 −
q all 17 . 5
A = 112.9 / 17.5 = 6.452 m2
B= A = 2.54 = 2.55m
Concrete Sections:
M=
P
(2B + b)(L − l )2 = 100 2 (5.1 + 0.45)(2.55 − 0.45)2 = 15.683m.t
24 × A 24 × (2.55)
Q b =¼ (B + b) (L - l) × F n =¼ (2.55 + 0.45) (2.55 -0.45) × 15.38 = 24.221 ton
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
Q = P − Fn ⎜ b + d ⎟ × ⎜ l + d ⎟
P
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
15 . 683 × 10 5
But d = 0 . 313 × = 49 cm
(45 + 20 )
Take d =50 cm & t = 55 cm
100 ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
so, Q P = 100 − 2 ⎜ 0 . 45 + × 0 . 5 ⎟ ⎜ 0 . 45 + × 0.5 ⎟ = 90.564ton
2.55 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠
QP 90 . 564 × 10 3
qP = = = 5 . 78 kg / cm 2
2 d (l + b + 1 . 33 d ) 2 × 50 (45 + 45 + 66 . 7 )
M 15.68 × 10 5
As = k 2 × d = 1217 × 50 = 25.75cm
2
Choose 13 Ø 16 mm
Q 24.221× 1000
q = = = 8.57 < 10kg / cm2
b 0.87 × d × ∑ o o o o 0.87 × 50 × (13π × 1.6)
Footing is 2.55 ×2.55 ×0.55 (13 Ø 16 in each direction)
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J٧
- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  E٥ J٧F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 E٥ J٧F
 
- ١٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W٢
 ١٥٠ K ١٦ Ø ١٢E٧٥ × ٣٠F
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٢L ٢{٠‫א‬‫א‬
 KEq p = 8 kg/cm2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬
 
W‫א‬
 
A = P / F all.net = 150 / 20 = 7.5 m2
Take B=2.5 m;
i.e. (L - l) = (B - b)
L = (2.5 – 0.30) + 0.75 = 2.95 m
Choose L = 3.0 m , B = 2.5 m
 i.e. L x B = 3 x 2.5 = 7.5 m2
 
 E٦ J٧F
 
- ١٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
M a−a =
P
(2 B + b )(L − l )2 = 150 (5 . 3 )(2 . 25 )2 = 22 . 36 t .m
24 × A 24 × 7 . 5
M a ′− a ′ =
P
(2 L + l )(B − b )2 = 150 (6 . 75 )(2 . 2 )2 = 27 .225 t .m
24 × A 24 × 7 . 5
Q b a-a =¼ (B + b) (L - l) × P/A = ¼ × 150/7.5(2.8) (2.25) = 31.50 ton
Q b a′-a′ =¼ (L + l) (B - b)× P/A = ¼ × 150/7.5(3.75) (2.2) = 41.25 ton
Concrete Sections;
22 . 360 × 10 5
d = 0 . 313 × = 66 . 16 cm
(30 + 20 )
t = 70 cm
M 22.360 × 105
As = k 2 × d = 1217 × 65 = 28.24cm
2
Choose 15 Ø 16 mm
M 27.225 × 10 5
As′ = k 2 × d = 1217 × 63 = 35.5cm
2
Choose 18 Ø 16 mm
41.25 × 103
qb = 0.87 × d × ∑ o o o o = 0.87 × 63 × (18π × 1.6) = 8.36 < 10kg / cm2 (Safe)
Q
Q p = 150-20(0.3+0.44)(0.75+0.44) = 132.4 ton

QP 132 . 4 × 10 3
qP = = = 5 . 04 < 8 kg / cm 2 ( Safe )
2 d (l + b + 1 . 33 d ) 2 × 65 (75 + 30 + 97 )
- ١٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 E٧ J٧F
 
- ١٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K١٨φ١٢٨٠×٣٠E E١
‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ٢L ٢{٤  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K  ١٨٠ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
K ٢٢ φ ١٢ ٣٥× ٣٥ E E٢
١{٥ ٢L ٣{٠٠‫א‬K ٨٥ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬
 
 
 W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K٢L٨q P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬١٢٥‫א‬ E٣
K٥{٠٣{٠‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 
- ١٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٨
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{١{٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ١٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬WE١{٨F
 
KWE٢{٨F
- ١٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 KWE٣{٨F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ٤W١ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
12
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤{٨F٣٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 
- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
   
 
 
 W
  H  H ZD
6 8
 
  2H  H ZB
3 2
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٤{٨F
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{١{٨
 
‫א‬EheelF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  cantilever wallW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 counterfort wallW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
- ١٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
cantilever wallW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥{٨F
 


 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥{٨F
 
 
K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    E٦{٨  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 H F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ H ٣٠K‫א‬
12 24
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E H 
10
 
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ١٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
   
 
 
 
 W
  H ZD
12
 
  2H  H ZB
3 2
  
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٦{٨F
 
 
 counterfort wallW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬
 KE٧{٨F،
K‫א‬‫א‬WE٧{٨F
- ١٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫ א‬٢{٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎡1 − Sinφ ⎤
  P = W .H .K a = W .H ⎢1 + Sinφ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬WW
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WH
 KE١{٨F‫א‬‫א‬WΦ
 K‫א‬‫א‬WKa
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
P.H
P=
2
 K‫א‬‫א‬٣L١
- ١٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{٨F
Φ‫א‬‫א‬  E٣LF‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
 ٣٧  ١٥٠٠  
 ٣٥  ١٧٠٠  
 ٣٢  ١٩٠٠  
 ٢٤–١٦  ٢١٠٠  
 ٤٨  ١٨٠٠ J١٦٠٠  ‫א‬
 ٤٥  ١٩٠٠ J١٨٠٠  ‫א‬
 ٢٠ J١٧  ٢٠٠٠ J١٩٠٠  ‫א‬
 ٥٠  ١٧٠٠  
 ٤٥  ١٨٠٠  
 ١٥  ١٩٠٠  
 ٤٥–٣٨  ١٨٠٠  
 ٣٥–٢٦  ٢٣٠٠  
 ٣٨  ٢٣٠٠  
 ٣٥  ١٧٥٠  
 
 W١
‫א‬ ٣L ١{٥‫א‬ ٣٠‫א‬‫א‬ ٥{٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
⎡1 − 0.5 ⎤
  P = 1.5 × 5.0⎢ = 2.50 
⎣1 + 0.5 ⎥⎦
 
2 .5 × 5 .0
 P = = 6.25 
2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WS‫א‬‫א‬ P
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K X ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EToeF‫א‬
 X =
∑M
∑W
 W
 KEToeF‫א‬‫א‬W ∑ M
 K‫א‬‫א‬W ∑W
 
B=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬e‫א‬
B
 e = −X
2
 K B e‫א‬
6
 
- ١٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ١{٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٢{٠٠‫א‬
 
  FSL =
∑ resisting. forces
f 1.5
∑ driving. forces
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬٢{٠٠‫א‬١{٥٠‫א‬
 
M
  Fov = M ≥ 1.5
St
OV
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬W M St
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W M OV
 
 W٢
٧{٥٠‫א‬ ٢L ١{٥٠‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٥٠‫א‬
K٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣L١{٧‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
+0.00
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
B =4,5 m
 K١{٢٥Z‫א‬
 W‫א‬E١
  K a = ⎡⎢1 − Sinφ ⎤⎥ = 1 / 3
⎣1 + Sinφ ⎦
- ١٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
1
  Kp = =3
Ka
⎡1 − Sinφ ⎤
  P = W × H × Ka =W ×H ×⎢ ⎥
⎣1 + Sinφ ⎦
 Pa1=1.5x(1/3)x7.5=3.75 t/m
Pa2=(1/2) x1.7x(7.5)2x (1/3)=15.94 t/m
Pp=(1/2) x1.7x(1.5)2x (3)=5.74 t/m
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ZPp 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 
W1= 1.5x2.6 +(6.85x2.6x1.7) = 34.177 t/m
W2= 0.3x6.85x2.5 = 5.138 t/m
W3= 0.35x6.85x2.5/2 = 2.997 t/m
W4= 0.65x4.5x2.5 = 7.313 t/m
ΣV = 34.177 + 5.138 + 2.997 + 7.313 = 49.625 t/m
 
  Wall Stability W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ΣM/Toe W‫א‬‫א‬
ΣM/Toe = (34.177x3.2) + (5.138x1.75) + (2.997x1.48) + (7.313 x2.25)+
 (5.74x0.50)-(3.75x3.75)-(15.94x2.5) = 142.118 – 53.913 = 86.22 t.m/m.
 
 
 (over-turning)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
  Fov = M St
=
∑ Re sisting.Moment = 142.17 = 2.635 ≥ 1.5
M OV ∑ Overturning.moment 53.913
O.K.
:e‫א‬
88.22
X= = 1.78m
49.625
  e = B − X = 4.5 − 1.78 = 0.47 p B = 4.5 0.75

2 2 6 6
O.K.
ΣM/base = ΣV x e = 49.625 x 0.47 = 23.324 tm/m.

‫إﺟﻬﺎد ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻘﺪم‬
49.625 23.324 × 6
f toe = + = 11.03 + 6.91 = 17.94t / m 2
4.5 (4.5)2
‫إﺟﻬﺎد ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻜﻌﺐ‬

49.625 23.324 × 6
f heel = − = 11.03 − 6.91 = 4.12t / m 2
4.5 (4.5)2
 
 W(Sliding)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Driving Force = Pa1 + Pa2 = 3.75 + 15.94 =19.69 t/m

Resisting Force = Pp + V tan Φ = 5.74 + 49.625 x 0.5774 = 34.39 t/m.
FSL =
∑ resisting. forces = 34.39 = 1.75 f 1.5
∑ driving. forces 19.69
- ١٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
OK
Design of Stem:
 
 K٦{٨٥Z٠{٦٥–٧{٥٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦{٨٥‫א‬stem‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
WEarth Pressure W‫א‬
PD = (1.5 x1/3) + (1.7 x 1.725 x 1/3) = 0.5 + 0.977 = 1.477 t/m2.
PC = (1.5 x1/3) + (1.7 x 3.45 x 1/3) = 0.5 + 1.955 = 2.455 t/m2.
PB = (1.5 x1/3) + (1.7 x 5.15 x 1/3) = 0.5 + 2.918 = 3.418 t/m2.
PA = (1.5 x1/3) + (1.7 x 6.85 x 1/3) = 0.5 + 3.881 = 4.381 t/m2.
 Shear ForceW‫א‬
VD = (0.5 x 1.725) + (0.977 x 1.725 x 1/2) =0.862 + 0.843 = 1.705 t.
VC = (0.5 x 3.45) + (1.955 x 3.45 x 1/2) =1.725 + 3.372 = 5.097 t.
- ١٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 VB = (0.5 x 5.15) + (2.918 x 5.15 x 1/2) =2.575 + 7.513 = 10.089 t.

VA = (0.5 x 6.85) + (3.881 x 6.85 x 1/2) =3.425 + 13.292 = 16.717 t.
Bending Moment W‫א‬

0.5 × (1.725) 2 ⎛ 0.977 × 1.725 1.725 ⎞
 MD = +⎜ × ⎟ = 0.744 + 0.484 = 1.228 t.m
2 ⎝ 2 3 ⎠
0.5 × (3.45) 2 ⎛ 1.955 × 3.45 3.45 ⎞

t.m. M C = +⎜ × ⎟ = 2.975 + 3.878 = 6.853
2 ⎝ 2 3 ⎠
0.5 × (5.15) 2 ⎛ 2.918 × 5.15 5.15 ⎞

t.m. M B = +⎜ × ⎟ = 6.630 + 12.900 = 19.530
2 ⎝ 2 3 ⎠
0.5 × (6.85) 2 ⎛ 3.881 × 6.85 6.85 ⎞

t.m. M A = +⎜ × ⎟ = 11.730 + 30.356 = 42.086
2 ⎝ 2 3 ⎠
Section A:

And f s = 1400 kg/cm2 (mild steel 37—24/35)
k 1= 0.313 and k 2 = 1217
Eb=100cm.F١{٠‫א‬EdF‫א‬‫א‬
 
42 , 086 × 100000
  d = k1
M
= 0 . 313 = 64.21 cm.
b 100
Take t = 70.0 cm
d act. = t – cover = 70.0 – 5 = 65.0 cm.
  W‫א‬‫א‬
M ×105 42.86×105
As = k2 × d =
1217× 65
= 54.18 cm2/m
  Choose 12 Ø 24 mm/m (54.24cm2/m)
- ١٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
Section B:
19 . 530 × 100000
d = 0 . 313 = 43 . 74 cm.
100
t = 60.0 cm
d act. = t – cover = 60.0 – 5 = 55.0 cm.
M ×105 19.55×105
As = k2 × d =
1217× 55
= 29.20 cm2/m
Choose 12 Ø 20 mm/m (39.6 cm2/m)

Section C:
6 . 853 × 100000
d = 0 . 313 = 25 . 91 cm.
100
t = 50.0 cm
d act. = t – cover = 50.0 – 5 = 45.0 cm.
M ×105 6.853×105
As = k2 × d
=
1217× 45
= 12.51 cm2/m
Choose 6 Ø 20 mm/m (19.8 cm2/m)

Check: As min = 0.25% Ac = 0.25/100 ×70×100 = 17.5 cm2
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٨{٨F
- ١٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
8 16
6 20
8 13 8 13
12 20
8 19 12 24
+0.00
8 16
6 19
+
6 22
6 24 8 16 6 22
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٨{٨F
- ١٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬W٢{٨
 ١٦  ١٩  ٢٢  ٢٠  ٢٠  ٢٤  EFΦ
 ٨  ٨  ٦  ٦  ١٢  ١٢  
            
 
 ٧٢٠  ٣٠٠  ٩٩٠  ٦٦٠  ٣٠٠  ٣٦٠ EF
   
 

 
 
- ١٤٣ -
 ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
 (References) ‫א‬‫א‬
 
1) BS 8110 – 1985
2) CP 110 , 1972
3) Jack C. McCormack ˝Design of Reinforced Concrete˝ Fourth Edition
Copyright © 1998 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
4) James G. Macgregor ˝Reinforced Concrete – Mechanics and Design˝
Third Edition © 1997 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬˝‫א‬K E٥
 K‫א‬ J‫א‬˝‫א‬
K١٩٩٥‫א‬١٩٨٩˝‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ ˝א‬E٦
7) M. Hillal ˝Fundamentals of reinforced and pre-stressed concrete˝ Dar El-

Nashr Cairo 1992.
8) Reynolds, C.E and Steadman, J.C ˝Reinforced Concrete Designers˝
Handbook 9th Edition. -1981.
9) Robert Park and William L. Gamble. ˝Reinforced Concrete Slabs˝
Second Edition John Wiley & Sons Inc 2000.
10) Shaker El-Behairy, ˝Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook˝ Part I , II
and III Fifth Edition Dar-El-Nashr-Cairo 1998.
 
 ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١  ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J١
٤  ‫א‬W٢ J١
٤  ‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢ J١
٤  ‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٢ J١
٤  ‫א‬W٣ J١
٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J١
٤  ‫א‬W١ J٤ J١
٥  ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٤ J١
٦  ‫א‬W٣ J٤ J١
٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٤ J١
٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J١
٨  ‫א‬W١ J٥ J١
٩  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٥ J١
١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٥ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١١ ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
١٢  ‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢
١٢  ‫א‬‫א‬W١ J١ J٢
١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J١ J٢
١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٢
 ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
١٦  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٢
١٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٣ J٢
١٦  ‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٣ J٢
١٦  W٢ J٤ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٩  ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٣
٢١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٣
٢١  W١ J٢ J٣
٢١  ‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٢ J٣
٢٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٣
٢٣  ‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٣
٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J٣
٢٩  W٦ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٢  ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٤
٣٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٤
٣٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٤
٣٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٤
٣٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٤ J٤
٣٩  ‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٤ J٤
٣٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٤ J٤
٤٠  W٤ J٤ J٤
٤٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J٤
 ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٦  ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
٤٧  W١ J٥
٤٧  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٥
٤٩  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢ J٥
٥٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٢{٥
٥٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٥
٥٨   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥
٥٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٤ J٥
٦١  L&T‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٤ J٥
٦٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J٥
٦٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٥ J٥
٦٨  W٦ J٥
٧٠  ‫א‬ W٧ J٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
٧٣  ‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٦
٧٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{١{٦
٧٤  ‫א‬‫א‬٢{١{٦
٧٥  ‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٦
٧٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢ J٦
٧٧  ‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٦
٧٧  ‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٦
٧٩  W٥ J٦
 ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
٨٠  K‫א‬‫א‬W٦ J٦
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٨٧  ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
٨٨  ‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٧
٨٨  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٧
٩٢  ‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢ J٧
٩٣  W٣ J٧
٩٥  K‫א‬‫א‬ W٤ J٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٩٩  ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٨
١٠٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J١ J٨
١٠٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J١ J٨
١٠٥  ‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٨
١٠٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٨
١١٦  (References) ‫א‬‫א‬
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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

Door Beam joist

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E

0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004

Φ Weight Area of Cross-Section in cm2

0.85 cu 0.85 cu 0.85 cu cu cu

0.85 cu 0.85 cu 0.85 cu co cu

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 (Slab Dead load)‫א‬‫א‬١{١{٢

‫א‬ ٢L ٢٥٠ J٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 γ wall = 0.75:1.0 t/m3   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١

،K ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

U = 1.4 D + 1.7 L (2-1)

 Dead Loads ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZD

U = 1.5 (D +L) (2-2)

U = 1.4 D + 1.7 (E + L) (2-3)

 ‫א‬ B2  B1‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ١ 

Flooring (‫א‬) = 0.15 t / m2 = 1.5 kN / m2

Live Loads (L.L.) (‫א‬‫ = )א‬0.20 t/m2 = 2.0 kN / m2

Flooring (‫א‬) = 0.20 t / m2 = 2.0 kN / m2

Live Loads (L.L.) (‫א‬‫ = )א‬0.30 t/m2 = 3.0 kN / m2

 ‫א‬‫א‬: ‫א‬‫א‬ J١

Over hanging beam Simple slab or beam

continous slab or beam

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  W W١ J٢ J٣

Knife edge support

 :(Straining Actions)‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٣

 E J٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬٠{٥Z (shear factor) ‫א‬ZK q

 E J٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬ ٨Z(moment factor)‫א‬ZKm

 WOver Hanging Slab or Beam‫א‬‫א‬E٢

w1 = D.L + L.L (t/m) D.L

Case of max -ve M B.M.D

 E٨ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬(moment factor)‫א‬ZKm

 E٩ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬ (shear factor) ‫א‬ZK q

 E١٠ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬٠ (shear factor) ‫א‬ZK q

 (D.L+L.L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zw t 

 E١٢ J٣FE١١ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬(moment factor)‫א‬ZKm

0.45 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

-24 -10 -12 -12

+10 +12 +12

-24 -10 -12 -12

+12 +16 +16

E١٢ J٣FE١١ J٣F‫א‬

loads & B.M at section s-s

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W(Hollow Block Slabs)‫א‬‫א‬E٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣ J٤F

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٤F‫א‬

 t min.. =B/30 ‫א‬ E١

m One - way slab

Flooring (‫א‬) = 0.15 t / m2 = 1.5 KN / m2

Live Loads (L.L.) (‫א‬‫ = )א‬0.20 t/m2 = 2.0 KN / m2

Total Loads (wt) (‫א‬‫)א‬ = 0.60 t / m2 = 6.0 KN / m2

Bending Moments (‫א‬)

Choose 7Ø10 mm/m (5.5cm2/m)

loads & B.M at section s-s

Choose 7 Ø 10 mm/m (5.5cm2/m)

Choose 8 Ø 10 mm/m (6.28cm2/m)

 F‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ (Loop of loading)E ٢

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ D‫א‬ e d

0.5 0.667 L/2 1