Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure - Volume 3

DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES First Edition-2008 Volume 3 Mashhour Ghoneim Mahmoud EI-Mihilmy Lares Pla ee Coy ogee eg att) Concrete Structures fori MUU Cairo UniversityDESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES PED CU emt Ue Ug Features Reflects the very latest Egyptian Code provisions (ECP 203- 2007) and includes all major changes and additions. Numerous illustrations and figures for each topic. Good theoretical background for each topic with code provisions. Extensive examples in each chapter utilizing SI units. All examples are worked out step-by-step ranging from simple to advanced. Full reinforcement details for every example. = Numerous design charts. Volume 3 covers the following topics: Reinforced Concrete Frames, Arches and Arched Slabs Design of Deep Beams and Corbels Deflections of Reinforced Concrete Members Crack Control of Reinforced Concrete Members Design of Shallow Foundations and Pile Caps Design of Raft Foundations Strut-and-Tie Model for Reinforced Concrete Members Fundamentals of Prestressed Concrete Flexural Design of Prestressed Concrete Members Shear and Torsion in Prestressed Concrete Analysis of Continuous Prestressed Beams aes a Cha Ced a] AT-MDESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Volume 3 Mashhour Ahmed Ghoneim Professor of Concrete Structures Cairo University Mahmoud Tharwat El-Mihilmy Associate Professor of Concrete Structures Cairo University First Edition 2008 First Pri 1 September 2006 Second Print: September 2007PREFACE Teaching reinforced concrete design, carrying out research relevant (0 the behavior of reinforced concrete members, as well as designing concrete structures motivated the preparation of this book. This volume is considered part of a series of books that covers the subject of Reinforced Concrete Design. The success and the positive feedback that we have received from our students and colleagues have provided the inspiration for us to proceed with volume three. Due to the numerous changes in the provisions of the 2007 edition of the Egyptian Code of Practice ECP 203, the publication of this volume became more of a necessity than mere addition. ‘The first vol _.e covers the fundamentals of reinforced concrete design and the design of beams whereas the second volume focuses primarily on the design of slabs, columns and frames. This third volume covers the following topics: ‘+ Arches, Special Types of Frames and Vierendeel. ‘+ Deep Beams and Corbels. + Control of Deflections and Cracking. ‘+ Design of Shallow and Deep Foundations. + Strut-and-Tie Model. * Prestressed Conerete. Numerous illustrative examples are given, the solution of which has been supplied so as to supplement the theoretical background and to familiarize the reader with the steps involved in actual design problem solving, To ensure the accuracy, all of the examples in this book are solved and verified using EXCEL, spread sheet programs that were prepared exclusively for this book. In writing the book, the authors are conscious of a debt to many sources, to friends, colleagues, and co-workers in the field. Finally, this is as good a place as any for the authors to express their indebtedness to their honorable professors of Egypt, Canada and the U.S.A. Their contributions in introducing the authors to the field will always be remembered with the deepest gratitude. ‘The book is aimed at two different groups. First, by treating the material in a logical and unified form, it is hoped that it can serve as a useful text for undergraduate and graduate student courses on reinforced concrete. Secondly, as a result of the continuing activity in the design and construction of reinforced concrete structures, it will be of value to practicing structural engineers. The authors strongly recommend that the Code be utilized as a companion publication to this book.TABLE OF CONTENTS = 41. ARCHES, SPECIAL TYPES OF FRAMES AND TRUSSES 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Reinforced Conerete Arches 1.2.1 General 1.2.2 Design of the Arch with a Tie. : 1.2.3 Layout of a Hall Covered by Arched Girders. 1.3 Saw-tooth Roof Structures. 1.3.1 North Direction Normal to the Span. = 13.1.1 Frames as the Main Supporting Elements 13.1.2 Arches as the Main Supporting Elements 1.3.2 North Direction is Parallel to the Span 1.3.2.1 Frames as the Main Supporting Elements. 144 Vierendeel Girders E : = 1.5 Expansion and Settlement Joints. 1.5.1 Expansion Joints 1.5.2 Settlement Joints 1.6 End gables ‘Example 1.1: Structural system for workshop. [Example 1.2: Structural system for car maintenance workshop. Example 13: Structural system for medical faci Example 1.4: Structural system for textile factory Example 1.5: Structural system of a factory Example 1.6: Arch with a Tie Example 1.7: Frame with the north direction is normal 0 span. Example 1.8: Frame with north direction is parallel to the span... 1.7 Arched Slab Systems wn... 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Steuetural system of the Arched Slab... 1.7.3 Structural Analysis of Arched Slabs 1.73.1 Circular Arched Slabs ... 1.7.3.2 Parabolic Arched Slabs .. Example 1.9: Circular arched slab. Example 1.10 Parabolic arched slat2, DEEP BEAMS AND CORBELS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Deep beams 2.2.1 General. 2.2.2.1 The Empirical Design Method 2.2.2.2 Design Using the Strut and Tie Method. 2.2.3 Detailing of Other Types of Deep Beams. 2.2.3.1 Bottom Loaded Deep Beam 2.2.3.2 Continuous Deep Beam: 22.3.3 Deep Beam Supporting Another Deep Bear 2.3 Shear- Friction Concept. 24 Short Cantilevers (Brackets or Corbels) Example 2.1 Example 2.2 3. CONTROL OF DEFLECTIONS 3.1 Introduction. . 3.2 Load-Deflection Behavior of RC Beams. saree 243 3.3 Moment of Inertia of RC sections. 3.3.1 Gross moment of inertia ... 3.3.2 Cracked Transformed Moment of Inet 3.33 Effective moment of inertia J, .. 3.4 Code Provisions for Control of Deflections.. '34.1 Limiting Deflection by Span-Depth Ratio (Approach One 3.4.1.1 Beams and One-Way slabs... 3.4.1.2 Two-way slabs. 3.4.2 Caleulation of Deflection (Approach Two) 3.4.2.1 Calculation of Immediate Deflection .. 3.4.2.2 Long Term Deflection 3.4.2.3 Permissible Deflections.. 3.4.2.4 Deflection of Continuous Beams ... Example 3.1. Example 3.2. iti 4, CONTROL OF CRACKING 4,1 Introduction... 4.2 Reasons for Controlling Crack Widths 4.3 Types of Cracks .. 44 Development of Cracks due to Loads 4.5 Crack Control in the Egyptian Code 4.5.1 Categories of structures 4.5.2 Satisfaction of Cracking Limit Stat 4.5.3. Code Related Provisions... 4.6 Liquid Containing Structures... 47 Design Ald for Calculating Example 4.1 Example 4.2 Example 4.3 Example 44 5. DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS 5.1 Introduction 304 5.2 Types of Foundations... 325 5.3 Soil Pressure under concentrically Loaded Footings 328 5.4 Soil Pressure under Eccentrically Loaded Footings Example 5.1 = 5.5 Gross and Net Soil Pressures Example 5.2 5.6 Design of Isolated Footings ‘5.6.1 Introduction... 5.6.2 Design Steps Example 5.3, 5.7 Combined Footings ne Example 5.4: Combined footing with Example 5.5: RC combined footing resting dirty ‘on soil. 5.8 Strap Footings : Example 5.6 5.9 Raft Foundations... 5.9.1 Introduction. 5.9.2 Conventional Rigid Method. 5.9.3 Analysis of the Raft Using Computer Programs .. 5.9.3.1 Modeling of the Ratt. 5.93.2 Modeling of the soil 5.9.3.3 Analysis of the Computer Output. ‘Example 5.8: Raft using the Conventional methodExample 5.9: Raft design wsing computer analysis 5.10 Design of Pile Caps... 5.10.1 Introduction... 5.10.2 Pile Cap shapes. 5.10.3 Design of Pile Caps.. '5.103.1 Design Using the conventional Method 5.1.3.2 Finite Element Analysis of Pile Caps... 5.10.3.3 Design using The Strut and Tie Method .. Example 5.10 : Example 5.11. Example 5.12.. 6, STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Principle of B and D Regions 6.3 Components of the Strut-and-Tie Model 6.4 Design of the Struts. . ‘64.1 Idealization ofthe Strut. 6.4.2 Strength of Un-reinforced Struts. 6.433 Strength of Reinforced Struts 6.5 Design of Ties... : 6.5.1 Strength of the Tie 6.5.2 Anchorage of Reinforcement. 6.6 Design of Nodal Zones . ‘6.6.1 Types of Nodal Zones.. 6.6.2 Strength of Nodal Zones. 6.7 Applications Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 7. INTRODUCTION TO PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Systems of Prestressin; 7.2.1 Pretensioned Concrete 7.2.2 Post-tensioned Concrete 7.3 General Design Principle. 7A Materials 7.4.1 Concrete 7.4.2 Non-presiressing Reinforcement. v 7.4.3 Prestressing Reinforcement... 7.5 Losses in Prestressed Members... 7.5.1 Introduction... 75.2 Anchorage Sli 7.53 Elastic Shortening Losses(©) 7.5.4 Wobble Friction Losses (W), 7.5.5 Curvature Friction Losses (F). 7.56 Shrinkage Losses (sh).. 7.5.7 Creep Loss (CR) 7.58 Steel Relaxation Losses (R). Example 7.1: Calculations of losses for a pre-tensioned beam. Example 7.2: Step by step computation of losses in post-tensioned beam....548 7.6 Anchorage Zones... 7.6.1 Introduction... 7.6.2 Stress Distribution. 7.6.3 Methods of Analysis 7.6.3.1 Strut-and-Tie Method 7.63.2 Beam Analogy... 7.6.3.3 Finite element method... Example 73 Example 7.3 Example 7. 8. FLEXURE IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS 8.1 Introduction 572 8.2 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Members Under Service Loads SB 8.2.1 General _ 5B 8.2.2 Allowable Concrete and Steel Stresses 8.2.2.1 Allowable Steel Stresses .. 8.2.2.2 Allowable Concrete Stresses. 8.2.3 Calealations of Stresses at Transfer. 8.2.4 Calculations of Stresses zt Full Service Loads. 8.2.5 Summary..... Examole 8.1 conn Example 8.2 Example 83 Example 84 Example 8.5 8.3 Flexural Strength of Prestressed Beams 8.3.1 Introduction... —— 83.2 Calculations of the Ultimate Moment Capacity 62 575 575 oe 582 5838.3.3 Calculation of Prestressing Steel Stress at Ultimate fps......614 8.3.3.1 Calculation of fps in bonded tendons. : 8.3.3.2 Calculation of fps for unbonded tendons 8.3.4 Maximum Limits for the Areas of Prestressing and non- prestressing Reinforcing Steel revn Example 8.6: Mu using the approximate equation (I-section). Example 8.7: Mu using the approximate equation (T-section) Example 8.8: Mu using the approximate equation (R-section) Example 8.9: Mu using the strain compatibility metho« 8.4 Combined Flexure and Axial Loads . 8.4.1 Stresses at service loads... 8.4.2 Capacity at ultimate loads... Example 8.10: Strain compatibility method for combined flexure and axial load.. 643 8.5 Proper Beam Shape Selection. 649 8.6 Limiting Eccentricity Envelopes. 650 Example 8.11: Upper and lower envelopes 653 8.7 Determination ofthe Prestressing Force and the Eccentricity in Flexural ‘Members Example 8.12: Determination of P and e combinations Example 8.13: Determination of P and e combinations. 8.8 Reduction of Prestressing Force Near Supports 8.9 Deflection of Prestressed Beams. 4 8.9.1 Introduction. 8.9.2 Calculations of Example 8.14 Example 8.15 Example 8.16 SHEAR AND TORSION IN PRESTRESSED CONGRETE BEAMS 9.1 Introduction 700 9.2 Shear in prestressed Beams. 701 9.2.1 Inclined Cracking, 701 9.2.2 Bifect of Prestress... 702 703 703 9.2.3 Shear Strength According to ECP 203 . 9.2.3.1 Upper limit of Design Shear Stress qumax... 9.2.3.2 Shear Strength Provided by Concrete qcu. 105 9.2.4 Shear Reinforcement Calculations. 72 Example 9.1: Shear design using the simplified procedure... 715 Example 9.2: Shear design using the detailed procedure ..n.nu-720 9.3 Torsion in Prestressed Concrete. 9.3.1 General... 913.2 The Design for Torsion inthe Egyptian Code. 9.3.2.1 Introduction . 9.3.2.2 Calculation of the Shear Stress due to Torsion ........729 93.2.3 Consideration of Torsion. 9.3.24 Check the Adequacy of the Concrete Section. 93.25 Design of Torsional Reinforcement 9.3.2.6 Code Requirements = ‘9.4 Combined Shear and Torsion, 9.4.1 Introduction... 9.4.2 Design for Shear and Torsion in ECP 203. 9.4.2.1 Consideration of Torsion 9.4.2.2. Adequacy of the Concrete Cross-Section. 9.4.2.3 Design of Transverse Reinforcement. 9.4.2.4 Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement. Example 9.3: Combined shear and torsion design(1). Example 9.4: Combined shear and torsion design(2) 10 .CONTINUOUS PRESTRESSED BEAMS 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Tendon Profile for Continuous Beams. 10.3 Blastic Analysis of Continuous Beams... 10.3.1 Bffects of the Prestress. 10.3.2 Support Displacement Method 103.2.1 Background Example 10.1 Example 10.2... 10.3.3 Equivalent Load Method. Example 10.3, 10.4 Linear Transformation and Concordant Profiles. Appendix A: Design Charts for Sections Subjected to Flexure... Appendix B: Design Charts for Calculating Ler and We sen Appendix C: Slope and Deflection Equations... REFERENCES........ARCHES, SPECIAL TYPES OF FRAMES AND TRUSSES _ Photo 1.1 Arched reinforced concrete bridge. 1.1 Introduction This chapter presents the use and design of reinforced concrete arches. and trusses as supporting elements of systems that cover halls having relatively large spans. It covers also the design and the construction of the saw tooth roofs in which the light from the windows is directly reflected by the roof inside the hall giving a uniform distribution of natural light.Choosing the most economical structural system depends on many factors such ‘as the type of soil, the architectural features of the building, and most femal I" importantly the span that needs to be covered. ‘Table 1.1 gives the suitable TOrETt COCO structural system according t0 the span of the hall (short direction). For example, simple girders are suitable for relatively short spans (7-10 m) while frames are appropriate for medium spans (12-25m). In contrast, arches and trusses are suitable to cover large spans. od L ‘Table 1.1 Choosing of structural system according to the span v" * Seo, AA ipestaeacn Span — | 2 simple beam subjected to uniform loads Simple girders 710m Frames Bm ‘Arch with ate 240m — certs compecsion Trusses 2040 m Vierendeel Systems 30-40 m - \ 14) bg 300-400 mea F Frame Spacing (2) ! Frame spacing im Roof Angle mae -3F ‘Column thickness: Os 1LHy ‘Secondary beam thickness | Frame spacing (8 —> 10) Post spacing 24m Post dimensions 200x200 mm Ridge beam thickness ‘ost spacing (8 —> 10) One should note the difference between Sec. A-A and Sec. B-B. At Sec. B-B the inctined simple beams and the roof slabs are at the level of the frame. At See. B-B, these elements are at the top level of the posts. As shown in Sec. C-C, the frames are connected together in the out of plane direction at three levels, namely at the girder level, approximately at mid-height of the column (frame leg) and at the level of the foundations where semelles are provided to-support the walls. Note: As the rain water is accumulated at the lowest point of the slab, it is essential to choose the shape of cross-section of the girder of the frame in the form of a Y-shape so that there is sufficient space for the rain water and the necessary slopes for the gutter. BFig. 1.6a Isometric for a frame system in which the north is perpendicular to the span 250500 Fra-case been _ ie > Frame Beoxis057 ‘cour eaxs2007 © © @ © Plan © Fig 1.60 No rth ight sa -tooth system (Frames) (Nort is normal to the span) 15(ouoa) (sormeay) w9}5Ks ROO Aes IMT ION pO'T “Sty a 30g (aoe ai as Tig pases Tues ob (qu09) (someay) wraysis yy00) Mus INT WION 99°] “Bh Vey 395 one Oe oognose) ‘ones twumog [ous a 7 ancora aS coco / ozxo0g, Wood abn Wed 7 16hes as the Main supporting Elements a 4.3.1.2 Arcl a all 28.0 ms wide and 36.0 ™ Jong in if so that a uniform general layout of dis covert’ 1.7 shows the Figure Tie fhe north is normal tothe Shoe direction an ie “Fepibution of natural Tight i wrovided. Reinforced cont arches are vtilized ak ig se the main supposing elements ‘rnd are arranged parallel (© the short direction 5B |] ¢ Ey of the hal r] ‘The statical system can be, summarized a8 follows: “sThe arches are arranged every 6,0 ms in order to obtain © ~ re onably economic Syste: jabs Jab consists of a system of One st tab System of inctined simply supported ‘s The inclined roof sl that are supported beams. ware mere ‘The inclined simply supported PRY are supported on the is aating, as compression Side and on the posts acting as tension yy on the arches supported. direct sane of the arch by the ABE beam. and are «The posts are connected in the I t See. C-C Fig. 1.6 ie North light saw tooth system (frames) ( 8) (cont.) bok PIC Footing sap 100mm) 1 21 Footrg rehed bridge Photo 1.4 A\ 18 19Fig. 1.7a Isometric for an arch system with north-light saw-tooth "Boe299eo9 eee 1028280. Plan Fig. 1.7b North-tight saw-tooth system (Arches) at(aoa) (sayaay) miaysds HyOOF-MwS INBT-WVION PLT “BL ooswng, ‘IeWSS 99S, 1 —>} |__| | | | | i f ed f (wuooex002) seg sbi Ae (ossxonz) 8 Tie Hepuc08s (wwoogxoge) g mee cxoxooe cowcse tee esr conone ed (au09) (saypay) mages qiooy-ses SH -INION 21°T “Bia W°V "208 wae TTTG sear oneTable 1.4 gives guide lines for choosing the dimensions ofthe system. ‘Table 14 Recommended dimensions for the frame sytem m aggested dimensions 1.3.2 North Direction is Parallel to the Span ‘The concept of having the main supporting elements arranged in the short — direction of the hall is still valid in case the north direction is parallel to the & Span) | span. Also, the windows have to be arranged to face the north direction. Ifthe Frame spacing ST me Frame spacing short direction is not more than about 20.0 ms, it is recommended to use frames. If, on the other hand, the short direction is more than 20.0 ms, it will be I Y-beam spacing 446m eta | Roofheight ‘beam spacing/2 [ Roof Angle (| 2ae-32" 1.3.2.1 Frames as thi Elements | ae eer aement | Column thickness @iop | (080 1.0) Figure 1.8 shows the general layout of a hall 22.0 ms wide and 27.0 ms long in which the north is parallel to the short direction and is covered so that a uniform distribution of natural light is provided. Reinforced concrete frames are utilized | Column thickness @bottom | (0.4 — 0.60) ty Secondary beam thickness | Y-beam spacing (8—+10) as the main supporting elements and are arranged parallel to the short direction ee of the hall a - ‘The statical system can be summarized as follows: Post spacing 24m | Post dimension 200x200 mam + The frames are arranged every 5.4 ms in order to obtain a Post dimensions 100200 5] reasonably economic system. | | Ridge beam thickness Post spacing (810) ‘+A system of horizontal continuous beams (called the Y- beams) is supported on the frames. | * The inclined roof consists of a system of one-way slabs that are supported on a system of inclined simply supported | beams. | ‘+ The inclined simply supported beams are supported on the posts at one side and directly on the Y-beam at the other side. * The posts are supported directly on the Y-beams and are connected in the plane of the Y-beams by the ridge beam. | ‘These posts can be assumed to resist axial forces only. Photo 1.5 Stadium during construction 24 25© © So © © ©(ous) (soureag) w9ys4s yp003-aus S-APAON PRT “Set 4 wonsag co ROTTS TROET OT c 1 = ongxose eae oo2xone 80d i 29 cgsxooz cosxooz eed oon eg 06 TaaeOT aS (quo) (soureaz) w9ysks_pOo}-MU: ON 98°F “SL Y-V woRseg Taper ‘Baeey ORE bie 1 uneo ‘uz Zia 281.3.2.2 Trusses as the Main Supporting Elements ‘Trusses in reinforced concrete are seldom used and their shape is generally chosen similar to those constructed in steel. One of the disadvantages of reinforced concrete trusses is that formwork of concrete and the detailing of reinforcement are complicated. However, in special cases of saw-tooth roofs in which the north is parallel to the span of the hall, the truss may give a convenient solution. Figure 1.9 shows the general layout of a hall 20.0 ms wide and 25.0 ms long in which the north is parallel to the short direction and is covered so that a uniform, distribution of natural light is provided. Reinforced concrete trusses are utilized as the main supporting elements and are arranged parallel to the short direction of the hall. ‘The statical system can be summarized as follows: ‘+ The trusses are arranged every 5.0 ms in order to obtain a reasonably economic system. ‘© A system of horizontal continuous beams (called the Y- beams) are supported on the trusses every 5.0 ms. ‘+ The inclined roof consists of a system of one-way slabs. At the location of the trusses, the slabs are supported on the diagonal members. Between trusses, inclined beams are provided to support the slabs. The inclined beams are simply supported at posts from one side and directly at the Y-bear from the other side ‘+ The posts are supported directly on the Y-beams and are connected in the plane of the ¥-beams by the ridge beam. ‘These posts can be assumed to resist axial forces only. 30 515.0:250m of ae 415.042 Plan Fig. 1.10a North-light saw-tooth system (Truss) (Noth direction is parallel to the span) 31(Cquo.) (ssn) wroysAs MBOos-Mes IMB-MAON 9OT'T “BLL aa "98 dis cozranz Wod pulyeg ssruL ames OTIS none Deen 305 Tiago BROT (Cauos) (sen) wrays4s poo}-mes INSTEON GOTT SUL VV "Ss —— cscs g = lz eT ae hone ‘ploy WeHOR en ee ‘aqua UOBAG BORELSiab (160mm) Vertical ruse S0non beam Top choes 2080 Fidge boom a ‘Boar (2504500) {connecting corns) Feu Bottom chor Ybeam, ‘oa00x800 — x50 g Post ‘Samalle ‘250x500 PIG Feeting See. C-C ‘Fig. 1.10d North-light saw-tooth system (truss) (cont.) 34 Approximate Analysis of RIC Trusses Unlike steel trusses, reinforced concrete trusses are subjected to direct loading from the surrounding slabs. Moreover due to the rigidity of the members connecting bending moments are induced. Truss members are mainly subjected to normal force, and therefore bent bars are not. used in trusses and the reinforcement is distributed symmetrically ‘The intemal forces in the members of a truss are: 1- The axial forces due to the concentrated loads at the joints. 2- The bending moments and shearing forces due to the direct loads ‘on the members of the truss on which the slabs are supported, and 3- The bending moments and shearing forces due to the fact that in reinforced concrete trusses, the joints are partially rigid ‘The intemal forces can be obtained using the computer programs. It should be noted that the effect of the partial rigidity of the joints has to be evaluated. ‘The approximate dimensions of the truss can be obtained from Fig. 1.10. spa 36 a Fig. 1.10 Truss approximate dimensions 351.4 Vierendeel Girders Vierendeel girders are similar to trusses except that they do not have diagonals 4s shown in Fig. 1.11. Moreover the connecting joints are rigid such that they develop moment. Vierendeel girders are often used in transfer floors of high-rise buildings to support planted columns giving a wide space in the floor below as shown in Fig. 1.12. They also can be used in saw-tooth roofs when indirect sunlight is required as shown in Fig. 1.13a and Fig 1.13b. A Vierendeel girder consists of a top chord, a bottom chord and vertical ‘members. The system is externally statically determinate, while itis internally indeterminate. Internally, itis 3n times statically indeterminate, where n is the ‘number of panels. ‘The exact analysis of a Vierendeel girder is quite compticated. In the past, approximate solutions were used to calculate the force in the different members. Nowadays, computer programs are used to compute the straining actions. In Such a case, the members are modeled as 2D frame elements, while the joints are modeled as rigid joints that permit moment transfer among members. Top chord Ir _ 4s ‘OOOO coun ais Si Fig, 1.11 Vierendeel Girders 36 "By 8 PTE FFE oF rE : a) a 3 q ot. maa aE ee fr Fel Le ok. 5 ® | Plan Golan @ ——- = —— 090 aa Viergegeal cow, . «1205 Section A-A Fig 112 Vierendee! girder 37"Be PP PPE 9% o> i ag Oo--- R - @--+- — 44 se Be At Section AA @©--z-- all 7 3 4 ©--§-- = Sec. beam jrater Toasters Sa ale a8 bass wane | our vents || [| Passa o--+- ‘ = th a pe iia ay ol _ PC Fete 2 Section B-B Plan ' : Fig 1.13a Vierendeel girder | Fig.1.13b Vierendeel girder 38 | 3 9Summary Figure 1.14 gives guidelines for choosing the appropriate structural system when indirect light is needed according to the span and the direction of the north. 1.5 Expansion and Settlement Joints In the construction of reinforced concrete structures, two types of joints may be considered namely, expansion joints and settlement joints 1.5.1 Expansion Joints Expansion joints are provided to reduce the effect of temperature. Thermal effects induce additional straining actions that lead to additional reinforcement in the structural members. For example, continuous beams running over several spans are affected by the stresses induced due to temperature. The ECP 203 specifies the use of these joints when the dimensions of the building exceed 30- 35 m in hot regions and 40-45 in warm regions. Expansion joints are achieved by a complete vertical separation in the super- structure at the location of the joint. This is usually achieved by placing foam sheets with a thickness of 20 mm. No need, however, for separating the foundations at the location of the expansion joint as shown in Fig. 1.15. Expansion joints are made in such a way to prevent water and moisture from Penetrating the building by providing insulation material. The insulation ‘material is provided at roof level as shown in Fig. 1.16a as well as at the Aifferent floors levels as shown in Fig, 1.16b. It should be mentioned that the requirements of the ECP 203 can be waived if the designer carry out an analysis that takes into account the temperature effects. 40 7 | I$ s Z| |Y-beam, ig 2 a5 7 ' ptt < + | 1- Frame with Y-beam (L < 20m). 2 true (0-20 0n) ‘A-Main system parallel to the north ;-—_ sen LA ‘Seo 8-8 ‘Main system normal to the north Fig. 1.14 Choosing the appropriate structural system according to the span and the direction of the north 4- Frame (L <20 m), 6 5 stab ' 2 Arch witha to(L=20 - 40m) 1 i 7 “Fe .3- Vierendee! ( L=30 - 40m) 4Z g 3 £ 3| 3 ; a i wae ate 3 : 3 q 3 f3 z q 8 ag 3 z 8 q Zl i gi i H | 4 i 3g 3 —N_ 4g | — ag 3| e g 3 ? j i ql al séuypqyng uy ‘woysuedxg ST “Sty oxicos — et SS _ = 3 ty ToS at ue WSO eS | aie DOSEORS © © © © Oo © © o ¥. WoEOTS1.5.2 Settlement Joints ‘This type of joints is related to height rather than length. If the loads of two adjacent columns differ significantly, the differential settlement becomes large ‘and could affect the foundation. This is can occur in case of low rise building adjacent to high rise building as shown in Fig. 1.14. The footings in this case should be completely separated (20 mm apart) to allow the settlement of each column to take place independently Photo 1.6 Settlement joints is provided between low and high-rise buildings fee eee ge eee ee eee 1 . 1 | high rise i Setiment building [tarot tice wang |} stant oa Low tee tain etaka Section 1 Low te “Gum Caen Aettored Conroe conpressie ‘| ral ssvap foam Pain Conroe Pate roy roar at Detail-A Fig. 1.17 Settelment joint details. 454.6 End gables End gable consists of a group of columns supporting continuous beams instead of the typical frames used as the main system of the hall as shown in Fig. 1.15a. ‘The spacing between the columns is chosen in such a way that the area of the enclosed walls should not be more than 25-30 m?. This is to facilitate the construction of the brick wall, to reduce its buckling length, and to increase its capacity for resisting wind loads If a future extension of the hall is expected, another system is provided at the fend as shown in Fig. 1.15b. In such a case, a frame is used at the end of the hall, End gable consists of a group of columns that are connected to the frame by dowels to reduce their buckling length and to allow for possible future Gemolishing the wall. The length of the dowels should not be less than the development length of the steel bars (La) as shown in Fig. 1.15c. Moreover, compressible material should be provided to allow for the deflection of the secondary beam Photo 1.7 A multistory reinforced concrete building Wal oa | enone iE i } | coxrmn 3 oor Level ot L = pet I v [Semalie. Jin Concreto VES eenggose sec h-A | End gable r wartean_y/ Cob 4 A A jan (future extension is not sam 26m Detail ain ger ‘Main gi 4 1 i igi Wa ara Frame STMT sep jessom? Son 4 ‘End gable peso je] | \|osar| | counn | 1S| cag B Foo Lal a Se {someto, Piain Concrete. \\R.C. footit ‘ootg $0088 b-Plan (future extension is res Fig. 1.18 End gable details. aExample 1.1: Structural system for workshop = | Solution ‘The: riven below an ales ares Kshop that consists of a large hall dat A-Wrokshop a ms span. It is required to 8 a i ere jietural system for such a sueture lease artes bie Since the span of the hall is relatively large, and indirect lighting is required, {ghing required for the workshop while a horizontal oo is requted for hg RC frames are uilized as the main structural element. The spacing between the so imns are only allowed at the outside perimeter as well as line See a Ttem ‘Suggested dimensions | Chosen dimensions = b A re SpankiZ 14) = 167213 @ [Frame spacing | 7m Tm Frame height | Frame spacing? ‘| 25m ‘Column thickness 0.80 ty =0.80x13=L04S11m e ‘Secondary beam frame spacing (810) | =5mx1000/10 =500mm g Workshop § Post spacing im Im £ 2 8 Post dimensions 2005200 mam 200% 200 mm ° Ridge beam thickness | Post spacing (@>10) | = 2000/8 = 250mm B-Storage Area A simple girder spanning 8.0 ms is chosen for the storage area, The spacing 16m @m between these girders is taken the same as that between the frames (5.0m). Plan Secondary beams are provided to get reasonable slab dimensions (5.0 4.0 ms). Ginter depth = 52%. — 21009 _ 509 mm | 10 10 & TE] ‘The layout of the workshop is given in the following set of figures. 2 & Section 48 B(w-¥ 99g) tHaysKs IS QE EX “BE a we! oe! @ @*P © © @ @ (oosxosz) oo _ : = : : g il a = . tt 8 ‘coe pose) sur 92.00-160m I} + Fig. Ex.1-La Structural system (plan) (ooseo02) Reg wooeoseFigo beam Example 1.2: Structural system for car maintenance workshop f ‘The figure given below shows a car maintenance workshop that consists of a fd ‘main hall that spans 18.0 ms attached to an office area of 9.0 ms span. It is fequired to propose an appropriate structural aystem for such a structure. Ht ‘Columns are only allowed at the outside perimeter as well as on line ab. g se . i : fe ae |] e2 5 5g Sg ou C as = 2 a : u a 5 é L é 3 J z | g g 2 iy a : 2 Z H Skylight rt & ge a 2) Te al 3 Hy] 5 Sj @ ae : 7 i Se 2 9 Section levation 52 53Solution ‘A-Main Hall Since the span of the main hall is relatively large, RC frames are used as the main structural elements. Posts supported on the girder of the frames are utilized to support the skylight roof. ‘The spacing between the frames is chosen as 5.0m. Trem ‘Suggested dimensions | Chosen dimensions . Spal TISE=128 mw STS Frame spacing Tm om Frame height ( Frame spacing/2_—([ 25m [Column thickness [080% ‘| =0.80x13=104=1 ‘Secondary beam Beam Spani@—10) | =5mx1000/10=500mm Post dimensions 200x300 mm 200x200 mam B-Office area An inclined simple girder spanning 9.0 ms is chosen as the main supporting, element for the office area. The spacing between these girders is taken the same as that between the frames (5.0m). Secondary beams are provided to get reasonable slab dimensions (5.0 x3.0 ms). Span _9%1000 10 10 ‘The layout of the car workshop is given in the following set of figures. Girder depth = 100 mm 6x6.0-00m Beam Tens GOES 54 ig. Ex.1.2a Structural system (plan) 55 i i fa i 5 ae SI 8 ©} simple pede - 1 TT sno} 1 1 212250180 somExample 1.3: Structural system for a medical facility halls is 6.0m. It is required to suggest an appropriate structural system. ‘The figure below shows a medical facility that consists of two large halls ‘covered with horizontal roof. Hall (1) spans 18.0 ms while hall (2) spans 15.0 ms. Columns are only allowed on the outside perimeter. Clear height of the 6x2.00-16.0™m 15m ta Plan Section A-A A A = o g < 7 2] | 2 : | | Coton @ | lowed let a: 5 > E E 2 a gy 2 8 3 a se = 56 7Solution Hall (1) Since the span of the hall is relatively large, and north light is not required, frame system with secondary horizontal beams is chosen. The spacing between the frames is chosen as 5.0m, while the spacing between the secondary beams is taken as 3.0m, Tem Suggested dimensions | Chosen dimensions & Spanla—Ty = 18/1 31.28 m 2130m ‘Frame spacing | 47m 5.0m [Column thickness | 0.80 % =O80x13= 10421. Im Secondary team | Beam Spal) | Sea XTOGOTTO~SO Hall(2) ‘Item ‘Suggested dimensions | Chosen dimensions ~ @ Spanlkai) =IS/4= 107 m 21 Frame spacing | 47m 50m Column thickness | 0.80%, ‘Secondary beam | Beam Span/(@—+10) | =5mx1000/10=500mm Since columns are not allowed inside the halls, some of the frames of Hall (1) have to be supported on another frame that spans 15m, Such a frame is separated from the frame that constitutes a part of the main system of Hall (2) by an expansion joint. The expansion joint is needed since the length of the hall ismore than 40.0m. ‘The layout of the medical facility is given inthe following set of figures. 435.0-350 0 OG OOOO D ® | eed FT| Frame fsoac10) Column thickness | 0.807, = - i 80 x1 S=12 Post spacing Im 24m Secondary beam ondary be Beam span(8—10) | =Smx1000/10 =500mm [Post dimensions | 200x200 mm’ 7200%200 mam ‘Ybeat [Rid im Spank8) =4876=0.80 m Ridge beam thickness | Post spacing KE>10) | = 240078 = 300mm Post spacing im 24m 7 Post dimensions 2005200 min 2005200 mm ‘Since columns are not allowed inside the halls, some of the frames of Hall (1) Ridge beam thickness | Post spacing (810) | = 2400/8 = 300mm have to be supported on another frame that spans 15m. Such a frame is separated from the frame that constitutes a part of the main system of Hill (2) by an expansion joint. The expansion joint is needed since the length of the hall is more than 40.6m. ‘The layout of the factory is given in the following set of figures. 2 63Y-baam BI, Column_J” asarso0xe06 Maia Frame “4080071200 2000 Beam eons) Frame eorer Detail Coun “ooxeca/ 0 12.4519.20 5x4.8-24.00 Fig. Ex.1.4a Structural system (plan) ‘S00, beam Ridge beam lage beam Seo. boar eonesee) aan ‘Stab (100mm) Frame “ext 505 ‘column Walt beam BGR ——~ Wallbeam "250H500 wee= Sec. A-A Fig. Ex.1.4b Structural system (sections A-A.)Example 1.5: Structural system of a factory ‘The figure given below shows a factory to be constructed in 10% of Ramadan city. The factory consists of two floors. In the ground floor level, columns are only allowed along the outside perimeter as well as on line ab. However, the | first floor level must be free from inside columns and must have indirect lighting IL is required to propose an appropriate structural system for the factory and to show the details of such a system in plan and sections. $200 A) Sec. B-B ‘ig, Ex.1.4e Structural system (sections B-B ) 30m 66 Tom Tom Roof Ground floor plan amo g é \ 7 3 First floor « é Ground floor i} U | Section | 61 |Ai Structural System the First Floor ‘Since horizontal floor is required, a continuous frame system with secondary bbeams is chosen. The spacing between frames is taken as 6.0m on ea Sage Cisees Sioar PORE REHH EE dimensions fb FF wanton | § % SpanlI214) =16714=1.14 me - qi = — Frame spacing Im 0m @—tL. a = — Side Column thickness | Same as roof column | 15m Middle column thickness | 0.8%, Tom Secondary beam Beam spani(10—112) | =6mx1000/12 = 550mm Oo TE ——T — Roof ak bas Since the roof has a relatively large span and north lighting is required, an arch | | | ©—S}—~ ee = aa with ate is chosen as the main structural system. q Ttem ‘Suggested dimensions g toa Spanl5 s [oO tie walt 44 ‘Arch spacing im @—-+- ‘Arch height © Span 5 8) ag a8 es ag ae es Column thickness | span/20 . iS 8 ey ‘Secondary beam | Beam span/(8—10) Post spacing atm r Post dimensions 200200 mm i ~ — “The layout of the factory is given in the following set of figures. ot Fig, Ex.15a Structural system for the first floor (plan) Weert ©ef Ff c a if @—L. ‘® a —_____—4 gl L_ jzsouzon Fig. ExL.5 ¢ Sec. A-A pert rti ou | Io wos~ [ees hah cet |_| See. beam 1200800 2 | Fig. Ex.1.5b Structural system for the roof (plan) 70 aExample 1.6: Arch with a Tie Its required to design a saw-tooth structural system forthe factory shown in the figure below. The material properties are ..=30 Némmy” and f;=360 Nimm*. Live oad = 1.0 kNim? Lh Flooring load = 10 in? ‘Wind load = 0.7 KN/m* - ; tat ' i le HU Span =26.0m I i le ae fe 3 al A A g +] N : ® Hi a & § ' a 5 be OF a : a HS & Ly 3 ig i 2 rca eee a5 3 yi | 1] Plan le al TT {El ql a He i section B 2on re Hob ot ob ‘Solution ‘The span of the factory is relatively large (>20 m) such that the choice of a N = frame system leads to an uneconomical solution. Since the span of the factory is normal tothe north dition, an arch with a te i chosen as the main POPPE POPES e+ ++ _ + + _ +4 —_+—_ +1 structural system. | ‘Assume the following dimensions: oF Slab thickness ¢, = 120mm Ridge beam = (200 mm x 300 mm) ‘Secondary beam = (200 mm x 550 mm) © Post dit i = (200 200 mm) : non aie Span of the arch. =26m 1 ag span/25 =10m Girder (350 mm x 1000 mm) | 4 1 IS tie 0.5 tg 0.5m Tie (350 mm x 500 mm) ee T Spacing between arches = = 6.5m. A hob ow @ bob ot Secondary beams spacin; =2.60 - 4 4 i i i i it y cee eee Hob ob of toto ‘The rise of the arch equals (f)= 22% OF 6-8 g 3 3 o Choose the column cross section (350 mm x1300 mm) i eee eee ob ob bod eee Plan Fig. Ex.1.6a: North-light saw-tooth system (Arches) 4 i 5+ TeBeam 8” asaxsooy ‘Step 1: Design of solid slabs ‘Assume that the slab thickness f,=120 mm ‘The total dead load of the slab and flooring load are equal to: 1X7, + flooring =0.12%25+1.0=4.0 RN J? Be ‘The slab ultimate load w., equals, Wig, =1AX B, +L.6X py =14K4 + 1.61.07. RN Jn perce cto -—_—__}+___+__ 26m 26m See. A-A Asem Sauder A 7 SNOB See. beam i oes | ABT Post Loa woo Fea ows Te beam 250x500 ae ‘The slab is a one-way slab (2,6 m x 6.5 m) and continuous in the short alum direction, thus the maximum moment is given by: i sso ao ae eo = Wake 1226 497 pm 10 10 | —xsssesce — |} eres |r | ‘Assuming 20 mm cover, the effective depth d = 120-20 =100 mm = mi oh ity __ My __487x10° py o169 Faxbxd* — 30x1000x100" Pc Foning7 BIC Footing” Sonata ky + 20800 a Sec. B-B Fig. Ex.1.6b: North-light saw-tooth system (Arches) For small values of R, @ can be approximated by 1.2R. Thus, the reinforcement index 0.019 16 cr1000%100 = 166mm? Xxbx 30x 200250" 337x108 0.009 0108 30 2 a = 0.0108x-=>. x 200%250 = 45 mm A, = oxl2xb xd =0. - 0225s 4 9225409 995.259 =171 mm ifs 360 1.3A, 3x45 =58.5 mm* ‘Use 212 (226.2 mm?) 81Step 4: Design of post (200x200 mm) Posts in the arch with a tie system are subjected to tension or compression according to their locations as shown in the figure below “Tension post (2005200) ‘Tie @50x500) Secondary beam 200350 Step 4.1: Design of the compression post ‘The height of the post hp = the height of the rise — arch thickness/2 ~ tie thickness /2 as shown in figure, - ‘Arch (850x100) a Post (200x200) z| 4 tie 250x500) AX25X0,20%0.20%2.7! P,,, =14xy, xb xIxh, 85 kN ‘The load acting on the post results from the reactions of the ridge beam and the secondary beam Fo = Pay FBS candry beam) + P, (ridge beam) =3.85 +80.21+12.95 =97kN Since the factory has no special system for resisting the lateral forces, it is considered unbraced. The effective length factor k can be obtained from Table 6-10 in the code. The top and the bottom part of the column are considered case 1. Thus k=1.2, H, = kxh, =1.2%2.15=3.30 m ‘The slenderness ratio 2 is given as A 6.50 fe «OD Since 2. greater than 10, the post is considered long and additional moment is developed. 2 xt _ 1657x200 6 = 27.2 mm (note 6,, = 4) 2000 2000 = Ht =0.05%200=10 mm var of {POP =008 =20mm <6 ‘Thus the lateral deflection due to buckling is larger than the code minimum eccentricity. The post is subjected to axial force of P=97 KN and the additional ‘moment equals Mogg =P, x5 =97 x2 2 2 2.64 km 1000 My =M, + Mag = 042.64 = 2.64 EN B 971000 FaXbxt 30%200%200 08 My, 264x101 Fa. xbxt* ~ 30%200%200 Assuming thatthe distance from the concrete to the e.g. of the reinforcement is 15m 20 mm. Thus the factor ¢ equals “The ultimate self-weight ofthe post (200 x 200 mm) equals gata 2xcover _ 200-220 _ 9 9 : 200 82 8Using interaction diagram with uniform steel f;=360 N/mm’, and C=0.8 ‘The point is below the chart Use His Since the column is long the minimum reinforcement ratio Hnie equals Haig = 0:25-+ 0.052 A = 0.25 +0.052x16.5= 1.1% A, 200% 200 = 443 mm™ F Pg DE 100 ‘Choose (4412, 452 mm?) ‘Step 4.2: Design of the tension post (Hanger) “The reaction on the tension post (T) = o.w. + Reaction from secondary beam + Tie weight Tie weight =1.4xy, xbxt xpost spacing 4x25 x0.35x0.50x2.6 = 15.925kN Tie (350x500) T =3.85+80.21415.925=99.98 kN T___ 99.98x1000 F158 3601.15 =319 mm? Choose (4¢612, 452 mm’) Step 5: Design of the arch and the tie Step 5.1: Calculations of the loads ‘The total loads on the arch are the summation of the uniform and the concentrated loads. A: Uniform loads 1. own weight of the arch SLAXY, XbXt = 1.4X25x0.35%1.0 $12.25 kN Jn 2. own weight of the tie = LAX, xbxt = 1.4%25%0.35%0.5 = 6.125 ANI! B: Concentrated loads 1. reaction from the post = 97 kN 2. reaction from the secondary beam =P,=80.21 KN P, = Prog +P, =97 480.21 = 177-21EN + Mug =12.25+ 6.125 =18.375 KN It Secondary beam load tothe post ‘Secondary beam, P;.80.21 load to the de ‘To simplify the calculations of the bending moment, the concentrated loads on the arch can be replaced by a uniform load as follows: 9xI77.21 Loe, L 26 ‘The total uniform load on the frame equals 1.345 EN! 84 85Wy = Way + Weg = 18.375 461.345 = 79.72 Kim’ ‘The concentrated loads on the sides can be estimated by 0.6 P,=106.33 KN 10633 17.21 197.21 177.21 177.21 H7721 1772117721 A77A-17721- 106.33 a Ryael142.7 kN] ‘Equivalent load system and reactions ‘The reaction from the arch to the columns equals L 79.7226 2 Rg =0.6-P, + = 106.334 = 1142.7 kN 2 2 The total bending on the arch equals the simple beam bending moment w4L7/8, “The determination of the intemal force in the arch can be performed using a structural analysis program. As an approximation, the internal forces can be obtained as follows: 1. 95% of the simple bending moment is resisted by compression in the arch and tension in the tie because of the elastic deformation of the system, 0.95%M sroie _ 0.956736 _ 6399.5 828.4kN f 35 35 Arch Compression, C=1828.4 Post 8 Int=6399.5 KN E 6399.5 a we ‘Tension, T=1828. 2. 5% of the simple bending acts on the arch alone M, =0.05M gpyye = 0.05% 6736 = 336.8 kN. Step 5.2: Design of the tie (350x500) ‘The te resists only tension forces=1828.4 KN T___ 182841000 AS Fis 3607115 5840 mm? Choose 12425 (5890 mm?) — distributed uniformly Step 5.3: Design of main girder (380x100) Py=C=18284 KN M3368 kN “The section is subjected to a normal compression force and a bending moment. ‘The design interaction diagram is used for the determination of the reinforcement 86 87P, >____ 1828.4x1000 Fa.xbxi 30%350%1000 0.174 My, 336.8x10° FaXbxt — 30x350%1000 Assuming the concrete cover is 80 mm. Thus the factor ¢ equals ata 2xcover _ 1000-280 aoaaa 1000 Use an interaction diagram with fj=360 N/mm? ‘The intersection point is below the chart, use Hin (0.006) for compression member. A, = HXDXt = 0.006%350%1000 = 2100 mum? (Choose (8620, 2512 mm) Use 4620 at top of the arch and 420 at the bottom, ‘Step 6: Design of Columns ‘Step 6.1: Loads ‘The column is subjected to an axial load in addition to wind loads on the walls. A. Wind loads Assuming the extension of the column to the foundation is 1.0 m, the height of the column equals to: h =clear height +-extentionof the column to the foundation =7.5+1.0 =8.5 m = 0.84 ind C=0.8 (conservative). for both sides ‘The intensity of the wind load on the walls is given as 0.7 KN/m?. ‘Thus, the pressure on the walls equals to: 88 (windward side) (leeward side) 64 RN Im’ 18X0.1X6.5 “2%, spacing = 2.215 KNIm! W, = €,X qu Xspacing = 0.5%0.7X6: ‘The columns are tinked together with the arch-with-a-tie system. Such a system can be simulated by an equivalent link member subjected to either tension or compression. ar r 4 y —{ fea fia tH zt |¢ 3 i |g q 1m 10067, The system is once statically indeterminate. The unknown is the force in the link member. Using the principle of superposition, one can obtain the deflection at the end of each column as follows: 89wxht , Txh SET 3BI yxht Tx wy xh! SET SET O° SEL SEL Neglecting the axial deformation in the equivalent link member, the deflection of the first column A; must be equal to the lateral deflection of the second column Ao A=; wyxht | Txh? SE SET ‘Simplifying the terms gives the axial fore inthe link member (T). 2285 (2.2753.64) =-2.175 RN (compression) O85 5 -9.175)x8.5=113.0 Nm Ae 2.175)x8.5 = 100.67 EN.m B. Vertical Loads ‘The vertical loads on the column is the summation of the following: 1. Self-weight =14xy, xbx1xh =1.4%25%0,35x1.3%8.5 = 135.36 kV 2. Weight of the wall beams: two wall beams are provided as shown in the following figure. 2x1.4X7, xb xt Xspacing = 2X1.4x 25%0.25x0.6X6.5 = 68.25 kN 3, Wall load =14%7, XbXLX(h—2Xteat tam) 4x12 0.25%6.5x (8.5206) =199,29 LN 4, Arch load =Rach sh 96:33 4 29:72%26 35.36 + 68.25 +199,29 + 1142.7 = 1545.59 kN 6-P, + 142.7 kN 90, wall beam SOHO 250x600, falta poe column 35 ‘wall 0.60 ba8.5 wall 10 Step 6.2: Calculation of the reinforcement ‘The column is considered unbraced in its plane and braced in the out-of-plane direction. The unsupported length in X-direction is 8.5 m and the unsupported length in ¥-direction is 3.8m, The calculation of the additional moment can be summarized in the following table and in the figure given below.Item’ X-Direction Y¥-Direction Step 9: Geometric coordinates of the arch ‘bracing condition unbraced braced : ‘The formula for the construction of the arch is given by: Ultimate load B. &N) 1545.59 1545.59 Shor column if R10 “heals af “f = £35206 9-900 (6x-2) Hom) 85 38 tn) 13 0.35) [ x 26 52 78 104 B K (bracing factor) 1.6 (Table 6-10) 0.90 (Table 63) He 136 BaD a= 1046 9.77 Status Tong@i>10) short () 246 =}3222,-200=1318 mm CL->CL {2500 mm j= 1318 mm.Using C1-J curve and assume that ¢ <, 450), [2.22210 lf xB 35x1318 ‘The point is outside the curve, thus e/d)ain= 0.125 and j = 0.825 ci=a/, 12.27 a =0.8Xe=0.8X0.125%450= 45 mm Since a xbxd but not ke 7 ‘Thus, Armie=75 mm? > Ay, Use Asnin Use 2012 (226.2 mm’) 103Step 5: Design of the post (200x200 mm) ‘Step 6: Design of the frame (350 mm x 1400 mm) ‘The factored self-weight ofthe poit (300 x 200 mm) equals to: P,y, =LAKY, Xb XE xh = 1.4250,20%0.202.5 =3.5 kN Step 6.1: Dimensioning ‘The thickness of the column atthe top is taken as (0.8-1 t) and at the bottom as (04-06 ty). The thickness of the column at the top is taken as 1200 mm and at the bottom as 700 mm. The height of the column of the frame h is measured from the top of the footing (or semelle) to the center-line ofthe frame girder. ‘The post supports loads from the ridge beam and from the secondary beam. P, =P,,, +P, (secandry beam) + P, (ridge beam) P, =3,5+49.61488125= 61.92 kN 14 +1.0=6.70m 1 awed, bk =clearheight ++ h, 2 The frame column has a variable moment of inertia. To simplify the calculations, an average column width at 2/3h" is used. lag “he 12-4) =100 +-2 1200-100) = 1033.33 me clearance = 2.5-03-0.3=1.9m yg=1033 67 14> 10> longmember 28K Bxt _Ua?x02 2000 ~~ 2000 6 0.013 m<002m > 4, Mag =P, X8=6192K0.02=1.238N m ie 61921000 _ M,_ 123x108 fa XbXt — 35X200x200° °F, xb xr? 35x 200x200" : ‘The point is below the interaction diagram, use Armin M=0.25+0.052xA = 0.84% Ay nin = 0.0084XA, = 0.008% 200% 200 = 337 mm? Use 412 (452 mm?) 104 105‘Step 6.2: Calculation of loads ‘The self-weight of the frame equals 14x25 10001000 Wao LAX I, XB +, Xt (2003300 +-350%1400) =19.25 ki J’ ‘The loads on the frame results from the reactions of the secondary beam and the post every 2.5m causing concentrated loads on these locations. Tx. 54 20 ‘The total uniform load on the frame equals to: W, = Way + Wey =19.25:+39.04 = 58.29 KN/” =39.044N J mt ‘The concentrated loads on the sides can be estimated by 0.6 P,=66.92 KN O6P. P, Py Py Py Py Pe Pu 06 P= Py + Pag = 61.925+ 49.615 111.544N | ree eet | 19.25 Kien | Pore rt i Frame | | Frame | ‘Actual loading system | eas2 eas | 144=58.29 kien é | g oo > | 350 | =20 To simplify the calculations of the bending moment, the concentrated loads on | the frame can be replaced into uniform load as follows: | LE atvaiens ened ST oe! 106 107Step 6.3: Calculation of straining actions ‘The frame is tworhinged and is once statically indeterminate, The horizontal reaction atthe base for uniformly loaded frame is given by wxXE oxi Joy and NW =2K 43 ae H,=H,= where K ‘The moment of inertia for the column is calculated using fare xt, _0.350%1.033° .0322m* 0.08 6.7 L 0.0322" 20 1833 N=2K+3=2x083343 6692 6692 7258.29 KN 67 108 w,xL __58.29%207 AXRXN 46.7%4.666 ‘The vertical reaction can be easily obtained as follows: WXL 9 Gye p = 58:29%20 2 * 2 + 66.92 = 649.81 KN ‘The moment at top of the column Met = Hip x Rayg = 186.44 x 6.7=1249.15 KN ‘The maximum moment at mid span of the frame can be obtained as follows: ‘The bending moment, shear force, and normal force diagrams for the frame are presented in the next page. ‘Step 6.4: Design of frame sections ‘The ctitical sections are shown in the figure below. 109186.44 os981 649.81 Straining actions for the frame ‘Bending moment diagram Normal force diagram ‘Shearing force diagram, eee Step 6.4.1: Design of section 1 (350 mm x 1400 mm) Section 1 is a rectangular section that is subjected to the following factored actions: M,=1665.3 KN. P,=186.44 KN (compression) ‘According to the ECP 203; if (Py/fa b#) is less than 0.04, the normal force can be neglected, P,__ 186441000 Fa xbxr — 35x350%1400 ‘The design will be carried out as if the section is subjected to bending only. Frames are usually heavily reinforced and the reinforcing bars are arranged in two rows. Therefore, the effective depth is given by: = 0.0108 < 0.04 .......negleot the normal force d =1~100mm=1400-100 = 1300 mm ‘Touse the R-e, calculate R M, —__ 16653x10" __ og94 Faxbxd® — 35%350%1300" From the chart with R=0,0804, the reinforcement index @= 0.1028 A, cox! xb xd = 0,1028x-22x350%1300 = 4546 mm? f 360 0.205 Ba yg 02255 555931300 =1682 mn? mailer of | Ff, 360 1.3 A, =1.3x4546 = 5910 mm As? Aeris P70. Use 10625 (4908 mm’) 10 ulStep 6.4.2: Design of section 2 (350 mm x 1400 mm) Section 2 is a rectangular section that is subjected to the following factored actions: ‘My 1249.15 kN. P.=186.44 KN (compression) According to the ECP 203; if (Pe/fy b #) is less than 0.04, the normal force can be neglected. P___ 186.44%1000 Fa xbxe ~35x350%1499 ~ 00198 <0.04 -neglect normal force ‘The design is carried out asif the section is subjected to bending only. To use the R-o, calculate R My, __1249,15x10° Jaxbxd® —35x350x1300" ~ 0° From the chart with R = 0.0603, the reinforcement index a= 0. fe 35 x22 xbxd = 0.075% 3501300 = 7 569 350% 3310 mn’ 4 Ly ett 1p a = 4350x1300 = 1390 mm? a. = smaller of J," 360°" Omen! (5, = 6) Eqin = 0.05%, = 0.05%1.033 = 0.052 m <5 ‘Thus the lateral deflection due to buckling is larger than the code minimum eccentricity. The column is subjected to axial force of P,=649.8 KN. The additional moment equals, May = P,X5 = 649.8 0.0556 = 36.13 kN Mag = Mig + M gg = 1249.15 + 36.13 = 1285.28 KN Due to the fact that column sections are subjected to large normal force, it is recommended to use compression steel between 40%-60% of the tension stee! to ensure ductile behavior. The section is designed with the interaction diagram (o=06). P, 649.8%1000 6498x1000 _ 9 44p Faxbxt ~ 35x350%1200 My 12852810" _go73 Faxbxt* 35%350%1200 413‘Assuming thatthe distance from the concrete tothe of the reinforcement is 80 mm, Thus the factor & equals Using interaction diagram with f,=360 N/mm’, o=0.6 and C=0.8 (conservative) =21 M= PX feg X10 = 2.1x35x10" = 0.00735 A, = UXb xt = 0.00735%350x1200 = 3087 mm? (725, 3436 mm*) A, = at-A, = 0.6%3087 =1852 mm? (425, 1963 mm?) 4939 mam? Aus =A, + A, =3436 +196: Since the column is long the minimum reinforcement ratio is given by: Hug =0.25-+0.082. = 0.25 + 0.052%10.37 = 1789, Use Hei=0.008 ok = 0,008%b xt = 0.008% 350%1200 = 3360 mm™ < A, 4 Design of section 4 (350x700) subjected to a compression force (Pj=649.8 kN) and can be reinforced with the minimum area of steel. Ania =0.008X6Xt = 0,008x350%701 P, =035% f,.XA, 0.67% f, X Ae }960 mm* 2, = hg (035x358 (850%700) + 067360%1960) = TARY > (649.8).0.k Use 9025, 4415 mm? >Assia 4012 5025 4025 mm | 700 mm Step 7: Design for shear ‘The critical section for shear is at d/2 from the face of the column. Thus the design force Q, equals to: psi-eesn-san(!2 st0.02%1000 12 N/mm? bxd ~ 350%1300 mm Critical section for shear 0.6 Pi=66.92 58.29 KNim, OTT ty=1.20—-] fen 67 ¥_r649.81 ‘The presence of the compression force increases the shear capacity of the beam, however, this force is relatively small that its effect can be neglected (conservative) 24, Lu. = 0.24/33. = 15 15 15 N/mm? ox = 114 usSince qu 14) =16m teauep=(08 t,t) =14m asda (O4 ty 0.64) =08m Spacing between frames = 5.0m Spacing between Y-beams =5.0m Secondary beams spacing =2.50 m f= frame spacing/2 =25m Step 2: Design of the solid slabs Assuming that the flooring load is 1.0 kN/m?, the total dead load of the slab g, is given by & X25+ flooring =0.1x25+1.0=3.5 kN/m® Assuming that the live load is equal to 0.5 kN/m?, the ultimate load w,, is given by Wy =14% 8, +1.6xp, = 14%3.5+1.6%.5=5.7 RN Im? _P 40-200 Plan Fig. Ex 1.8a Structural system (plan) 120 121Slab (comm) ‘The roof is a system of one-way slabs that are continuous in the short direction. ‘Thus, the maximum moment can be obtained as shown in the following figure. 7 kNim* : 25m 25m 25m Section B-B Fig. Ex 1.8b Structural system (sections) 3.56 kNum WyXD _5.7x2.5* aaeet 0 eneretea 10) Assuming 20 mm cover, the effective depth d =100~20=80 mm ‘Taking a strip of 1.0 m width and using R-co curve, the value of R is given by: 56 KNn M, 3.56x10° faxbxd? — 30x1000%80" 1.0185 From the chart with R=0.0185, the reinforcement index «= 0.022 eoxLaxb xd =0.022x "2 «100% 400 32. mm? Im S35 «1000%80 = 120mm? Ayo ts Choose 58/m’(250 mm?) Step 3: Design of the secondary beam (200 mm x 500 mm) ‘Assume that the beam -ection is 200 mm x 500 mm (from step 1). The factored self-weight of the beam equals, W gow = 14X25 xt =1.4%25%0.20%0.50 =3.5 kN fm” 122 123,vga 7.75 kNim 25m) L'=5.59m Ry=49.61 ‘on post R496 ‘on ¥-beam. ‘The spacing between secondary beams is 2.5m, thus the total beam load is given by: 1, = Wea + Spacing XW,, =3.5 +5.7%2. 7.15 RN Im ‘The inclined length L’is equal to VS +5 =5.59 m W,XEXL! _17.75x5.0x5.59 8 8 ‘The reaction of the secondary beam is XL. _17-15x5.59 Bes 2 ‘The section at midspan is a T-section and the effective width B is taken as: L M, =62.02 KNm 49.61 RN 161, +6 (16x100+200 = 1800 mm 5+ 200 = 1318 mm B= the smaller of + Eb cx—sct {2500 mm B=1318 mm. Using C-I curve, and assuming a 200xb" _ 2 Peon Since the span of the beam is 5000 mm, itis accepted to use b=200 mm. Part A that is not laterally ‘supported by sab. ‘The factored self-weight equals to Woon =1AXY, XD, Xty +B Xt) W gow =14X25(0.2X0.80+ 0.10%0,50) = 7.35 kV Im” 128 ‘The loads on the Y-beam result from the secondary beam and fro the post every 2.5 m, causing concentrated loads at these locations P, = 66,3 +49.61=115.91 EN Post ‘The Y-beam is a continuous beam having more than three equal spans. ‘The reactions and the bending moments can be determined using @ computer program or a simplified analysis. Using the simplified analysis, the bending, ‘moments can be computed as the superposition of the bending moments due to the concentrated loads and those due the uniform loads, Theses values can be obtained in text books of structural analysis, ‘The value of the bending moment at the support duc to the concentrated load is, (Px L (6.22), while that at mid-span is (P.x L /5.89). On the other hand the values of the bending moments due to uniform loads at the support and at mid- span are wL3/10 and wL?/12, respectively. wexE | P.XL _735x5* | 115.91x5 Mise = pes ee =11L55 kNm 10 622-10 622 129ee w XE xb _735%x5? | 115.91x5 7 es Soars 2] 5.89 13.71 kN Mac ‘The maximum reaction at any interior support due to the concentrated loads and due to the uniform loads are equal to (2.15 Py x L) and (1.1 wy x L), respectively. By =v, XL42 15, =L17 355 +2 15115 91= 289.64 RY 06r, Peliss! uso. HES 118914 | | we2735 im Myye=113.71 'Ry=289.64 kN Ry=289.64 Step 6.2: Calculation of the reinforcement (Sec-1) ‘Since the upper part of the Y-beam is not attached to slab, all sections are designed as Rectangular sections with maximum moment of 113.71 kN.m. To use the R-0, calculate R 113.71x10° te, = SBT 0.0337 Suxbxd? — 30%200%750' From the chart with R = 0.0337, the reinforcement index «= 0.0403, A, -axlxb xd 0403 22-5. 200%750= 454 mm? “400 0225 ha yg 0.22530 Avnin = Smaller of ie 200% 750 = 462 mm? 13A, =1.3%454=590 mm? Use 414 (615 mm’) Since the bending moment at section 2 is very close to that of section 1, the same reinforcement is used, ‘Step 6.2: Design for shear ‘The shear on the Y-beam can be calculated as follows: w LPM. LP. Miu, _7.35%5 115.91 LSS <9 sia ee ET ee ‘The critical section is at d/2 from the frame girder 3.65~ 7.35238 8) 94.6 kN Since qu < ee, provide minimum stirrups. Assume a spacing of 200 mm, oa Aasin bx. 200% 200 = 57 mim™ (for two branches) S380 ‘Area for one branch =28.5 mm* ( 8mm = 50 mm?) Use 598/mn’ 130 131Step : Design of the frame (350 mm x 1600 mm) Step 7.1: Dimensioning From step 1, the dimensions ofthe frame girder are 350 mm X 1600 mm. ‘The thickness of the column at the top is taken as (0.8-1 t,) and at the bottom as, (0.4-0.6 t,). Thus, the thickness of the column at the top is taken equal to 1400, ‘mm and at the bottom is taken equal to 800 mm. The own weight of the frame equals to: 4x25 0.350%1.60 = 19.60 kN /m” |AXY, Xb Xt, ‘The frame carries its own weight and the reaction of the Y-beam. The ‘concentrated loads are equal to the reactions of the Y-beam (289.64 KN). At the ‘edges the reaction can be estimated as 0.6 Ry=173.78 KN. The height of the frame leg h is measured from the footing to the centerline of the girder. !, h=clearheight+4L-+h, s+tte10 6.80m ‘The frame column has a variable moment of inertia, To simplify the calculations, an average column thickness measured at 2/3h is used. h68 2B Step 7.2: Calculation of the straining actions ‘The frame is two-hinged and is once statically indeterminate. The horizontal reaction at the base can be estimated by: w x2 4xhxN oy 3x. 2xhxLxN uniformload x(axb) concentrated load N=2K43 ‘The moment of inertia for the column is calculated using tory bXtoe _ 0.350%1.2 12 2 .0504 m* x _ 035x1.6° = 0.119 12 12 0.119 6.8 L 0.0504” 20 N=2K+3=2x0.806+3=4.61 06P, 06Py =173°7 Pi=289.6 289.6 280.6 1=20Using the principle of superposition, the total horizontal reaction of the frame due to the uniform load and the three concentrated loads equals to: wy xL? 3x, XH, A 4xhXN ” 2xAXLXN (a, xb, + a, XB, +4; Xb,) 19.620" 3x 289.64 4x6.8x4.61 | 2x6.8Xx20x4.61 (5x15 +10%10 + 15x5) = 235.67 kV ‘The vertical reaction can be obtained easily due to symmetry as follows: 19.8x20 2 ‘The moment at top of the column. Mc = Hy x h =1602,6 kN. The maximum moment at mid-span of the girder can be calculated as the superposition of the moments due to the uniform load and those due to the ‘concentrated loads. x nit = BXL +P, Xa-M 19.620" | 289.64%20 ea ; yt 289.645 1602.6 = 2273.81 KN 173.78 289.64 289.64 289.64 173.78 219.6 kN/m |, Reactions le 235.67 +k b 235.67 KN goin [2 ts 1602.6 1602.6 1602.6 ee 22BBEN Bending moment diagram ‘Normal force di ‘The bending moment, the shear force, and the normal force diagrams for the al frame are given in figure below. | 630.46 532.46 =] ; HH 63046 coe Shearing force | - diagram 1035.67 235.67 : 135 134—_——__——_——____ Step 7.3: Design of the frame sections ‘Step 7.3.1: Design of section 1 (350 mm x 1600 mm) Section 1 is a rectangular section that is subjected to My=2273.81 KN & —Py=235.67 KN If (Puffeub #) is less than 0.04, the normal force can be neglected. F, 235.67x1000 = 0.014 < 04 Fa xbxt 30x350%1600 ~ 0.014 < 0.04 sneglect the normal force ‘The design will be carried out as if the section is subjected to bending only. Since frames are usually heavily reinforced, the bars are usually arranged in at least two rows, > d=1-100=1600-100 = 1500 mm M, 2273.81x10° pee Faxbxd® ~ 30x350x15007 ~ °° From the chart with R = 0.096, the reinforcement index fa 30 A, = @x22 xbxd = 0.126% x350%1500 = 4961 mm? 2 1 im = 0.126 0.22530) : Aa shemnder | 922530 350 1500 =1617 mm 1.34, =1.3%4961= 6449 mm? Use 928 (5541 mm?) ‘The stirrup hangers are taken as 15% of A, , which gives 831 mm? (3420). The shrinkage bars should not be less than 8% from A, with a maximum distance between bars of 300 mm. This gives 43 mm? (812) Step 7.3.2: Design of section 2 (350 mm x 1600 mm) Section 2 is a rectangular that is subjected to M,= 1602.57 KN.m & P.=235.67 KN If (Pe/fx b t) is less than 0.04, the normal force can be neglected. z 235.67%1000 Fa Xbxt 30%350%1600 .014-< 0.04 .......neglect the normal force The design will be carried out as if the section is subjected to bending only. M, 1602.57%10° fu Xbxd* — 30X350%1500" From the chart with R=0.067, the reinforcement index «=0.085 30 bx = 0.085x—— x350%1500 = 3346 mn? 400 350% 1500 =1617 mm Ania =the smaller of F 0225S 5 4 0.22550. 7 400 134, =1.3x3346 = 4350 mm? Use 8625 (3926 mm?), see reinforcement details Step 7.3.3: Design of section 3 (350 mm x 1400 mm) Buckling in the out-of-plane direction ‘The frame is considered unbraced in the out-of-plane direction because of the lack of any bracing system. From Fig, Ex. 1.8, it can be determined H,=2.8. The effective length factor k is objained with case (1) at top and bottom. Thus, k=1.2. 36 m 9.6 < 10 (case of unbraced columns) 6 035 ‘Thus, no additional moments are induced in the out-of-plane direction. Buckling in the in-plane direction ‘The frame is considered unbraced because the lack of any bracing system. The top part of the column is considered case (1) and the bottom part is considered case (3) (hinged base). Thus k=1.6. ‘The height of the column is measured from the bottom of the beam to the base (2°), However, itis customary to use the length used in the analysis fh 136 137H, =kxh =1.6%6.8=10.88 m ‘The slendemess ratio 2 is calculated using an average column thickness not the actual one, thus 2. equals H, 1088 _ 9 667 ty «12 Since }is less than 10, the column is considered short and no additional moment is developed. M=1602.57 KN.m & Pe 24 KN Due to the fact that column sections are subjected to large normal force, it is recommended to use compression steel between 40%-60% of the tension stect to enstie ductile behavior. Use the interaction diagram (0=0.6). B 804.24%1000 9 9547 FaXbxt 30%350%1400 M, 1602.57%10° = 0.077 Faxbxt? — 30%350%14007 Assuming that the distance from the concrete to the c.g. of the reinforcement is 80 mm. Thus the factor € equals 400 N/mm”, 0=0.6, and Using a interaction diagram with f= 3 p=19 = px f,, x10 = 1.9x30%10™ = 0.0057 A, = Hxbxt = 0.0057X350%1400 = 2793 mm? (825, 3926 mm") Al =a- A, = 0.6% 2793 = 1676 mm? (4625, 1963 mm”) Ava =A, +A, =3926-+1963 = 5889 mm? ‘Since the column is short, the minimum reinforcement ratio is 0.008. Ayia = 0.008% x1 = 0.008%350%1400 = 3920 mm? < A, yy nensOk Step 7.3.4: Design of section 4 (350 mm x 800 mm) ‘This section is subjected to a pure compression force (Py=804.24 KN) and can be reinforced with the minimum area of stel. Ayuig = 0.008% 5X1 = 0.008% 350x800 = 2240 mm? P, =035x f,, XA, +0.67%f, XA, PB Fa (025%90%(350%.800) +.0.67x400%2240) = 3540KN > (804.24)..0.4 From the frame reinforcement details A,=8025, 3927 mm? > Aswix 4025 350mm ‘Step 8: Design for shear ‘The critical section for shear is at d/2 from the face of the column. Thus the design force Q, equals to non» 48) ; 804.24 -173.78~19.6| 2 602.04 1000 3501500 1.147 Nimm* The presence of the compression force increases the shear capacity of the girder. however, this fprce is relatively small and can be neglected (conservative). 138 139Giitical section for shear w219.6 68 Truss ‘Ya=804.24 Sf [30 24/22 =0.24,|> 1S 15 Since q, > dem shear reinforcement is required. ou 07 NI mm* (Neglect the effect of P,) a = 4542 = 1.147 127.0661 N/mm? 2 ‘Try $ 10/m” (Aqe=2x78.5=157 mm?) (10 mm diameter is chosen because of the heavy reinforcement ofthe frame) Le Xf, MAS bxs _157x280/1.15 350xs 5=179 mm , Use 6610/m (s =166 mm) Ga = 061 94 cox¢5 = 94.5:350%166 =83mm* 675 2 Wom, + PRE IRE? 6.154 xa BF ax4 = 80.88 kN oR H X4=R, x10—w, X10X5 = 68.3x10-7.19x10x5 > H=80.88 kN “The coordinates of the quarter point can be obtained as follows: r 1450 O=si 43.6" 163‘The horizontal distance from the center of the arch is given by: xersin(2)- x, =L/2-x =10-5.385=4.615 m 1 Sxsin( 38) «5.85 m ‘The height of the arc (yz) at the quarter point equals to: y =VP ax? = Via? 5.38" y ~(r-f ) =13.64- 00.5) vn ‘The moment at O; equals to: My = By X_— 0 gs) ¥2%, 2-H XY, M, =61.1x4.615~(5.15)x4.615" 12 ~80.88x 2.96 = -18.66EN m ‘The maximum moment at O2 equals to: My = Ry £,— 0 ce Wun) 82 (2-H XY, M, = 68.3x4.615—7.2% 4.615" /2~80,88%2.96 =—0.87 kN m 18.66 KN.m Bending moment diagram It is clear that the maximum moment occurs at point Q). The corresponding. ‘normal and shear forces may be obtained using the following equations: P,=H cos a+ Qsiner Q=Qcosa—H sin a Where H and Q are the horizontal and vertical forces, respectively, at that section, H= 80.88 KN, and Q =61.1-5.15x4.615 = 34.6 kN 0 _ 86 218° oar P, = 80.88 cos 21.8-+34.6sin 21.8 = 87.94KN Q/ =34.6cos 21.8 -80.88 sin 21.8 = 2.08 kV 0346 Force analysis at the quarter point Alternatively, the bending moment and the normal force may be obtained using ‘Table 1.6 as follows: freuen L 2 From the table with //1=0.2, one can determine that, =-0.01745, ks=0.01361, ke=1.0872 M coon =k 1 W yp XL? =0.00384%5.75x 20? = -8.84 EN a M csoyn = XW gy, XL? = 0.01 745x144 20? = ~10.05EN am M 5X0 yup XL? = 0.0136 1.44% 20" = 47.83 KN an M M ce) =~8.84+ (7.83) =-LOLEN an P, =k, xH =1.0872x80.93 = 87.99kN 164 165‘Step 3.1.2: Calculate the reinforcement ‘The section at the quarter point is subjected to combined compression force and. ‘bending moment. The thickness of the arch at this location is 125 mm. _P___ 87.9910? Fa bt 30%1000 125 = 0.023 <0.04 ‘Thus the normal force can be neglected, and designed for moment only. cover =125-20=105 mm 18.8x10° 30%1000 x105* 057 > @=007 Foy bd £2. 5 (450 mm?) Agog = 2%565 = 1130 mm? x 135 fa A, +0.67Xf, XA, BR 35 x30150%1000 + 0.67400%1130 =1877 kN Since the applied compression force is less than the section capacity, the section is considered adequate. 168 Step 3.2.3: Design for shear ‘According to the ECP 203, the slab shear strength is calculated using the following relation: fix =0,16,]2% =0.715. /mm? fu = 016 T= 0.165 2 ” _ 9.91000 xd A =0.07 N Imm? (very safe) 1000x130 Step 4: Design of the vertical beam (350 mm x 750 mm) ‘The vertical beam is analyzed as a continuous beam supported on columns. Step 4.1: Calculations of the straining actions 750,Step 4.2: flexural design Sec. 1: ‘The factored weight of the vertical and horizontal beams equals: ow .= 14x25 (0.35x0.75 + 0.25%0.55)/10° = 14 EN /m" ‘The total factored load on the vertical beam equals: M, 3 =258kNm | W, =Ryy HOW = 72414 =86 RN Im | c 258x108 In Which Rue is the vertical reaction obtained from the analysis of a strip of 1.0 CIPRO > = 0.0613 ‘m width of the arched slab. 0613 SE 350% 700 =1126 mm vec=86 1 | ‘A, fet I Toads Choose 6 @ 16 (4,= 1206 mm’), The secondary reinforcement is chosen as at least 0.1-0.2 Ay Choose 2. 12 Se S60 —+} Sec. 2 M, = 5° 309.6 Nm a 10 2 10 309.610 =m ene > 00.0746 ” ne 30%350 x 700" 4, = 2-6 xd =00746 20 350% 700 =1370 mm? 309.6 ; 129 258 . Choose 5 20 (A,= 1570 mm!) RQ Bendin os “The secondary reinforcement is chosen as 0.1-0.2 A, Choose 2 ® 16 Pr] 1935 Step 4.3: Design for Shear ‘The critical section for shear is at d/2 from the face of the middle support. ‘The width of the column is 250 mm. The critical section is at section (I) as Critical shown in figure with code coefficient of k,=0.6 sections 0.45, 0.60_0.50 0.5 0.50 ky 170 17Q.=k,w, L-w, 6x86x60~ 85 4( 0 =) 268.75 kw Raa = 2x1 _ ons = 0061 10002 "2 "Fb d® 30%250 x850" 9, fe 4 xd =0.061 2 850=972 mm? a ‘mm? ib xd =0.061 250 x: xd 350x700 SOON ment 400 dam =0.24, f= = 0.24 [30 1.07 N mm? Choose 5@ 16 (A,= 1005 mm’) i 1s ‘The secondary reinforcement is chosen as 0.1-0.2 A Choose 2. 12. Since gu> qay shear reinforcement is needed. Bending Critical a Eee moment sections [s Bebe 2 “RM 3 Assuming a spacing of 100 mm, the shear reinforcement area is given by: ate os g 0.56x350%100 ‘ = 93.9 mm? «OILS me ‘Thus, the area of one branch =A. = 23 — 46.95 mm? 3 2 q 4d = Use g (4e=100 Use $8@100mm ok. 2 a ‘Step 5: Design the horizontal beam (250 mm x 900 mm) “The horizontal beam is analyzed as a continuous beam ‘supported on the ties. It y g e carries a uniformly distributed load equals to the horizontal thrust. This uniform “a + “ Joad equals the horizontal reaction of a 1.0 m strip of the arched slab. Step 5.1: flexural design a $ 8 Sec. 1 7 = S2 9056 oro 2 2 172 173Sec. 2: w S? _ 90x67 Rpg ad Nn M, 324x108 7 = 0.06 > Sa 6d? 30% 250 x850" Choose 5@ 18 (4,= 1272 mm’) Step 5.2: Design for shear = 0.074 ‘The critical section for shear is at the face of the mi 7 e 1¢ middle support because the support is in tension (the tie). The critical section is at section (1) as shown in duetsw, -, (£) 06060-0222) -n2751n 312.75%1000 250x850 24 fl 0.24/22 1.07 Wm? 15 15 Since qu> gon shear reinforcement is needed. AT N Sam? 935 N Imm? og alice ‘Assuming a spacing of 125 mm, the shear reinforcement area is given by: dg Xb XS _ 0,935%250x125 _ 4, 140 mm? figure with code coefficient of k,=0.6. “Lt 240/115 Q, =k, w, bw, iG ‘Thus, the area of one branch 10 mm? 2 ke Shear T 2 Use @ 10-78 mm? — (A157 mm?) Use $l 0@125mm —> 8P10/m’ Aginin = ob xs = 24 250x125 =39 mm? 10) Tong G10) from the chart p=3 | 5= Fr 2000 oi 0035 = xf, x10 =3%30%10" =0.009 =0.9% | Mou = PS 69.9 a6 However, since the column is long the minimum reinforcement ratio pmin is i Matwind) Te o Hy =0.25+0.052 A = 025 +0,052%1691 = 1.13% Mot = Mat Moa 1877 aoe A cain = Has 6X1 = 13 250% 700 = 197 mm Choose (12 16, 2412 mm’) distributed uniformly. 180 181Sec. BB 2816 900 2a, 2272 7 oem banana] 62516 rata 3 so8.am Reinforcement Details of the Arched Slab ‘Vertical Beam Elevation sogam Horizontal Beam PlanExample 1.10 Parabolic arched slab ‘A car showroom is to be constructed on an area of (16 ms x 35 ms) as shown in | Fig. EX 1.10. A parabolic arched slab was chosen as the main supporting system. Design and give details for the system knowing that the: material properties are fox=25 N/mm”, and f,=360 Nimm?, and f1=280 N/mm? Neglect the effect of wind on the design of the columns. The building may be assumed as unbraced in the in-plane direction and braced in the out-of-plane direction, Data DL.=1 Nim? (not including own weight) LL.=0.5Nim? ‘Clear height= 5.0 m Solution Step 1: Propose the concrete dimensions ‘The parabolic arched slab is the chosen main system with the following imensions: te (mid-span) t, (quarter point) & (edge) Vertical beam Horizontal beam Tie Hanger if ‘The spacing between the arches = 5.0 m Column 50 mm x 600 mm ‘The complete layout is shown in Fig. EX 1.10. ‘Step 2: Calculations of acting loads In order to calculate the weight of the arched slab, the length of the parabola need to be computed. For simplicity the length of the parabola is taken as 1.1 the horizontal distance between the supports (span). ‘The length of the arc L’= 1.1L = 1.1x16=17.6 m a 24m, 250 mete — tae aetalpewn ‘petlomn a ‘dn 3 HV ae coum. Hewat re Tiros smat ($cc. A-A) Fig. EX 1.10 Parabolic arched slab 184 185‘The self-weight of the arched slab may be calculated using the thickness at the ‘quarter point (120 mm). 0W.= Y, Xtoy =25X0.120=3.0 KN /m? ‘The total factored dead load including plaster weight wenvis given by: Wo =14 (ow. + plaster weight) =1.4%(3.0+1.0) =5.60 LN Im? The value of he horizontal projection (H.P.) of this load is given by: “u 176 Wypy =1AW gg XL L 60%: 16 kN Jim? (HP. 16 Noting that the live loads on inclined surfaces are always taken on the horizontal projection, the slab factored live load wyzcis given by: Wyyp = LOXW 4, =1.6%0.5 = 0.80 kN Im? ‘The total factored load wy =W yoy + W yy, = 6.16 +0.80 = 6.96 kN /m? CLP.) Step 3: Design the arched slab critical sections ‘Taking 1m width of the slab, the acting loads are shown in the following figure. Step 3.1: Section at the quarter points (t=120 mm) Step 3.1.1: Strai ‘actions at the quarter points To obtain the maximum moment at the quarter point, only half of the atch is to be covered by the L.L. as shown in figure below. Wo=0.80 kN’ up1=6.16 kN/m* 2 aL RX Rs Equivalent load system and reactions H Rnb 616aedeosobt > Rasnas ay R, =54.08 kN Ry x16 =616x16%48 +0.80x16«12 > To oblain the horizontal thrust H, the moment is taken at the middle hinge as, follows: Way? 6.16428) x16 2 2-87.46 kn BF 8x24 Wun. + H ‘The same result can be obtained by taking moment of forces at the crown, HX24=R,x8-—w, X8X4=54.08X8-6.96x8x4 > H=87.46 KN swy= 0.80 Nim” wupe=6.16 kNimn” The height of the arched slab at the quarter point may be obtained using the properties of the parabola. 3,3 af 4 Itcan also be obtained by substitution in the equation of the parabola with x=4. aap x(L=x) _4x24x4x(16-4) c 16° ‘The maximum moment at O1: M, =R,x4~(L4W 9, X4X2-H XY, x24 =1.8 m 8 m y M, =50.88x4~(6.16)x4x2.0-87.46x1.8 186 187‘Also, it can be obtained directly from Table 1.7. we XL? _ , 0.816? 64 « ‘The maximum positive moment at 02 equals M, 2kNm M, =R,X4~ (yoy 4 yy )XAX20—-H XY, M, =54.08X4~6.96%4x2.0-8746X18=3.2 kN m 326m Oz a oN —s ’ Bending moment diagram ‘At point O1, the corresponding normal and shear forces can be obtained as: P, =H cos a+Qsina O'=Qcose—H sin a Hand Q are the horizontal and vertical forces at that section. He 87.46 KN. Q =5088-6.16x4 = 26.24 kN To obtain the tangent angle at the quarter point, the equation of the parabola is differentiated as follows: 4 -x-(Lax) _ 4x24 x (16-x) E 16 y’=tan @= 0.0375 (16-2x) 0375 (16 x ~x*) Substituting with x=4 tan @=0.30 @=167 P, =87.46 cos 16.7 + 26.24sin 16.7 = 91.31 kN 5-7 ~87.46 sin 16.7 =0 188 ‘The section is subjected to compression and bending moment. The thickness of the arch at this location is 120 mm. 91.1310" 25%1000 x120 0304 <0.04 fab ‘Thus the normal force can be neglected, design for moment only. a over = 120-20 = 100 mm paola 3210" p9108 0-015 Fa bd? 25%1000 x100° fe. 755.1000 % 100 =103 mm? ofa-b xd ~0015 ox 2 1000% 100 = 166 mm* 360 Choose 6 & 10/m! (A,= 471 mm") Due to the fact that half of the arched stab is subjected to negative moment and the other half is subjected to positive moment, the main reinforcement (6 10/m’ ) is provided at the top and bottom. The secondary reinforcement is chosen as at least 0.2 A, Choose 5 @ 8 /m’. The reinforcement is arranged staggered to avoid congestion of reinforcement. 189SOS /ny 6 10/u Reinforcement details for the slab Step 3.2: Section at the support (t=140 mm) Step 3.2.1: Straining actions To obtain the maximum reaction athe 36 suppor, the whole ach is co the both the dead and the live loads as shown in figure. vered by Equivalent load system and reactions u nus = 6.962 = 55. xf = 55.68EN H yee X24 = 35.68X8-6.96%8X4 > yay =92.8 KN To obtain the tangent angle at the support, the n deena support, the equation of the parabola is y =0.0875 (16 x ~x*) ba 190 sn @= 0.0375 (16-2) tan @=0.60 = 30.96 y Substituting with x=0 ‘The corresponding normal force and shear a this section can be obtained as: P, =H cos @+Qsina OQ =Qoosa—H sin a Hand Q are the horizontal and vertical forces at the support. H=92.8KN. Q =Ryy, = 55.68 AN 2.8 cos 30.96+55.68sin30.9 = 108.22 kN Ras=55.68 KN Step 3.2.2: Design the reinforcement ‘The section is subjected to pure compression (P,=108.22 KN) and (My=0).. ‘Assume that the total minimum area of steel of equals to 0.6%. = 26 1000%140 =840 mm? (top and bottom) = 420 mm? A, hee Using the same reinforcement determined from the section at the quarter span Assop=Astoe= 6 © 10/m’=471 m? > (420 mm*). 191Aga =2XATL=942 mm? 2 =0.35 f,, A +067%f,xA, P, = (0.35 25%140%1000 + 0.67360942)/1000 = 1452 kW Since the applied compression force is less than the section capacity, the section is considered adequate Step 3.2.3: Design for shear ‘The applied shear at this section () equals to zero. ‘Step 4: Design the vertical beam (250 mm x 600 mm) ‘The vertical beam is analyzed as continuous beam supported on columns Step 4.1: Calculate the straining actions of ‘The factored weight of the vertical and horizontal beam equals to: ow. 1.4x 25% (0.25x0.6 +0.20x0.5) =8.75 kN /m* ‘The total factored load on the beam equals to: », Ray +OW = 55.6848.15 = 64.43 KN Imt* win6443 NI” mt Leif TL} Loads -+}-——8+5.0 ——}-—— 5=5.0 ——| : 2 10 : aye 161 B42 oT Bending moment 1007 134.2, Giitical sections > @=0089 193,ay Choose 5 16 (A,= 1005 mm?) ‘The secondary reinforcement is chosen as 0. 25 b xd =0.089 >>. 550 = 850 mm? 9 5p 250% 0 1.2. A, Choose 2 @ 12 Sec. 2 w S? _ 64.43%5* M, = 2S. 4435" LS 79 7161.07 kNm M, 161.07 x10° 5 = Sexcas0 sear Ome = Juba?” 5x 250 x55 ~°°8 ae fi 25 022 b xd = 0.11 2 x250x 550 =1050 mm? f, 360 Choose 4 20 (4,= 1256 mm’) Step 4.3: Design for Shear ‘The critical section for shear is at d/2 from the face of the middle support. ‘The width of the colunin is 250 mm. The critical section is at scotion (1) as shown in figure with code coefficient of k,=0.6. 0.45, 0.60 0.50 0.5 0.50 ky ao L—w, [S42 2,=4,, bw, (S44) 2, eosxeraneso-cess(225,25) gg =P = YET S2X1000 = 99 frum? bxd 250x350 23 1-024, fm nore [23 <9, 7 4. 7 5 = 098.N Imm Since 44> dex shear reinforcement is needed, Using 6 8 and for two branches A, = 2x50 =100 mm? ‘The spacing of the reinforcement area is given by = SBXB50KS 6 133m Use spacing of 125 mm 280/1.15 Use $8@ 125mm or 8 6 Sim Again = 26 x8 = 24 250.125 = 44.6 mm? w=0.101 fas 5 x = 0.101 22200 x 100 = 978 mm? 360 A, = Choose 4 @ 18 (A,= 1017 mm’) ‘The secondary reinforcement is chosen as at least 0.1- 0.2.4, Choose 2.@ 12. 194 195Factor Bending k moment i 8 dl d 3 g Gy a 8 Sec. 2 _w S$? _92.8%5* km M,____232x10° = 0.0946 > — @=0.124 ‘Fbd* 25% 200 700° foe 25 fo 5 xd =0.124 2% =1203 mm? if gp * 200% 700 = 1208 Choose 4, 20 (A,= 1256 mm’) Critical sections a sys coe ‘Step 5.3: Design for Shear ‘The critical section for shear is at the face of the column because the tie is in tension. The width of the column is 250 mm, The critical section is at section (1) as shown in figure with code coefficient of ky=06. O,=kw, bw, (5) 0, ~05x02.8%50-928%{ 222) «2668 ev tie I . THe 3 g 5 s Hs 2 8 ! 2, _ 266.8x1000 bxd 200x700 0.24, [is =0.24 | =098 N fmm? 15 15 =1.9 N/mm? 4% 196 Be 19725 0.70 f= =070,[%5 =2.85.9 mm? cea 15 15 ™ Since qu doy sheat reinforcement is needed. AN Imm* Ay Assuming a spacing of 125 mm, the shear reinforcement area is given by: 1.4x200%125 380/115 ‘Thus, the area of one branch qa ‘Use $10=78.5 mm? (Ay=157 mm?) Use 910@125mm ~> 8410/m" S=* 200%100 = 28mm? 0k 2g 2001 10) short 0515) 0 5=# x1/2000 0.0768 My =D B65 7 Maa= Mat Moat BG 0 IL is clear from the previous table that the column is subjected to @ uniaxial bending moment as shown in the figure. 201Calculation of buckling lengths (refer to the table) ‘Using interaction diagram with f=360N/inm?, a=1.0, €=0.8, calculate 7 P = 568.3x1000 0.152 ‘Ta xbxt 25%250%600 M, 43.6x10° = BO nooo F XbxT ~ 255250600" ‘The intersection point is below the chart > use Hain Since the column is long, the minimum reinforcement ratio ti is given by: Hain = 0.25+ 0.052 A= 0.25 + 0.052x16.0 = 1,1082% 1.1082 4, xbxt = 100 % 250% 600 = 1623 mm? Choose (8 18, 2035 mm’), ee lesreragste qi i so e Ps | 3B 8 ba 478 i| (Gay | i 3 me 141] Ea; fg <, i= ea af] |< BE ee s a tl geal bel Reinforcement Details of the Arched Slab 202 203Sec. 1-1 16 4s q af § = q ailiar 3 anh HH! 8} os spat’) 3) 3 3 Poort ‘Vertical Beam Elevation 750 98m bets 250 Sec. 2-2 owi2 ie 4a10 Be ea wie Bie Horizontal Beam Plan 204 | DEEP BEAMS AND CORBELS Photo 2.1 Corbels supporting beams in a stadium 2.1 Introduction ‘This chapter will discuss the behavior of reinforced c« sonerete deep beams and corbels (short cantilevers). The behavior of these members is different from shallow (sh bending do not remain plain behavior of these members, the subject of shear fri ‘Another approach for designing these members is the Strut and Tie Mode! will be presented in Chapter Six of this volume. 205 lender beams). In deep beams and in corbels, plané sections before ‘after bending. In order to fully understand the iction will be presented. | that2.2 Deep beams Deep beams may be loaded at their top surface asin the case ofa transfer girder 2.2.1 General ‘supporting the load from one or more columns (Fig. 2.2a). The loading may Deep beams are beams of rela take place at the bottom surface as in water tank wall loaded by the action of the (isey betes eee es ee tively high depth-o-span ratio, Most kpically, suspended tank's floor (Fig. 2.2b). Loads may also act along the height of the girders. A transfer girder supports the load from ‘wall as shown in Fig. (2.2c). The wall in this figure approximates the case of one of more columns, transferring it to other columns (Fig. 2.1a). Deep beans also occur in tanks and walls supported on columns rig. 4), ‘wall supporting successive floor slabs and transferring the loads to columns at ground floor level. Jiitti tis Jitititis Foor vet | piitiitit i [I] Voit | Fig. 2.2 Types of loading of deep beams | Enaeeoee LS A a reRan Ew Wall supporting the floor ‘a5 @ deep beam aoesEEE 1 ee (b) Elevated water tank Fig. 2.1 Typical examples of deep beams Photo 2.2 Deep beam supporting columns (Brunswick Building, Chicago) 206 patElastic analysis of deep beams indicates that the usual assumption that plane sections before bending remain plane after bending is not valid for such ‘members. Thus, flexural stresses are not linearly distributed even in the elastic range. Typical stress distribution is shown in Fig. (2.32). The cracking load of a deep beam is about 1/3 to 1/2 of the ultimate load. ‘Traditional principles of analysis and design of ordinary reinforced concrete beams are neither suitable nor adequate to determine the strength of reinforced concrete deep beams. The cracking pattern of a uniformly loaded deep beam is shown in Fig. (2.3). After cracking a major redistribution occurs and the elastic analysis is no longer valid. Deep beams loaded at the top behave mainly as a tied arch as shown in Fig. (2.3c). Pott diddy Jiddidddd detydiyiy J | — LAA | Ent PF. Et. Ff. 7 a) Normal stress b) Cracking pattern ——_¢) Arch mechanism Fig. 2.3 Top loaded deep beams ‘The tied-arch mechanism, shown in Fig. (2.3c), brings designer attention to the fact that longitudinal tension reinforcement acting as a tie that is fully stressed over neaily the whole span. Therefore, sufficient anchorage at the supports and continuity of reinforcement bars without curtailment are essential requirements for top loaded deep beams. 208 sie bse Figure 2.4a shows a deep beam that is supporting uniformly distributed load acting at the lower face of the beam, Vertical stirrups must be provided as hangers to prevent local failure and to transfer the effective acting load to a higher level. If such a beam is provided with stirrups that are able to deliver the bottom load to the upper part of the beam, the beam will be behave nearly like a top loaded beam, ‘The crack pattern in Fig. 2.4b clearly shows that the load is transferred upward by reinforcement until it acts on the compression arch, which then transfers the loads down to the support as shown in Fig. 2.4 PRE a) Loading pattern iene b) Cracking pattern (a ©) Arch mechanism Fig. 2.4 A bottom loaded deep beam 2092.2.2 Egyptian Code’s Provisions for Deep Beams ‘The Egyptian Code’s provisions for deep beams are applied to deep beams loaded at the top or at the compression faces. If loads are applied at the bottom of a deep beam, the Egyptian Code requires using vertical reinforcement that is able to transfer the load to a height equals at least half the span. This vertical reinforcement should be added to that resulting from the design of the beam as if itis atop loaded deep beam. In deep beams plain sections do not remain plain after bending and the design ‘methods developed for shallow beams can not be applied. The Egyptian Code presents two methods for designing deep beams. These methods are: ‘+ The Empirical design method ‘+The Strut and Tie method .2.2.1 The Empirical Design Method ‘The empirical design method applies to beams having the following ratios of the span (L) to the effective depth (@) ‘Simply supported beams: (Ld )<1.25 Q.ta) Continuous beams: (L./d)<2.50 ---(2.1b) where L is defined with reference to Fig. (2.5) as the smaller value of the following: L 1.05 L, ..(2.2a) 2.2b) L=L, Fig. 2.5 Definition of a deep beam 210 Design for Flexure ‘The longitudinal reinforcement should be provided to resist the tension force that resulting from the applied bending moment. The tension force at any section is given by: T,= 23) Ye Where M, is the applied ultimate moment, T, is the developed tension force at the critical section, and yer i the lever arm and is given by: Yq =0.86 LS 087d You 2043 LSO8TA Yq =037 LS 087d For simply supported beams. For continuous beams at mid-span, For continuous beams at interior support. ‘The reinforcement can be obtained by dividing the developed tension force by the steel yield stress as follows: A, t o. Fs 24) ‘The distribution of this reinforcement differs from that of the slender beams. ‘The flexural reinforcement is placed mear the tension edges. Because of the ‘greater depth of the tension zone, it is required to distribute such steel over a certain height of the cross-section (See Figs. 2.7 and 2.8) The tied-arch mechanism of deep beams dictates that longitudinal tension reinforcement acting as a tie is fully stressed over nearly the whole span of simply supported deep beams. Therefore, sufficient anchorage at the supports and continuity of reinforcement bars without curtailment are essential requirements. Recommendations for the detailing of deep beams are given in Figs. 2.7 to 2.10. ‘The Egyptian code requires thatthe actual area of stel A, in any section should be greater than Assia given by: 2(2.5) (0.25 5 a (mild steel) 100 01s —— b d (high grade} Too 2 @ (high grade) but not less than, ‘The design for shear in deep beams is of special importance. The amount and spacing of both the vertical and horizontal web reinforcement differ than those used in shallow beams, as well as the expressions that to be used in design, ‘The critical section for shallow beams is taken ata distance d/2 from the face of the support, and the shear plane is inclined more and closer to the support ‘However, in deep beams, the critical section for shear is to be taken as: Uniformly distributed > x (2.6a) Concentrated load = > x =0.5a... (2.6) In cither case, the distance x should not exceed the distance d/2 as shown in Fig 2.6. If both uniform and concentrated load exist on the beam, design the most critical one, 4 (ibid didi id a scion { cvdealeesone —oOoNs mm O™Ns to 1) Concenented Lande <7 19 Uni Load x 4, If on the other hand, the value of g, exceeds ¢,,, web reinforcement should be Provided to resist the ultimate shear stress 4, . For deep beams in the ranges of the L/d ratios considered, diagonal cracks will be at a slope steeper than 45°, ‘Consequently, both horizontal and vertical web reinforcements are required, in fact, for such L/d ratios, horizontal reinforcement could be more effective than vertical reinforcement. The horizontal bars are effective because they act more nearly inthe direction perpendicular to the diagonal crack. ‘The ECP-203 gives the following equations for calculating the web reinforcement for deep beams: 2.128) 2.128) in which. jo. (2.13a) 1s(L,/d) oo 2.136) ARG IY) . eee A213¢) pment) -@.13) It can be concluded from Eq. 2.12 and Eq. 2.13 (as stated above) that horizontal reinforcement is more effective than the vertical web reinforcement. Equation 2.12b has four parameters (Ay, s» Aa, Ss) Itis customary to assume the value of these parameters and calculate the value of the shear carried by the reinforcement guy. The Value of gw in Eq. 2.12b should be greater than required shear stress qn given by Eq. 2.12a, Thus, assume three of these parameters to obtain the fourth unknown. Figure (2.7) shows the recommended reinforcement detailing of a simply supported top-loaded deep beam, 216 id 2.2.2.2 Design Using the Strut and Tie Method ‘The Egyptian Code permits the use of the Strut and Tie Model (explained in detail in Chapter 6) to design the beams in which the ratio of the effective span to depth satisfies the following conditions: A; Simply supported beams 125He"0) Bley ® Ye peye09} eq PI cuads ejoun euj JeAc0 pynous [281s WOKOG UIEw eys -L 221 peo) oso wary Too Teo ToT wr vy eRe | pean Py] sams WOES “eds s066)q oun (1) ‘suoneuen ueds jo e689 Ut -p 6 QUE TS —-ek0z ue e1ow eq you pinous speo} ur suoweuen puv suoyeuen uedg -¢ "wreeq eu Jo 4)8ue} 40} eYy senCO PINoYS PLE (1e'0 >He’0) 1u6ieu © we pere00| 6q pinoys jaeis do} urew aun Jo HeU-2UO -Z ‘ued ej0\m ey} Jon09 pinous jeeis WoHOG LIEU BULL o D a a ir ) 3 | —_——— | GS | ‘IL 20 neo) Hose | Too aay) Bien v TET al2.2.3.3 Deep Beam Supporting another Deep Beam 2.3 Shear- Friction Concept Special provisions are needed when loads or reactions are introduced along the ‘There are many situations in reinforced concrete structures where it is necessary full depth of a beam for example, when deep beams support each other, as to transfer shear across planes of weakness such as interface between concrele illustrated in Fig. (2.11), cast at different times. Shear-friction concept provides a simple but powerful | model to investigate situations such as those shown in Fig, (2.12). @ Deep bear suppartd Y/— erator ep bem LMM (b) Corbels Fig. 2.12 Applications of shear friction concept Fig. 2.11 Deep beam supporting another deep beam. | ay 223‘Typical examples are reinforced concrete bridges in which the deck is cast-in. situ concrete slab supported on precast girders as shown in Fig. 2.12, Another example is corbels supporting crane girders. Photo 2.4 Short cantilever supporting prestressed beams ‘The basis of this model is explained in Fig. (2.13). When shear is applied to an initially cracked surface, ora surface formed by placing one layer of concrete on top of an existing layer of hardened concrete, relative slip of the layers causes a separation of the surfaces as shown in Fig. (2.13a). If there is reinforcement aoross the crack, it is elongated by the separation of the surfaces. ‘The elongation of the reinforcement means that itis stressed in tension. For equilibrium of the free body diagram at the interface, a compressive stress is needed as shown in Fig, (2.13b). Figure 2.13¢ shows aggregate interlock at crack interface. 224 Shear displacement CM ttt [J Shoar stress = Tetension in roinforcement | in conerete =C | Compression 4) Shear displacement causing ‘rack opening )Free-body tagram - Aanregate @ Nee ©} Aggregate intariock at crack ntertaco Fig. 2.13 Mechanism of shear friction Photo 2.5 Aggregate distribution in concrete section 225‘Shear 1s transmitted across the crack by: 1._ Friction resulting from the Compressive stress. 2. Interlocking of aggregate protrusions on the cracked surfaces combined ‘with dowel action of the reinforcement crossing the surface. ‘The shear stresses 6n the concrete face are assumed to be related to the compressive stresses by a coefficient of friction H. The maximum capacity is assumed to be reached when the reinforcement crossing the crack yields leading toa shear resistance of: O= Ay Sy 1%, Ho where Ay is the area of reinforcement crossing the surface and fy its yield strength, Equation (2.14) states that the resistance to slip is equal to the normal force times the coefficient of friction ‘Tests have shown that shear-friction capacity is also a functidn of the concrete strength and the area of contact. As the concrete strength and the area of contact increase, the aggregate interlock mechanism becomes more efficient and the shear friction increases. Hence, there is an upper limit on the shear resistance due to fricti Qa) Q= constant (feu Ae). 15) where Ais the area of contact. The area of reinforcement that crosses the crack Ay Fig. 2.14) is given by the Egyptian Code as: a snes Q6) “ET If the section ig subjected to a tension force in addition to the shear force, additional steel should be provided as given by the following equation: y, Q, Na 2h, Bln ‘The values given by the Egyptian Code for the coefficient of friction (1) are given in Table 2.1. ain ‘Table 2.1: Values of p according to surface condition ‘Crack Interface Condition ‘Concrete cast monolithically ‘Concrete cast against hardened concrete with surface intentionally roughened 3 [Concrete cast against hardened concrete not intentionally | 0.50 roughened or concrete anchored to structural steel by headed studs or bars. Fig. 2.14 Shear friction reinforcement The steel must be placed approximately uniform across the shear plane so that all parts of the crack are clamped together. Each bar must be anchored on both sides ofthe crack to develop the yield strength. ‘The ultimate shear (Q, / A,)shall not exceed the following limits: 4% =O,1A, S ONS fa, (2.182) Iq =O, 1A, $ 4.0.N Imm? (2.186) 2272.4 Short Cantilevers (Brackets or Corbels) Corbels or brackets are short cantilever members that project from a column or ‘a beam to support another beam or heavy concentrated load. The importance of these members is clear in precast buildings where corbels support beams and girders. Therefore, the total safety of these types of structures depends on the ability of the corbels and brackets to transfer the load safely to the columns, Steel bearing plates or angles are commonly used in the top surface of the brackets to provide a uniform contact surface and to distribute the reaction. Short cantilevers are defined by the Egyptian Code as cantilevers wiiose shear span-to depth ratio (a/d) is 1.0 or less (See Fig. (2.15)). This small ratio changes the pattem and distribution of stresses similar to the case of deep ‘members. In corbels, a large horizontal force develops due to shrinkage and creep of the supported elements such as beams that are connected to the corbels. ‘The code provisions apply to short cantilevers in which the depth at the outside edge of the bearing area is not less that (0.5d) where d is the depth measured at column face. Short cantilevers are designed to support beams transferring vertical reactions Q,. Horizontal force (N,)caused by restrained shrinkage, creep in prestressed beams and expansion or contraction effects. Therefore, itis advisable to consider a minimum horizontal force, N,, = 0.20, Fig. 2.15 Definition of a Corbel according to the Egyptian Code 228 ‘The structural action of a short cantilever can be idealized as a truss made up of ‘a compression strut and a tension tie as shown in Fig. (2.16a). The inclination of the strut determines the tension in the tie by a simple force polygon. Since the tension tic supports a constant tension force, sufficient anchorage of bars should be provided beyond the corbel interface with the column, Failure of the strut- ‘and tie model could occur as a result of yielding of the tension tie, failure of the compression strut, or failure of the end anchorage of the tension tie. [A direct shear failure could also be a possible mode of failure along the face of the column as shown in Fig.(2.16b). Local failure under the bearing plate could occur. Finally, if the corbel is too shallow at the outside end, there is a danger that cracking may extend through the corbel as shown in Fig. (2.16c). For this, reason, ECP 203 requires the depth of the corbel to be 0.5d at the outside edge of the bearing plate. ‘Shear frtion reinforcement () © © Fig. 2.16 Failure modes of corbels 29‘The Egyptian Code requires that reinforcement be arranged as shown in Fig (2.17). The main tension reinforcement is calculated to resist a moment (M,) at column face and normal force (W,). . The area of steel required to resist the tensile force (WV, 2 0.20, ) is given by: Lit Cy = Main steel, Ay Vertical ot. Closed st An Photo 2.6 reinforced concrete buildings 230 ‘The bending moment is calculated as follows (refer to Fig. 2.15). The flexural reinforcement A;is calculated using regular sectional analysis. so (2.20) M, =O, a+N, (¢+A-d) .. ‘The shear-friction reinforcement (A,) calculated using the shear-friction concept is given by: 2 y, — oe 221) HEY) Lt. Corbel reinforcement consists of three types: 1. Main reinforcement 2. Horizontal stirrups. 3. Vertical stirrups. 4. Main Reinforcement ‘The total main top steel A, the greater of the following: L AAA, 2.222) 2. A, =A, 42/34, (2.226) 2 Ar 0080 a 2.23) where b is the width of the corbel. 2. Horizontal Stirrups ‘The horizontal shear reinforcement, Aj, consists of horizontal closed stimups uniformly distributed in the top 2/3 of the cross section. This area is given by: Ay 205 (A, Ay) siesnnnnenmnmnnnenne (2:24) 3. Vertical Stirrups Corbels should also be provided with vertical stirrups that satisfies, the ‘minimum requirements of the ECP-203. where s is the spacing of the vertical stirrups. 231Example 2.1 A transfer girder is to support two columns, each having a factored load of 7500 KN as shown in the figure. Its clear span is 7.0 m. The girder has to carry also a factored uniform load, including its weight, having a value of 206.3 KN/m’, The material properties are f,, =25N/mm? and f, =360N/mm? Design the beam using the empirical design method presented in the ECP 203 208.5 kNim Li 6000,.mm | 50] Solution Step 1: Check the applicability of the empirical method ameiter of {195% ear span = 1.05%7.00 = 7.35m an ee CLtoCl.=7.8 m csligg =7.35m Assume the distance from the bottom fibers to the center of the tension reinforcement = 100mm > d= 6000-100 = 5900 mm 135 245 <1.25 d 590 Since the (4 / Ly )<1.25 (simple beam condition), the empirical method can be applied. Step 2: Flexural design 0.86 087d =0.86x7.35 = 6.32 m 875.9 =5.133 m v4 =nater of { Yq =5A3m 7500 RN 1=206.5 kN/m "| 7500 coon Leg@7.35m | 28 he 215 ‘Mpg 18457 EN. Bending moment diagram 232 233Moga (atmid-span) = 206.5735 +7500% 2.275 = 18457 kN 18457x10° Varhy ly, 5130x360/1.15 0.225 fa _ 0.225 V35, A cna =smaller of | f,, 360 1.34, =1.3%11493=14941 mm? 1493 mm? 650% 5900=11984 mm? ois > x 650% 5900 100 5752 mm? But not less than 215 5 g 100 Ay 0.k Sunes 234 235‘Step 3.3: Calculation of shear carried by concrete 0, =35-25(M, /Q,d) >1.0 <25 by =35-25x(— 2 _) 2.9725 5, =25 '8006%5.50 ‘The concrete shear strength ge is chosen as the smaller of Le yg = 5x02 fa 2. dy 0.46 ff, 115 = 2.5% 0.24V9511.5 =2.45N J mm? 1.46 2571.5 = 1.88N fmm? 88.N fmm? Gos ‘The average shear stress at the critical section is more than the shear carried by concrete. Web reinforcement (vertical and horizontal) needs to be designed. Step 3.4: Design of web reinforcement ta te O5tg = 205-2821 158 In (1-2, /a)_ > 6, = =0 Sh 2 7 0.818 a2 G+L,1a) _* 59 - 2 rT 182, or 6, 6, =1—0.818 = 0.182, su = 8 * Isuv + 5b ¥ Gout Eat ray] > dn [ossact vaste] S| i Ys Gu = ‘Try vertical bars of diameter 12.0 mm (2 branches) and horizontal bars of diameter 16.0 mm (2 branches). = 400mm? A,=226mm? and, (satisfies code requirement) a3 gait ose 38) ose} 5 5,=1528mm Fe 0x15 200 Us ‘Take s, =150mm (satisfies code requirements) Note: que cponiaty =VASN fmm? > Guscaguinty =113 > OK. um web reinforcement Check the satisfaction of the mi Acnin 0.0015 55, =0.0015%650%200=195 mm? a (400 mm) ——ok. ‘Step 2: Check the ultimate shear friction value: Q. FSO haw but not more than 4 N/mm? 00x10" SA = 2.250.154 25 = ‘mm? sooe7s [5x25 =3.75 N/mm? O.K. Step 3: Area of main reinforcement: ‘The bending moment acting onthe bracket equals to: M,=Q.a+N(t+A-d) 1M, =500x0.4-+100(0.8+ 0.05—0.75) = 210k m, M, =0.672= ba, (da, 12) M, =210x10° = 0.67% 25 300%4, (750-4, /2) 8 > O.ld M, 210x108 (a 1297, Ty, 750-8812) x240/1.15 425 mm Ny 10010" 9 sag? Fly, 24015 T = 2u N, HL te Syl te ~ For monolithically cast concrete = 1.2 Ay 500x107 | 100x10* Ag = 240” 2407.15 12x20 as ‘The area of the main reinforcement is the largest area obtained by evaluating three equations: The first equation A= 4, + Ay 476mm ‘Then 4, = 47941425 = The second equation ten 4, 20042 20762130mn? 238 239The third equation fend = 003-25 «300%750 = 708mm? A, = 0.03 Hence, the area main reinforcement is obtained from the second equation. A, = 2130 mm? ‘Use 5 9 25 (2454.369 mm") Step 4: Find the area of the horizontal stirrups Ay =0.50(A, ~A, ) = 0.50(2130 479) = 826 mm? This area has to be distributed over 2/3 of thie effective depth, ie. over a distance equals to (2/3x750) = 500 mm. ‘Choose closed stirrups (two branches) having a bar diameter = 12 mm and spaced at 166 mm, The available area of horizontal stirrups = 113x2 x(500/166 +1) = 906.7 mm? > 826mm? OK, ‘Step 5: Find the area of the vertical stirrups Assume that the spacing of the vertical stirrups is 200 mm. 0. ead = Esc = 24 30200 100mm f, mm and Choose vertical stirrups (two branches) having a bar diameter spaced at 200 mm. ‘The available area = 50 x 2 = 100 mm? OK. i 5625 /L Cbsed st Vertical st. 6o12im ‘5ée/m Reinforcement Details 240 241CONTROL OF DEFLECTIONS Photo 3.1 A cable-stayed bridge during construction 3.1 Introduction ‘The Egyptian Code is based on the limit states design method. The limit states (tates at which the structure becomes unfit for its intended function) are divided into two main groups: those related to collapse and those that disrupt the use of the structures but do not cause collapse. These are referred to as ultimate limit states and serviceability ‘imit states, respectively. The major 242serviceability limit states are excessive deflections, undesirable vibrations and excessive cracking. Deflection control will be thoroughly presented in this chapter. Control of cracking will be discussed in chapter four. ‘The adoption of the limit states design method in recent years, accompanied by the use of higher strength concrete and high-grade steel, has permitted the use of relatively shallower members. As a result, deflection calculations gained more importance than they were few decades ago. Excessive deflections of beams and slabs may cause excessive vibrations, damage to the appearance of the structure, poor roof drainage, and uncomfortable feelings for the occupants. Also, such deflections may damage partitions and cause poor fitting of doors and windows. Therefore, itis very important to maintain control of deflections. ‘The Egyptian code presents the followi deflection: two approaches for controlling Control of deflection by limiting the span/thickness ratio of the member. © Control of deflection by calculating the deflection and set limitations to its value. ‘The first approach indirectly controls the deflection by setting an upper limit for span-to-thickness ratio, It is simple to follow without the need for deflection calculations. However, if smaller members are required, the second approach should be followed by calculating the deflections and comparing the computed values with specific limitations imposed by the code. 3.2 Load-Deflection Behavior of RC Beams Figure 3.1 shows the load deflection response of a reinforced concrete beam. Initially, the beam is uncracked and is stiff. With further loads, cracking occur at mid-span when the applied moment exceeds the cracking moment of the beam. When a section cracks its moment of inertia decreases leading to a significant reduction in the stiffness of the beam. This is the start of the cracking stage. At this stage, the beam continues to carry load but with relatively large deflection. Eventually the reinforcement yields at mid-span leading to a large increase in deflections with litle change in load (points C and D). Since the service load of any member is about 65% of its ultimate load, the service load level of the beam in Fig. 3.1 can be represented by point B. Long- term application of service load (sustained load) results in increasing the deflection from point B to B’, due to creep of concrete. The short-term, or immediate, deflection under service load (point B) and the long-term service load deflection (point B’) are both of interest in design and will be discussed later. 243 yielding of reinforcement to the ultimate Toad. service load Load B Cracking stage Midspan Deflection & Reinforcement 3 Fig. 3.1 Load-deflection response 3.3 Moment of Inertia of RC sections 3.3.1 Gross moment of inertia ‘As mentioned in the previous section, if the applied moment is less than the cracking moment, the section is considered uncracked. In this case, the moment of inertia ofthe section equals to I, (uncracked stage) as shown in Fig. 3.2.cracking stage Ipleler Midspan Deflection A Fig. 3.2 Moment of inertia in concrete beams For design purposes, the calculation of the gross uncracked moment of inertia Ty can be carried out by neglecting the cross-sectional area of steel reinforcement (e.g. I, for rectangular sections = b tV/12). For normal reinforcement ratios, the error in calculating I, does not exceed 10%. ‘The ECP 203 gives the following formula for calculating the cracking moment: farly % Where far is the concrete tensile strength (N/mm?), J, is the gross moment of inertia neglecting the effect of reinforcement (mm*), and y, is the distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber in tension for the uncracked section (mm). In the ECP 203, the concrete tensile strength far is given by: 6 Fa, For rectangular sections, y; equals to half the section thickness. For T-sections the reader should pay attention to the direction of the bending moment. Thus, for T-section in cantilever beams the distance y; is measured from the top fibers Fig3.3.a and for T-sections in simple beams it is measured from the bottom fibers as shown in Fig.3.3.b. Gu) sens (3-2) 245 Maximum tension & 3 N Maximum tension 4a Negative bending moment ‘Positive bending moment Fig. 3.3 Determination of the distance y, in simple and cantilever T-beams 3.3.2 Cracked Transformed Moment of Inertia ‘When the applied moment exceeds Mz» the developed tensile stress exceeds the tensile strength of concrete producing cracks as shown in Fig. 34. The developed cracks will cause the moment of inertia to drop to a value less than the gross moment of inertia Z,. Since concrete is weak in tension, it will crack below the neutral axis and its contribution to the rigidity and strength will be neglected. On the other hand, the concrete in the compression zone acts effectively and contribute to the section rigidity. The actual cracked section is non-homogeneous and consists of the compressed concrete above the neutral axis and the reinforcing steel bars below the neutral axis. The non- homogeneous section can be replaced by an imaginary homogenous section called the transformed section. To obtain the transformed section of a reinforced concrete beam, the area of the reinforcing steel bars A, is replaced by an equivalent area of concrete equals 1nA,, in which n= E/E, is the modular ratio (the modulus of elasticity of steel / ‘modulus of elasticity of concrete). The moment of inertia of this transformed section is called the cracked transformed moment of inertia lr.cracked eoe|A me Uncracked section Cracked section Fig. 3.4 Cracking of conerete section under applied loads ‘The neutral axis is located at distance z from the compression face. The location of the neutral axis can be easily determined by taking the first moment of area about the center of gravity of the section (c.g,). It should be noted that the center of gravity coincides with neutral axis (no normal force). b | bey may cracked zon mA ~~ linear stress Cracked section Gissistion ‘Transformed section Fig. 3.5 Determination of the neutral axis and cracked transformed ‘moment of inertia calculations 247 | bx2/2-n A, (4-2) @3) Subsisting with z=kd and w= Ayb d gives: b(kd)* 2 Dividing by be? substituting with pig= (n 1), and solving for k gives k=y2n, +4, nA,(d-kd)=0, G4) 5) and, z=kd Having determined the neutral axis distance 2, the cracked moment of inertia Io- can be computed as xz? as Using the previous set of equations, design chart was prepared to facilitate the determination of the fz, for singly reinforced section (refer to the Appendix). L 3.6) +n A, (d-2)" For doubly reinforced section, the compression steel displaces the stressed concrete and has a transformed area of (n-I)A, Referring to Fig. 3.5 and taking the first moment of area about the top fibers gives: bx 2712+ (n=) A, (2-d')-n A, dz)" ‘The previous equation is a quadratic equation in z and can be solved directly. ‘Te value of z can be directly obtained from Eq, 3.8. tlie aw BD) 2ar where a =b2 bo Sn At(n lA’. -{(a-l) Asd' +n Ad] ‘The cracked moment of inertia equals bx. +0 A, (d-2)? (0-2) A (2-d' G9) Design aids for calculating the cracked moment of inertia for rectangular sections with tension steel only are given in Appendix. 248In T-sections, the neutral axis could be located inside or outside the flange as shown in Fig. 36. Therefore, hand calculations should be carried out as explained in the illustrative examples. A et b b Neutral axis inside the flange 2t, 3.6 Location of the neutral axis in cracked T-sections, Photo 3.2 Reinforced concrete building 249 a | 3.3.3 The Effective moment of inertia le Sections located at tension cracks have their moment of inertia approximately equal to the transformed cracked moment of inertia J.,. However, between cracks the moment of inertia could be approximately taken equals to I, Referring to Fig. 3.4, it is clear that a cracked reinforced concrete beam behaves as a beam with Variable moment of inertia. To simplify deflection calculations, the cracked RC beam is assumed to have a constant moment of inertia (called the effective moment of inertia 1). ‘The effective moment of inertia has a value less than Zy but is greater than lr ‘The most widely accepted formula for estimating the effective moment of inertia was developed by Branson and is adopted in the Egyptian code. This, empirical equation, presented graphically in Fig. 3.7, was based on statistical analysis of deflections measured from test data, and is given by: ie) Ma si mM, ‘The previous equation can be simplified as: 1 terth-ta He) . Gin where Te cracked transformed moment of inertia. ‘M, maximum service (wifactored) moment in the member, Me, cfacking moment calculated using Eq. 3.1 ‘The variability of deflection calculated using this expression, which is based on laboratory tests, is relatively high. However, considering the variety of factors, that influence deflection of reinforced concrete beams, greater accuracy can be hardly expected from using such a simple equation, Figure 3.6 shows variation of the effective moment of inertia J. with the applied ‘moment Ma, In this figure, the horizontal axis refers to the applied bending ‘moment and the vertical axis refers to the moment of inertia that should be used in deflection calculations. It is clear that if the applied moment is less than cracking moment of the beam; deflection is calculated using the gross moment 250of inertia J,- On the other hand, if the applied moment is greater than the cracking moment, deflection is calculated using the effective moment of inertia, 1. It is interesting to note that the value of the effective moment of inertia ‘approaches the cracked moment of inertia as the applied moment increases. L L Effective moment of inertia Ie My Fig. 3.7 Variation of the effective moment of inertia I. with the applied ‘moment My In summery the effective moment of inertia equals G12) 251 3.4 Code Provisions for Control of Deflections ‘The Egyptian code presents two approaches for controlling deflection. The first is indirect by setting an upper limit for span-to-thickness ratio. In the second approach, the computed member deflections are compared with specific limitations imposed by the code. 3.4.1 Control of Deflection by Span-to-Thickness Ratio 3.4.1.1 Beams and One-Way slabs ‘The Fgyptian code imposes restrictions on the member thickness relative to the clear span Ey, to ensure that the member will be rigid enough so that deflections are unlikely to cause problems as given by Eq. 3.13 and Table 3.1. Table 3.1 ‘can not be used for beams or slabs supporting elements that are likely to be ‘damaged due to deflection. It can not also be used in case of abnormal buildings and in case of heavy or uneven loads ‘The code recognizes the effect of support conditions on deflection by assigning different span/thickness ratios according to the continuity conditions at both ends of the member. 2a. Values itedin Table 3.1 snes O13) Table 3.1 Left ratios for members spanning less than 10 meters or cantilevers spanning less than 2m. (Deflection calculations are waived) ‘Simply | Oneend [Two end | Cantilever Element supported | continuous | continuous ‘Solid sas ; 35 30 36 10 Hidden Beams and 20 25 28 8 hollow blocks Beams 16 8 a LE ‘The values listed in Table (3.1) are valid when using high grade stee! 400/600. In the case of using other types of reinforcing steel, the values mentioned in ‘Table 3.1 should be divided by factor €, given by: f =040+22.. $2 040+ 655 ‘Where f; is the yield strength of reinforcing steel in N/mm’. G.14) 252‘T-seetions ‘The limiting values listed in Table 3.1 are also valid for T-sections by multiplying the values by the reduction factor 8 determined from the either Ea, 3.15 or Fig 3.8 s-o7+029(2)z08 -G.15) 1.00 ; B co 0.95 +-—| | a # aso +4 : { 3 cos| | | § ao e 3 or} 070 0 01 02 08 04 05 06 07 08 09 1 (0/8) ratio. Fig. 3.8 Modification of L/t ratio for T-sections 3.4.1.2 Two-way slabs Resting on Rigid Beams For two-way slabs resting on rigid beams, having spans of less than 10 meters, subjected to uniform loads that are not heavy and attached to non-structural elements not likely to be damaged by large deflections, the deflection calculations can be waived if the slab thickness is grater than ¢ calculated using the following equati a{oss+ 1600. 20 15+ 410 ba OF 2100 mm . 6.16) Where ais the smaller dimension of the slab, b is longer dimension of the slab., By is the ratio between the length of all continuous edges to the total perimeter, and fy is the yield strength of reinforcing steel in Nimm’ 253 aE Also the slab thickness should be greater than tia for simply supported slabs forslab continuous from one side 3 40 fe forslab continuous from two sides where a is the short direction. 3.4.2 Control of Deflection by Limiting its Value Calculations of deflections are carried out in the following cases: ‘© Values of span-to-thickness ratios given in Table 3-1 are not satisfied. ‘© Span of the beam is more than 10 ms or length of the cantilever is greater than 2 ms. ‘© ‘The member is subjected to heavy or uneven loads or located in abnormal type of building. 3.4.2.4 Calculation of Immediate Deflection Deflection of reinforced concrete members can be calculated using the simple structural analysis expressions. Examples of these expressions are given in Eq. 3.18, the rest is given in appendix A. It interesting to note that the deflection of a uniformly loaded simple beam is five times the deflection of a uniformly loaded beam with fixed ends. = E__ for fixed end beam with uniform load ( ) 384 EI, StL for simple beam with uniform load ) 384 E 1, A z a 7 for simple beam wth point od at midspan 18) wie) for cantilever beam with uniform load (w ) SEI, PL? o i TE fereantilever beam with point load at dg (P) 254Where 1, and L are the effective moment of inertia and the beam span, respectively. Ecis the concrete modulus of elasticity and is given by 4400/7, ~G.19) ‘The total immediate delectation A; duc to the existence of dead and live loads ‘equals to: B, A= An ty. - (3.20) where Apr is the deflection due to dead loads including the own weight of the ‘member and the weight of the finishes and Ar, is the deflection due live loads. 3.4.2.2 Long Term Deflection Due to the combined effect of creep and shrinkage, the deflection increases with time. The factors affecting long-term deflection include humidity, temperature, curing conditions, ratio of stress to strength, the age of concrete at the time of loading and compression steel content. Ifthe concrete is loaded at an early age, its long-term deflection will be increased. The creep deflection after about five years can range two-three times the initial deflection. It should be noted that ‘more than 90% of the long-term deflection occurs atthe first five years after the initial Ioading. immediate. immediate curvature trains concrete beam strain “after curvature Long-term, deflection deflection Fig. 3.9 Effect of creep on deflections, curvature and strains. 255 ‘The addition of compression steel reinforcement reduces the long-term deflection significantly. Figure 3.10 presents experimental deflection versus time for beams with and without compression reinforcement. The additional deflection with time is 195% of the initial deflection for beams without Compression reinforcement (A’.=0), while it is only 100% of the initial deflection for beams with compression steel equals to the tension reinforcement (A’= Ay). E 10 E : = 10 = s 3 se Rs=05) 8 0 = impp deticton| A'saas z @ £ « is aera 3 2 Go 0 100 += 200» 300-400 500-600 Time (days) Fig. 3.10 Effect of compression reinforcement on long-term deflection ‘Based on experimental results, the ECP 203 specifies that additional long-term deflection due to creep Aceep is calculated by multiplying the dead load deflection Api. by the factor c. For a singly reinforced section this factor is ‘equal to 2, The reduction factor ot for sections with compression steel can be computed from the following relation: ie 1.2] —+|20.6 3.21) (@) ea) Soup = Ay, snnannansenese B22) “Thus the long-term deflection including the effect of creep equals: Meat = Sony + Mou + Be, 8.23) 256Boor = O42) Mpg +B gy soe 3.24) 3.4.2.3 Permissible Deflections ‘As mentioned before, deflections of roofs and floors may cause cracking of brick walls and malfunction of doors and windows. Moreover, deflection due to accumulated water on the roof may cause additional deflections allowing it to hold more water. The ECP 203 imposes the following deflection limits: ‘The total deflection of members in ordinary buildings under the effect of all loads including the effect of temperature, shrinkage and creep, ‘measured from the support level should be limited as follows 1 For beams, one-way labs and two-at-slabs: L Newt S so. 258 wt SE (3.25a) 2. For cantilevers: L Nua $= se (3:25) eet S355 (3.256) where L is the distance between the inflection points for beams or slabs and is the cantilever length (See Fig. 3.1). The value of Z is based on the shore span for one-way and two-way slabs, and based on the long span for flat slabs. Se eT -— 1, —— -— bh — Tals L=0.87L5 Simple beam One end continuous beam re & a L=0.76L5 a Continuous beam: Cantilever beam Fig. 311 Definition of L in deflection calculations 257 ‘+ The BCP 203 requires that the immediate deflections due to live loads only for beams and slabs supporting or attached to non-structural celements not likely to be damaged by large deflections, to be limited to: sé . 360 Ay (3.26) + The ECP-203 requires that for beams and slabs carrying non-structural elements that are likely to be affected by deflection such as curtain walls, the part of the total deflection that occurs after the execution of the floor finishes and partitions and that results from all loads including the effect of temperature, shrinkage and creep to be limited to: ta FO Dig, SE cnennnnineinenes B21) 480, where Au = instantaneous deflection due to live loads (not likely to be sustained) Ane = long term deflection (creep + shrinkage) due to all dead loads applied after the installation of partitions including any sustained (permanent) live loads Table 3.2 and Fig. 3.12 summarize the previous rules, Photo 3.3 Beam deflection during testing 258‘Table 3.2 Maximum permissible deflections ‘Type of member Deflection to be considered Deflection limit Beams and slabs in ordinary buildings “otal deflection (measired from the level of the suppor) under the effect of all Toads including the effect of temperature, svinkage and creep 1/250 for beams & slabs 11450 for cantilevers Beams and slabs supporting cr attached to non-structural elements not likely to be damaged by large deflections Immediate deflection due to live Toads 11360 Beams and slabs supporting (or attached to non-structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections Immediate deflection due to live Joads plus long-term deflection due to all additional loads (applied after construction of non-structural elements) including flooring. and partitions 11480 Deflection Calculations Calculate the total deflection under the effect of all loads including the long-term effect Ag and check the following limits: $1/250 for beams and slabs be damaged by large deflections eae eee = Caleulate the deflection due to deflection due to Live loads + deflection due to sustained permanent: A, =A ted, Live loads only = Ar, = Check the satisfaction of following limit: Ay, $L/360 - Check the satisfaction of following limit: A, $L/480 259 Fig. 3.12 Deflection Calculations 2603.4.2.4 Deflection of Continuous Beams For continuous spans, the ECP 203 calls for a simple average value for the effective moment of inertia obtained from Eq, 3.10 as follows: 1, =0.50 I, 40.25% (Ly +13) 6.28) where 1 is the average effective moment of inertia, Im is the effective moment of inertia at mid-span and J, and 12 are the values of the effective moment of inertia calculated at the negative moment sections. Figure 3.13 shows the application of Eq, 3.28 for the calculation of the average effective moment of inertia for an interior span of a continuous beam. The value of the effective ‘moment inertia at mid-span Iq is calculated form Eq. 3.10 using the maximum moment May. On the other hand, the values of f.y and J. are calculated from Eq, 3.10 suing the maximum negative moments Ma, and Maz. Mayle Marler Menton Fig. 3.13 Calculation of the effective moment of inertia for continuous beams For continuous beams in which the exterior support does not prevent any rotation (brick wall), the effective moment of inertia can be approximated by 1, =0.75 1,, 40.25% 1 6.29) Where Jan is the effective moment of inertia at mid-span and J; is the value of the effective moment of inertia calculated atthe first interior support. To determine the effect of continuity on the deflection at mid-span, itis easier {fo express the deflection equation in terms of moment. For example, for a uniformly loaded simply supported beam the deflection can be expressed as: SxP BET, (30) 261 For a beam with concentrated negative moment M; at beam end the deflection equals 3x2 "BEL 331) Referring to Fig, 3.13 and by using the principle of super-positon, one ean concluded that the mid span deflection 4 for continuous beam is = XE _ i, -0.1x(M, +M,)] $xET 3.32) where Mj, My and Mz are the bending moments at end 1, midspan, and end 2 respectively. To calculate the dead load deflection for example, one should use the dead load moment My.or at midspan and at the two ends (M;,o. and Ma). Photo 3.4 Deflection of a siFe Example 3.1 ‘The cantilever beam shown in the figure below carries an unfactored dead load of 11.5 kN/m’ and an unfactored live load of 6 KN/m’. The beam is located at a typical floor and supports walls that are not likely to be damaged by deflection. It is required to calculate the immediate and the long-term deflections. Does the beam meet ECP 203 requirements for deflections? feu =35Nimm? n =10 150 mm Ke 3@ 20 800 mm, ‘Beam Section Beam Elevation ‘Solution Step 1: Calculate the uncracked section properties ‘Neglect the reinforcement steel in calculating the gross moment of inertia. ye= 400 mm bxt? _ 150x800 1 ane 12 = 64x10" mm* 1 50_ i ‘Uncracked section 263 ‘Step 2: Calculate the cracking moment and the applied moment Sar = 0.64{F,, = 0.6135 =3.55 N/mm? Fact, ” 400, 55x64x10 1 56 79 pm 10° SRN Im! Wygg = HS +6 = ‘The maximum negative moment in the cantilever is at the support wg EP _115x2.2* 2 Since My Me, then calculate I, M,= =108 KN m...>M,, (crackedsection analysis) ‘Step 3: Calculate the cracked section properties A= 4@ 16 = 804 mm? Assume the neutral axis is located at a distance z from the compression force. Transform the area of steel reinforcement into an equivalent area of concrete (aA). nAz10 x 804 = 8040 mm? 267 250 1 \ ieee es ‘A=804 mm? Original section ‘Transformed section ‘Taking the first moment of area for the transformed section about the N.A., gives: 250%2%5 8040 (550~z) 125 2? +8040 24422000 = 0 2=158.68 mm Calculate cracked moment of inertia lor 1, een Ad-2)? 3 = 250%158.68" 56x10" mm* +10% 804 x (550 -158.68)? Step 4: Calculate the effective moment of inertia - 44007, = 4400/25 = 22000 N J mm* 1 +(, -1e(ite) , » 1 56x10?) 25.)" 1.5610? + (4.5%10? -1.56%10' (8) TT X10? mm. 268‘Step 5: Calculate the deflection Step 5.1: Calculate the immediate deflection Wo = 15 kN/m’ =15 N/mm’ Wu. =9kNim’ = 9 Nimm’ ‘The maximum dead load deflection for simple beam at mid span equals Wp, LY 5x15%(6x1000)* 184 ET, 384x22000x1.77x10" Since the relation between deflection and load is linear, we can determine the deflection of other loads simply by using ratios of the applied loads as follows: Bus = Ap x= 65x =3.9 mm Woe 1S Ay =A, +My, 6543.9 =104 mm Step 5.2: Calculate the long-term deflection The total deflection due to all loads including the elect of creep equals: Seu =(4Q) Ap, + Ay, : since A’;=0 then o=2 Bua = (142)6:543.9= 23.4 mm Step 6: Check the code requirements 1, The code maximum limit for simple beams = 6000/250 = 24 mm, since Aves (23.4 mm) Mg, then calculate I. an Step 3: Calculate the cracked section properties A, =3@ 22= 1140.4 mm? Assume that the neutral axis is located at a distance z from the compression force. Transforming the steel reinforcement into equivalent area of concrete gives: nA=10 x 1140.4 = 11404 mm? ‘Assuming concrete cover of 50 mm, d=800-50 =750 mm 1250 nAs=11404, 200 Exact calculation for the e.g. Quick estimate for the c.g, To quickly determine whether or not the c.g. is inside the flange, calculate the first moment of area at the end of the slab. 1950%120% 42 > 11404%(750~120) Hence, assume the c.g. inside the flange, Taking the first moment of area for the transformed section about the c.g 1250%2%5 =11404 (150-2) 625 z? +1404 z-8553000=0 (08.21 mm < 120mm (inside the flange as assumed) Calculating cracked moment of inertia I., 272Bo Se yn A(d-2? 3 TRA (d—2) 1250%108.2° + 11404% (750 108.2)? = 5.2210? mm* Step 4: Calculate the effective moment of inertia B, = 4400, {Fog = 4400020 = 19677 N/mm? _ i, -10(Me ott, -1e)(He) 2x10" +(toaaxio?-s2ani0")( 215) 63x10" mm Step 5: Calculate deflection Step 5.1: Calculate immediate deflection Wo =20kN/m’ = 20 N/mm’ Wu, =8kNim’=8 Nim ‘The dead load deflection for simple beam equals: = 5p LE 5 20%(7.21000)4 e384 BT, 384° 19677x6.3x10" 5.64 mm ‘Since the relation between deflection and load is linear, we can determine the deflection of other loads simply by using ration as follows: Ay = gg x = 5.648 Woy 20 2.26 mm ‘Thus the immediate deflection equals: on + Ay, = 5.64 +2.26 = 7.90 mm Step 5.2: Calculate long-term deflection ‘The total deflection due to all loads including the effect of creep equals Beat = O42) Ay +x, Since A’s=0 then cr=2 Boat = (4 O)N gy +8 y, = (4 2)%5.644 2. =19.19 mm Step 5: Check the code requirements ‘¢ The code maximum limit for simple beams = 7200/250 = 28.8 mm. Since Aas (19.19 mm) < A,iowabte (28.8 mm), the code limit is satisfied. ‘Since the beam is attached to partitions that are likely to be damaged by large deflections, the code also requires that: : Ayah, se 5 <5 mm 480 * 480 Bug Ay, 103K, Where Au is the deflection due to all dead loads applied after the installation of all partitions plus the permanent live loads (given as 30%). Ag = 5.644 03x 2.26 = 6.32 mm 2.26 +2x 6.32=14.9 mm <15 mm 274Example 3.4 ‘The floor beam shown in figure is subjected to an unfactored concentrated dead load of 80 KN, and an unfactored concentrated live load of 55 kN (the own weight of the beam may be neglected). The beam supports glass partitions that are likely to be damaged by large deflections. Check the satisfaction of ECP 203 limits for deflection. The concrete compressive strength is fix=40 Nimm* 250 rH 2916 Pop=80 kN Pu=55 kN 750 4916 Beam Section 3 I, =8.8x 10° mm* = 2.72x 10° mm* ‘Solution Step 1: Calculate the cracking moment and the applied moment 16, Ff, = 0.6V40 = 3.79 Nfmm* Sarl _3.79x8.8x10" 1 a 315 Pry = 80+ 55 = 135 EN Sor M, L_139x6 ard ‘Since M,> Mc, then calculate I, M, = 202.5 kNm ‘Step 2: Calculate the effective moment of inertia B, = 4400/7, = 400080 = 278280 mm 1, steel He] araxto’+(ssxa0’ 2-710) 3% ) 3234016475 =3.23x10" mm* Step 3: Calculate the deflection Step 3.1: Calculate the immediate deflection ET, ‘The deflection for a simple beam carrying a concentrated load equals yg = —L80%1000) (6000) 4.9 um 48x 27828 x3.23x10" Since the relation between defection and load is linear, we can determine the deflection of other loads simply by using ratios as follows: bug = gg x Fe = 4x8 Poy 80 “Thus the immediate deflection equals: A, =a #8, =4042.75 = 6:75 mm = 2.15 mm ‘Step 3.2: Calculate the long-term deflection AL 2616 95 5 ga2-12/4|=2-1205)=14206--08. A, 4916 Ay ‘The total deflection due to all loads including the effect of creep equals: Sine = 040) Soy +4 uy Sug = (41.4) 4042.75 =12.35 mm 218 216Step 4: Check the code requirements + The code maximum limit for simple beams = 6000/250 = 24.0 mm, ‘Since Aout (12.35 mm) < Aguowanie (24.0 mm), the code limit is satisfied. ‘+ Since the beam is attached to partitions that are likely to be damaged by large deflections, the code also requires that: 215 +1.4x 4.0 = Photo 3.5 Cantilever beam during testing aa | Example 3.5 ‘The T-beam shown in figure is a part of a roof and it supports a triangular load. The beam supports partitions that are not likely to be damaged by deflections. Does the beam shown in the figure below satisfy the ECP 203 requirements for deflections? ‘The concrete strength is 25 N/mm? Assume of n=10. All the given loads are unfactored Pou=l4 EN Pi=8 KN 207 278‘Solution Step 1: Calculate the uncracked section properties Since the section is not symmetrical, calculate the c.g. “A, = 250%600 = 150000 mm? yi=300 mm A, = (1400 ~250)x100 ‘Taking the first moment of area about x-axis: 15000 mum? y2=50 mm 150000300 +115000x50 191.51 mom 150000 + 115000. 7 1, = 222 410000 00-1915 + L40O= 25010 ++115000%(191.51-50)* 1728.66 x10? mm* Step 2: Calculate the cracking moment and the applied moment Sen = 0.64 f, = 0.6V25 =3 N/mm? ‘Noticing that the tension side for the cantilever is at the top flange, then; 191.51 mm 279 3.0x8,66x10" % 19151 Wat = 24-+10= 34 RN / a’ Prag =14+8= 22. EN Since M,> Me, , then calculate I. Ma 1 10" 135.73 kN +22%3.6 =152.64 Nm Step 3: Calculate the cracked section properties A,=3® 25 = 1472.6 mm? AG=3@ 16 = 603.2 mm? Mer 280Assume that the neutral axis at a distance z from the compression force. The reader should notice that the compression part for cantilever is at the bottom of the section. ‘Transforming the steel reinforcement into an equivalent arca of concrete, gives: nA,=10 x 1472.6 = 14726 mm? The steel in the compression is transformed by multiplying with (n-1) to account for the concrete area. (al) A’=(10-1)x 603.2 = 5428.8 mm? Assuming concrete cover of 50 mm, d = 800-50 =750 mm nAE14726 t 1400 100 ry ¥ T 3 —neglect the cracked zone| g de B (oD Ap5428 AN 250 Calculation of the «.g. for the cracked section ‘Taking the first moment of area for the transformed section about the c.g 250% 2% 5 + 5428.8% (2 ~50) =14726 (550-2) 125 2? +20154 z-8370740=0 2=19043 mm Calculate cracked moment of inertia J, =P2 ern A end +n Ad-9F 250219043" 4 5498; (190.43—50)? +14726% (550-190.43)" = 2.58x10° mm* ‘Step 4: Calculate the effective moment of inertia 00,[ Fry = 4400,/35 = 22000 N/mm helt (,-1.)(He) 6.86%10" mm 1, =2.58x10" + (8.6610? — asexio?)(12573) 152.64 Step 5: Calculations of the deflections Step 5.1: Immediate deflection ‘The deflection for this cantilever beam is the sum of the deflection due to the concentrated load and that due to the uniform load. These deflections are given by the following equations: w L‘__ forcantilever beam with triangular load 308.1, PL Sp for cantilever beam with concentrated load at theedge ‘The dead load deflection equals: Al a 30B1, 3E A, Boy =2.33 mm 24x(3.6%1000)* (141000)(@.61000)° 30%22000%6.86x10" 3% 22000%6.86%10" 281 282‘The live load deflection equals: A, xt Pal __10xG.6x1000___, 8x1000)x(6.6x1000) fe 730 BT, SET, 30x22000%6.86x10" * 3x22000x6.86x107 Ay = 120mm Step 5.2: Long-term deflection ‘The total deflection due to all loads including the effect of creep equals Meat = 42) Moy Ay, 51206--0.. Aus = +151 23341.20= 705 mm Step 6: Check the code requirements © The code maximum limit is = 3600/450 = 8 mm. ‘Since Asai (7.05 mm) < Aviovste (8.0 mm), the code limit is satisfied, * The beam supports partitions that are not likely to be damaged by deflections, then the deflection limit is given by: Since Au. (1.2 mm) < Attiiowbi (10 mm), the code limit is satisfied. Example 3.6 ‘The reinforced concrete one-way slab shown in the figure below supports an unfactored dead load of 6 KN/m? and an unfactored live load of 3 kN/m? CCleutate the immediate and long-term deflections at point (B). fox equals 30 Nimm. 614" p14! Floor plan 80 283 284‘Solution ‘Step 1: Calculate the uncracked section properties’ Taking a Im slab width of the (b=1000 mm) y=70 mm Bx? _1000%140? _ 996.106 mum! . 12 | ey Cracked section at B a! a 70 SSS “Step 3.2: Sections A and ¢ ‘The positive reinforcement is not developed at supports, hence it will not be Unoracked section : considered as compression stel for sections subjected to negative moment at Step 2: Calculate the cracking moment the supports (ic. A, E, = 4400/7, = 440030 = 24099.8 N/mm Aj=60 14 =923.6 mm Using design aids given in the Appendix 6 )F, = 0.6¥30 From the curve ky= 0.0465 1.0465 1000x120" = 80.3%108 mm* ‘The cracking moment is valid for sections A, B and C (refer to the figure) Step 3: Calculate cracked section properties Since the slab is continuous, the moment of inertia of any span depends on the ‘average values of the moment of inertia of positive and negative sections Step 3.1: section B A,= 6 12= 678.5 mm? Assume concrete cover of 20mm > — d=140-20=120 mm Using design aids given in the Appendix A 6785 xd 1000x120 From the curve with #=0.00565, ku =0.0365 1,, = Ky xbxd* = 0.0365%1000%120" = 0.00565 “& 110° mm 285 : 286——— i Step 4: Calculate the effective moment of inertia Wat = 6439 RN mi ‘Thus, for a 1m width ofthe slab, waa =9 KN/m Since the slab is continuous with equal spans and loading, the code coefficients for moments in slabs are used as follows: ras XL? _ 93,6 k & M, ‘The following table summarizes the calculations. Calculation of the effective moment of inertia Pot] © | M. | Ma ] tama? wane [mnt 1 iNm | kN A | 2 [486 [1074 [RO3xIO” | uncracked | 286xI0U) el) BR | 10 [16s | 107s |x 10] cracked TREX IO Cal € [1458 [10.74 [803% 10" | cracked 139.56 x 10° Cay Note the values of the effective moment of inertia (given in the table) for section B and C are calculated as follows: Ie = 63.1108 + (228.6108 -63. aot (224) = 192.210 mm* "Ie = ley 803x108 +(228.6x108 ~aoaxao')(224) =139.56x10'mm’ 1438 ‘Since the slab is continuous, the average value of 1 should be calculated. 287 150, 0.25% (Ty, +2) 0.50%192,2%108 +-0.25x (228.6%108 +139.56x10°) = 188.110" mm* Step 5: Calculation of the deflections Wo =6kNim’=6 N/mm’ & Wy ‘The deflection for a uniformly loaded continuous beam equals: =3 kNIm’ =3 Nim sx = Et, -0.1K(Mt, +M)) axe, T 4 53600? 6x38 51, [6x36 , 6x3.6 } 108 ‘Bt "48 24099.8%188.1x10° | 10. 24 8 ne #193 mm Since the relation between deflection and load is linear, we can determine the deflection due to live load as a ratio of that due to dead load as follows: 0.96 mm ‘The immediate deflection A equals: A, = By, +Ay, =193+0.96 .89 mn ‘The total deflection due to all loads including the effect of creep equals: 4, out UE) Moy + Ay Since A’=0, then c=2 Bu = (1+ 2) 1.93+ 0.96 = 6.75 men 288‘Step 5: Check the code requirements +The code maximum limit for one-way slabs = 1/250, where L is the length between the inflection points. Since the slab is continuous from one end the length L equals 0.87 (3600) =3132 mm. Aauonanie = 3132/250 =12.53 mm Since Awat (6.75 mm) < Asioyabie (12.53 mm), the code limit is satisfied. 289 CONTROL OF CRACKING Photo 4.1 A hotel building in San Francisco, USA 4.1 Introduction JIn Chapter (1) of volume (1), the concept of limit states design was discussed. ‘The limit states (the states at which the structure becomes unfit for its intended function) are divided into two groups: those leading to collapse and those that disrupt the use of structures but do not cause collapse. These are referred to as the ultimate limit states and the serviceability limit states, respectively. The major serviceability limit states for reinforced concrete structures ae: excessive deflections, and excessive cracking. This chapter presents the , serviceability limit state of cracking. 2904.2 Reasons for Controlling Crack Widths (Crack widths should be limited for the following reasons: 1. Wide cracks lead to concem by owners and occupants. Previous studies suggested that cracks wider than 0.25 to 0.33 mm leads to public concerns, 2. Preventing the corrosion of reinforcement. Corrosion of steel occurs if wetting and drying cycles occur such that the concrete at the level of the steel is alternatively wet and dry. It does not occur in permanently saturated ‘concrete members because water prevents oxygen flow to the steel. 3. Preventing leakage in liquid-retaining structures. 4.3 Types of Cracks Tensile stresses induced by loads cause distinctive crack pattems as shown in Fig. 4.1. Members loaded in direct tension develop cracks through the entire cross section (Fig. 4.1a). Slender beams subjected to bending moments develop flexural cracks as shown in Fig. 4.1b. These vertical cracks extended almost to the zero-strain axis (neutral axis) of the member. Cracks due to shear have a characteristic inclined shape as shown in Fig. 4.1c. Members subjected to pure torsion develop spiral cracks as shown in Fig. 4.1d. Cracks also develop due to imposed deformation such as differential settlement, shrinkage and temperature changes. If shrinkage is restrained, shrinkage cracks may occur. Generally, however, shrinkage simply increases the width of load-induced cracks. Photo 4.2 Cracks in a bridge member due to rusting of the reinforcement 291 (a) Direct tension cracks (b) Flexural cracks (©) Flexural shear cracks B = LZ LS TG (@ Torsional cracks Fig, 4.1 Types of cracks 2924.4 Development of Cracks due to Loads Figure 4.2a shows an axially loaded prism. Cracking starts when the tensile stress in the concrete reaches the tensile strength of concrete at some point in the member. When this occurs, the prism cracks. Figures 4.2b and 4.2c show the variation in the steel and concrete stresses along the axially loaded prism, At the cracks, the steel stress and strain are at 2 maximum value. At the location of the cracks, the stresses in the concrete are equal to zero, while between the cracks, stresses start to develop in the concrete, This reaches a ‘maximum value mid-way between two cracks. ‘The width of the crack, w, is the difference in the elongation of the steel and the concrete over a length A-B equal to the crack spacing: 4.1) where & and ¢; are the strains in the steel and concrete, respectively, at a given location between A and B and x is measured along the axis of the prism. v Yle-ayen. ‘The crack spacing and the strains in the steel and concrete are difficult to determine in practice and empirical equations are usually used to compute the ‘crack width. “ESSE (@) Cracked member fll Doel Dell (b) Variation of steel stress along bar A AD AT A AT As (©) Variation of concrete stress along prism Fig 4.2 Stresses in concrete and steel in a cracked element 293 4.5 Crack Control in the Egyptian Code 4.5.1 Categories of structures ‘The Egyptian Code categorizes reinforced concrete structures according to their exposure to environmental effects as given in Table 4.1. ‘Table (4.1) Categories of structures according to the exposure of concrete tension surface to environmental effects Category Degree of exposure to environmental conditions ‘Structure with protected tension sides such as: cae i: All protected internal members of ordinary buildings. ii Permanently submerged members in water (without harmful material) or members permanently dry iii _ Well insulated roofs against humidity and rains. Stroctures with unprotected tension sides, suchas: a ;- Structures in open air, e.g. bridges and roofs without good insulation. fie Structures of category one built nearby seashores. iii- members subjected to humidity such as open halls, sheds and garages. Tirasture with severely exposed tension sides, such as wd is Members with high exposure to humidity. ii Members exposed to repeated saturation with moisture. fii Water tanks. m y= Structures subjected to vapour, gases or w chemical attack | _ chemical attack Members with tension sides very severely exposed to Four corrosive influences of strong chemical attack that cause rusting of steel i Members subjected to conditions resulting in rust of steel such as gases, vapour including chemicals. ii, Other tanks, sewerage and structures subjected to sea water, 294j The Egyptian Code requires a minimum suitable cover for protecting the steel | eatoteanent The cofer thal na be eas es te er from Table (4.2) or the largest bar diameter. ‘Table (4.2) Minimum concrete cover™ (mm) ‘Category of ‘All element except walls] — Walls and Solid slabs] structure -Table | and slabs a) Fa525 | fn)23 | %aS | Sad Nimm? Nimm? Némm? Nimom? One 5 20 20 20 Two 30 25 25 20 Three 35 30 30 25 Four e 40 0 35 ‘** The concrete cover should not be less than the largest bar diameter 4.5.2 Satisfaction of Cracking Limit State In order to satisfy the limit state of cracking, the Eeyptian Code requires the fulfilment of the following relation: = BS po Lm S Wena « (4.2) l ¢ (mm) =| 50+0.25k, (mm) { + Pr (44) ‘The values of ws, calculated using Eq. 4,2 should be less than Winas Values sgziven in the Table (4.3), 295 see a where a7 13 17 kas Coefficient that relates the average crack width to the design crack ‘width. It shall be taken as follows: For cracks induced due to loading For cracks induced due to restraining the deformation in a section having a width or depth (whichever smaller) less than 300 mm. For cracks induced due to restraining the deformation in a section having a width or depth (Whichever smaller) more than 800 min For cross sections having a width or depth (whichever smaller) between value 300 mm and 800 mm, the coefficient B shall be proportionally calculated. Bar diameter in mm. In case of using more than one diameter, the average diameter shall be used, A coefficient that reflects the bond properties of the reinforcing steel. It shall be taken equal to 0.8 for deformed bars and 0.5 for smooth bars, Coefficient that takes into account the duration of loading. It shall be taken equal to 1.0 for short term loading and 0.50 for long term loading or cyclic loading, Coefficient that reflects the effect of bond between steel and concrete between cracks. It shall be taken equal to 0.8 for deformed bars and 1.6 for smooth bars, In case of members subjected to imposed deformation, the values of ky shall be modified to ky where the value of kis taken as follows: 0.80 for the case in which the tensile stresses are induced due to restraining the deformation. For rectangular cross section, the value of k is taken as follows: 0.8 for rectangular section having a thickness > 300 mm. (0.50 for rectangular sections having a thickness < 800 mm. For rectangular cross sections having thickness ranging between 300- £800 mm, the value of k can be calculated using linear interpolation 110 for cases in which the tensile stresses are induced due to restraint of extrinsic deformations. Coefficient that reflects the strain distribution over the crass section. It shall be taken equal to 0.5 for section subjected to pure bending and 1.0 for section subjected to pure axial tension. For section subjected to ‘combined bending and axial tension, k shall be calculated from Eq. 45, 296ate kyo Sith a 2a Where 1 and £2 are the maximum and minimum strain values, respectively, to which the section is subjected. They shall be calculated based on the analysis of a cracked section as shown in Fig. 4.3. (4.5) e 2 a + | @ x | ke=1.0 kg=05 ke=(erten¥2e, i Strain distribution ‘due to axial tension ‘b-Steain distribution due to BM. oreccenttic forces with big eccentricity Strain distribution duet cccentric tension with small cvcentrcity | ‘Table (4.3) Values of Winax (mm) Category of ‘One Two Three Four structure — Table (4.1) We 03 02 O15 Or Be feet isthe minimum of Reet =25(Co+¥2) xc) Fig. 4.3 Values of the factor ky f= stress in longitudinal steel at the tension zone, calculated based on the analysis of cracked section under permanent loads. Jor = Stress in longitudinal steel at the tension zone, calculated based on the analysis of cracked section due to loads causing first cracking (Mz) Jn case of intrinsic imposed deformation, f, may be taken equal to fy. Pr = Ratio of effective tension reinforcement. A. 4.6) where ‘Ay =aea of longitudinal tension steel within the effective tension area. Ag = area of effective concrete section in tension,(=width of the section X fay ). The value of f,y can be calculated according to Fig. 4.4. 297 + 2.5(t-d) Beams Element in tension Te cs ssttomiiumor Be =25(Ce+42) Ce - C8 L F SNA Aoet Slabs c= neutral axis depth measured from the compression fibers 298Table (4.4) Control of cracking for smooth bars by limiting steel stress under service loads or reduction of design yield stress in steel to (Ber fy) 4.5.3 Code Related Provisions ‘The Egyptian Code permits nit carrying out the calculations of the limit state of im Gon factor. Category | Category cracking in accordance with Eq. (4.2) if one of the following conditions is met: Niamh | Resincon fst | wsD Ber con two | three & 1- In ordinary buildings classified as Class No. 1 or Class No. 2 { . ~ 4 four according to Table (4.1) and where live loads do not exceed 5.0 £ es KN Im? for the following two cases: ce Largest Bar diameter (bna) i) Solid slabs of thickness not exceeding 160 mm. 140 1.00 a wg oa ii) T- and L- beams with the flange in the tension | —i20 084 28 720 18 provided that the effective flange width to the web width (8/6) exceeds 3 | 100 08 : : 2 | 2 For elements subjected to bending moments and axial | Seo compressive forces exceeding (0.2 fey A¢)under service load conditions. ise : ‘Table (4.5) Control of cracking for deformed bars by limiting steel stress 3+ For elements in which tensile steel stress f, under service loads under service loads or reduction of design yield stress in steel to (fcr fy) are equal to or less than the values given in Tables (4.4) and (45). 7. (Nim) | Reduction factor | Category | Category | Category me 0 | three & 4- In case of using limit states design method, it can be considered WS.D Baw. 7 fe that the limit state of cracking regarding the stresses in the four reinforcing steel is satisfied by multiplying the yield strength f, = eee) in by the factor fin Tables (44) and (45). S652] 40160 | Largest Bar diameter (Gon) io mm | 20 100 | 092 ro iz 3 5- For structures classified as category 3 or 4 in which water tightness is required, the tension stresses should satisfy Eq. 4.7. 300 093 083 2 16 10 b 180 0.85 0.75 25 20 12 160 0.75 0.67 32 22 18, 140 0.65 0.58 25 22 | 120 056 | 050 = = 3B 299 el4.6 Liquid Containing Structures Liquid containing structures should be designed as non-cracked sections, In these structures the tensile stresses induced by loading should be less than the value given by the following equation Fa Fao Samy] se where Setr= the cracking strength of concrete and is given bj Sear 20.6 of fay. eneere Fea(v)= the tensile stresses due to unfactored axial tension force (negative sign is used for compressive stresses). -nsile stresses due to unfactored bending moment. fe ‘The coefficient (77) is determined in accordance with Table (4.6) and it depends on the “virtual” thickness 1, calculated from Eq. 4.9. ie where tis the actual thickness of the cross-section, wwe(4.9) Table (4.6 ) Values of the Coefficient 17 4.7 Design Aids for Calculating w, The calculation of the factor ws is complicated and time consuming. Therefore, design curves may be used to reduce the computation time. ‘The curves were prepared for rectangular sections reinforced with deformed bars and subjected to long term loading that result in pure bending moment. ‘Hence, the factors appeared in Eqs. 4.2, 4.3 and 44 are evaluated as follows: deformed bars section subjected to simple bending moment deformed bars Tong term loading cracking due to loads ‘The crack width equation can then be expressed as: Wy =B So Em =1-T Sm Fa In which 5, {s00asit, A, _ uxbxd Bog Aa Sx(¢-d)xb UxXbxd Virtual thickness, 7, (mm) Coefficient 9 ‘Smaller than or equal to 100 100 | 200 130 | 400 160 ‘Greater than or equal to 600 170 301 25x@-d)xb 25¢/d-1) (s0+025.08x051£)-(s0soas2ttt=) a ‘The previous equation is a function of wd, the bar diameter @ , and the reinforcement ratio pt. The values of Sm are given in the Appendix. An example of such design aids is given in Fi 302‘Similarly, the second term &n' a be siinpified as follows: To calculate the steel stresses, fi tte cracked moment of ineitia ‘iced to be computed. Referring to Fig. 4.5; theneutral ais distance is obtained by taking the first moment of area ofthe transformed section as follows: linear stress Cracked section distribution ‘Transformed Fig. 45 Determination of the neutral axis and cracked transformed ‘moment of inertia calculations bxc?/2-n A, d-c) =0. (4.13) Subsisting with c=Ad and js= A/b d gives: bade Gn A,(d~Ad)=0 Dividing by bd’, substituting with H4= (n #), and solving for 2. gives: ‘Having determined the neutral axis distance c, the cracked moment of inertia Je-can be computed as, 303 (4.16) 4.17) (4.18) (4.20) Me “raxtb =o Normalizing the cracking moment by diving by (b &*) gives; bd? ona (J metre, gann0s(e) 2x10° xT, M (4.21) (4.22) nx M10 dX0-A{ og go,c95{ Melba? 2x10°xI, 1b d? M [bd ‘The previous equation is a function of M/d b”, /d, and the reinforcement ratio 11. For each value of the concrete strength fa, design curves are plotted and given in the Appendix. (4.23) An example of such curves is given in Fig. 46 and the rest are in the Appendix: Take k, =1.7 ¢,, x10". Knowing M/d b’, U/d, and the reinforcement ratio }4, the value of K, is obtained using the design aids. The valuc of wz can be obtained using the following equation: w, =5,, xk, x10". (4.24) ‘The use of these curves is illustrated in Example 4.3, 304‘Wx factor for sections subjected to bending only fa250 Nimm?, td=1.05, ribbed bars, =10 TC T a Example 4.1 It is required to design the cross-section of a wall comprising a part of an elevated reinforced concrete water tank. The section is subjected to an tunfactored bending moment of 85 KN.m/m” and an unfactored tension force of 110 KN/m”. The material properties are f.=30 Nimm? and f, =360 N/mm? Solution In water containing structures, the Egyptian code requires the satisfaction of two conditions: 1- The concrete dimensions of the cross-section must be chosen such thatthe tensile stresses developed due to the unfactored straining actions are less than the tensile strength of concrete. 2- The steel reinforcement should be designed to resist the tensile forces developed at ultimate stage. The stresses developed in the stecl reinforcement at this stage should not exceed ,, f, where f., is a factor less than one and depends on the bar diameter. ‘Step 1: Uncracked section analysis eed ‘The concrete dimensions of the cross-section are determined such that the tensile stresses developed in the section when subjected to the unfactored vavesot8, straining actions are les than the tensile strength of concrete. ee Assuming, t = 550mm a The tensile stresses in the section are’ calculated according to the following a equation: a a tert} | et eo Sos = Ses NV+ fey A) S Ser! sete soe ee sales eee te ee Ny “e01o] — 63] 5 co can e 7 st cs 2, Fa(N)= fe ee pete tet et ete a a Lox10? . “o.ors} 58. “ao a 3 = 7 7 7 3. 7 f.(N) = ———— = 0.20 N /1 7 Fa) = 79005550 a wy xk, xlo ee 6M. Fao Fig. 4.6 Example of design curves for calculating the factor ws c 306 3056x85x108 1000x550? Fey =0.2+ 1.69 = 1.89.N mm™ Sear = 0-81 fox Fear = 0.6130 = n= factor that is determined from Table (4.6) according to the following equation: wrnlie Le oft cal SoM. .28.N J mm Re soc 22 615mm a 1.69. Lor ” 93N Imm? > fay =1.89N fmm Step 2: Cracked section analysis According to ECP 203, the load factor for liquid containing structures is 1.4 M, =1.4x85=119kNmlm N, =1AX110=1540N mi m d=t-(clearcover +912) ‘According to Table 4.1 the structure is classified as class 3. For such a class, ‘Table 4.2 gives a minimum concrete cover of 25 mm. ‘Assume the reinforcing bars used are of 16 mm diameter. d= 550—(254+16/2)=517 mm 119 =U o71m=T10mm "154 Since e > V2, the section is subjected to normal force with big eccenticity and Maz approach can be used e-1/2+cover For fy=360 Nimm?, Table 4.5 is used. The value of fi, for 16 mm diameter bar can be taken as the average between =12 mm and =18mm. p, =2854075 _ 9.49 Nima) | — Reaction aor —] Cargary | Cugory VCaegory wsp | Beso ove | wo (| deee four BEST [AOD | Tagen Bar damier ed i | 100 | —o52 | 8 1% eat I a mee ws es 3 ) { eo | Naas | 087 3 az i 1 0a B a TH 03503 7 rea Bor Sy!Y, 81.3x10° 154%10° 0.80%360%0.826%517 0.80%360/1.15 307 308Example 4.2 A reinforced concrete raft (categorized as category one) of a thickness 900 mm and is subjected to an unfactored bending moment of 700 KN.mim. The taterial properties are f,=30 Nm? and f, =360 N/mm. tis required to design the steel reinforcement to resist the applied moment and to check the satisfaction of cracking limit state in the Egyptian Code, Solution In order to design the steel reinforcement satisfying the limit states of cracking, the Egyptian Code gives two options to the designer: 1+ Design the steel reinforcement such that the stress developed at the ultimate stage is Bj. The reduction inthe stresses developed inthe steel is intended to guarantee a limited crack width at service loads. This is a simple straightforward approach that usually leads to uneconomic design 2- Design the steel reinforcement such that the stess developed at the ultimate stage is f. However, the designer should check the satisfaction of the Egyptian Code (Eq, 4.2) in order to guarantee a limited crack width at service loads. This approach needs an extensive amount of calculations but, usually results in an economic design, Approach 1 As mentioned above, this approach is based on designing the steel reinforcement based on usable stresses of =, x f, atthe ultimate stage -Minimum clear cover =40 mm Ultimate Moment = Ultimate Factor x Bending Moment ‘Assuming the factor = 1.5 Ultimate Moment = 1.5x700=10504N am = The effective depth (d) = total thickness ~ clear cover - 72 Assume the use of reinforcing bars of diameter of 32 mm. From Table (4-5) for Category Il and assuming ¢=32 —» ,, = 0.75 d =900—40-32/2=844.0mm rr 11050x10° =c1f1050%10° oy 4.51 & j=0.817 Ss 7 100030 J M, BX f, xed A For category one structures and deformed bars of diameter 32 mm (decided by the designe), the value of 3, can be obtzined from Table 4-5 as 0.75. 1050x106 OO = 5640mim? Use 732, **0,15%360%0.817x844 Approach 2 ‘This approach is based on designing the steel reinforcement to develop the full yield strength at ultimate stage and to check cracking status using Eq. 4.2. Step 1: Cracked section analysis “Minimum clear cover = 40 mm -Ultimate Moment = Ultimate Factor x Bending Moment .5X700=1050KN mm Ultimate Moment = ~"The effective depth (d) = total thickness ~ clear cover - @/2, ‘Assume the use of reinforeing bar of diameter of 32 mm, d =900~40~32/2.= 844. mm M, Dx fig 11050%10° = 11050210" ad 1000x30 i 7, xix “1, 451 & j=0817 1050x106 ——10SOxI0” _ = 4230mm” Use 632 360x0.817x844 A= 310+ Step 2: Calculation of the value of wx ‘Step 2.1: Calculation of the depth of the neutral axis, ¢ ‘The first moment of area of the cross-section about the neutral axis must be equal to zero bx =nxA,x(d-e) 1000 = 10x (6x804)x (844 ~c) Solving quadratic equation for ¢, ¢ 241.17 mm. 1000 900 mm. 6032 Cracked cross section Step 2.2: Calculation of Ter xe +n A, (d~c)* 1000%241.17° +10 (6804) (844 ~ 241.17)? =22.21x10? mm* Step 2.3: Calculation of steel stresses, f; xix 0) fe ¢ 700x108 22.21x10” (844.0 -241.17) = 190.03 fmm? i i Cracked cross section Step 2.4: Calculation of cracking moment, Mer L Mer = Sear ®—— y 60x fa 60-130 = 3.286N fmm? = 1000900 = 60.75.10" mm* pe OOTSXI? 1 5 == 443.7 kN a 90072” 10" 31 312‘Step 2.5: Calculation of steel stress fi. For n=10, c= 241.17 mm, Tey = 22.21 x 10° mm* x(d -c) 10 4910" 544.0~241.17) =120.44.9 Imm? 22.2110" Calculation of , Soap = OXteay fag = 2.5x(clear cover +912) 6804.0 ?e “T900%140.0 =0.0345 — deformed bars — simple bending moment applied > deformed bars — Tong term loading > cracking due to loads 313, Step 2.7: Check the value of wx = BSemEsm i -(sov02si,e,£) Sm {50 ++0.250,80x0.50x—2 ) 0.0345, 42.75 1.1935 mm From Table 4.3, Winas for category one is equal to 0.3. Since w , =0.1935 <0.30 the structure stratifies the limit state of cracking, Note; It can be noted that the calculations needed in Approach 2 are lengthy and cumbersome, However, it results in economic design when compared to Approach 1 as noted in the amount of steel reinforcement resulted from each design. 314Example 4.3 It is required to calculate the factor w, for the raft given in example 4.2 (Approach 2) using the design aids given in the Appendix. ‘Solution Stepl: Calculate curve parameters d =900- 40-22 = 844 mm 200 _ 1.066 2 aa ‘The computed reinforcement from example 4.2 (Approach 2) is 632 A 6x804 5 = 0.00572 = bxd 1000x844 572% u = 1.0, (ribbed bars) Step 2: Calculate wx Step 2.1: Determine A, using the design charts 700x108 = 0.983 1000x844 "eno chart is available for (Ud=1.066), interpolation should be made between the charts available (Wd=1.05 and Ud=1.15), (sefer to Fig, EX 43 given below). Using charts with Ud=1.05 gives k,= 13.7, and Vd=L.15 gives ky = 126, Interpolating, one gets k,= 13.5. Step 2.2: Determine Sq Using the previous design charts For d=1.05 + Sm=120, and for Ud=1.15 > Sm=260. Interpolating, one gets Sq=142, (refer to Fig, EX 43). Step 2.3: Calculate the factor wi w, =k, xS,, x10 Ww, =135%142x104 =0.192 mm ‘The systematic application of Eq. (42) results in w,=0.193 mm. Such a close agreement with the value obtained from the use of the design aids confirms their accuracy. Wy factor for sections subjected to bending only (530 Nimm’, tid=1.05, ribbed bars, n=10 Values of Sa ‘lela slelelele sala at xk, x10 red? eielslsfalaisalal Fig. EX 4.3 Using design curves for w, factor 315 316a a ern Nn EEE Example 4.4 ‘The critical cross section of a reinforced concrete member that is a part of @ structure with unprotected tension side (categorized as category I) is subjected to an unfactored bending moment of 100 kN.m and an unfactored tension force of 400 KN. The concrete dimensions of the member (b x ) are (350 mm x 900 mm). It is required to design the steel reinforcement of the section satisfying the requirements of the limit states of cracking in of the Egyptian Code, The material properties are f-y=25 N/mm’ and f, =360 N/mm’. Solution In order to design the steel reinforcement satisfying the limit states of cracking, the Egyptian Code gives two options to the designer: 1- Design the steel reinforcement such that the stress developed at the ultimate stage are Af. The reduction in the stresses developed in the steel is intended to guarantee a limited crack width at service loads. This, is a simple straightforward approach that usually leads to uneconomic design. 2- Design the steel reinforcement such that the stress developed at the ultimate stage is f, . However, the designer should check the satisfaction of Bq. 4.2 in order to guarantee a limited crack width at service loads. This approach needs an extensive amount of calculations but usually results in economic design. ‘Approach 1 As mentioned above, this approach is based on designing the steel reinforcement based on usable stresses of i, fy atthe ultimate stage, Cross-section of beam = 350mm x900mm 1, =1.5%400 = 600 kN M, =15x100=150 kN am small eccentric tension force t ‘Assuming the cover = 40mm 4 = 450-250 —40 = 160mm t ea =f te-cover 2 42 = 450+ 250~40 = 660 mm 2M Bashy !%0) From Table (4-5), for Category Mand assuming $= 22 + fi, =0.75 600% 10° x660 1 360-40 Nyxeu Goat Ba XL, 10) From Table (4-5), for Category Mand assuming g=12 —> f,, =1.00 1(0.75360/1. Use 6022 An = 600x10 x160 Use 4012 ” 860-40 1(1.0%360/ 1.15) = 374mm? Approach 2 ‘This approach is based on designing the steel reinforcement to develop the yield strength at ultimate stage and to check cracking status using Eq. 4.2. Step 1: Cracked section analysis Cross-section of beam =350x900 mm eccentric tension force 318

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