TDZWveg emier& de YQacimicndes Chapter 6 Ae Gas , GAS RESERVOIR ENGINEERING 64. INTRODUCTION Following a brief description of the basic PVT for gas/gas-condensate « three main topics relat In applying the material balance equatios of a gas reservoir the basic aims are 10 waterdrive or volumetric depletion) and esti both being required in constructing a more detailed numer for field performance predict 62, PVT REQUIREMENTS FOR GAS.CONDENSATE SYSTEMS Improvements in our understanding of the complex thermodynami studies in which the PVT data may have to be handled in a more refined m1462 Gas serie engineering Liquia | Ges Pressure Fy (stb/MMsct) Condensate yield ew point Temperature Pressure 0) cs Fig. 61, a) Hydrocarbon mistre phase envelope (2) Condensate yield function. ‘The types of hydrocarbon system described in the chapter are illustrated by the phase envelope and have ints A and B (Fig. 61a). Since these both lie tothe right of the they are initially inthe gaseous phase in the reservoir. During x is normally assumed to ‘occur under isothermal A will remain as a single phase single phase gas path les to the right of the phase envelope. Thus it never crosses into the two-phase region. Nevertheless, in producing the gas surface, there will be a reduction in both pressure and temperature so that some liquid hydrocarbons will be collected in the surface separator operating at pressure and temperature represented by point X within the two-phase envelope. A hydrocarbon mixture wit first place, the condensate is deposited at such low liquid saturation trapped by surface tension forces and is therefore immobile and cannot bbe produced. Secondly, itis the heavier, richer hydrocarbon components that are condensed first and therefore their retention in the reservoir represents a serious loss of the more ‘The PVT parameter which is of g ificance in qu: ‘each MMscf of gas are recovered but in the reservoir, there is a growing d at the surface as the reservoir pressure continues to decline. Eventually, as the 62. PVT requirement for gas-condensate ystems 463 reservoir pressure decreases so that it approaches the base of the two-phase regi reservoir will evaporate thus increasing the surface yi ‘not always observed since abandonment may occur at higher pressure. The condensate yield is measured in constant volume depl experiments, as described in section 6.2c, The initial value of tl decision making concer less than 50 stb/MMscf, considering the potential wastage of gas associated with this process, described section 6.3, its not usually considered as a recovery method. (a) Equation of state of gas, in comp: -d by a simple eq} pV =ZnkT ry ‘n= quantity of gas (Ib moles) Z = dimensionless, Z-factor. At low pressure the Z-factor is close to unity but at higher pressure2 sector 29| Pressure Pressure @) () Fig, 62. (a) pica shape of Z-fctr function. (b) Relationship between p/7 and pressure, Z-factor calculations, making full allowance for hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon components, can be readily performed using pocket calculator programs such as Hewlett-Packard “Petroleum Fluids Pac” [3]. Programs such as this it is assumed that such methods for calculating Z-factors are readily available to engineers, the correlation methods will not be described further in this text. (b) Surface reservoir volume relationships There are two ways of reservoir. The first of thes derived for a given quan = (222) (gg) = (LBA DEED) (20) =35372. (sf surface volumes of gas to their equivalent in the re), which may be jonship — By ( (FVP), which is more commonly’ feria balance (Chapt ‘between the two factors = 1/8, the gas expansi , 1, E, seems more popul quently, for comput we and accuracy in use of the gas expansion factor is often preferred. 6.2. PVT requirement for gas condensate systems a E 9 ret ast (c=? Fig. 63. (a) Gas expansion factor. (b) Gas FVF — as functions of pressure. (©) Constant volume depletion (CVD) experiments: This is the basic form of laboratory experiment required to define the properti experiment, is G/Ej — the initial HCPV. Following the determination point, by visual inspection, the cel pressure is decreased in stages and for ye reduced pressure 1 of liquid condensate deposited At each stage of de} sd and reported as a Gas produced = GIIP — gas remaining (et) (set) Gel) conveniently solved p z=" B() Se Ze Go.