REPORT OF DIRT DEPRECIATION MEASUREMNET (PHASE 1) FOR LUMEC

Measurement of Luminaire Dirt Depreciation

Yukio Akashi, Ph.D. and Martin Overington

Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
August 10th, 2001

1. Background
Lumec developed SealsafeTM sealed optical chamber with high impervious and air resistance seal to
prevent the optical system from infiltration of dust particles and other pollutants over time. The
manufacturer claims that the Sealsafe sealed optical chamber can reduce the amount of air
exchanged by “respiration”, completely eliminate air circulation through “diffusion” 1, and
therefore the Sealsafe chamber could allow the use of lower wattage lamps and reduce
maintenance. For instance, a previous study (Van Dusen, 1971) measured “respiration” and
“diffusion” of various luminaires and determined that the internal dirt depreciation constant, K (see
below), for Cobra-head luminaire was 0.5%. However, Lumec tried to apply a leakage resistance of
Lumec’s new Cobra-head luminaire equipped with the Sealsafe chamber to Van Dusen’s model
and found that the K factor of Lumec’s Cobra-head luminaire could be reduced into around 0.01%.

At the request of Lumec, to verify the validity of Lumec’s inference, the LRC measured relative
light output of six Sealsafe luminaires, which had been installed at three different locations in
Montreal for 7 years. The LRC obtained the luminaire dirt depreciation factors (DE, DI, and DP) of
those luminaires. Based on the measurement data, the LRC proposes the next phase to determine
the K-factor of the Sealsafe luminaires.

2. List of symbols
ME: external dirt maintenance factor
MI: internal dirt maintenance factor
MP: permanent dirt maintenance factor
MD: total dirt maintenance factor (MD= ME*MI*MP)
DE: external dirt depreciation factor (DE=1-Me)
DI: internal dirt depreciation factor or dirt depreciation constant, K (DI = K = 1-MI)
DP: permanent dirt depreciation factor (DP=1-MP)
DD: total dirt depreciation factor (DD=1-MD)

3. Measurements in the first phase

3.1. Measurement system
The LRC used a computerized measurement system composed of an integrating sphere, a photo-
sensor, an ammeter, and a computer with a GPIB interface. The computer continuously recorded
the current of the photo-sensor on the ammeter every five seconds. A white box allowed holding a

1
“Respiration” is an expulsion of a quantity of air when a luminaire is heated up and an intake of a similar quantity of
air when the luminaire is cooled down after turned off in the morning. There is one cycle of breathing per day in
normal operation. “Diffusion” is caused by difference in pressure created by ambient wind. This results in airflow
through the various leakage paths depending on resistance of the paths. These processed, respiration and diffusion
allow outside air to enter the luminaire chamber and therefore are determinants of the internal dirt depreciation.

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 REPORT OF DIRT DEPRECIATION MEASUREMNET (PHASE 1) FOR LUMEC

Sealsafe luminaire with a HPS lamp in the integrating sphere. Figure 1 shows the box in the
integrating sphere. Since the box, luminaire, and lamp themselves absorb a large amount of light,
corrections for the self-absorption were conducted by means of self-absorption factor (SAF)2. To
measure the SAF, an auxiliary lamp with a DC power supply was used. A reference ballast with an
AC power supply operated the lamp to stabilize the light output of the lamp. The voltage, current,
and wattage of the system (the lamp and ballast) were always monitored. The details of the lamp,
ballast, luminaires, computer, integrating sphere, auxiliary lamp, power supplies, ammeter, and
measurement systems are listed below.

 Lamp: 100W high pressure sodium (HPS) lamp, LU100, OSRAM SYLVANIA
 Reference ballast: Variable linear reactor, Model No. 20758A, WPI Power Systems Inc.
 Sealsafe luminaire: 7HBS 100 HPS SC2 120 (six seven-year-old and a new luminaire)
 Computer: Gateway 2000 with a GPIB interface
 Software: LabView (Version 5.1)
 Integrating sphere: 5’ integrating sphere of the LRC
 Auxiliary lamp: 75Q/CL28V, OSRAM SYLVANIA
 Power supplies: DC power supply (E3632A, Hewlett Packard) for a auxiliary lamp
AC power supply (Model 1001P, California Instruments) for HPS
 Ammeter: 485 AUTORANGING PICOAMMETER, KEITHLEY
 Power meter: 2532 Digital Power Meter, YOKOGAWA

Figure 1 A box holding a Sealsafe luminaire with a HPS lamp in the integrating sphere

2
For accurate measurements of light sources dissimilar from the reference source, corrections must be applied for self-
absorption. Especially, when measuring light outputs of luminaires, which usually absorb a large amount of light, the
corrections should precisely be conducted. To correct the self-absorption, the self-absorption factor, a ratio of light
output of an auxiliary lamp with an empty integrating sphere to the light output of the auxiliary lamp with the tested
luminaires in the integrating sphere, is used.

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 REPORT OF DIRT DEPRECIATION MEASUREMNET (PHASE 1) FOR LUMEC

3.2. Procedures
The LRC conducted relative light output measurements for the six luminaires (Table 1). The LRC
measured the light output of the half of the 12 luminaires in Table 1 and Lumec measured the other
half. To calculate the permanent dirt maintenance factor, MP, the LRC measured the light output for
a new luminaire of the same type, luminaire #0.

Table 1 Luminaires
Lumec LRC
Residential #1, #2 #3, #4
Industry #5, #6 #7, #8
Heavy traffic #9, #10 #11, #12

The measurements using LRC’s 5’ integrating sphere followed the next steps:
1. Measure light output of each 7-year-old luminaire with an old HPS lamp
2. Measure light output of each 7-year-old luminaire with a new seasoned HPS lamp
3. Clean external portion of glass and measure light output of each 7-year-old luminaire
4. Clean internal portion of glass and measure light output of each 7-year-old luminaire
5. Clean internal reflector and measure light output of each 7-year-old luminaire
6. Measure light output of a new luminaire with the new seasoned HPS lamp
 In the steps 3, 4, and 5, the new seasoned HPS lamp was used.
 The light output data measured every five seconds was recorded in the hard drive of the
computer.
 After the measurement of each step, the self-absorption was measured.
 The cleaning used fine towels with distilled water for external parts and micro-fiber cloth
without water for internal parts.

Prior to the measurements, the LRC conducted pilot tests to establish a precise photometric
procedure. The pilot tests allowed the LRC to determine the following:
 Use the reference ballast rather than regular ballasts
 Burn the HPS lamp in the new luminaire #0 over twelve hours to stabilize the light output of the
lamp and record the light output of the luminaire #0 everyday to check the repeatability of the
measurements
 Burn the HPS lamp in a tested luminaire for at least one hour before each measurement
 Measure the self-absorption factor of the empty sphere after the self-absorption measurements
of all luminaires every day to increase the precision of the measurement (this procedure was not
adopted for the luminaires #4 and #11)
 Fasten the lamp holder tightly so that the lamp can be hold at the same position
Use a UV fluorescent lamp to inspect dust that remains in/on the chamber glass

These measurements determined external dirt maintenance factor (ME), internal dirt maintenance
factor (MI), and permanent dirt maintenance factor (MP) by the following equations:
ME = (measured value of step 2) / (measured value of step 3) (1)
MI = (measured value of step 3) / (measured value of step 5) (2)
MP = (measured value of step 5) / (measured value of step 6) (3)

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 REPORT OF DIRT DEPRECIATION MEASUREMNET (PHASE 1) FOR LUMEC

An assumption behind the equation (3) was that the optical design and materials of the 7-year-old
luminaire, when it was new, are the same as those of the new luminaire made today by Lumec.

3.3. Results
Appendix A shows the light output data including date, time, internal and external temperatures of
the sphere, system voltage, current, and wattage. Appendix B shows the self-absorption
measurement data.

Table 2 summarizes the results of the relative output measurements in microvolt, which relatively
correspond to actual light outputs in lumen.

Table 2 Summary of measurements

Cleaning status Measurement (V)

Luminaire Date
AS IS EXT INT-GL INT-REF OUTPUT OUT*SAF OUT*SAF*LDF

AS IS 58.7 88.1 88.1 7/19/01

AS IS 58.5 -- -- 7/20/01
AS IS 58.3 -- -- 7/21/01
#0 AS IS 58.1 85.6 86.6 7/22/01
(New) AS IS 57.9 85.6 85.8 7/25/01
AS IS 57.5 84.3 84.9 7/27/01
AS IS 57.1 83.8 84.8 7/30/01
AS IS 57.0 83.8 85.2 7/31/01
AS IS 54.0 80.4 80.6 7/25/01
#3 EXT 57.7 84.7 85.3 7/27/01
(Residential) EXT INT-GL 57.3 83.9 85.0 7/30/01
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 57.4 84.2 85.7 7/31/01
AS IS 57.3 86.4 86.5 7/19/01
#4* EXT 59.4 88.9 89.3 7/20/01
(Residential) EXT INT-GL 59.2 87.4 88.2 7/21/01
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 58.8 86.5 87.5 7/22/01
AS IS 54.7 81.5 81.7 7/25/01
#7 EXT 58.1 85.1 85.8 7/27/01
(Industrial) EXT INT-GL 58.1 84.7 85.9 7/30/01
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 57.7 84.4 86.0 7/31/01
AS IS 55.4 82.4 82.7 7/25/01
#8 EXT 58.3 85.5 86.1 7/27/01
(Industrial) EXT INT-GL 58.2 85.0 86.1 7/30/01
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 58.1 85.0 86.6 7/31/01
AS IS 51.7 78.2 78.3 7/19/01
#11*
EXT 58.4 86.1 86.6 7/20/01
(Heavy
EXT INT-GL 58.5 86.2 87.0 7/21/01
traffic)
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 58.5 86.1 87.2 7/22/01
AS IS 49.0 74.5 74.8 7/25/01
#12
EXT 57.0 83.8 84.5 7/27/01
(Heavy
EXT INT-GL 56.8 83.4 84.6 7/30/01
traffic)
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 56.6 83.2 84.8 7/31/01

In Table 2, the columns of OUTPUT, OUT*SAF, and OUT*SAF*LDF show readings on the
ammeter; products of the readings on the ammeter and self-absorption factors; and products of the

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 REPORT OF DIRT DEPRECIATION MEASUREMNET (PHASE 1) FOR LUMEC

readings on the ammeter, self-absorption factors, and lamp depreciation factors respectively. The
lamp depreciation factor (LDF) will be defined in the next paragraph.

Table 2 shows that the light output of the luminaire #0 continuously decreased from 58.7V to
57.0V (3% reduction in total). Although the HPS lamp was seasoned for more than one hundred
hours, the LRC assumed that the continuous reduction in light output might be mainly caused by
initial lamp depreciation. To compensate for the lamp lumen depreciation, the LRC developed a
correction factor (LDF), a ratio of the measured output value of the luminaire #0 measured on the
first day against / the measured value of the luminaire #0 measured on each day. Further analysis
will refer to the product, OUT*SAF*LDF.

Table 3 summarizes seven-year dirt depreciation calculated from the data in Table 2. Table 3 shows
that the external dirt depreciation for seven years, DE-7 was ranged from 3.9% to 13.1%. The
luminaire #12, which had been installed at the heavy traffic area, shows the highest value of the DE-
7.

Table3 Dirt depreciation for seven years in percent

Luminaire Data DE-7 DI-7 DI-GLASS-7 DI-REF-7* DP-7**
Output 6.8 -0.6 -0.7 0.1 0.0
#3
Output*SAF 5.3 -0.6 -0.9 0.3 -0.5
(Residential)
Output*SAF*LDF 5.9 0.5 -0.4 0.8 -0.6
Output 3.5 -1.0 -0.4 -0.6 -1.2
#4*
Output*SAF 2.8 -2.8 -1.7 -1.1 -1.0
(Residential)
Output*SAF*LDF 3.2 -2.1 -1.3 -0.7 -1.1
Output 6.3 -0.7 -0.1 -0.6 0.1
#7
Output*SAF 4.5 -0.9 -0.5 -0.4 -0.8
(Industrial)
Output*SAF*LDF 5.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 -0.9
Output 5.2 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 0.1
#8
Output*SAF 3.7 -0.6 -0.6 0.1 -1.5
(Industrial)
Output*SAF*LDF 4.2 0.6 0.0 0.6 -1.6
Output 11.5 0.1 0.2 -0.1 -0.7
#11*
Output*SAF 9.3 0.0 0.1 -0.1 -0.6
(Heavy traffic)
Output*SAF*LDF 9.6 0.7 0.5 0.3 -0.7
Output 16.4 -0.9 -0.3 -0.4 0.2
#12
Output*SAF 12.5 -0.8 -0.5 -0.2 0.7
(Heavy traffic)
Output*SAF*LDF 13.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.5
* DI-REF-7 is depreciation by dirt on reflector.
**With the assumption that the optical design and materials of the 7-year-old luminaire, when it was new, are
the same as those of the new luminaire made today.

The seven-year internal dirt depreciation, DI-7, ranges from –2.1 to 0.7. The luminaires #4 showed a
negative value, -2.1. This may be because the self-absorption of the luminaire #4 was not perfectly
corrected as mentioned before. If the luminaire #4 is excluded from the list, the average 7-year
internal dirt depreciation of the six luminaires is 0.48%. Therefore, the internal dirt depreciation
factor per year is 0.07%. If the luminaire #4 is included in the list, the average 7-year internal dirt
depreciation (DI-7) and the average annual internal dirt depreciation factor (DI) are 0.05% and 0.01
respectively. These values are obviously smaller than those of the external dirt depreciation (DE-7
and DE) values regardless of the locations where the luminaires were installed. Further, these
internal dirt depreciation factors, 0.07 and 0.01, are significantly lower than the factor, 0.5, which
Van Dusen gave the Cobra-head type luminaires based on his fundamental study.

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 REPORT OF DIRT DEPRECIATION MEASUREMNET (PHASE 1) FOR LUMEC

With regard to the permanent dirt depreciation, assuming that the optical design and materials of
the 7-year-old luminaire, when it was new, are the same as those of the new luminaire made today,
the average seven-year permanent dirt depreciation (DP-7) and the average permanent dirt
depreciation (DP) are -0.73% and -0.10% respectively. These negative values indicate that the
above-mentioned assumption might be incorrect. Otherwise, the negative values might be within a
photometric error range. In all cases, the permanent dirt depreciation factor may be nearly “zero”.

3.4. Conclusions of the measurements in the first phase

The LRC established the measurement method of relative light output of Cobra-head type
luminaires to evaluate the dirt depreciation factors by using an integrating sphere and measured the
relative light outputs of the six seven-year-old luminaires.

The results of the measurements suggested that the internal dirt depreciation factor per year (DI) of
the Cobra-head type luminaires equipped with the Sealsafe chambers might be less than 0.5%, the
value suggested by Van Dusen, regardless of the locations where the luminaires were installed. The
results also suggested that the permanent dirt depreciation factor per year (DP) was nearly zero.

The measurements in the first phase allowed the LRC to confirm that determination of dirt
depreciation factors requires very precise photometric procedures. If Lumec is looking for a value
around 0.01% as the dirt depreciation factor per year for the Sealsafe chambers, it is important to
use more samples and use luminaires installed in an open air for a period longer than seven years.
For instance, if a ten-year-old luminaire is available, the measured value of the ten-year dirt
depreciation can be divided by ten to determine the annual dirt depreciation factor (K), so the
longer exposure period can improve the accuracy of the estimation.

What the LRC did not try in the first phase to decrease the uncertainty of the photometry was to
develop a standard halogen lamp that is optically equivalent to a HPS lamp. LRC’s pilot test found
that HPS lamps needed to be burned for at least five hours before the tests and the HPS lamps were
very sensitive to temperature fluctuation. Light outputs of halogen lamps are generally more stable
than those of HID lamps. Such a standard halogen lamp might cut down the pre-burning time and
increase the stability of the measurements.

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 REPORT OF DIRT DEPRECIATION MEASUREMNET (PHASE 1) FOR LUMEC

4. LRC’s recommendation on the second phase

The previous proposal of June 12, 2001 suggested establishing a simplified measurement apparatus
so that the LRC can measure dirt depreciation factors of luminaires on site. However, the
measurements in the first phase indicated that the determination of the dirt depreciation of the
Sealsafe chamber would require high photometric accuracy equivalent to integrating sphere
photometry. It seems difficult to determine the dirt depreciation of the Sealsafe chamber by on-site
measurements. Therefore, the LRC recommends continuing the same measurement procedure as
the one that the LRC established in the first phase. To increase reliability of measurements, more
than eight luminaires will have to be selected for each location.

The LRC also recommends comparing these data with other types of luminaires such as gasket
sealed or semi-sealed to document the advantages of the Sealsafe chamber over competitors’
products.

4.1. Procedure
The measurements in the second phase will attempt to carry out the following steps:
 Lumec and the LRC select three locations from rural, industrial, and heavy traffic areas, where
Cobra-head Sealsafe luminaires have been installed for more than seven years in or near
Montreal.
 Lumec and the LRC select a location from heavy traffic areas where Lumec’s lantern-type
Sealsafe luminaires have been installed for more than seven years in or near Montreal and
another location from heavy traffic areas where competitor’s luminaires have been installed for
more than seven years.
 The LRC chooses eight luminaires from each of the five locations (40 luminaires in total).
 Lumec remove the forty luminaires, pack them in boxes, and videotape the procedure.
 The LRC transports the forty luminaires from Lumec to the LRC.
 The LRC measure the forty luminaires following the same procedure established in the first
phase:
(1) Measure light output of each 7-year-old luminaire with an old HPS lamp
(2) Measure light output of each 7-year-old luminaire with a new seasoned HPS lamp
(3) Clean external portion of glass and measure light output of each 7-year-old luminaire
(4) Clean internal portion of glass and measure light output of each 7-year-old luminaire
(5) Clean internal reflector and measure light output of each 7-year-old luminaire
(6) Measure light output of a new luminaire with the new seasoned HPS lamp

The LRC determine luminaire dirt depreciation factors (DE and DI) based on the measurement data.

Reference
Van Dusen, H. 1971. Street lighting luminaire dirt Depreciation, Illuminating Engineering, pp. 122-
132.

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Appendix A Light Output Measurement

Cleaning Output
Luminaire Lamp* AS IS EXT INT-GL INT-REF Date Time Measure Voltage(V) Current(A) Wattage(W) Temp-IN Temp-OUT
#0 #2 AS IS 07/19/01 22:03 58.73 119.7 2.11 118.8 33.6 28.6
new AS IS 07/20/01 15:08 58.49 119.7 2.102 118.9 32.3 27.8
AS IS 07/21/01 15:26 58.28 119.7 2.102 118.9 33 27.8
AS IS 07/22/01 15:17 58.07 119.7 2.1 118.9 32.6 27.5
AS IS 07/25/01 9:02 57.92 119.7 2.088 118.8 33.1 28.5
AS IS 07/27/01 9:47 57.46 119.7 2.086 118.7 32.4 27.7
AS IS 07/30/01 8:59 57.10 119.7 2.081 118.8 32.9 28.2
AS IS 07/31/01 9:45 57.03 119.7 2.055 118.8 33.0 28.0
#3 #2 AS IS 07/25/01 10:33 54.03 119.7 2.092 118.7 33.1 28.2
EXT 07/27/01 12:30 57.70 119.7 2.067 119.0 32.4 27.4
EXT INT-GL 07/30/01 10:45 57.32 119.7 2.085 118.7 32.1 27.7
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 07/31/01 10:58 57.38 119.7 2.056 118.8 32.1 27.2
#4 #2 AS IS 07/19/01 0:04 57.28 119.7 2.111 118.7 33.6 28.6
EXT 07/20/01 16:29 59.38 119.7 2.105 118.9 32.3 27.6
EXT INT-GL 07/21/01 16:43 59.16 119.7 2.107 118.8 33 27.7
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 07/22/01 15:17 58.78 119.7 2.108 118.8 33 27.8
#7 #2 AS IS 07/25/01 12:16 54.67 119.7 2.094 118.6 32.4 26.4
EXT 07/27/01 16:05 58.14 119.7 2.075 118.8 32.6 27.5
EXT INT-GL 07/30/01 12:31 58.07 119.7 2.081 118.7 31.8 26.7
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 07/31/01 12:20 57.74 119.7 2.089 118.5 32.3 27.7
#8 #2 AS IS 07/25/01 14:03 55.36 119.7 2.092 118.7 31.6 26.9
EXT 07/27/01 14:10 58.25 119.7 2.074 118.9 32.5 27.8
EXT INT-GL 07/30/01 14:15 58.15 119.7 2.08 118.7 32.0 27.1
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 07/31/01 13:53 58.06 119.7 2.06 118.7 31.9 26.7
#11 #2 AS IS 07/19/01 1:33 51.69 119.7 2.115 118.7 33.8 29
EXT 07/20/01 18:33 58.40 119.7 2.107 118.8 32.9 27.2
EXT INT-GL 07/21/01 18:18 58.51 119.7 2.106 118.8 32.9 28
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 07/22/01 18:47 58.48 119.7 2.103 118.9 32.9 27.6
#12 #2 AS IS 07/25/01 15:50 48.97 119.7 2.088 118.7 31.9 26.6
EXT 07/27/01 18:10 57.00 119.7 2.078 118.8 32.4 27.7
EXT INT-GL 07/30/01 17:32 56.81 119.7 2.086 118.7 32.4 27.6
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 07/31/01 15:56 56.56 119.7 2.086 118.5 32.5 27.9

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Appendix B Self Absorption Measurement

Cleaning Self-absorption
Luminaire Lamp* AS IS External INT-GL INT-REF Date Time Measure Voltage(V) Current (A) Temp-IN Temp-OUT Auxiliary lamp
#0 #2 AS IS 07/19/01 2:16 6.317 27.06 2.5 31.9 28.9 #1
AS IS 07/20/01 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A #1
AS IS 07/21/01 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A #1
AS IS 07/22/01 19:46 6.422 27.094 2.5 31.2 28.5 #1
AS IS 07/26/01 11:50 5.661 25.007 2.5 30.8 28.4 #2
AS IS 07/27/01 19:10 5.709 25.275 2.5 30.8 27.6 #2
AS IS 07/30/01 21:45 5.710 25.275 2.5 30.7 28.2 #2
AS IS 07/31/01 22:26 5.706 25.108 2.5 31.6 28.0 #2
#3 #2 AS IS 07/26/01 14:45 5.616 25.036 2.5 30.5 28.2 #2
EXT 07/27/01 19:18 5.708 25.300 2.5 30.4 27.7 #2
EXT INT-GL 07/30/01 18:37 5.721 25.052 2.5 30.3 27.6 #2
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 07/31/01 17:05 5.710 25.188 2.5 30.4 27.4 #2
#4 #2 As IS 07/19/01 2:05 6.276 27.06 2.5 32.6 28.9 #1
EXT 07/20/01 19:29 6.324 25.963 2.5 31 28.3 #1
EXT INT-GL 07/21/01 19:19 6.408 27.082 2.5 31.2 28.2 #1
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 07/22/01 19:31 6.437 27.01 2.5 31.5 28.5 #1
#7 #2 AS IS 07/26/01 14:02 5.609 25.137 2.5 30.7 28.1 #2
EXT 07/27/01 19:00 5.721 25.184 2.5 30.6 27.8 #2
EXT INT-GL 07/30/01 19:33 5.740 25.190 2.5 30.2 27.8 #2
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 07/31/01 19:50 5.732 24.977 2.5 31.0 28.4 #2
#8 #2 AS IS 07/25/01 19:36 6.266 26.158 2.5 31.0 28.2 #2
EXT 07/27/01 19:27 5.709 25.280 2.5 30.3 27.8 #2
EXT INT-GL 07/30/01 20:21 5.733 25.267 2.5 30.5 28.1 #2
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 07/31/01 21:18 5.723 25.003 2.5 31.2 28.4 #2
#11 #2 AS IS 07/19/01 1:55 6.264 27.07 2.5 32.9 28.9 #1
EXT 07/20/01 19:05 6.422 27.122 2.5 31.8 28.3 #1
EXT INT-GL 07/21/01 18:58 6.427 27.089 2.5 31.5 28.2 #1
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 07/22/01 19:16 6.431 27.1 2.5 31.9 28.2 #1
#12 #2 AS IS 07/26/01 12:45 5.493 24.898 2.5 31.0 21.6 #2
EXT 07/27/01 19:45 5.697 25.390 2.5 30.2 28.0 #2
EXT INT-GL 07/30/01 20:47 5.706 25.213 2.5 30.6 28.1 #2
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 07/31/01 21:37 5.697 25.093 2.5 31.1 28.6 #2
Empty NA AS IS 07/26/01 20:20 8.358 25.152 2.5 30.7 28.1 #2
sphere EXT 07/27/01 20:01 8.377 25.340 2.5 30.4 27.9 #2
EXT INT-GL 07/30/01 22:15 8.375 25.075 2.5 30.9 28.4 #2
EXT INT-GL INT-REF 08/01/01 0:21 8.379 25.014 2.5 31.3 28.6 #2
EXT Cleaned external glass Lamp*: 100W HPS lamp (OSI)
INT-GL Cleaned internal glass Self-absorption**: used an auxiliary halogen lamp
INT-REF Cleaned internal reflector