Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Civil Law Reviewer PFR
Civil Law Reviewer PFR
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
Exception: When the law provides for its own IGNORANTIA LEGIS NON EXCUSAT
affectivity, less than or greater than 15 days after
publication. Ignorance of the law excuses no one from
compliance therewith. (Art. 3, NCC)
Publication Is Mandatory
Concept
The phrase “UNLESS OTHERWISE PROVIDED”
refers to the date of effectivity and not to the This rule is a conclusive presumption of law. It is
requirement of publication, which cannot in any based on expediency as well as public policy and
event be omitted. It does not dispense the necessity. So that ignorance of the law cannot be
requirement of publication. PUBLICATION is used as a valid defense in favor of one who violated
INDISPENSABLE. (Tanada v. Tuvera, 146 SCRA a law. The rule refers only to mistakes of the
446) It is the prerogative of Congress to shorten or existence of a law rather than to mistakes with
lengthen the period of publication. HOWEVER, when regard to the application and interpretation of law.
the law is penal in character, the 15-day period shall The latter is called mistake of law which may be a
not be shortened. valid defense like mistake of fact.
Omission would offend DUE PROCESS insofar as it Application: All domestic laws, mandatory or
would deny the public the knowledge of the laws that prohibitive, and whether substantive or remedial on
are supposed to govern them. Section 6 of the Bill of grounds of expediency, policy, and necessity, to
Rights recognizes "the right of the people to prevent evasion of the law.
information on matters of public concern."
Exceptions:
How Publication be Made 1. Permissive or suppletory laws.
2. Foreign Laws
PUBLICATION MUST BE IN FULL or it is no Ignorance of foreign law is not ignorance of the
publication at all since its purpose is to inform law but ignorance of fact because foreign laws
the public of the contents of the laws. must be alleged and proved as matters of fact,
there being, as a rule, no judicial notice of said
Where Publication be Made foreign laws.
In the Official Gazette or in a newspaper of general Processual Presumption - if the foreign law is not
circulation, it is NOT required that laws be published properly alleged and proved, the presumption is that
in both. it is the same as our law.
Judicial decisions applying or interpreting the laws or 2. If the Law is not so Clear
the Constitution shall form a part of the legal system
of the Philippines. (Art. 8, NCC) In case of doubt in the interpretation or
application of laws, it is presumed that the
Are Judicial Decisions Laws? lawmaking body intended right and justice to
prevail. (Art. 10, NCC)
Judicial decisions, though not laws, are evidence,
however, of what the laws mean and this is why they “Interpret not by the letter that kill but by the
are part of the legal system of the Philippines. The spirit that gives life”
interpretation placed upon the written law by
competent court has the force and effect of law. Cessante Ratione Cessat Ipsa Lex in
Criminal Law - When the reason for the law
ceases, the law automatically ceases to be one.
RULES ON APPLICATION AND
INTERPRETATION OF LAWS Computation of Periods
No judge or court shall decline to render judgment 1 day – 24 hours; 1 month – actual number of days;
by reason of the silence, obscurity or insufficiency of 1 year – be computed based on 12 calendar
the laws. (Art. 9, NCC) months. (Art. 13, NCC as Repealed by
Administrative Code; CIR v Primetown, Aug 28,
Duty of the Court to Render Judgment 2007)
The court must give a decision, even if the law is Calendar month: if months are designated by their
silent, obscure, or insufficient. name, they shall be computed by the number of
days which they respectively have.
Stare Decisis Non Quieta Movere (adherence
to precedents) – once a case has been decided Computation of periods: the first day shall be
one way, then another case, involving exactly excluded, and last day included, unless the latter is a
the same point at issue, should be decided in Sunday or a legal holiday, in which event, the time
the same manner. Judicial decisions interpreting shall run until the end of the next day which is
the law shall form part of the legal system of the neither a Sunday or a legal holiday.
Philippines. Only SC can establish stare decisis
or legal doctrines. CA may in rare cases NOTE: When the act and the period are
establish stare decisis CONTRACTUAL, the act must be done on the last
day, even if the latter is a Sunday or a legal holiday.
Ratio Decidendi – final judgment which states
the reason for such judgment.
APPLICABILITY OF CUSTOMS (Arts. 11 and 12,
Obiter Dictum – opinions not necessarily to the NCC)
determination of a case. They are not binding
and cannot have the force of judicial precedents. Custom - is a rule of human action/conduct
established by repeated acts and uniformly observed
Effect of Silence, Obscurity or Insufficiency of or practiced as a rule of society, thru the implicit
Laws approval of the lawmakers, and which is obligatory
and legally binding.
The court may apply any rule he desires as long as
the rule chosen is in harmony with general interest, Requisites:
order, morals and public policy. a. A custom must be proved as a fact, according to
the rules of evidence.
Judicial Aids b. The custom must not be contrary to law, public
a. Customs which are not contrary to law, public order or public policy.
order, and public policy; c. There must be a number of repeated acts
b. Equity and justice; (plurality of use).
c. Decisions of foreign and local courts on similar d. The repeated acts must have been uniformly
cases; performed.
d. Opinions of highly qualified writers and e. There must be a juridical intention to make a
professors; rule of social conduct.
e. Rules of statutory construction; f. There must be a sufficient lapse of time.
f. Principles laid down in analogous instances.
Custom Propter Legem v. Custom Contra Legem
Rules on Interpretation of Laws
Custom propter legem – not contrary to law.
1. If the Law is Clear – apply the law as it is. Dura
Lex Sed Lex - “The law may be hard, but it is Custom contra legem – contrary to law
still the law.”
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
HOW LAWS LOSE THEIR EFFECTIVITY (Art. 7, General Rule: Laws are enforceable within the
NCC) territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines.
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
Exceptions:
a. Lex loci voluntatis - The intrinsic validity of
contracts shall be governed by the law of the
place voluntarily selected. In case of
controversy, the court shall apply the court
of the forum.
b. Lex loci intentionis - The intrinsic validity of
contracts shall be governed by the law of the
place intended by the parties to the contract.
III. HUMAN RELATIONS 2. Where a person exercises his rights but does so
arbitrarily or performs his duties in a manner that
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS is not in keeping with honesty and good faith, he
a. right to life opens himself to liability.
b. right to liberty
c. right to property INJURY - It refers to the legal wrong to be
redressed.
CHARACTERISTICS/ATTRIBUTES OF HUMAN
RIGHTS DAMAGE - It refers to the amount of money
a. inalienable – it cannot be passed by the State or awarded by the court to compensate for the loss or
through certain contract. injury suffered.
b. Inherent – innate to human existence.
c. Indivisible Purpose: It is awarded to compensate the
plaintiff for the loss or damage that he suffered,
STANDARDS/NORMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS (Art not to enrich him, or to impose a penalty on the
19, NCC) wrongdoer.
Every person must, in the exercise of his rights and Kinds: (MANTLE)
in the performance of his duties, act with justice, give a. moral damages
everyone his due, and observe honesty and good b. actual or compensatory damages
faith. (Article 19, NCC) c. nominal damages
d. temperate damages
NOTE: It is considered as cardinal law on human e. liquidated damages
conduct. It abolished the old rule which states that: f. exemplary damages
“He who uses a right injures no one.”
General rule: Not an actionable wrong. Malicious Prosecution is one that is instituted
just to vex and humiliate the defendant despite
Exceptions: the absence of a cause of action or probable
When there has been sexual intercourse cause against him.
a. The aggrieved party becomes pregnant and
subsequently delivers, she may ask the Malicious prosecution in criminal cases,
other to RECOGNIZE THE CHILD, should elements
there be one, and PROVIDE SUPPORT to c. the fact of the prosecution and the further
said child. She can also recover fact that the defendant was himself the
compensatory damages and hospitalization prosecutor, and that the action was finally
expenses as well as attorney’s fees. terminated with acquittal;
b. Sue for MORAL DAMAGES if there be d. that in bringing the action, the prosecutor
criminal or moral seduction, but not if the acted without probable cause; and
intercourse was due to mutual lust; if the e. the prosecutor was actuated or impelled by
cause be the promise to marry, and the legal malice.
effect be the carnal knowledge, there is
criminal or moral seduction. Malicious prosecution in civil cases,
c. Sue for MORAL DAMAGES if the act of the elements
defendant constitutes a tort under Art 21. a. the defendant previously filed a civil action
d. Sue for ACTUAL DAMAGES, should there against the plaintiff;
be any, such as advanced money or b. the action was dismissed for being lack of
property upon the faith of the promise to merit or for being baseless, unfounded and
marry or expenses for the wedding malicious;
preparations on the ground that no person c. the defendant who filed the previous
can enrich himself unjustly at the expense of complaint as plaintiff was motivated by ill-will
another. or sinister design;
d. the present plaintiff suffered injury or
When there was no sexual intercourse damage by reason of the previous complaint
a. Sue for MORAL DAMAGES in case there against him.
has been a deliberate desire to inflict loss or
injury or there has been an evident abuse of Misconduct - implies a wrongful intention and not
right. merely error in judgment.
b. Sue for MORAL DAMAGES if the act of the
defendant constitutes a tort under Art 21. Article 20 and Article 21, Distinguished
c. Sue for ACTUAL DAMAGES, should there
be any, such as advanced money or Article 20 Article 21
property upon the faith of the promise to The act is contrary to The act is contrary to
marry or expenses for the wedding law morals, good customs or
preparations on the ground that no person public policy
can enrich himself unjustly at the expense of The act is done either The act is done willfully
another willfully or negligently
Notes:
Moral seduction, although not punishable, UNJUST ENRICHMENT
connotes the idea of deceit, enticement, superior
power or abuse of confidence on the part of the Basis: Equity
seducer to which the woman has yielded
(Gashem Shokat Baksh vs CA) Article 22. Every person who through an act or
performance by another, or any other means,
Sexual intercourse is not by itself a basis for acquires or comes into possession of something at
recovery; damages could only be awarded if the the expense of the latter without just or legal ground,
sexual intercourse is not a product of shall return the same to him.
voluntariness or mutual desire.
Stated in another way, “No person shall unjustly
Civil seduction is different from criminal enrich himself at the expense of another.” One has
seduction. In civil seduction, age of the victim is the duty to return what was acquired unjustly or
immaterial. illegally EXCEPT when there is a legal right or
entitlement thereto (final judgment) or when there is
Moral fault is something that works inside of a no causal relation between the one’s enrichment and
man. Thus, it is not an actionable wrong. the other’s impoverishment.
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
Requisites of accion in rem verso ARTICLE 24. protection of the underdog: In all
1. One party must be enriched; contractual, property or other relations, when one of
2. The other party suffered a loss; the parties is at a disadvantage on account of his
3. There must be a causal relation between the moral dependence, ignorance, indigence, mental
two; weakness, tender age of other handicap, the courts
4. The enrichment must not be justifiable; must be vigilant for his protection.
otherwise, there can be no recovery;
5. There must be no other way to recover such as NOTE: Such protection is only applicable in case of
those based on contract, quasi-contract or DOUBT as to the interpretation of law governing the
quasi-delict; and conflict between parties where one is at the
6. The indemnity cannot exceed the loss or disadvantage.
enrichment, whichever is less.
Rationale of the Article
NOTES:
The incapacity of the defendant to enter into The law is intended to protect the weak and ignorant
contracts does not bar the accion in rem verso, in the face of rigid and classical principle of equality
so long as he has been unjustly enriched. before the law. The government acts as parent of the
The indemnity does not include unrealized people which is in consonance with the promotion of
profits because defendant’s enrichment is the social justice.
limit of his liability.
Just or legal cause is always presumed, the Doctrine Of Parens Patriae
plaintiff has the burden of proving its absence.
If a plaintiff delayed his action under the Literally means father or parent of his country. It
contract, quasi-contract, crime or quasi-delict refers to the inherent power of the state and
and prescription had barred the action, he could authority of the State to provide protection of the
no longer have recourse to accion in rem verso. person and property of a person non sui juris. It is
the sovereign power of the state in safeguarding the
Classification of Unjust Enrichment rights of person under disability. It is the obligation to
1. Enrichment through the act of the injured party minimize the risk to those who, because of their
(e.g. payment of a debt which does not exist; disability, are as yet unable to take care of
payment by virtue of a contract which is void) themselves.
2. Enrichment without the act of the injured party Vigilant for his Protection - means that in case of
(e.g. defendant stealing the plaintiff’s property) doubt, the doubt must be resolved in favor of the
underdog.
Accion in Rem Verso and Solutio Indebiti,
Distinguished ARTICLE 28. Prohibited competition: Unfair
competition in agricultural, commercial or industrial
In accion in rem verso there is NO mistake; while in enterprises or in labor through the use of force,
the quasi-contract of solution indebiti (undue intimidation, deceit, machination or any other unjust,
payment) it is essential that there is mistake. Under oppressive or high-handed method shall give rise to
Article 2154, “If something is received and there is a right of action by the person who thereby suffers
no right to demand it, and it was duly delivered damages.
through mistake, the obligation to return it arises.” In
case of solution indebiti, the remedy is Restitution, Rationale of the Article
that is, to return the thing acquired by mistake or
without legal ground to possess. To promote free enterprise and to avoid monopoly in
business through unjust means.
perform his official duty may file an action for to answer for damages in case the complaint
damages and other relief against the latter, without should be found to be malicious.
prejudice to any disciplinary administrative action
that may be taken. Duty Of The Court: If in a criminal case, the
judgment of acquittal is based upon reasonable
Reason for the Article doubt, the court shall so declare. In the absence
of any declaration to that effect, it may be
To promote public office as a public trust. inferred from the text of the decision whether or
not the acquittal is due to that ground.
Requisites for Action
1. The defendant is a public official charged with Kinds of Acquittal
the performance of official duties. a. Acquittal based on reasonable doubt – when
2. The public servant or employee refuses or the guilt of the accused has not been proven
neglects to perform his official duty; beyond reasonable doubt.
3. There is no valid reason for the refusal or b. Acquittal based on innocence – when the
neglect to perform official duty. accused is not the author of the crime;
4. There is injury suffered by the plaintiff. c. Acquittal when the crime complained of did
not exist.
Non-feasance, Misfeasance, Malfeasance,
Distinguished Effects of Acquittal
Non-feasance – is the omission of some act which a. Acquittal which Bars Civil Action
ought to be performed; total neglect of duty. 1. whenever the accused has been found
to be not the author of the act;
Misfeasance – is the improper performance of some 2. that the supposed act attributed to the
act which might lawfully be done. accused did not exist;
3. if there is a finding that in the final
Malfeasance – is the performance of some act which judgment in the criminal action that the
ought not to be done. act or omission from which the civil
liability may arise did not exist. (Note:
Excuses for non-performance Republic v. Patanao: Tax liability is not
1. impossibility of performance; a mere civil liability arising from a crime
2. contributory negligence of the plaintiff; that could be wiped out by the judicial
3. ministerial officer acting in obedience to orders declaration of non-existence of the
of superiors; criminal acts charged).
4. officer with discretionary function, UNLESS, he 4. If due to justifying circumstances, civil
acted in arbitrary manner or with gross neglect. liability is extinguished. Except:
Avoidance of greater evil, in which case,
NOTE: Good faith or absence of malice is not a civil liability remains. (State of
defense for non-performance. It is only a mitigating Necessity)
factor.
Note: Acquittal in a criminal case bars
prosecution for the same offense, thus
DEPENDENT CIVIL ACTIONS / ACTIONS FOR appeal assailing the verdict of acquittal is
DAMAGES BASED ON CRIME/DELICT not warranted because of double jeopardy.
However, the civil aspect of the crime may
1. ARTICLE 29. Civil action not barred by be appealed or even the subject of a
acquittal: When the accused in a criminal separate civil action provided the acquittal is
prosecution is acquitted on the ground that his based on reasonable doubt.
guilt has not been proved beyond reasonable
doubt, a civil action for damages for the same b. Acquittal which Does not Bar Civil Action
act or omission may be instituted. 1. the acquittal is based on reasonable
doubt, if the civil case has been
Reason: Difference in the proceedings. reserved; if there is reservation, the
judgment shall make a finding on the
Basis Criminal action Civil action civil liability of the accused;
Parties State v. Offended 2. if the decision contains a declaration
involved defendant party v. that the liability of the accused is not
defendant criminal but only civil in nature;
Rules Criminal Civil 3. the civil liability is not derived from or
involved procedure/penal procedure/ci based on the criminal act of which the
code vil code accused is acquitted.
Quantum of Proof beyond Prepondera 4. If due to exempting circumstances, civil
evidence reasonable nce of liability remains. Except: Paragraphs 4
doubt evidence (injury by mere accident) and 7 (lawful
Purpose For punishment For cause) of Article 12.
of the offender reparation of
damages 2. ARTICLE 20 (see discussion above)
3. ARTICLE 30 (civil action even if there is no
Filing Of Bond: Upon motion of the defendant, criminal action instituted)
the court may require the plaintiff to file a bond,
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
intentional acts, it can be committed through the parties, is called a quasi-delict and is
negligence. governed by the provisions of this Chapter.”
Public officer who is a defendant cannot
escape liability under the doctrine of state Note: It is not limited to culpa-aquiliana cases
immunity; the said doctrine applies only if but covers also intentional acts.
acts involved are done by officers in the
performance of their official duty within the Defenses that can be interposed in quasi-
ambit of their powers. delict:
It only requires a preponderance of evidence a. Doctrine of Last Clear Chance - where
and the aggrieved party may ask for moral both parties are negligent but the negligent
and exemplary damages but in the latter of one succeeds that of the other by an
case, it depends upon the discretion of the appreciable interval of time, the one who
court. has the last reasonable opportunity to avoid
the impending harm and fails to do so, is
3. Art. 33. Civil Liability for Defamation, Fraud, chargeable with the consequences, without
Physical Injuries (In generic sense). In cases reference to the prior negligence of the other
of defamation, fraud, and physical injuries, a civil b. Contributory Negligence - the defendant
action for damages, entirely separate and may claim that plaintiff’s own negligence
distinct from the criminal action, may be brought contributed to the injury. This defense will
by the injured party. merely mitigate the award of damages.
c. Proximate Cause of the Loss or Injury is
Defamation – is an invasion of the interest in the Negligence of Plaintiff.
reputation and good name, by communication to d. Defense of Due Diligence in the Selection
others which tend to diminish the esteem in and Supervision of Employees: Only
which the plaintiff is held, or to excite adverse applicable in culpa aquiliana.
feelings or opinion against him. It is any act, e. Assumption of Risk: It will absolve the
writing or utterance which tend to prejudice or defendant from liability.
humiliate another. It includes libel and slander. Requisites:
a. there must be knowledge as to the
Physical Injuries – covers all kinds of physical existence of the danger
injuries including attempted, frustrated or b. there must be an understanding and
consummated homicide. If resulted because of appreciation of the risk of such danger
negligence or imprudence, they are already by the plaintiff.
covered by Article 2176 of the Civil Code. c. the plaintiff voluntarily expose
himself to such danger.
Fraud - intentional deception to induce another f. Prescription: If the action is filed beyond
to part with something of value or to surrender a four years from loss or injury.
legal right, like, estafa or swindling.
Res Ipsa Loquitor - The thing speaks for itself.
4. Art. 34. Civil Liability of Member of Municipal
or City Police A Rule of Evidence. The fact of the injury is
prima facie evidence of negligence. It can not be
Primary liability: When a member of a city or used with contributory negligence.
municipal police force refuses or fails to render
aid or protection to any person in case of danger Requisites:
to life or property, such police officer shall be a. the accident is one of a kind which
primarily liable for damages. does not ordinarily occur unless someone is
negligent,
Requisites b. that the instrumentality or agency
1. there is danger to life or property of a which caused the injury was under the
person; exclusive control of the person charged with
2. a member of a city or municipal police force negligence,
who is present in the scene refused or failed c. that the injury suffered must not
to render aid or protection to the person; have been due to any voluntary action or
3. damages are caused to the person or contribution on the part of the person
property. injured.
Elements:
1. The previously instituted civil action involves an
issue similar or intimately related to the issue
raised in the subsequent criminal action.
2. The resolution of such issue determines whether
or not the criminal action may proceed.
3. The jurisdiction to try said question must be
lodged in another tribunal. (See Rule 111, Sec. 7
of 2000 Rules of Criminal Procedure)
Illustrations:
a. FACTS: H and W1 are separated in fact. H
contracted a subsequent marriage with W2. W1
filed a case for bigamy against H. H filed a civil
action for the declaration of nullity of the 2 nd
marriage on the ground of lack of license.
HELD: NO prejudicial question because the 2nd
marriage is ostensibly valid. Besides, the 1st
marriage still exists.
b. FACTS: Same with the first but this time, the civil
action filed by the husband is for the declaration
of nullity of the 1st marriage for lack of license.
HELD: NO prejudicial question because of
violation of Art 40 of FC.
c. FACTS: H and W are legally married. H has an
illegal affair with GF. W filed a criminal case for
concubinage. H filed a civil action for the
declaration of nullity of the marriage on the
ground of lack of license. HELD: NO prejudicial
question because the marriage is presumed to
be valid and existing.
d. FACTS: H and W are legally married. H
contracted a subsequent marriage with GF. W
filed a criminal case foe bigamy. H filed an action
for annulment of the 2nd marriage on the ground
that his consent was vitiated. HELD: There is
prejudicial question because the civil case is
determinative of whether the criminal action will
prosper.
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
15 | P a g e
Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
The effect of death upon civil personality is first, and there are no particular
determined by law, contract or will. circumstances from which it can be inferred,
the survivorship is presumed from the
Note: The rule that death extinguishes civil probabilities resulting from the strength and
personality is not absolute. The estate of a age of the sexes, according to the following
deceased is a person that may continue the rules:
personality of the deceased for the purpose of 1. If both were under the age of fifteen
settling debts. Thus, the estate is an extension years, the older is presumed to have
of civil personality of a decedent which comes survived;
into being at the moment of his death. There is 2. If both were above the age of sixty, the
no need of judicial declaration to that effect. younger is presumed to have survived;
Once the liabilities of the estate have been 3. If one is under fifteen and the other
settled and distribution of the residue to the heirs above sixty, the former is presumed to
has been effected, the estate ceases to exist have survived;
ipso facto. 4. If both be over fifteen and under sixty,
and the sexes be different, the male is
Corpse is not a person because juridical presumed to have survived; if the sexes
personality is extinguished by death. be the same, then the older;
5. If one be under fifteen or over sixty, and
Effects of Death On Rights the other between those ages, the latter
is presumed to have survived.
Upon the death of a person, the subject of legal
relations disappears. Some of his rights and (kk) If there is a doubt, as between two or more
obligations are completely extinguished, while persons who are called to succeed each
others are transmitted to his successors. other, as to which of them died first, whoever
alleges the death of one prior to the other,
Illustrations: shall prove the same; in the absence of
FACTS: X, charged with the crime of Rape. proof, it is presumed that they died at the
Pending trial, he died. HELD: His criminal same time.
liability and his civil liability arising from
crime are extinguished. (Pp. v. Bayotas, 236 Elements On Survivorship under the Rules of
S 239) Court
FACTS: In the same problem, supposed a. There is no proof which of 2 persons died
there has been judgment convicting X of the first;
crime of rape. Pending appeal, he died. b. They must have died during a calamity; and
HELD: His criminal liability and civil liability c. They are not called to succeed each other.
arising from crime are extinguished.
FACTS: In the same set of facts, supposed
the judgment of conviction becomes final
and executor for failure of X to appeal. 2. JURIDICAL PERSONS: Theory of Special
During service of sentence, X died. HELD: Capacities
The criminal liability is extinguished but the
civil liability is not extinguished, thus, may CORPORATION - It is an artificial being created
be recovered against the estate of the by operation of law, having the right of
deceased on the basis of the final judgment. succession and the powers, attributes, and
properties expressly authorized by law or
Rule on Survivorship under Art. 43, NCC incident to its existence.
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
V. DOMICILE Illustration:
FACTS: X, a former Filipino, went to US and became
DOMICILE - place of a person’s habitual residence. a naturalized US citizen. Because he violated a law
in US, X was denaturalized. He came back to the
Domicile Residence Phils and started to establish his residence here. He
more or less permanent more or less temporary ran for mayor and won. His wife filed a civil case
a person can have a person can have involving personal rights and obligations. X
generally only one several places of contended that national shall not be applied because
domicile residence he is a stateless person. HELD: Domiciliary theory is
denotes a fixed denotes a place of abode called upon to operate because X is a stateless
permanent residence to (physical relation to a person. Nationality principle cannot be applied.
which when absent, one place) Thus, X is still liable under Philippine Law.
has the intention of
returning (legal relation Domicile of natural persons
to a place)
domicile is residence residence is not domicile For the exercise of civil rights and the fulfillment of
coupled with the civil obligations, the domicile of natural persons is
intention to remain for an the place of their habitual residence. (Art. 50, NCC)
unlimited time
Domicile of juridical persons
Note: Residence as used in the Constitution must be
understood to mean domicile. The domicile of juridical persons is
i. the place provided for in the law creating or
Kinds of Domicile recognizing them or in their articles of
agreement;
Domicile Of Origin - it is assigned to him by the ii. when the law creating or recognizing them, or
law at the moment of birth. any other provision does not fix the domicile of
juridical persons, the same shall be understood
In case of a foundling, his domicile is the country to be the place where their legal representation
where he was found. is established or where they exercise their
principal functions. (Art. 51, NCC)
Can a person be devoid of domicile? NO,
because a person always have domicile of origin Domicile vs Citizenship/Nationality
which is granted at the moment of birth. No
natural person must ever be without a domicile. Domicile is a place of abode. While
citizenship/nationality indicates ties, allegiance and
Constructive Domicile/Domicile By Operation loyalty to the government.
Of Law - it is assigned to him by the law after
birth on account of a legal disability caused for Q: Can a Person be Devoid of Nationality or
instance by minority, insanity or marriage in case citizenship?
of a woman.
A: Yes, because citizenship is merely a privilege
Domicile Of Choice - the place freely chosen by which can be taken anytime on valid grounds.
a person so that whenever he is absent, he Besides, there are those stateless persons whose
intends to return. nationality or citizenship was taken from them.
Elements:
1. Physical presence in a fixed place.
2. Intention to remain permanently (animus
manendi).
3. Intention to abandon the old domicile
(animus non revertendi).
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VI. MARRIAGE
REQUISITES OF A VALID MARRIAGE
The Family Code of the Philippines
Essential Requisites (Art 2, FC):
Effectivity Date: 3 August 1988
1. Legal Capacity of the contracting parties
Retroactive Application who must be a male and a female.
Note: It has been held that the Vice Mayor NOTE: The applicants, their parents or
has the authority to solemnize marriages guardians shall not be required to exhibit
because if the vice mayor assumes the their residence certificates in any formality in
powers and duties of the office of the mayor, connection with the securing of the marriage
when proper, it is immaterial whether he is license.
the Acting Mayor or merely acting as mayor,
for in both cases, he discharges all the 2. Original birth certificates or, in default
duties and wields the powers appurtenant to thereof, the baptismal certificates of the
said office. (Pp. vs Bustamante, 105 P 64) contracting parties or copies of such
documents duly attested by the persons
Effect if Solemnizing Officer NO Authority; having custody of the originals. (A12 par 1,
Exception (Effect of Good Faith) FC)
The marriage shall be VOID if it shall be These certificates or certified copies of the
solemnized by any person not legally authorized documents by this Article need not be sworn
to perform marriages, UNLESS such marriages to and shall be exempt from the
were contracted with either or both parties documentary stamp tax. The signature and
believing in good faith that the solemnizing official title of the person issuing the
officer had the legal authority to do so. (A35[2], certificate shall be sufficient proof of its
FC) authenticity. (A12 par 1, FC)
preferred as witnesses, or, in their default, advice has been sought, together with the
persons of good reputation in the province written advice given, if any, shall be attached
or the locality. (A12 par 2, FC) to the application for marriage license. (it
can be manifested in writing or actual
4. In case either of the contracting parties has presence of the parents and such shall be
been previously married, the applicant shall noted by the LCR)
be required to furnish, instead of the birth or
baptismal certificate required in the last Should the parents or guardian refuse to
preceding article, the DEATH CERTIFICATE give any advice, this fact shall be stated in
of the deceased spouse or the (authentic) the sworn statement.
JUDICIAL DECREE OF THE ABSOLUTE
DIVORCE, or the (authentic) JUDICIAL If they do not obtain such advice, or if it be
DECREE OF ANNULMENT or unfavorable, the marriage license shall not
DECLARATION OF NULLITY of his or her be issued till after 3 months following the
previous marriage. (A13 par 1, FC) completion of the publication of the
application therefor.
In case the death certificate cannot be
secured, the party shall make an affidavit 7. Marriage counseling (A16, FC)
setting forth this circumstance and his or her
actual civil status and the name and date of In the cases where parental consent or
death of the deceased spouse. (A13 par 2, parental advice is needed, the party or
FC) parties concerned shall, in addition to the
requirements of the preceding articles,
Note: In case there is a valid divorce decree, attach a certificate issued by a priest, imam
there must first be a Petition For or minister authorized to solemnize
Recognition Of Divorce Decree because marriage under Article 7 of this Code or a
our courts do not take judicial notice of marriage counsellor duly accredited by the
foreign judgments for they must be alleged proper government agency to the effect that
and proved. the contracting parties have undergone
MARRIAGE COUNSELLING.
5. Parental Consent
Failure to attach said certificates of marriage
When Necessary (A14, FC) counselling shall suspend the issuance of
the marriage license for a period of 3
In case either or both of the contracting months from the completion of the
parties, not having been emancipated by a publication of the application.
previous marriage, are between the ages of
18 and 21, shall exhibit to the local civil Issuance of the marriage license within the
registrar, the consent to their marriage of prohibited period shall subject the issuing
their father, mother, surviving parent or officer to administrative sanctions but shall
guardian, or persons having legal charge of not affect the validity of the marriage.
them, in the order mentioned.
Should only one of the contracting parties
Such consent shall be manifested in writing need parental consent or parental advice,
by the interested party, who personally the other party must be present at the
appears before the proper local civil counselling referred to in the preceding
registrar, or in the form of an affidavit made paragraph.
in the presence of two witnesses and
attested before any official authorized by Publication/Posting Requirement (A17, FC)
law to administer oaths. The personal
manifestation (by parents) shall be recorded The local civil registrar shall prepare a notice
in both applications for marriage license, which shall contain the full names and
and the affidavit, if one is executed instead, residences of the applicants for a marriage
shall be attached to said applications. license and other data given in the applications.
Note: Absence of consent will render the The notice shall be POSTED for 10 consecutive
marriage voidable. days on a bulletin board outside the office of the
local civil registrar located in a conspicous place
It is submitted that parental consent is within the building and accessible to the general
required if any or both parties are between public.
the ages of 18, 19, and 20.
This notice shall request all persons having
6. Parental Advice knowledge of any impediment to the marriage
to advise the local civil registrar thereof.
When Necessary (A15, FC)
The marriage license shall be issued after the
Any contracting party between the age of 21 completion of the period of publication.
and 25 shall be obliged to ask their parents
or guardian for advice upon the intended Duties of Local Civil Registrar
marriage. A sworn statement by the 1. Receive the application for marriage
contracting parties to the effect that such license.
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Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
(5) That either or both of the contracting parties Distinguished From Marriage License
have secured the parental consent in
appropriate cases; 1. Marriage license is a formal requisite of
marriage, while marriage certificate is not.
(6) That either or both of the contracting parties 2. Marriage license is issued before celebration of
have complied with the legal requirement marriage, while marriage certificate is issued
regarding parental advice in appropriate cases; after the celebration of marriage.
and 3. Marriage license shows the authority to contract
marriage, while marriage certificate shows facts
(7) That the parties have entered into marriage of celebration.
settlement, if any, attaching a copy thereof. 4. Absence of marriage license renders the
(A22, FC) marriage void, while absence of marriage
certificate will not invalidate marriage.
Purpose and Value of Marriage Certificate
The primary or best evidence of a marriage is the ABSENCE, DEFECT OR IRREGULARITY IN THE
marriage contract or marriage certificate. REQUISITES
Since marriage certificate is neither an essential nor Effect of ABSENCE of Essential and Formal
a formal requisite, an unsigned or unattested Requisites
marriage certificate does not invalidate the marriage.
GENERAL RULE: The absence of any of the
Who Issues Marriage Certificate: Solemnizing essential or formal requisites shall render the
Officer marriage void ab initio. (A4 par 1, FC)
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Marriages solemnized outside the GENERAL RULE: All marriages solemnized outside
Philippines where no marriage license is the Philippines, in accordance with the laws in force
required by the country where it is in the country where they were solemnized, and
solemnized and valid there as such, shall valid there as such, shall also be valid in this
also valid here. country (LEX LOCI CELEBRATIONIS). (A26 par 1,
FC)
2. Marriages Under Exceptional Circumstances
(A27-34, FC; See discussion below) EXCEPTIONS:
a. Either or both parties did not have the legal
capacity to get married. (A35[1], FC)
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Divorce by Foreigner Spouse Art. 27: marriage in articulo mortis; remains valid
even if the ailing party subsequently survives.
Where a marriage between a Filipino citizen and a
foreigner is validly celebrated and a divorce is
thereafter validly obtained abroad by the alien
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The solemnizing officer shall state in an VOID MARRIAGES – marriage which is not valid
affidavit executed before the local civil from its inception.
registrar or any other person legally
authorized to administer oaths that the Declaration of Nullity Divorce
residence of either party, specifying the Cause of nullification Cause exists after the
barrio or barangay, is so located that there is exists from the beginning marriage.
no means of transportation to enable such of marriage.
party to appear personally before the LCR One recognized in the Not recognized in the
and that the officer took the necessary steps Phils which allows the Phils EXCEPT when
to ascertain the ages and relationship of the parties to remarry. obtained by foreigners
contracting parties and the absence of legal and valid in their country.
impediment to the marriage. (A29, FC)
Void Marriages Under the FC:
The original of the affidavit required together 1. Between minors (below 18) even with consent
with the legible copy of the marriage of parents or guardians. (A35[1], FC)
contract, shall be sent by the person
solemnizing the marriage to the LCR of the 2. Solemnized by unauthorized officer, EXCEPT
municipality where it was performed within good faith of one or both of the parties. (A35[2],
the period of 30 days after the performance FC)
of the marriage. (A30, FC)
3. Solemnized without marriage license, except
under Art. 27, 28, 31–34(marriages exempt from
c. Marriages among Muslims or among marriage license). (A35[3], FC)
Members of the ethnic cultural communities.
4. Bigamous/polygamous
Art. 33: Marriages among Muslims or among
members of the ethnic cultural communities Requisites of Bigamy
provided that they are solemnized in accordance a. There is a prior subsisting marriage;
with their customs, rites or practices. b. Prior marriage not validly terminated;
c. Spouse contracted a 2nd or subsequent
marriage;
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d. 2nd or subsequent marriage would have actual physical search of the places
been valid were it not for prior subsisting where the absent spouse is possibly be.
one.
c. Spouse present must institute a
GENERAL RULE: A marriage contracted by any summary proceeding (NOT a special
person during the subsistence of a previous proceeding) for the judicial declaration
marriage is VOID. of presumptive death (by way of
petition) of the absentee, without
EXCEPTIONS: prejudice to the effect of reappearance
a. Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the absent spouse.
Muslim men in the Philippines are allowed Note: Courts usually refuses to make
maximum of 4 marriages even if the prior judicial declaration of presumptive death
marriage/s are still subsisting. Such privilege because it is not conclusive. Unlike in
is not granted among Muslim women. Arts 390 and 391, NCC, it is only in Art
41 of FC that a judicial declaration of
b. Art. 41: a marriage contracted by any presumptive death is mandatorily
person during the subsistence of a previous required for the purpose of capacitating
marriage in cases where the prior spouse the present spouse to remarry. It is also
had been absent; (A35[4], FC) required in cases of settlement of
estate.
Valid Bigamous Marriage - before the
celebration of the subsequent marriage, the RECENT JURISPRUDENCE ruled that
prior spouse had been absent for 4 the judicial declaration of presumptive
consecutive years and the spouse present death is immediately final and executory,
had a well-founded belief that the absent thus not subject to appeal.
spouse was already dead. In case of
disappearance where there is danger of The judicial declaration must be
death under the circumstances set forth registered with the LCR.
under Art. 391 of the Civil Code, an absence
of only 2 years shall be sufficient. Effect of registration:
a. The effects of 1st marriage is merely
For the purpose of contracting the suspended.
subsequent marriage, the spouse present b. 2nd marriage is conditional, that is,
must institute a summary proceeding for the dependent on the confirmation of
declaration of presumptive death of the death and reappearance.
absentee, without prejudice to the effect of
reappearance of the absent spouse: this Effects of Subsequent Marriage
provision is intended to protect the present
spouse from a criminal prosecution for IF BOTH PARTIES IN GOOD FAITH –
bigamy because with the judicial declaration marriage is valid. If the absent spouse
that the missing spouse is presumptively reappeared and he/she or any interested
dead, the good faith of the present spouse person does not file an affidavit with the civil
in contracting a second marriage is already registrar of the fact of reappearance, 2 valid
established. marriages exist (valid bigamous marriage).
of the parties to the subsequent marriage at 6. Subsequent marriages in violation of Arts 40,
the instance of any interested person, with 52 and 53
due notice to the spouses of the subsequent
marriage and without prejudice to the fact of Art. 40. The absolute nullity of a previous
reappearance being judicially determined in marriage may be invoked for purposes of
case such fact is disputed. (A44, FC) remarriage on the basis solely of a final
judgment declaring such previous marriage
This is the only instance where a marriage is void.
terminated extra-judicially EXCEPT when
reappearance is disputed. Pp vs Aragon, Feb 28, 1957 – no need of judicial
declaration.
Effects of Termination of Subsequent
Marriage Gomez vs Lipana, June 30, 1970 – there was a
need for a judicial declaration.
The termination of the subsequent marriage
referred to in the preceding Article shall Odayat vs Amante, June 2, 1977 – no need for
produce the following effects (Art. 43, FC): judicial delaration.
(1) The children of the subsequent marriage Weigel vs. Sempio Diy, Aug 19, 1986 – there
conceived prior to its termination shall was a need for judicial declaration.
be considered legitimate;
Yap vs CA, Oct 28, 1986 – no need for a judicial
(2) The absolute community of property or declaration.
the conjugal partnership, as the case
may be, shall be dissolved and Family Code, Aug 3, 1988 – there is a need for
liquidated, but if either spouse judicial declaration.
contracted said marriage in bad faith,
his or her share of the net profits of the Purpose/Aim of Art 40
community property or conjugal
partnership property shall be forfeited in The aim is to do away with any continuing
favor of the common children or, if there uncertainty on the status of the 2nd marriage.
are none, the children of the guilty The 2nd marriage shall likewise be void. The
spouse by a previous marriage or in parties to a marriage should not be allowed to
default of children, the innocent spouse; assume that there marriage is void even if such
be the fact but must first secure a judicial
(3) Donations by reason of marriage shall declaration of the nullity of their marriage. Before
remain valid, except that if the donee such declaration, the person who marries again
contracted the marriage in bad faith, can be charged with bigamy. (Mercado Case)
such donations made to said donee are
revoked by operation of law; Distinguished From Bigamous Void Marriage
(4) The innocent spouse may revoke the In bigamous void marriage, the subsisting
designation of the other spouse who first marriage is valid, while in Art 40, the
acted in bad faith as beneficiary in any subsisting marriage is void. Thus, if a person
insurance policy, even if such remarries without a judicial declaration of nullity
designation be stipulated as irrevocable; of the first marriage, the subsequent marriage is
and void not because it is bigamous but because it
violates Art 40.
(5) The spouse who contracted the
subsequent marriage in bad faith shall Distinguished From Criminal Bigamy
be disqualified to inherit from the
innocent spouse by testate and intestate The crime of bigamy contemplates a situation
succession. where the first marriage is valid, or at least
annullable and not void from the beginning.
Exception to the Exception: If both the
spouses of the subsequent marriage acted HOWEVER, in the case of Mercado vs.
in bad faith, such marriage is void ab initio. Mercado, Aug 1, 2000, SC held that bigamy is
(Art 44) committed for as long as a subsequent marriage
was contracted without judicial declaration of
c. Art 26 par 2, FC – Valid Foreign Divorce nullity of the first marriage pursuant to Art 40 in
(see Discussion Above) relation to Arts 52 and 53 of FC. (But see
dissenting opinion of Justice Vitug) This ruling, in
5. Contract by Mistake In identity – the mistake effect, states that criminal bigamy is determined
here is with regard to the physical identity of one not by the fact that the first marriage is really
of the parties and not with regard merely to the legally void but by the fact that no judicial
character, health, rank, fortune, or chastity of declaration of nullity of the first marriage was
one party to the marriage. This is tantamount to obtained prior to the subsequent marriage.
absence or lack of consent which makes the
marriage void. (A35[5], FC) Note: Although the first marriage is judicially
declared void, any subsequent marriage may
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still be considered void because of the failure to average couple existing under ordinary
comply with Arts. 52 and 53. circumstances of life and work.
b. Juridical Antecedent - if the roots of the
Art. 52. The judgment of annulment or of trouble can be traced to the history of the
absolute nullity of the marriage, the partition and subject before the marriage although its
distribution of the properties of the spouses and overt manifestations appear only after the
the delivery of the children's presumptive wedding.
legitimes shall be recorded in the appropriate c. It must Permanent and Incurable - if
civil registry and registries of property; treatments required exceed the ordinary
otherwise, the same shall not affect third means of the subject, or involve time and
persons. expense beyond the reach of the subject.
GENERAL RULE: Judgment NOT binding a. The burden of proof to show the nullity of
against 3rd persons. the marriage belongs to the plaintiff, and any
doubt must be resolved in favor of the
EXCEPT: When there is registration of the existence of the marriage and against its
judgment. nullity.
Where to Register: Appropriate civil registry and b. The root cause of the psychological
registries of property. incapacity must be:
Art. 53. Either of the former spouses may marry 1. Medically or clinically identified
again after compliance with the requirements of
the immediately preceding Article; otherwise, the 2. Alleged in the complaint
subsequent marriage shall be null and void.
It has been relaxed, thus it need not be
Note: The recording is NECESSARY to bind 3 rd alleged in the complaint.
persons and for the parties to be able to validly
contract a subsequent marriage. 3. Sufficiently proven by experts
The fact of registration restores legal capacity to In the case of Marcos vs Marcos,
contract a subsequent marriage. October 19, 2000, it is not indispensable
to undergo psychiatric evaluation, it is
sufficient that one is assessed by expert
7. Art. 36: Those contracted by a party who at the for purposes of the petition.
time of the celebration of marriage was
psychologically incapacitated to comply with Expert testimony is no longer
the marital obligations even if such incapacity indispensable.
becomes manifest only after its solemnization.
Under present jurisprudence, the
Psychological incapacity - the condition of a incapacity must be proven based on the
person who does not have the mind, will, and totality of evidence presented.
heart for the performance of essential
marital/parental obligations. It is the inability to In Ferraris vs Ferraris, 495 SCRA 396,
understand the marital obligations leading to SC held that the marriage cannot be
non-performance of the same. voided on the ground of psychological
incapacity because of the failure to
It has no exact definition but is restricted to prove the existence of the same. SC
psychological incapacity to comply with the also discussed in this case the probative
essential marital obligations of marriage. It weight of the expert testimony to the
involves a senseless, protracted, and constant effect that the doctor failed to prove the
refusal to comply with the essential marital existence of mixed personality disorder
obligations by one or both of the spouses of the husband. The testimonies of the
although he/she or they are physically capable doctor were just her assumptions and
of performing such obligations. (Chi Ming Tsoi vs based on what the plaintiff confined to
CA) her, thus hearsay. There was failure to
obtain collateral information.
It must be adjudged on a case to case basis. It
should refer to no less than a mental (not However, if there are independent
physical) incapacity. evidence to show the incapacity, then
the marriage may be declared void.
General characteristics of psychological
incapacity: Expert testimony is only indispensable
a. It must be Grave - if the subject cannot when no other evidence was presented,
carry out the normal and ordinary duties of otherwise, such will only be considered
marriage and family, shouldered by any cumulative or corroborative.
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f. The essential marital obligations must be In the first place, they are abhorrent to the
those embraced by Arts. 68 –71 and Arts. nature, not only of civilized men, but of
220 - 225 of the Family Code, with regard to barbarous and semi-civilized people and, in the
parents and children. Such non- second place, tend to the confusion of rights and
compliance must also be state in the duties incident to family relations. Also, a child of
petition, proven by evidence, and included in incestuous union creates a special problem of
the text of the decision. social placement, because its status is so
confused, as is that of its parents. In addition,
Essential marital obligations: science and experience have established
Art. 68: the husband and wife are obliged to beyond cavil that such intermarriages very often
live together, observe mutual love, respect result in deficient and degenerate offspring,
and fidelity, and render mutual help and which if occurring to any great extent, would
support. amount to a serious deterioration of the race.
Art. 220: parental authority over the person Finally, social prohibitions against incest
of their unemancipated children. promote solidarity of the nuclear family.
Art. 225: parental authority over the
property of their unemancipated children. 9. Quasi-incestuous Marriages / Void by
Reason of Public Policy (ART 38, FC)
g. Interpretations given by the National
Appellate Matrimonial Tribunal of the These marriages are void from the beginning for
Catholic Church, while not controlling, reasons of public policy:
should be given great respect by our courts. 1. Between collateral blood, whether legitimate
or illegitimate, up to the fourth civil degree.
When the marriage is annulled by the 2. Between step-parents and step-children.
NAMT, still, the marriage under the civil law 3. Between parents-in-law and children-in-law.
is valid and existing. 4. Between the adopting parent and the
adopted child.
h. The trial court must order the fiscal and the 5. Between the surviving spouse of the
Solicitor general to appear as counsel for adopting parent and the adopted child.
the State. No decision shall be handed down 6. Between the surviving spouse of the
unless the Solicitor general issues a adopted child and the adopter.
certification, which will be quoted in the 7. Between an adopted child and a legitimate
decision, briefly stating his reasons for his child of the adopter.
agreement or opposition to the petition. The 8. Between adopted children of the same
Solicitor General and the fiscal shall submit adopter.
such certification to the court within 15 days 9. Between parties where one, with the
from the date the case is submitted for intention to marry the other, killed that
resolution. other person’s spouse, or his or her own
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Petition for declaration or annulment of marriage If the answer admits the allegations of the petition,
shall be filed by the aggrieved spouse and such is judgment on the pleadings cannot be decreed.
personal to him/her while he/she is still living. After Material facts alleged in the petition shall always be
death, the heirs may assail the validity of marriage in proved.
the settlement proceedings. (Enrico Case, 534
SCRA 418) In effect, the settlement court can decide Note: Appearance of the OSG is no longer
on the validity of marriage whose decision is final indispensable if the State is already protected by the
and inappealable. appearance of the prosecutor.
Moreover, in the case of Ninal vs Bayadog, March Reason for the Appearance of the State
14, 2000, SC recognized the right of the heirs of the
deceased father assailing the validity of his marriage The reason for the duty is because marriage is not
with their step-mother in a settlement proceeding. just a contract between the parties but a social
They have legal interest to determine their institution, in the preservation of which, the State is
successional right to the exclusion of the step- interested.
mother.
COLLUSION – one which occurs where, for
The pleading may be in the form of petition or purposes of getting an annulment or nullity decree,
complaint where all grounds must be alleged. In one the parties come up with an agreement making it
case, there was a petition filed for declaration of appear that the marriage is defective due to the
nullity of marriage under Art 36. The court dismissed existence of any of the grounds for annulment or
the case. On appeal, one new ground is included nullity and agreeing to represent such false or non-
which is lack of license. SC held that the new ground existent cause of action before the proper court with
should be disregarded. All grounds must be alleged. the objective of facilitating the issuance of a decree
Further, SC held that the judgment can no longer be of annulment of nullity of marriage.
reversed because parties are estopped from citing
the new ground. Neither the party can file a 2 nd The Following Warrants the Conduct of Investigation
petition for nullity by reason of res judicata. a. If defendant does not tender an answer.
b. If there is an answer but no further appearance.
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c. If either of the parties withdraw from the case. Liquidation only happens after finality of
judgment. In US, they call it “bifurcated process.”
If there is collusion, dismissal of the petition is
warranted. The liquidation is subject to the rule on forfeiture.
Thus, if either spouse contracted said marriage
HOWEVER, even if there is an agreement to file the in bad faith, his or her share of the net profits of
annulment or nullity case, collusion will not exist if the community property or conjugal partnership
the grounds relied upon truly exist and are not just property shall be forfeited in favor of the
concocted. common children or, if there are none, the
children of the guilty spouse by a previous
STIPULATION OF FACTS – admission by both marriage or in default of children, the innocent
parties made in court agreeing to the existence of spouse.(Art 43 [2], FC)
the act constituting the ground for annulment or
nullity. SC held that in bigamous marriages along with
adulterous relationships, relationships in a state
CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT – admission made of concubinage, relationships with prior existing
in court by the defendant admitting fault as invoked marriages, or multiple marriages of married
by the plaintiff to sever the marriage ties. man, Article 148 of the FC on Rule of Limited
Co-ownership shall apply. In such case, there is
Right To Support And Custody During The no presumption of equal sharing. Thus, co-
Pendency Of The Action ownership extends during relationship upon
proof of actual acquisition. (Atienza vs De
Art. 49. During the pendency of the action and in Castro)
the absence of adequate provisions in a written
agreement between the spouses, the Court shall 5. Donations by reason of marriage shall remain
provide for the support of the spouses and the valid, except that if the donee contracted the
custody and support of their common children. The marriage in bad faith, such donations made to
Court shall give paramount consideration to the said donee are revoked by operation of law. (Art
moral and material welfare of said children and their 43 [3], FC)
choice of the parent with whom they wish to remain 6. The innocent spouse may revoke the
as provided to in Title IX (See Art 213). It shall also designation of the other spouse who acted in
provide for appropriate visitation rights of the other bad faith as beneficiary in any insurance policy,
parent. even if such designation be stipulated as
irrevocable; (Art 43 [4], FC) and
Art. 213. In case of separation of the parents, 7. The spouse who contracted the subsequent
parental authority shall be exercised by the parent marriage in bad faith shall be disqualified to
designated by the Court. The Court shall take into inherit from the innocent spouse by testate and
account all relevant considerations, especially the intestate succession. (Art 43 [5], FC)
choice of the child over seven years of age, unless 8. If both spouses of the subsequent marriage
the parent chosen is unfit. acted in bad faith, said marriage shall be void ab
initio and all donations by reason of marriage
No child under 7 shall be separated from the mother, and testamentary dispositions made by one in
unless the court finds compelling reasons to order favor of the other are revoked by operation of
otherwise. law. (Art 44, FC)
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3. Vitiated Consent through Fraud - That the 5. Impotency - That either party was physically
consent of either party was obtained by fraud, incapable of consummating the marriage with
UNLESS such party afterwards, with full the other and such incapacity continues and
knowledge of the facts constituting the fraud, appears to be incurable.
freely cohabited with the other as husband and
wife. Requisites for physical incapacity:
a. That the incapacity exists at the time of the
Fraud constitutes (Art 46): celebration of the marriage.
a. Non-disclosure of a previous conviction by b. That such incapacity continues to the time
final judgment of the other party of a crime when the case for annulment is being tried.
involving moral turpitude. c. That it appears to be incurable.
d. It must be unknown to the other contracting
Note: In determining whether a crime party.
involves moral turpitude, it is the nature of
the offense is considered. The physical incapacity referred to by law as a
ground for annulment of marriage is Impotency.
Negligence cases under the Revised Penal
Code do not involve moral turpitude IMPOTENCY – inability of the male or female
EXCEPT if it is so reckless amounting to organ of copulation to perform its proper
malicious conduct. function. It is the physical condition of the
husband or the wife in which sexual intercourse
Crimes under Special Laws also involve with a normal person of the opposite sex is
moral turpitude like violation of BP 22, vote impossible. It is the lack of power to copulate,
buying, election offenses. the absence of the functional capacity for the
sexual ac.
b. Concealment (there must be bad faith) by
the wife of the fact that at the time of the Test of Impotency
marriage, she was pregnant by a man other
than her husband. It is the inability to copulate and not the inability
to procreate.
c. Concealment of a STD, regardless of its
nature, existing at the time of the marriage. Impotentia Copulandi vs Impotentia
Generandi
d. Concealment of drug addiction, habitual
alcoholism, homosexuality or lesbianism, Impotentia Copulandi is the physical impotency
existing at the time of the marriage. or inability to copulate and considered as a
ground for annulment of a voidable marriage.
Note: No other misrepresentation or deceit as to Impotentia Generandi on the other hand is
character, health, rank, fortune, or chastity shall known as sterility or the inability to procreate. In
constitute such fraud as will give grounds for sterility, there is capacity to copulate which is
action for the annulment of marriage. absent in impotency.
Potency is presumed unless the person is too c. In marriage where consent is obtained by
old for normal sexual activity. Impotency being fraud – after having full knowledge of the
an abnormal conditions should not be facts constituting fraud
presumed.
d. In marriage where the consent is obtained
Burden of Proof by force, intimidation – after force,
intimidation or undue influence has
He who claims impotency must prove the claim disappeared.
because the presumption is in favor of potency.
Cohabitation, How Proven
Doctrine of triennial cohabitation - if the wife a. After knowledge of the defect, the party who
remains virgin after living together with her is entitled to file an action, freely discharges
husband for 3 years from the time of marriage, his/her marital obligations.
the presumption is that the husband is impotent, b. Consummation of marriage, after knowledge
and he will have to overcome this presumption. of the defect.
The petition shall be filed in the Family Court of the LEGAL SEPARATION - the marriage bond between
province or city where the petitioner or the the husband and wife is not severed. The parties are
respondent has been residing for at least 6 months merely separated from bed and board.
prior to the date of the filing or in the case of non-
resident respondent, where he may be found in the A Vinculo Matrimonii and A Mensa et Thoro,
Philippines, at the election of the petitioner. Distinguished
Appearance of the State (Art 48 – See Discussion A Vinculo Matrimonii or Absolute divorce is a
Above, Same in Declaration of Nullity of separation of the spouses for a cause authorized by
Marriage) law by a judgment of competent court where the
marriage tie is dissolved leaving the parties free to
Right to Support and Custody During Pendency contract a new marriage. A Mensa et Thoro or
of Action (Same in Declaration of nullity of Relative Divorce, on the other hand is the separation
marriage) of the spouses from bed and board for a cause
authorized by law by the judgment of a competent
Necessity of Final Judgment / Requirements for court but the marriage tie subsists and the parties
Remarriage (Same in declaration of Nullity of are not allowed to marry again. Under the Family
marriage) Code, relative divorce is known as LEGAL
SEPARATION.
Art 40 which speaks of absolute nullity includes
annulment of marriage. Thus, the necessity of History of Divorce and Legal Separation
judicial declaration for purposes of remarriage. Siete Partidas, during the Spanish regime,
provided for relative divorce/legal separation in
When Decree of Annulment of Marriage be the Philippines, not Absolute Divorce. This was
Issued by the Court (same in declaration of our law until Act 2710, which allowed only
nullity marriage) absolute divorce.
The Divorce Law (Act 2710) recognized only two
The court shall issue the decree after: grounds for absolute divorce and implicitly ruled
1. Registration of the entry of judgment granting out relative divorce. The two grounds were:
the petition for declaration of nullity or annulment Adultery on the part of the wife; Concubinage on
of marriage in the Civil Registry where the the part of the husband.
marriage was celebrated and in the Civil Executive Order 141 enlarged the grounds for
Registry of the place where the Family Court is divorce under Act 2710 by adding 8 more
located. grounds – during the Japanese regime.
2. Registration of the approved partition and Oct 23, 1944, EO 141 was repealed and Act
distribution of the properties of the spouses in 2710 was revived.
the proper Register of Deeds where the real Act 2710 (the Old Divorce Law) was repealed by
properties are located. the New Civil Code on Aug 30, 1950. Today, with
3. The delivery of the children’s presumptive the exception of Moslem divorces and the
legitimes in cash, property or sound securities. implicit absolute divorce law allowed under
(S22, A.M. No. 02-18-10-SC) Article 36 (Psychological incapacity) of the
Family Code, we only have relative divorce or
legal separation in the Philippines
Note: The Decree in the Civil Registry where the
marriage was registered, the Civil Registry of the Rules for Absolute Divorce TODAY both under
place where the Family is situated, and in the the Civil Code and the Family Code (without
National Census and Statistics Office is the vest prejudice to Muslim Code of Personal Laws)
evidence to prove declaration of absolute nullity or to If the action is brought HERE in the Philippines
serve as notice to 3rd person concerning the b. Between Filipinos-will NOT prosper
properties of the spouses as well as presumptive EXCEPT divorces between Filipino Muslims
legitimes delivered to the common children. c. Between foreigners-will NOT prosper
d. Between a Filipino and a foreigner-will NOT
prosper.
If there are no properties of the spouses which could
be the subject of liquidation, partition and If the action is brought in a FOREIGN COURT
distribution, there is NO need for the recording of the 1.) Between Filipinos-will NOT be recognized
judgment in the appropriate registries of property. here even if allowed by said foreign court,
Our governing laws do not require such judgment to and even if the ground be either adultery on
be furnished and recorded in the proper registries of the part of the wife or concubinage on the
property. part of the husband.
2.) Between foreigners-foreign decree will be 2. In legal separation, the law provides for certain
RECOGNIZED here only if the following two consequences like separation of property,
conditions concur: dissolution of the absolute or conjugal property
a.) The foreign court has jurisdiction to grant regime, disqualification to inherit from the
the absolute divorce. innocent spouse in intestate succession, and
b.) Said divorce is recognized as valid by the cessation of the right to cohabitation. In de facto
personal law of the parties involved, that separation (like in abandonment), there is no
is, if valid according to their national law judicial intervention and no dissolution of the
or the law of their domicile depending conjugal partnership or absolute community of
upon the theory adopted by their property, thus the husband and wife are still
countries. heirs of each other, their property relations
remain, unless the innocent party disinherits the
3.) Between a Filipino and a foreigner-If guilty party in his will or her will.
obtained by the foreigner and valid 3. In both cases, the spouses live separately. The
according to his personal law-valid for both absent spouse is not entitled to support and the
foreigner and Filipino under Art 26. marriage remains intact which presupposes that
the obligation of mutual fidelity remains, violation
Absolute Divorce Under Muslim Code of of which subjects the violator to criminal
Personal Laws prosecution such as for adultery and
concubinage. In separation de facto, when the
For a period of 20 years from June 17, 1949, consent of one spouse to any transaction of the
absolute divorce in accordance with Mohammedan other is required by law, judicial authorization
customs and practices is recognized for shall be obtained in a summary proceeding and;
Mohammedans residing in non-Christian provinces. in the absence of sufficient community property,
This law, in turn, is now superseded by the Muslim the separate property of both spouses shall be
Code of Personal Laws, wherein absolute divorce in solidarily liable for the support of the family. The
accordance with Muslim customs and practices is spouse present shall, upon proper petition in a
also recognized. summary proceeding, be given judicial authority
to administer or encumber any specific separate
Legal Separation vs. Separation of Property property of the other spouse and use the fruits
(Arts. 134 – 136, FC) or proceeds thereof to satisfy the latter’s share.
3. Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the 2. When he/she has failed within the same
petitioner, a common child, or a child of the period to give any information as to his or
petitioner, to engage in prostitution, or her whereabouts. (Art 101, FC)
connivance in such corruption or inducement.
Effects of Abandonment without just cause
4. Final judgment sentencing the respondent to a. Possible legal separation
imprisonment of more than six years, even if b. Petition for Receivership, Judicial
pardoned. Separation of Property, Sole Administration
of the Absolute Community or conjugal
5. Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the partnership (subject to precautionary
respondent. conditions). These remedies are also
available in case of failure to comply with
6. Lesbianism or homosexuality of the obligations to the family. The obligations to
respondent; the family mentioned refer to marital,
parental or property relations. (Art 101, FC)
NOTE: The extent of drug addiction, habitual c. One who abandoned not entitled to support.
alcoholism, lesbianism or homosexuality is the
same as those in annulment. However, in
annulment, they are instances of fraud which Defenses Against Legal Separation (Art 56)
must exist at the time of the celebration of 1. Condonation / Pardon
marriage. In legal separation, such grounds exist
even after the marriage ceremony. Where the aggrieved party has condoned the
offense or act complained of.
7. Contracting by the respondent of a subsequent
bigamous marriage, whether in the Philippines CONDONATION – this is forgiveness, express
or abroad. or implied, after the commission of the offense or
act complained of and not before.
Bigamy, as a ground for legal separation does
not require a prior conviction for as long as there Forms:
is proof of subsequent bigamous marriage. a. Express
b. Implied - Implied condonation may come in
8. Sexual infidelity or perversion. the form of voluntary sexual intercourse after
knowledge of the cause.
SEXUAL INFIDELITY – includes adultery,
concubinage and other acts short of adultery “Each sexual intercourse of the wife outside
and concubinage for as long as such acts marriage is a separate act of adultery. Therefore,
constitute a clear betrayal of the trust of his/her condonation of one act does not necessarily
spouse. In case of concubinage as a ground for imply condonation of the others”. (People v
annulment of a voidable marriage, there is no Zapata and Bondoc, L-3047, May 16, 1951)
need of conviction by final judgment for such
can be proven by preponderance of evidence. “Where the wife left the conjugal home after her
adulterous acts were discovered, the fact that
SEXUAL PERVERSION – can refer to any the husband did not actively search for her is not
abnormal or pervert act or turning from the true condonation. It was not the duty of the husband
end or proper purpose of sexual organs. to search for the wife under the circumstances.
On the contrary, hers was the duty to return to
9. Attempt by the respondent against the life of the the conjugal home”. (De Ocampo v. Florenciano,
petitioner. L-13553, Feb. 23, 1960)
The attempt must come from an evil design. Condonation must be given by the aggrieved
There is no need of conviction. Such attempt party after full knowledge of the marital offense
can be proven by preponderance of evidence. committed. It must be subsequent of the
commission of the marital offense.
10. Abandonment of petitioner by respondent
without justifiable cause for more than one year. Effect of Conditional Condonation/Pardon
ABANDONMENT – refusal or failure to comply If the aggrieved party expressly forgives the
with the marital obligations. It does not only refer guilty spouse subject to the condition that the
to desertion of the conjugal dwelling without latter should not commit the marital offense
intention of returning. (Art 101, FC) again. Should the guilty spouse commits another
marital offense, there is no compliance with the
Constructive Abandonment – where one condition. Thus, the basis of legal separation
spouse, without just cause, forcibly ejects the can be the previous marital offense because
other from their home and refuses to allow her to non-compliance with the condition amounts to
return and that will constitute abandonment. no condonation at all and the subsequent marital
offense.
Presumption of abandonment:
1. When the spouse who has left the conjugal 2. Consent
dwelling for a period of no less than 3
months; or Where the aggrieved party has consented to the
commission of the offense or act complained of.
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
Where there is connivance between the parties Where to file (Same in nullity and annulment)
in the commission of the offense or act
constituting the ground for legal separation. Summons shall be serve to the respondent
apply. The court shall proceed in the main case and declaration of nullity of marriage, the spouses
other incidents of the case as soon as possible. The and their children shall be supported from the
hearing on any application for a protection order filed property regime. After the final judgment
by the petitioner must be conducted within the granting the petition, the obligation of mutual
mandatory period specified in this Act. support between the spouses ceases. However,
in cases of legal separation, the Court may order
Duty of Court to Effect Reconciliation that the guilty spouse shall give support to the
innocent one.
No legal separation may be decreed unless the court
has taken steps toward the reconciliation of the Effects of DECREE of Legal Separation (after the
spouses and is fully satisfied, despite such efforts, lapse of the period to appeal)
that reconciliation is highly improbable. (Art 59, FC) 1. The spouses are entitled to live separately,
but the marriage bonds shall not be severed.
Necessity of Trial and Intervention of State (Art 63 [1], FC)
2. Innocent spouse is entitled to support from
No decree of legal separation shall be based upon a the guilty spouse not vice-versa.
stipulation of facts or a confession of judgment. 3. The status and condition of children are not
affected.
In any case, the Court shall order the prosecuting 4. The property regime shall be dissolved
attorney or fiscal assigned to it to take steps to and liquidated but the offending party shall have
prevent collusion between the parties and to take no right to any share of the net profits earned by
care that the evidence is not fabricated or the property regime, and shall be forfeited in
suppressed. (Art 60, FC) favor of the common children or, if none, the
children of the guilty spouse by a previous
Effects Legal Separation Pendente Lite marriage or, in default of children, the innocent
1. After the filing of the petition for legal separation, spouse [this is in accordance with Art. 43 (2)].
the spouses shall be entitled to live separately (Art 63 [2], FC)
from each other. (Art 61 par 1, FC) 5. The custody of the minor children shall be
2. The administration of the absolute community awarded to the innocent spouse subject to the
property or conjugal partnership may be agreed provisions of Art 213. (Art 63 [3], FC)
upon in writing between them.
3. The court, in the absence of a written agreement Art. 213: in case of separation of the parents,
between the spouses, shall designate either of parental authority shall be exercised by the
them or a third person to administer the parent designated by the Court. The Court shall
absolute community or conjugal partnership take into account all relevant considerations,
property. The administrator appointed by the especially the choice of the child over 7 years of
court shall have the same powers and duties as age, unless the parent chosen is unfit. No child
those of a guardian under the Rules of Court. under 7 years of age shall be separated from the
(Art 61 par 2, FC) mother, unless the court finds compelling
4. The wife is suable alone without impleading the reasons to order otherwise.
husband.
5. When the consent of one spouse is needed in 6. The offending spouse shall be disqualified
any transaction, judicial authorization is from inheriting from the innocent spouse by
necessary. intestate succession. Moreover, Provisions in
6. During the pendency of the action for legal favor of the offending spouse made in the will of
separation, the provisions of Article 49 shall the innocent spouse shall be revoked by
likewise apply to the support of the spouses and operation of law.
the custody and support of the common
children. NOTES:
If, however, the offended spouse executes
During the pendency of the action, the Court another will in favor of the offending spouse
shall provide for the support of the spouses and after the decree of legal separation, the will
the custody and support of their common shall be valid.
children. The court shall give paramount The conviction of the wife of adultery does
consideration to the moral and material welfare not disqualify her to inherit from the offended
of said children and their choice of the parent husband, if there is no decree of legal
with whom they wish to remain. It shall also separation between them. Accordingly, the
provide for appropriate visitation rights of the guilty spouse shall not be disqualified from
other parent. (Art 49) inheriting unless the innocent spouse files a
case for legal separation.
From the common mass of property, support
shall be given to the surviving spouse and to the 7. Art. 64: the innocent spouse may revoke the
children during the liquidation of the donations made by him or her in favor of the
inventoried property and until what belongs to offending spouse, as well as the designation of
them is delivered. But from this shall be the guilty party as a beneficiary in any
deducted that amount received for support insurance policy, even if such designation be
which exceeds the fruits or rents pertaining to stipulated as irrevocable.
them.
The revocation shall be recorded in the registry
During the proceedings for legal separation of property in the places where the properties
or for annulment of marriage, and for are located. Alienations, liens and
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
d. To ask the Court to admonish his wife to tranquility no longer apply. In such cases,
return, but she cannot be held in contempt in the identity of interest disappears and the
case of non-performance; also, no consequent danger of perjury based on
mandamus or injunction will lie. identity of interest disappears. (The law
e. To seek separation of property. ceases when the reason for the law ceases)
f. To apply for sole administration of the
property. The Marital Privileged Communication
g. To ask the court for other relief. Disqualification Rule (Spousal Privilege)
2. To observe mutual love, respect and fidelity GENERAL RULE: The husband or wife, during
or after the marriage, cannot be examined
These duties are personal to the spouses and without the consent of the other as to any
go into their intimate relations, so that they must communication received in confidence by one
be performed voluntarily by them. Accordingly, from the other during the marriage.
some consequences of the duties are the
following: EXCEPTIONS: Same in the Marital
a. The unfaithful spouse may be charged Disqualification Rule.
criminally with adultery or concubinage.
(proof of having an illegitimate child is not a 3. To render mutual help and support
proof of concubinage; each act of adultery is
a separate offense) The spouses are jointly responsible for the
b. Sexual infidelity and perversion are also support of the family (both spouses and
grounds for legal separation, and so is children) and the management of the household.
repeated physical violence or grossly The expenses for such support and other
abusive conduct directed against a spouse conjugal obligations shall be paid from:
by the other, which shows lack of love and a. the community property;
respect for the former. b. in the absence thereof, from the income or
c. Both spouses to administer the family fruits of their separate properties; and
property, and they also have joint parental c. In case of insufficiency or absence of said
authority over their minor children, both over income fruits, such obligations shall be
their persons and property. satisfied from their separate properties. (Art.
d. If one spouse commits acts which tend to 70, FC)
bring danger, dishonor, or injury to the other,
the aggrieved spouse may apply to the 4. To Manage the household
Court for relief.
The management of the household shall be the
RULE 130, Rules of Evidence on Marriage right and the duty of both spouses. The
Privilege Rule and Marital Communication expenses for such management shall be paid in
Rule accordance with the provisions of Article 70.
(Art 71)
Disqualification By Reason Of Marriage Or
The Marital Disqualification Rule 5. To Fix the family domicile
GENERAL RULE: During the marriage neither In case of disagreement, the court shall decide.
spouse ( i.e. the witness spouse) may testify for (Art 69)
or against the other (i.e. the Party spouse)
without the consent of the affected spouse ( i.e. Relief Against Breach Of Duties
the party spouse).
When one of the spouses neglects his or her duties
EXCEPTIONS: to the conjugal union or commit acts which tend to
1. In a civil case filed by one against the other. bring danger, dishonor or injury to the other or to the
Examples: cases of annulment, legal family, the aggrieved party may apply to the Court
separation, support, declaration of mental for relief.
incompetency, separation of property.
2. In a criminal case for a crime (i) committed Note: Injury contemplated: not economic or financial
by one against the other such as those injury but physical, moral, emotional or psychological
involving physical assault and violence; injury.
Violation of RA 9262; economic abuse or (ii)
against the direct ascendant or descendant Exercise Of Profession/Business (Art 73)
of the other. (Problem: If the husband raped
his daughter, can the wife who witnessed General rule: Either spouse may exercise any
the rape testify against the husband? YES. legitimate profession, occupation, business or
The husband cannot invoke Marital activity without the consent of the other. The latter
Disqualification Rule in order to serve the may object only on valid, serious and moral grounds.
end of justice)
3. When the reason for the law has ceased. Exception: In case of disagreement, the Court shall
Where the marital and domestic relations decide whether or not:
are so strained that there is no more a. The objection is proper.
harmony to be preserved, nor peace and b. Benefit has accrued to the family prior to the
tranquility which maybe disturbed, the objection or thereafter. If the benefit accrued
reasons based on such harmony and prior to the objection, the resulting obligation
43 | P a g e
Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
It is the contract entered into by a man and a woman EXCEPTION: Binding to 3rd persons IF the marriage
who intend or plan to get married fixing the property settlement is registered with the LCR where the
regime that will govern their present and future marriage contract is recorded as well as in the
properties during their marriage. The future spouses proper Registries Of Property where the property is
may, in the marriage settlements, agree upon the located. (Art 77)
regime of absolute community property, conjugal
partnership of gains, complete separation of property Effectivity of Marriage Settlement
or any other regime. In the absence of a marriage
settlement, or when the regime agreed upon is void, The marriage settlement shall take effect upon the
the system of absolute community property shall celebration of marriage.
govern (Art 75).
Modifications In The Marriage Settlement
The property relations between husband and wife
shall be governed in the following order (Art 74): 1. Before Marriage
a. Marriage Settlements – agreement of future In order that any modification in the marriage
spouses before the marriage upon the regime of settlements may be valid, it must be made
ACP, CPG, complete separation of property, or before the celebration of the marriage.
any other regime.
b. Family Code – if there is no marriage settlement Any modification thereof shall be in writing,
or when the marriage settlement is void, the signed by the parties and executed before the
system of ACP shall govern. celebration of the marriage. They shall not
c. Local Customs (provided not contrary to law, prejudice 3rd persons unless they are registered
good morals, good customs, public order, and in the LCR where the marriage contract is
public policy) recorded as well as in the proper registries of
property. (Art 77)
Note: A minor cannot enter into a marriage
settlement even with the consent of his/her parents. 2. After Celebration of Marriage
Only those who are of legal/majority age (at least 18
years of age) can do so. There must be an order of a competent court in
appropriate proceedings. Some instances where
Forms and Essential Elements modification is proper are: in case of
reconciliation; abandonment; in case there is a
1. In writing (Need not be in a public instrument) ground for judicial separation; or in case of joint
2. Signed by the parties filing.
3. Executed before the celebration of the marriage
(Art 77) Governing Law (Art 80)
4. To fix the terms and conditions of their property
relations In the absence of a contrary stipulation in the
marriage settlements, the property relations of the
Terms, Conditions and Stipulations spouses shall be governed by Philippine laws,
regardless of the place of the celebration of the
The future spouses may agree what property regime marriage and their residence.
that will govern their present and future properties.
Such terms, conditions and stipulations shall not be This rule shall not apply:
contrary to law, morals, good customs and public 1. Where both spouses are aliens.
policy 2. With respect to the extrinsic validity of contracts
affecting property not situated in the Philippines
and executed in the country where the property
If the Party to the Marriage Settlement Needs is located.
Parental Consent
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
3. With respect to the extrinsic validity of contracts YES. There is no prohibition. As to what form, follow
entered into in the Philippines but affecting the rules on ordinary donations.
property situated in a foreign country whose
laws required different formalities for their Who can Donate in Donation Propter Nuptias
extrinsic validity.
Any of the future spouses in favor of the other OR by
Effect if Marriage Does not Take Place (Art 81) a 3rd person in favor of one or both of the future
spouses.
GENERAL RULE: Everything stipulated in the
settlements or contracts referred to in consideration Prohibition against Donation to Each Other
of a future marriage, including donations between
the prospective spouses made therein, shall be 1. Before Marriage (Art 84, FC)
rendered VOID if the marriage does not take place.
GENERAL RULE: cannot donate to each other
REASON: Marriage is a condition precedent to the in their marriage settlements more than 1/5 of
effectivity of the marriage settlement. their present property. Any excess shall be
considered void.
EXCEPTION: Stipulations that do not depend upon
the celebration of the marriage shall be valid (e.g. Requisites:
Acknowledgment by the prospective husband of a a. Made before the celebration of marriage
natural child in the marriage settlement and b. In celebration of marriage
acknowledgment of previous subsisting c. In favor of one or both future spouses
indebtedness of one to the other).
EXCEPTION: If they are governed by ACP.
Donations By Reason Of Marriage
Donation of future property
Donation Propter Nuptias / Donations By Reason
Of Marriage - are those which are made before While donations of future property are not
marriage celebration, in consideration of the same, allowed in ordinary donations, they are allowed
and in favor of one or both of the FUTURE spouses. in donations propter nuptias. Donations propter
(Art 82) nuptias of future property shall be governed by
the provisions on testamentary succession
Requisites: and the formalities of wills.
1. Must be made before the celebration of the
marriage. Is the will which contains a donation propter
2. Must be made in consideration of the marriage. nuptias revocable?
3. Must be made in favor of one or both of the
future spouses. General Rule: Yes, it is revocable. (unlike in
donations of present properties in the marriage
Donation propter Ordinary donations settlements which cannot be revoked except if
nuptias the marriage does not take place, since
Does not require Express acceptance is marriage settlements cannot be modified much
express acceptance necessary less revoked after the marriage)
May include future Cannot include future
property provided property Exception: Donation cannot be revoked if the
donation mortis causa marriage already took place.
If present property is No limit to donation of
donated and property present property Donations Of Property With Encumbrance
regime is not absolute provided legitimes are
community, limited to 1/5 not impaired Donations by reason of marriage of property
Grounds for revocation Grounds for revocation subject to encumbrance shall be valid. In case of
are found in Art. 86 of are found in law on foreclosure of the encumbrance and the
FC donations: Art 760 (birth property is sold for less than the total amount of
and reappearance of the obligation secured, the donee shall not be
children), Art 764 (non- liable for the deficiency. If the property is sold for
performance of condition) more than the total amount of said obligation,
and Art 765 (acts of the donee shall be entitled to the excess.
ingratitude)
Governed by the rules Governed by the ordinary 2. During Marriage (Art 87)
on donations except rules on donations
donations of future except donations mortis GENERAL RULE: Every donation or grant of
property which are causa which is governed gratuitous advantage, direct or indirect, between
governed by provisions by the formalities of wills the spouses during the marriage shall be VOID.
on testamentary The prohibition shall also apply to person living
succession and the together as husband and wife without a valid
formalities of wills marriage (see Matabuena v. Cervantes, 38
SCRA 284).
May a Marriage Settlement Contain a Donation
Propter Nuptias? If yes, in what form? REASONS:
a. To prevent the weaker spouse form being
influenced by the stronger spouse, whether
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
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By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
extent of the amount sufficient to cover the by a former marriage, and the fruits as well as
amount of their credits. the income, if any, of such property.
3. After Dissolution of Marriage – Waiver is valid for REASON: To protect the presumptive legitimes
then it is considered assignment of rights, of the legitimate descendants. The rule will not
interests, shares, and effects in the absolute apply if the descendants are illigetimate.
community of property.
Charges and Obligations of the Absolute
Co-Ownership Community
Art. 90. The provisions on co-ownership shall apply Art. 94. The absolute community of property shall
to the absolute community of property between the be liable for: (SADD-E2VAT2)
spouses in all matters not provided for in this
Chapter. (1) The support of the spouses, their common
children, and legitimate children of either
ACP is a special type of co-ownership as the spouse; however, the support of illegitimate
spouses are co-owners of their communal children shall be governed by the provisions of
properties. this Code on Support.
Property Included (2) All debts and obligations contracted during the
marriage by the designated administrator-
Art. 91. Unless otherwise provided in this Chapter spouse for the benefit of the community, or by
or in the marriage settlements, the community both spouses, or by one spouse with the
property shall consist of all the property owned by consent of the other.
the spouses at the time of the celebration of the
marriage or acquired thereafter. (3) Debts and obligations contracted by either
spouse without the consent of the other to the
Also, winnings in gambling are included. extent that the family may have been benefited.
NOTE: Art. 93. Property acquired during the What if the obligation contracted did not redound
marriage is presumed to belong to the community, to the benefit of the Family? Is the ACP still
unless it is proved that it is one of those excluded liable?
therefrom. According to Jurado, yes, the ACP is still
liable. It is submitted that the provision of Art 122
Registration of property in the name of “X married to of the FC is applicable by analogy, but subject to
Y” is no proof that the properties were acquired the following requisites: first, lack of exclusive
during their marriage. The property could have been property of the spouse who contracted the
acquired by X while he was still a bachelor but obligation; and second, satisfaction of the basic
registered after his marriage. Nonetheless, the obligations under Art 94 of the FC. Once the
presumption is not rebutted by the mere fact that the obligation has been paid, the latter spouse
deed of sale or certificate of title is in the name of becomes a debtor of the ACP and at the time of
only one spouse. the liquidation, he shall be charged for what has
been paid.
Property Excluded (Art 92) Such debts shall be included for the
following reasons:
1. Property excluded from ACP in the marriage a. if the assets cannot be made liable, creditors
settlement. who have extended credit relying on the
existence of such assets would be unduly
2. Property acquired during the marriage by prejudiced.
gratuitous title by either spouse, and the fruits as b. Debts contracted during the marriage are
well as the income thereof, if any, UNLESS it is certainly more pressing than those
expressly provided by the donor, testator or contracted before such marriage.
grantor that they shall form part of the
community property. It is, however, necessary, as a matter of
justice, that all or most of such conjugal
Note: Donation propter nuptias made by 1 future assets should have been acquired through
spouse in favor of the other shall not form part of the effect or industry of the spouse-debtor.
the ACP because the property donated was Otherwise, Art 122 of the FC shall be
acquired during the marriage (the donation applied literally and the ACP cannot then be
propter nuptias took affect upon celebration of held liable.
marriage) by gratuitous title, thus separate
property of the done. (4) All taxes, liens, charges and expenses, including
major or minor repairs, upon the community
3. Property for personal and exclusive use of either property.
spouse. However, jewelry shall form part of the
community property. (5) All taxes and expenses for mere preservation
e.g. clothes, shoes, eyeglasses and the like made during marriage upon the separate
property of either spouse used by the family.
4. Property acquired before the marriage by either
spouse who has LEGITIMATE DESCENDANTS
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(8) The value of what is donated or promised by In the absence of such authority or consent, the
both spouses in favor of their common legitimate disposition or encumbrance shall be VOID.
children for the exclusive purpose of However, the transaction shall be construed as
commencing or completing a professional or a continuing offer on the part of the consenting
vocational course or other activity for self- spouse and the third person, and may be
improvement. perfected as a binding contract upon the
acceptance by the other spouse or authorization
(9) Antenuptial debts of either spouse other than by the court before the offer is withdrawn by
those falling under paragraph (7) of this Article, either or both offerors.
the support of illegitimate children of either
spouse, and liabilities incurred by either spouse Disposition by Will
by reason of a crime or a quasi-delict, in case of
absence or insufficiency of the exclusive Art. 97. Either spouse may dispose by will of his
property of the debtor-spouse, the payment of or her interest (not specific property because of
which shall be considered as advances to be co-ownership) in the community property.
deducted from the share of the debtor-spouse
upon liquidation of the community. Donation of Communal Property, Prohibited
(10) Expenses of litigation between the spouses GENERAL RULE: Art. 98. Neither spouse may
unless the suit is found to be groundless. donate any community property without the
consent of the other. (This rule applies to
NOTES: commom-law spouses)
1. If the community property is insufficient to cover
the foregoing liabilities, except those falling If with the consent of the other, the donation is
under paragraph (9), the spouses shall be valid subject to revocation or reduction if it turns
solidarily liable for the unpaid balance with their out to be inofficious or if it infringes the legitimes
separate properties. of compulsory heirs.
2. Art. 95. Whatever may be lost during the REASON: To protect the spouse from the
marriage in any game of chance, betting, prodigality of a reckless or faithless spouse.
sweepstakes, or any other kind of gambling,
whether permitted or prohibited by law, shall be EXCEPTIONS:
borne by the loser and shall not be charged to Either spouse may, without the consent of the
the community but any winnings therefrom shall other:
form part of the community property. a. make moderate donations from the
community property for charity;
The winnings derived from a ticket gratuitously b. make moderate donations from the
given to a spouse shall not form part of the community property on occasions of family
community property since such is considered as rejoicing or family distress.
donation, thus excluded from the ACP as well as
the fruits and income thereof. NOTE: What is moderate depends upon the
financial and social standing of the family and
Ownership, Administrative, Enjoyment and must not at all substantially affect the value of
Disposition of the Community Property the communal assets.
GENERAL RULE: Art. 96. The administration and Dissolution and Liquidation of Absolute
enjoyment of the community property shall belong to Community Regime, Grounds (Art. 99)
both spouses JOINTLY.
The absolute community terminates:
EXCEPTIONS:
1. In case of disagreement, the husband's decision (1) Upon the death of either spouse;
shall prevail.
NOTE: After the dissolution comes the
Remedies in Case of Disagreements liquidation and partition. The surviving spouse
must liquidate the ACP within 1 year from death
Wife’s recourse is go to court for proper remedy, of the deceased. After the lapse of 1 year
which must be availed of within 5 years from the without liquidation, any disposition involving the
date of the contract implementing such decision. community property shall be void.
2. In the event that one spouse is incapacitated or (2) When there is a decree of legal separation;
otherwise unable to participate in the
administration of the common properties, the (3) When the marriage is annulled or declared
other spouse may assume sole powers of void (only in cases falling under Art 40 in rel to
administration. Arts 52 and 53);
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
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By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
Note: The provisions of CPG in the Family Code d. Those acquired through occupation such as
shall be of supplementary application to the fishing or hunting.
agreement of the parties. (Art 105)
e. Livestock existing upon the dissolution of the
Immutability of Matrimonial Property Regime partnership in excess of the number of each kind
brought to the marriage by either spouse.
The provisions of the Chapter on CPG shall also
apply to conjugal partnerships of gains already f. Those which are acquired by chance such as
established between spouses before the effectivity winnings from gambling or betting. However,
of FC, without prejudice to vested rights already losses therefrom shall be borne exclusively by
acquired in accordance with the Civil Code or other the loser-spouse.
laws, as provided in Article 256. In other words, the
original regime of property relations is maintained. g. Property bought on installments paid partly from
exclusive funds of either or both spouses and
Commencement of the CPG - same as in ACP partly from conjugal funds belongs to the
conjugal partnership if such ownership was
Effect of Waiver of Rights, interest, share or vested during the marriage.
effects; rights of creditor as to such waiver -
same as in ACP Belongs to the buyer or buyers if full ownerships
was vested before the marriage.
Property Included
In either case, any amount advanced by the
The following are conjugal partnership properties partnership or by either or both spouses shall be
(Art 117): reimbursed by the owner or owners upon
liquidation of the partnership. (Art 118)
By Direct Acquisition
a. Those obtained from the labor, industry, work or h. The ownership of improvements, whether for
profession of either or both of the spouses. utility or adornment, made on the separate
property of the spouses at the expense of the
Teacher’s gratuity under special law, being partnership or through the acts or efforts of
remuneratory, is not conjugal. either or both spouses shall pertain to the
conjugal partnership, or to the original owner-
b. The fruits, natural, industrial, or civil due or spouse, subject to the following rules:
received during the marriage from the common
property, as well as the net fruits from the a. When the cost of the improvement made by
exclusive property of each spouse (net fruits – the conjugal partnership AND any resulting
after deducting the expenses for administration increase in value are more than the value of
and preservation). the property at the time of the improvement
– the entire property of one of the spouses
If fruits were pending on separate property of shall belong to the conjugal partnership,
spouse at the time of the marriage, the harvest subject to reimbursement of the value of
collected during the marriage is conjugal, and the property of the owner-spouse at the time
the conjugal partnership is not bound to pay the of the improvement (REVERSE
expenses of cultivation to the spouse who owns ACCESSION);
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1. That which is brought to the marriage as his or The right to the annuity is at all times considered
her own. to be exclusive property of the spouse.
A property purchased before the marriage and GRATUITY – this is something voluntarily given
fully paid during the marriage, remains to be out of pure liberality, thus, exclusive property of
separate property. This notwithstanding the fact the beneficiary.
that there was registration of the property in the
name of the owner spouse with the other spouse PENSIONS – given to the recipient for services
as co-owner. The registration of the latter merely rendered, thus necessarily classifies as
creates a trust. conjugal.
2. That which each acquires during the marriage Special rules on life insurance:
by gratuitous title.
If beneficiary is the Insured Himself
Acquisitions include succession, devise or
legacy, donation, gratuity, remission, free patent, Since a contract of insurance in onerous in
unearned increment (increase in the value of the character, if the beneficiary is the insured
property without any effort) and other modes himself or his estate, the character of the
where no recompense is involve. proceeds will depend on the character of the
premiums paid:
The law does not include fruits and income of
property received by gratuitous title as separate a. If the premiums were paid with conjugal
property. This is different from ACP. funds, the proceeds are conjugal.
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
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Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
b. If the premiums were paid with separate property of the wife is known as paraphernal
funds, the proceeds are separate. property.
c. If the premiums were paid partly with Ownership, Administration, Enjoyment And
conjugal funds, and partly with separate Disposition of Exclusive Property
funds, the proceeds will be partly conjugal
and partly separate. Art. 110. The spouses retain the ownership,
possession, administration and enjoyment of their
Tolentino believes, however, that we should exclusive properties. (Thus, a spouse cannot be
follow the rule in Louisiana that if the policy of restrained from selling his/her exclusive property
the insurance was taken out when the insured even if such sale would deprive the conjugal
was still single, the proceeds thereof should go partnership of its fruits)
to the insured’s separate estate even if the
premiums were paid out of conjugal funds, but Either spouse may, during the marriage, transfer the
the conjugal partnership should be refunded by administration of his or her exclusive property to the
the insured the amounts that it had paid as other (even to a stranger without the consent of the
premiums. other) by means of a public instrument, which shall
be recorded in the registry of property of the place
If the other spouse is the beneficiary the property is located.
a. An insurance taken by one spouse on his
own life and with the other spouse as Art. 111. A spouse may mortgage, encumber,
beneficiary belongs to the latter even if the alienate or otherwise dispose of his or her exclusive
premiums are paid out of conjugal funds, but property, without the consent of the other spouse,
the beneficiary-spouse, who is deemed a and appear alone in court to litigate with regard to
donee of the premiums paid, must return the same.
one-half of the premiums to the conjugal
partnership. Art. 112. The alienation of any exclusive property
b. When the spouses are jointly insured in a of a spouse administered by the other automatically
single policy, the proceeds to be paid to the terminates the administration over such property
surviving spouse, the survivor gets the and the proceeds of the alienation shall be turned
insurance proceeds even if no obligation to over to the owner-spouse.
return any part of the premiums to the
conjugal partnership, because there is Limitation: In case of separation de facto, the spouse
deemed to be reciprocal donations thereof, present may be given authority by the court to
which in effect constitute aleatory onerous administer any separate property of the absent
contracts. spouse. In case there is authority, the absent spouse
c. When the insurance is taken by a third cannot revoke the judicially approved administration,
person with a spouse as beneficiary, the neither he can alienate his property without the
latter owns the insurance proceeds as it is consent of the administrator spouse or approval of
deemed a gift to him or her. the court. (Art 127)
d. If the insurance is taken by the wife on the
life of the husband or vice versa and the Charges Against/Obligations of CPG
premiums are paid out of conjugal funds, the
proceeds are conjugal property. Art. 121. The same as in ACP, except:
e. If the beneficiary is somebody other than Support for illegitimate children - excluded from
the insured or his estate, the beneficiary is CPG.
the owner of the insurance indemnity Fines and pecuniary indemnities arising from
regardless of whether or not the premiums crime and quasi-delict – excluded from CPG but
were paid out of the insured’s separate incorporated in Art 122.
property or the conjugal funds.
f. If the insured made his estate as the Art. 122. The payment of personal debts
beneficiary and the premiums were paid by contracted by the husband or the wife before or
conjugal funds, the proceeds of the during the marriage shall not be charged to the
insurance constitute conjugal property. conjugal properties partnership EXCEPT insofar as
they redounded to the benefit of the family.
Art. 123. Whatever may be lost during the Effects of Separation De Facto – Same in ACP
marriage in any game of chance or in betting, (Art 127)
sweepstakes, or any other kind of gambling whether
permitted or prohibited by law, shall be borne by the Separation in fact v. Abandonment
loser and shall not be charged to the conjugal Separation de facto is the termination of the
partnership but any winnings therefrom shall form cohabitation or common life of the spouses
part of the conjugal partnership property. (Same in under the same roof, but the spouses might still
ACP) be complying with their mutual duty of support,
as well as their duty to support and maintain the
Ownership, Possession, Enjoyment and children. Abandonment is not mere separation
Administration of CPG de facto but implies an intention never to return
to the conjugal home and without providing for
GENERAL RULE: Art. 124. The administration and the needs and maintenance of one’s family.
enjoyment of the conjugal partnership shall belong to
both spouses jointly. Abandonment in CPG, Concept – Same in
ACP (Art 128)
EXCEPTIONS:
a. In case of disagreement, the husband's decision Procedure in Liquidation - Same as Absolute
shall prevail. Community of Property (Arts 129-133)
Remedy in Case of Disagreement Art. 129. Upon the dissolution of the conjugal
partnership regime, the following procedure shall
Recourse to the court by the wife for proper apply:
remedy, which must be availed of within 5 years
from the date of the contract implementing such (1) An inventory shall be prepared, listing separately
decision. all the properties of the conjugal partnership
and the exclusive properties of each spouse.
b. In case Sole Administration is Permitted
(2) Amounts advanced by the conjugal partnership in
In the event that one spouse is incapacitated or payment of personal debts and obligations of
otherwise unable to participate in the either spouse shall be credited to the conjugal
administration of the conjugal properties, the partnership as an asset thereof.
other spouse may assume sole powers of
administration. (3) Each spouse shall be reimbursed for the use of
his or her exclusive funds in the acquisition of
These powers do not include property or for the value of his or her exclusive
property, the ownership of which has been
Disposition or encumbrance without authority vested by law in the conjugal partnership.
of the court or the written consent of the
other spouse. (4) The debts and obligations of the conjugal
partnership shall be paid out of the conjugal
In the absence of such authority or consent, the assets. In case of insufficiency of said assets,
disposition or encumbrance shall be VOID. the spouses shall be solidarily liable for the
HOWEVER, the transaction shall be construed unpaid balance with their separate properties, in
as a continuing offer on the part of the accordance with the provisions of paragraph (2)
consenting spouse and the third person, and of Article 121.
may be perfected as a binding contract upon the
acceptance by the other spouse or authorization (5) Whatever remains of the exclusive properties of
by the court before the offer is withdrawn by the spouses shall thereafter be delivered to each
either or both offerors. of them.
Art. 132. The Rules of Court on the administration When is Judicial Authorization to Dispose
of estates of deceased persons shall be observed in Property Needed
the appraisal and sale of property of the conjugal 1. When one is granted sole administration of the
partnership, and other matters which are not property
expressly determined in this Chapter. 2. When the other spouse is insane or otherwise
incompetent
Art. 133. From the common mass of property
support shall be given to the surviving spouse and to Note: Lack of judicial authorization will not cure
the children during the liquidation of the inventoried the defect of no consent.
property and until what belongs to them is delivered;
but from this shall be deducted that amount Effect of No Consent in Writing in Sale
received for support which exceeds the fruits or
rents pertaining to them. Sale is void in its entirety. The nullity does not
extend to the share of the other spouse who did give
Problem: Determine whether the following properties consent and valid as to the share of the other who
are included in the ACP or CPG with the did not obtain the required consent. The sale is
presumption that the marriage between the Husband entirely void.
and Wife was validly entered into in 1990.
Property (ACP/CPG) executed as security for the
ACP CPG obtained loan without the consent of the other
Parcel of land Yes. No. If payable on installment spouse to be used as capital for business.
purchased in and still unpaid during the
1985 marriage, it depends when Encumbrance is valid provided there must be proof
the title/ownership is vested of benefit redounded to the family.
subject to the right of
reimbursement.
Rental income of Yes. Yes. Net income during the
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
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Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
Separation of Property (6) That at the time of the petition, the spouses have
been separated in fact for at least one year and
Voluntary Separation of Property reconciliation is highly improbable.
During the Marriage Note: In the cases provided for in Numbers (1), (2)
and (3), the presentation of the final judgment
Art. 134. In the absence of an express declaration against the guilty or absent spouse shall be enough
in the marriage settlements, the separation of basis for the grant of the decree of judicial
property between spouses during the marriage shall separation of property.
not take place except by judicial order. Such judicial
separation of property may either be voluntary or Procedure:
for sufficient cause. 1. The spouses may jointly file a verified petition
with the court for the voluntary dissolution of the
Before the Marriage absolute community or the conjugal partnership
of gains, and for the separation of their common
Art. 143. Should the future spouses agree in the properties. (Art 136, par 1)
marriage settlements that their property relations 2. All creditors of the absolute community or of the
during marriage shall be governed by the regime of conjugal partnership of gains, as well as the
separation of property, the provisions of this Chapter personal creditors of the spouse, shall be listed
shall be suppletory. in the petition and notified of the filing thereof.
The court shall take measures to protect the
Art. 144. Separation of property may refer to creditors and other persons with pecuniary
present or future property or both. It may be total or interest. (Art 136 par 2)
partial. In the latter case, the property not agreed 3. During the pendency of the proceedings for
upon as separate shall pertain to the absolute separation of property, the absolute community
community. or the conjugal partnership shall pay for the
support of the spouses and their children. (Art
Art. 145. Each spouse shall own, dispose of, 137 par 2)
possess, administer and enjoy his or her own 4. Once the separation of property has been
separate estate, without need of the consent of the decreed, the absolute community or the conjugal
other. To each spouse shall belong all earnings from partnership of gains shall be liquidated in
his or her profession, business or industry and all conformity with this Code. (Art 137 par 1)
fruits, natural, industrial or civil, due or received 5. After dissolution of the absolute community or of
during the marriage from his or her separate the conjugal partnership, the provisions on
property. complete separation of property shall apply. (Art
138)
Art. 146. Both spouses shall bear the family 6. The petition for separation of property and the
expenses in proportion to their income, or, in case of final judgment granting the same shall be
insufficiency or default thereof, to the current market recorded in the proper local civil registries and
value of their separate properties. registries of property. (Art 139)
The liabilities of the spouses to creditors for family Note: The separation of property shall not prejudice
expenses shall, however, be solidary. the rights previously acquired by creditors. (Art 140)
is terminated upon death of the wife, the property will Summary of Grounds for Separation of Property
be considered H’s property. and revival of the Former Property
Illustration:
FACTS: H is legally married to W. H has an illicit
affair with A. During the marriage, H acquired a
condo unit which was registered in the name of
A. During the time when H and A lived together,
they acquired 2 cars, they have savings account
of 5M and personal properties. After sometime,
H and A parted ways. A asks for her share
claiming that at the time of cohabitation she was
receiving salary. Is she entitled? HELD: NO.
With regard to the condo unit, A is only a trustee
for and in behalf of ACP or CPG. With respect to
2 cars, savings account, and personal
properties, there must be proof of actual
contribution.
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
FAMILY - the foundation of the nation, is a basic The family home is deemed constituted on a house
social institution which public policy cherishes and and lot from the time it is occupied as a family
protects. Consequently, family relations are residence. (Art. 153, FC)
governed by law and no custom, practice or
agreement destructive of the family shall be Who constitutes Family Home
recognized or given effect. (Art 149, FC)
The family home may be constituted jointly by the
Family Relations, Coverage husband and the wife or by an unmarried head of a
1. Between husband and wife; family.
2. Between parents and children;
3. Among other ascendants and descendants; and Also, under Art. 161, a person may constitute, or be
4. Among brothers and sisters, whether of the full the beneficiary of, only one family home.
or halfblood. (Art 150)
Duration
Suit Among Members of the Same Family /
Necessity of Earnest Efforts toward Compromise From the time of its constitution and so long as any
of its beneficiaries actually resides therein, the family
NO suit between members of the same family shall home continues to be such. (Art. 153, FC)
prosper UNLESS it should appear from the verified
complaint or petition that earnest efforts toward a The family home shall continue despite the death of
compromise have been made, but that the same one or both spouses or of the unmarried head of the
have failed. If it is shown that no such efforts were in family for a period of ten years or for as long as
fact made, the same case must be dismissed. “ there is a minor beneficiary, and the heirs cannot
partition the same unless the court finds compelling
This rules shall not apply to cases which may not be reasons therefor. This rule shall apply regardless of
the subject of compromise under the Civil Code. (Art whoever owns the property or constituted the family
151, FC) home. (Art. 159, FC)
No compromise upon the following questions shall The family home must be part of the properties of
be valid: CJ-VAFF the absolute community or the conjugal partnership,
1. Civil Status of persons (e.g action for or of the exclusive properties of either spouse with
compulsory recognition or to impugn legitimacy) the latter's consent. It may also be constituted by an
2. Validity of marriage or a legal separation unmarried head of a family on his or her own
3. Any ground for legal separation property.
4. Future support
5. Jurisdiction of courts Nevertheless, property that is the subject of a
6. Future legitime (Art 2035, NCC) conditional sale on installments where ownership is
reserved by the vendor only to guarantee payment
Note: “There may be a compromise upon the civil of the purchase price may be constituted as a family
liability arising from an offense; but such home. (Art 156, FC)
compromise shall not extinguish the public action for
the imposition of the legal penalty.” (Art 2034, NCC) Limitation on the Actual Value of Family Home
Q: H filed case against brothers of W. Brothers filed The actual value of the family home shall not
Motion to Dismiss on the ground of lack of cause of exceed, at the time of its constitution, the amount of
action (no showing of earnest effort to a P300,000.00 in urban areas, and P200,000.00 in
compromise). Should the motion be granted? rural areas or such amounts as may be fixed by law.
In any event, if the value of the currency changes,
A: No because H and brothers of W are not the value most favorable for the constitution of a
relatives under Art.150. family home shall be the basis of evaluation.
Note: Family relation between father and his Note: Urban areas include chartered cities and
illegitimate child shall be recognized only if there municipalities whose annual income at least equals
was recognition by the father that the child is his that legally required for chartered cities. All others
illegitimate child. are deemed rural areas. (Art 157, FC)
Beneficiaries
Family Home
a. The husband and wife, or an unmarried person
Definition who is the head of family.
b. Their parents, ascendants, descendants,
The family home, constituted jointly by the husband brothers and sisters, whether the relationship be
and the wife or by an unmarried head of a family, is legitimate or illegitimate, who are living in the
the dwelling house where they and their family family home and who depend upon the head of
reside, and the land on which it is situated. (Art. 152, the family for legal support. (Art 154, FC)
FC) c. A person may be the beneficiary of only one
family home. (Art 161, FC)
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
GENERAL RULE: The family home is exempt from Q: The house and lot was constituted as family
execution, forced sale or attachment. (Art 153 and home in 1995. In 2000, H&W obtained a P1.5 loan
155) secured by promissory note. The creditor filed an
action for collection of sum of money after H&W
EXEMPTIONS: defaulted in payment. Judgment was rendered in
a. For non-payment of taxes. favor of the creditor. Can the house and lot be
b. For debts incurred prior to the constitution of the subject of execution?
family home.
c. For debts secured by mortgages on the A: Yes. The house and lot is not exempt from
premises before or after such constitution. execution because it is more than the value required
d. For debts due to laborers, mechanics, by law i.e P300,000 (urban) or P200,000 (rural)
architects, builders, material men, and others
who have rendered service or furnished Steps to be undertaken by Judgment Creditor in
materials for the construction of the building. case of Execution:
(laborer’s lien, materialmen’s lien, contractor’s 1. Apply for writ of execution. Allege that the value
lien) (Art 155, FC) of Family Home exceeds that required by law.
e. When a creditor whose claim is not among those The value is shown by tax declaration or proven
mentioned from a – d obtains a judgment in his by experts (appraisers)
favor, and he has reasonable grounds to believe 2. In execution sales, no bid shall be below the
that the family home is actually worth more than maximum prescribed for Family Home
the maximum amount fixed herein, he may apply 3. The proceeds of sale shall be distributed as
to the court which rendered the judgment for an follows:
order directing the sale of the property under a. Restore to debtor/s the value of the family
execution. The court shall so order if it finds that home as prescribed by law, i.e. P300,000
the actual value of the family home exceeds the (urban) or P200,000 (rural)
maximum amount allowed by law as of the time b. Apply for the payment of the debt
of its constitution. If the increased actual value c. The excess shall be given to debtor/s
exceeds the maximum allowed and results from
subsequent voluntary improvements introduced
by the person or persons constituting the family
home, by the owner or owners of the property, or
by any of the beneficiaries, the same rule and
procedure shall apply.
60 | P a g e
Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
VIII. PATERNITY AND FILIATION Between the certificate of live birth which is prima
facie evidence of child’s illegitimacy and the quasi-
PATERNITY – is the civil status of the father with conclusive presumption of his legitimacy, the latter
respect to the child begotten by him. shall prevail. Not only does it bear more weight, it is
also more conducive to the best interest of the child
MATERNITY – is the civil status of the mother with and in consonance with the purpose of the law.
respect to the child begotten by her. (Concepcion vs CA, Aug 31, 2005)
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
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Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
GENERAL RULE: Only the husband may impugn. Proof of Legitimacy/Filiation (Art. 172, FC)
EXCEPTION: The heirs of the husband may impugn GENERAL RULE: The filiation of legitimate children
the filiation of the child within the period prescribed is established by any of the following:
in the preceding article only in the following cases: 1. record of birth appearing in the civil register or a
final judgment
(1) If the husband should die before the expiration of
the period fixed for bringing his action; A birth certificate to be considered as valid proof
of filiation, must be signed by the father and
(2) If he should die after the filing of the complaint mother jointly, or by the mother alone if the
without having desisted therefrom; or father refuses. If the father did not intervene in
the making of the birth certificate, the putting of
(3) If the child was born after the death of the his name by the mother or doctor or registrar is
husband. (Art 171, FC) void. The signature of the father is necessary.
Certificates of live birth may be disallowed as
proofs of filiation if they are executed thru fraud.
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Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
Baptismal certificates do not fall under this Mere photographs with the putative father is not,
category. They may be allowed as evidence as per se, proof of filiation.
allowed by the Rules of Court.
Receipts indicating that the father was the one
2. admission of legitimate filiation in a public who paid all tuition fees of the child is not, per
document or a private handwritten instrument se, proof of filiation.
and signed by the parent concerned.
BUT photographs, receipts plus other evidence,
It is considered a judicial admission. It must also taken collectively, may be proof of filiation.
be express. Thus a card containing the praise, “I
love you like my son,” and signed by the father, 2. Any other means allowed by the Rules of Court
is not a proof of filiation. and special laws.
e.g. Baptismal certificates; judicial admission;
If express recognition is contained in a will, such family bible in which his name has been entered;
is a valid proof of filiation even if the will is common reputation respecting his pedigree;
disallowed probate or even if not presented for admission by silence; testimonies of witnesses.
probate or even if such will is revoked. Nullity of
will shall not affect provisions which do not
depend on death of testator. It still constitutes a Who May File, When to File
public document or a private handwritten
instrument signed by the parent concerned. The action to claim legitimacy may be brought by the
child during his or her lifetime (not the lifetime of the
If express recognition is contained in a deed of parents) and shall be transmitted to the heirs should
sale, still, such deed may be admitted as proof the child die during minority or in a state of insanity.
of filiation. In these cases, the heirs shall have a period of five
years within which to institute the action. (Art. 173,
If recognition in open court or during pre-trial, FC)
such recognition constitutes as a judicial
admission, thus may be considered as proof of The action already commenced by the child shall
filiation. survive notwithstanding the death of either or both of
the parties.
EXCEPTIONS: In the absence of the foregoing
evidence, the legitimate filiation shall be proved by:
Rights of Legitimate Children (Art. 174, FC)
1. The open and continuous possession of the (1) To bear the surnames of the father and the
status of a legitimate child mother, in conformity with the provisions of the
Civil Code on Surnames.
Under this, for an action to establish illegitimate
filiation, a high standard proof is required. A legitimate child cannot petition the court to
drop his middle name. Middle names and
There must be a showing of permanent intention surnames are not subject to the will of persons
of the supposed father to consider the child as because they are prescribed by law.
his own by continuous and clear manifestation of
paternal affection and care. The paternal Surname – identifies paternal lineage.
affection and care shall not be attributed to pure
charity. Such acts must be of such a nature that Middle name – identifies maternal lineage.
they reveal not only the conviction of paternity
but also the apparent desire to have and treat (2) To receive support from their parents, their
the child as such in all relations in society and in ascendants, and in proper cases, their brothers
life, not accidentally, but continuously. (Jison vs and sisters, in conformity with the provisions of
CA 98 Phil 794) this Code on Support.
Continuous does not mean that the concession In case of legal separation or annulment of
of status shall continue forever but only that it marriages, the rights of children to support shall
shall not be of an intermittent character while it not be denied. The support shall be taken from
is continuous. By continuous is meant un- separate properties of the parties because from
interrupted and consistent, but does not require that time the ACP or CPG has already been
a particular length of time. The possession of dissolved and liquidated.
such status means that the father has treated
the child as his own, directly and not through (3) To be entitled to the legitimate and other
others, spontaneously and without concealment successional rights granted to them by the Civil
though without publicity. Code. (a compulsory heir may be a voluntary
heir at the same time; a legitimate child is
The standard of proof required is founded on the entitled to be represented in the succession to
principle that an order for recognition and his parents)
support may create an unwholesome
atmosphere or may be an irritant in the family or Note: In case of legitimate minors, husband and wife
lives of the parties, so that it must be issued only exercise joint parental authority. In case of conflict,
if paternity or filiation is established by clear and husband’s right shall prevail subject to the right of
convincing evidence. recourse by the wife before the competent court.
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
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Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
Voluntary Recognition of Illegitimate Children, In DNA analysis or test, it is not enough that there is
How Made a perfect match. Such alone is not sufficient to
establish filiation. The court should include
If due recognition is made by the putative father in probability of paternity (W), that is, the likelihood of
the record of birth, valid will, public instrument or paternity between the putative father and the child
private handwritten instrument, it is considered as a as compared to the probability of paternity of random
consummated act of acknowledgment. It is no longer match between 2 unrelated individuals. The W must
required to have compulsory recognition. always refer to a specific population base. Thus,
because of the nature of this damnation, W will
When is Compulsory Recognition Be Made never be 100% but the chances of increasing W will
be greater if the putative father, child and mother are
In cases where the proof of illegitimacy is either included in the DNA analysis. This means that is
open and continuous possession of the status of a there is 99.9% probability, the court should not stop
legitimate child or any other means allowed by the there. It is required that the 99.9% is the provability
Rules of Court and special laws. of paternity based on population segment that the
chance or provability comes from 1 in 5 million.
Proof of Illegitimacy (Arts 175 and 172, FC)
HOWEVER, when the DNA result excludes putative
Illegitimate children may establish their illegitimate father from paternity, such is conclusive as to non-
filiation in the same way and on the same evidence paternity. There is impossible match.
as legitimate children. (Art. 175, FC)
If W is 99.9% or higher, there is a presumption of
Thus, under Art 172, the filiation of legitimate paternity.
children is established by any of the following:
(1) The record of birth appearing in the civil register If W is less than 99.9%, there is a rebuttable proof of
or a final judgment; or paternity.
Even if the putative father, did not sign the birth What may be used to overcome the presumption of
certificate as the father but as an informant, for paternity or rebut the proof of paternity: Use the
as long as he actively participated in the Vallejo Test.
execution of the certificate, such can be used as
an evidence of filiation. Vallejo Tests: The court must scrutinize the following
facts:
(2) An admission of legitimate filiation in a public a. How the samples are collected
document or a private handwritten instrument b. How the samples were handled
and signed by the parent concerned. c. Possibility of contamination of samples
d. Standard procedure used in similar test should
In this case there must be an EXPRESS be followed
recognition. e. Competence of the person who conducted the
examination.
Admission during pre-trial that the child is his
illegitimate child is a judicial admission, thus
admissible, provided it was done before a court Who May File and When to File Action for
of record. Compulsory Recognition (Art. 175, par. 2, FC)
In the absence of the foregoing evidence, the The action must be brought within the same period
legitimate filiation shall be proved by: specified in Article 173, that is within the lifetime of
(1) The open and continuous possession of the the child (although action is not necessary) except
status of a legitimate child. when the action is based on the second paragraph
(2) Any other means allowed by the Rules of Court of Article 172, in which case the action may be
and special laws. brought during the lifetime of the alleged parent. The
REASON of the latter rule is to give the allege parent
Baptismal certificate of the child where it is the chance to affirm or consent to the filiation of the
signed by the putative father is admissible in child.
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There is no more need of an action for To confer legitimate status of illegitimate children
compulsory recognition. The best interest of the and as such legitimated children have the same
child shall be taken into consideration. Having rights as those of legitimate children.
been downgraded to the status of illegitimate
child, no further burden will be imposed upon the How Made
child. And it is by operation of law following the
declaration of marriage that the child is Legitimation shall take place by a subsequent valid
considered illegitimate child of the parties. marriage between parents. (Art. 178, FC)
If the child was already recognized, the surname Effect Of Annulment and Nullity of Marriage
is that of the father and the middle name is that Upon Legitimated
of the mother. The purpose of recognition is to
compel the father to give support and so that The annulment of a voidable marriage shall not
later the illegitimate children will be entitled to affect the legitimation. (Art. 178, FC)
their legitime.
In case of declaration of nullity of marriage, as a
Even after recognition, the father cannot rule, children are considered illegitimate.
demand custody over the child. The law Legitimation will not become operative.
explicitly confess to the mother sole parental
authority over an illegitimate child. It follows that Rights of Legitimated Children
only if she defaults can the father assume
custody and authority over the minor. Legitimated children shall enjoy the same rights as
legitimate children. (Art. 179, FC)
While an illegitimate child of a woman is allowed
to use the surname of his stepfather, a legitimate Action To Impugn, Who May Impugn and When
child is not allowed because if he is allowed it
could result in confusion as to its paternity. Legitimation may be impugned only by those who
are prejudiced in their rights, within 5 years from the
2. shall be entitled to support in conformity with this time their cause of action accrues. (Art. 182, FC)
Code. Cause of action accrues from the death of the
putative parent.
3. The legitime of each illegitimate child shall
consist of one-half of the legitime of a legitimate
child. Except for this modification, all other
provisions in the Civil Code governing ADOPTED CHILDREN
successional rights shall remain in force.
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Adoption proceedings are judicial, not administrative. Husband and Wife, Joint Adoption
agency and that adoption is allowed under danger, or exposed to gambling, prostitution
his/her national laws; and and other vices.
i) possesses all the qualifications and none of the FOUNDLING – refers to deserted or abandoned
disqualifications provided herein and in other infant or child whose parents, guardian or
applicable Philippine laws. relatives are unknown; or a child committed to
an orphanage or charitable or similar institution
Who May Be Adopted (Sec 8, RA 8552, Domestic with unknown facts of birth and parentage and
Adoption Act of 1998) registered in the Civil Register as a foundling.
(a) Any person below eighteen (18) years of age (b) The legitimate son/daughter of one spouse by
who has been administratively or judicially the other spouse (No need of joint adoption; if
declared available for adoption; the adopter is an alien, the requirements of
residency and certification are no longer
CHILD LEGALLY AVAILABLE FOR ADOPTION - applicable);
refers to a child who has been voluntarily or
involuntarily committed to the Department or to a (c) An illegitimate son/daughter by a qualified
duly licensed and accredited child-placing or adopter to improve his/her status to that of
child-caring agency, freed of the parental legitimacy;
authority of his/her biological parent(s) or
guardian or adopter(s) in case of rescission of (d) A person of legal age if, prior to the adoption,
adoption. said person has been consistently considered
and treated by the adopter(s) as his/her own
VOLUNTARILY COMMITTED CHILD - is one child since minority;
whose parent(s) knowingly and willingly
relinquishes parental authority to the (e) A child whose adoption has been previously
Department. rescinded; or
INVOLUNTARILY COMMITTED CHILD - is one (f) A child whose biological or adoptive parent(s) has
whose parent(s), known or unknown, has been died: Provided, That no proceedings shall be
permanently and judicially deprived of parental initiated within six (6) months from the time of
authority due to abandonment; substantial, death of said parent(s).
continuous, or repeated neglect; abuse; or
incompetence to discharge parental Illustrations:
responsibilities. a. FACTS: H and W are legally married. Can H
and W legally adopt a child of their
Who May be Administratively Or Judicially neighbor? HELD: YES, provided the
Declared Available For Adoption adoptee is among those qualifies.
b. FACTS: If the child to be adopted is W’s
ABANDONED CHILD - refers to one who has no illegitimate child, Can W and H adopt the
proper parental care or guardianship or whose child? HELD: W can adopt the child because
parent(s) has deserted him/her for a period of at the child is her illegitimate child. H can also
least six (6) continuous months and has been adopt the child provided he is qualified and
judicially declared as such. that the child is qualified as an adoptee who
possesses none of the disqualifications. H
DEPENDENT CHILD - is one who is without a and W can jointly adopt the child if they
parent, guardian or custodian; or one whose decide to do so. Alleged the qualifications of
parents, guardian or other custodian for good the adopters and qualifications of the
cause desires to be relieved of his care and adoptee in the petition for adoption.
custody; and is dependent upon the public for c. FACTS: If the child to be adopted is W’s
support. legitimate child in her former marriage, W
need not adopt the child because the latter
NEGLECTED CHILD - is one whose basic is already her legitimate child. Can H, 2 nd
needs have been deliberately unattended or husband adopt the child of W? Are H and W
inadequately attended, physically or emotionally, required to adopt the child jointly? HELD: H
by his parents or guardinan. Neglect may occur can adopt the legitimate child of W because
in two ways: such is allowed by law. In this case there is
a) There is a physical neglect when the child is no need for H and W to adopt the child
malnourished, ill clad and without proper jointly because the child is already the
shelter. legitimate child of W. This situation is also
applicable if the husband is an alien and the
A child is unattended when left by himself wife is a former Filipino.
without provisions for his needs and/or d. FACTS: If H is an alien and W is a former
without proper supervision. Filipino. The child to be adopted is the
illegitimate child of W. HELD: W can adopt
b) Emotional neglect exists: when children are provided she is qualified. The residency
maltreated, raped or seduced; when children requirement can be waived because she is a
are exploited, overworked or made to work former Filipino citizen who seeks to adopt a
under conditions not conducive to good relative within the fourth (4th) degree of
health; or are made to beg in the streets or consanguinity or affinity. What about on the
public places, or when children are in moral part of H, is residency requirement be
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waived? NO, because W is no longer a and recommendations on the matter to the court
Filipino. hearing such petition. (Section 11, RA 8552)
e. FACTS: H is married to W. H has an
illegitimate child. Can H adopt his illegitimate At the time of preparation of the adoptee's case
child? HELD: H can adopt his illegitimate study, the concerned social worker shall confirm
child even if not joined by W. The surname with the Civil Registry the real identity and
of the child is that of the father as the registered name of the adoptee. If the birth of
adopter. The middle name of the child is that the adoptee was not registered with the Civil
of the mother. Although the relationship Registry, it shall be the responsibility of the
between the mother and the child is concerned social worker to ensure that the
severed, it is for the benefit of the child to adoptee is registered.
use the surname of his mother as his middle
name. The case study on the adoptee shall establish
that he/she is legally available for adoption and
HOWEVER, under INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTION that the documents to support this fact are valid
LAW (RA 8043), the following may be adopted: and authentic. Further, the case study of the
adopter(s) shall ascertain his/her genuine
Only a child legally available for domestic adoption intentions and that the adoption is in the best
may be the subject of inter-country adoption. interest of the child.
Whose Consent is Necessary to the Adoption The Department shall intervene on behalf of the
(Sec 9, RA 8552, Domestic Adoption Act of 1998) adoptee if it finds, after the conduct of the case
studies, that the petition should be denied. The
After being properly counseled and informed of case studies and other relevant documents and
his/her right to give or withhold his/her approval of records pertaining to the adoptee and the
the adoption, the written consent of the following to adoption shall be preserved by the Department.
the adoption is hereby required:
c. Supervised Trial Custody. - No petition for
(a) The adoptee, if ten (10) years of age or over; adoption shall be finally granted until the
adopter(s) has been given by the court a
(b) The biological parent(s) of the child, if known, or supervised trial custody period for at least six (6)
the legal guardian, or the proper government months within which the parties are expected to
instrumentality which has legal custody of the adjust psychologically and emotionally to each
child; other and establish a bonding relationship.
During said period, temporary parental authority
If the child to be adopted is illegitimate, consent shall be vested in the adopter(s).
of the father is necessary if he recognized the
child as his. If no recognition, there is no need of The court may motu proprio or upon motion of
consent because both are strangers to each any party reduce the trial period if it finds the
other. same to be in the best interest of the adoptee,
stating the reasons for the reduction of the
(c) The legitimate and adopted sons/daughters, ten period. However, for alien adopter(s), he/she
(10) years of age or over, of the adopter(s) and must complete the six (6)-month trial custody
adoptee, if any; except for those enumerated in Sec. 7 (b) (i) (ii)
(iii).
(d) The illegitimate sons/daughters, ten (10) years of
age or over, of the adopter if living with said If the child is below seven (7) years of age and
adopter and the latter's spouse, if any; and is placed with the prospective adopter(s) through
a pre-adoption placement authority issued by
(e) The spouse, if any, of the person adopting or to the Department, the prospective adopter(s) shall
be adopted. enjoy all the benefits to which biological
parent(s) is entitled from the date the adoptee is
Procedure placed with the prospective adopter(s). (Section
12, RA 8552)
a. Hurried Decisions. - In all proceedings for
adoption, the court shall require proof that the d. Decree of Adoption. - If, after the publication of
biological parent(s) has been properly counseled the order of hearing has been complied with,
to prevent him/her from making hurried and no opposition has been interposed to the
decisions caused by strain or anxiety to give up petition, and after consideration of the case
the child, and to sustain that all measures to studies, the qualifications of the adopter(s), trial
strengthen the family have been exhausted and custody report and the evidence submitted, the
that any prolonged stay of the child in his/her court is convinced that the petitioners are
own home will be inimical to his/her welfare and qualified to adopt, and that the adoption would
interest. (Section 10, RA 8552) redound to the best interest of the adoptee, a
b. Case Study. No petition for adoption shall be set decree of adoption shall be entered which shall
for hearing unless a licensed social worker of be effective as of the date the original petition
the Department, the social service office of the was filed. This provision shall also apply in case
local government unit, or any child-placing or the petitioner(s) dies before the issuance of the
child-caring agency has made a case study of decree of adoption to protect the interest of the
the adoptee, his/her biological parent(s), as well adoptee. The decree shall state the name by
as the adopter(s), and has submitted the report
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
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Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
Notes:
Upon rescission, who are the parents of the
adopted child? The parents of the adoptee are
his biological parent(s), if known.
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
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Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
The education of the person entitled to be supported Who Must Pay Support (Art 195, FC)
referred to in the preceding paragraph shall include
his schooling or training for some profession, trade The following are obliged to support each other:
or vocation, even beyond the age of majority. 1. The spouses;
Transportation shall include expenses in going to
and from school, or to and from place of work. (Art During the proceedings for legal separation or
194, FC) for annulment of marriage, and for declaration of
nullity of marriage, the spouses and their
Kinds of Support children shall be supported from the properties
of the absolute community or the conjugal
a. As to amount: partnership. (Art. 198, FC)
1. Natural (bare necessities of life) After the final judgment granting the petition of
2. Civil (in accordance with financial standing) annulment or declaration of nullity of marriage,
the obligation of mutual support between the
b. As to source of obligations: spouses ceases. (Art. 198, FC)
1. Legal (based from law) However, in case of legal separation, the court
2. Voluntary / Contractual Support (from may order that the guilty spouse shall give
agreement or from provision of a will) support to the innocent one, specifying the terms
of such order. (Art. 198, FC) But the innocent
c. Special kind (alimony pendente lite) spouse is not obliged to give support to the
erring spouse.
Actual Need v. Capacity to Pay
If both spouses are living separately, both of
Art. 201. The amount of support, in the cases them have been unfaithful to each other, and the
referred to in Articles 195 and 196, shall be in husband has been giving allowance to the wife,
proportion to the resources or means of the giver the latter may still file an action for maintenance
and to the necessities of the recipient. because both of them are at fault. The husband
cannot use as a defense the adulterous act
Art. 202. Support in the cases referred to in the committed by the wife. Besides, the giving of
preceding article shall be reduced or increased allowance to the wife is implied condonation of
proportionately, according to the reduction or the adultery.
increase of the necessities of the recipient and the
resources or means of the person obliged to furnish In a petition for support filed by the wife, it is
the same. insufficient for the husband, as a defense to
claim that the wife is guilty of adultery. There
Thus, in one case, SC held that the provision for a must be sufficient and competent evidence.
common fund for the benefit of the child cannot be
considered final and res judicata since any judgment The wife may obliged her husband to pay the
for support is always subject to modification fee of the lawyer who defended her in case of
depending upon the needs of the child and acquittal, BUT NOT in case of conviction.
capabilities of the parents to give support.
2. Legitimate ascendants and descendants;
Who Is Entitled to Support (Art 195, FC)
Illustration:
Those provided under Art 195 are the same persons If the husband abandoned the family to cohabit
who are entitled to support from each other. with his paramour, can the wife file a petition for
support against the parents of the husband for
A right to support is not terminated after reaching the their children and herself? Yes, but only with
age of majority. Support is imprescriptible. respect to support in favor of their children
because they are their legitimate descendants,
When Demandable provided that inability on the part of the husband
to give support be proven. W cannot ask support
The obligation to give support shall be demandable for herself because her relationship with the
from the time the person who has a right to receive parents of her husband is by affinity and as such
the same NEEDS it for maintenance, but it shall not the parents-in-law are not obliged to give
be paid except from the date of judicial or support to her. The obligation to give support in
extrajudicial demand. a relation by affinity is only required between
husband and wife. In the same manner, W is not
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also obliged to give support to her parents-in- 3. The ascendants in the nearest degree; and
law. 4. The brothers and sisters.
Contractual Support or Support in a Will Sec. 7. Restitution. When the judgment or final order of the court
finds that the person who has been providing support pendente
lite is not liable therefor, it shall order the recipient thereof to
Contractual support – is an agreement to give return to the former the amounts already paid with legal interest
support between parties not obliged to give support; from the dates of actual payment, without prejudice to the right of
what may be given is subject to the agreement of the the recipient to obtain reimbursement in a separate action from
the person legally obliged to give the support. Should the recipient
parties, thus may be partial or full; it is subject to levy fail to reimburse said amounts, the person who provided through
or attachment. As compared to legal support, the same may likewise seek reimbursement thereof in a separate
latter is one established by law; it comprises action from the person legally obliged to give such support.
everything indispensable for sustenance, dwelling,
clothing, medical attendance, education and
transportation, in keeping with the financial capacity
of the family, thus to the full extent; and not subject
to levy, attachment or execution.
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X. PARENTAL AUTHORITY AND CUSTODY home duly accredited by the proper government
agency
PATRIA POTESTAS, CONCEPT AND EVOLUTION
Who Exercises Parental Authority and Custody
In the Roman and Germanic law, the patria potestas
conferred on the father the power of life or death 1. Legitimate children - The father and the mother
over the children which will last until the lifetime of shall jointly exercise parental authority over the
the father. This authority is established primarily for persons of their common children. (Art. 211, FC)
his benefit. The modern view, manifested in our
code, means that this authority is for the benefit of In this case there is no need of judicial authority.
the children and granted to the parents as a
consequence of the heavy responsibilities imposed 2. Illegitimate children – it is always the mother
upon them by law, which they have to discharge. who exercises parental authority even if the
father recognized the child.
PARENTAL AUTHORITY (PATRIA POTESTAS) -the
sum of rights and obligations which parents have in Effect of Disagreement, Absence / Death,
relation to the person and property of their children, Separation or Termination of Marriage of Parents
until their majority age or emancipation, and under
certain circumstances. In case of DISAGREEMENT, the father's decision
shall prevail, UNLESS there is a judicial order to the
It is the natural right and duty of parents over the contrary. (Art. 211, FC)
person and property of their unemancipated children
which INCLUDES the caring for and rearing of such In case of ABSENCE OR DEATH of either parent,
children for civic consciousness and efficiency and the parent present shall continue exercising parental
the development of their moral, mental and physical authority. The remarriage of the surviving parent
character and well-being. (Art 209, FC) shall not affect the parental authority over the
children, unless the court appoints another person to
Parental authority is not limited to the rights of be the guardian of the person or property of the
parents over their children because such is children. (Art. 212, FC)
reciprocal. Children under parental authority are
obliged to observed obedience, love, and respect In case of SEPARATION of the parents, parental
towards their parents. Children shall always observe authority shall be exercised by the parent designated
respect and reverence towards their parents and are by the Court. The Court shall take into account all
obliged to obey them as long as the children are relevant considerations, especially the choice of the
under parental authority. (Art 211, FC) child over seven years of age, unless the parent
chosen is unfit (The 2nd spouse has no right of
It is for the purpose of strengthening the family as parental authority over the child). No child under 7
the foundation of the nation and to protect the years of age shall be separated from the mother,
marriage institution as the foundation of the family. unless the court finds compelling reasons to order
(Art. XV, Sec. 3 (1) and (2), 1987 Constitution) Thus, otherwise. (Art. 213, FC)
the State shall defend:
a.) Right of spouses: to
found a family in accordance with their religious Art. 49. During the pendency of the action and in
convictions and the demands of responsible the absence of adequate provisions in a written
parenthood. agreement between the spouses, the Court shall
b.) Right of children: to provide for the support of the spouses and the
assistance, including proper care and nutrition, custody and support of their common children. The
and special protection from all forms of neglect, Court shall give paramount consideration to the
abuse, cruelty, exploitation, and other conditions moral and material welfare of said children and their
prejudicial to their development. choice of the parent with whom they wish to remain
as provided to in Title IX. It shall also provide for
CHILD - refers to person below eighteen (18) years appropriate visitation rights of the other parent.
of age or those over but are unable to fully take care
of themselves or protect themselves from abuse, Art. 50. The effects provided for by paragraphs (2),
neglect, cruelty, exploitation or discrimination (3), (4) and (5) of Article 43 and by Article 44 shall
because of a physical or mental disability or also apply in the proper cases to marriages which
condition. (R.A 7610) It refers to a person under 18 are declared ab initio or annulled by final judgment
years of age. (RA 9344) under Articles 40 and 45.
The final judgment in such cases shall provide for
Characteristic of Parental Authority the liquidation, partition and distribution of the
properties of the spouses, the custody and support
GENERAL RULE: Parental authority and of the common children, and the delivery of third
responsibility may not be renounced or transferred presumptive legitimes, unless such matters had
except in the cases authorized by law. (Art 210, FC) been adjudicated in previous judicial proceedings.
EXCEPTIONS: GAC Art. 62. During the pendency of the action for legal
a. guardianship separation, the provisions of Article 49 shall likewise
b. adoption apply to the support of the spouses and the custody
c. commitment of the child in entities and and support of the common children.
institutions engaged in child care or in children’s
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
Art. 63. One of the effects of legal separation is Whenever the appointment or a judicial guardian
that the custody of the minor children shall be over the property of the child becomes
awarded to the innocent spouse, subject to the necessary, the same order of preference shall
provisions of Article 213 of FC. be observed.
In case of legal separation, still both exercise 3. In case of foundlings, abandoned neglected or
parental authority over the child. What may be abused children and other children similarly
awarded in favor of one over the other is parental situated, parental authority shall be entrusted in
custody or physical company of the child and such summary judicial proceedings to heads of
will not divest of the right to parental authority which children's homes, orphanages and similar
is broader in scope. institutions duly accredited by the proper
government agency. (Art. 217, FC)
In case both parents died, grandparents judicially
appointed by the court will exercise parental 4. When the best interests of the child so requires,
authority. the one appointed by the court as a guardian of
the child's property or a guardian ad litem
Duties of Children (following the order established in Art 216). (Art.
222, FC)
Children shall always observe respect and
reverence towards their parents AND are obliged to Extent of Authority
obey them as long as the children are under parental
authority. (Art 211 par 2, FC) The person exercising substitute parental authority
shall have the same authority over the person of the
Filial Privilege Rule child as the parents. (Art. 233 par 1, FC)
(1) The surviving grandparent, as provided in Authority and responsibility shall apply to all
Art. 214; authorized activities whether inside or outside the
premises of the school, entity or institution. (Art 218,
(2) The oldest brother or sister, over twenty-one FC)
years of age, unless unfit or disqualified; and
In no case shall the school administrator, teacher of
(3) The child's actual custodian, over twenty-one individual engaged in child care exercising special
years of age, unless unfit or disqualified. parental authority inflict corporal punishment upon
the child. (Art 233 par 2, FC)
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
At the time of causing injury, the child who The parent exercising parental authority shall not
committed the act complained is the subject of a interfere with the care of the child whenever
pending adoption proceeding. By the time the committed but shall provide for his support. Upon
judgment is to be rendered in the civil case, the proper petition or at its own instance, the court may
adoption decree was already issued. In this case, terminate the commitment of the child whenever just
the adopters cannot be impleaded because the and proper.
biological parents have still parental authority over
the child at the time of the commission of the act EFFECTS OF PARENTAL AUTHORITY UPON
complained of. PROPERTY OF CHILDREN
The child who caused injury to a classmate is a Art. 225. The father and the mother shall jointly
kindergarten pupil. The incident took place within the exercise legal guardianship over the property of the
premises of the school. Who shall be impleaded? unemancipated common child without the necessity
The school, its administrators and teachers, as well of a court appointment. In case of disagreement, the
as the parents of the child shall be impleaded. father's decision shall prevail, unless there is a
judicial order to the contrary.
If the incident took place during an educational trip,
the school may still be impleaded provided the Where the market value of the property or the
educational trip is an authorized activity of the annual income of the child exceeds P50,000, the
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
The ordinary rules on guardianship shall be merely Grounds for Temporary Termination
suppletory except when the child is under substitute
parental authority, or the guardian is a stranger, or a Art. 229. Unless subsequently revived by a final
parent has remarried, in which case the ordinary judgment, parental authority also terminates:
rules on guardianship shall apply.
(1) Upon adoption of the child;
Notes:
The property of the minor should be registered in the (2) Upon appointment of a general guardian;
name of the minor because he is the owner thereof.
It shall not be registered in the name of his parents. (3) Upon judicial declaration of abandonment of
Judicial appointment is not necessary for the the child in a case filed for the purpose;
administration and management of the property of
the child. (4) Upon final judgment of a competent court
divesting the party concerned of parental
The parents, as administrator of the property of the authority; or
child can lease the property even without prior
judicial authorization. If the leased is for more than 1 (5) Upon judicial declaration of absence or
year, there is a need for prior judicial authorization incapacity of the person exercising parental
because such amounts to encumbrance. They authority.
cannot lease for 1 year with option to buy because
such amount to an act of disposition UNLESS there SUSPENSION OF PARENTAL AUTHORITY
is a prior judicial authorization.
Grounds
The parents cannot also sell the property of their
minor child UNLESS there is a prior judicial 1. Upon conviction of the parent or the person
authorization and provided that the sale is for the exercising the same of a crime which carries
benefit of the child. with it the penalty of civil interdiction. (Art. 230,
FC)
Concept
Effects
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
5. Adopted by Single Person (putative father) – The employment of pen names or stage names is
Stephanie Case permitted, PROVIDED it is done in good faith and
a. Given name there is no injury to third persons. Pen names and
b. Middle name – biological mother’s surname stage names cannot be usurped. (Art 379, NCC)
c. Surname – father’s surname
GENERAL RULE: No person shall use different
6. Adopted by a Single Person other than names and surnames (USE ONLY ONE NAME). (Art
Stephanie Case 380, NCC)
a. Given Name
b. Surname – adopter’s surname EXCEPT: One may use pen names or stage names,
PROVIDED it is done in good faith and there is no
Use of Surname by Women injury to third persons.
A MARRIED woman MAY use
1. Her maiden first name and surname and Note: In all legal transactions, use the legal name.
add her husband's surname, or
2. Her maiden first name and her husband's Change of Name
surname or
3. Her husband's full name, but prefixing a No person can change his name or surname without
word indicating that she is his wife, such as judicial authority. (Art 376, NCC; See Discussion in
"Mrs." (Art 370, NCC) Special Proceedings)
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
Note: No acts of dominion to be exercised but 3. Definite Absence / Presumptive Death – when
only of general power of administration except the absentee is presumed dead.
when there is court authority.
a. Ordinary Absence (No danger of Death)
2. Normal/Declared – when a person disappears
from his domicile, and 2 years having elapsed After an absence of 7 years - presumed
without any news about the absentee or since dead for all purposes, EXCEPT for those of
the receipt of the last news (if no succession.
administrator/manager is appointed), or 5 years
in case the absentee has left a person in charge After an absence of 10 years - presumed
of the administration of his property. (Art. 384, dead for the purpose of opening succession
NCC) If he disappeared after the age of 75 years,
an absence of 5 years shall be sufficient in
Period order that his succession may be opened.
(Art 390, NCC)
After 2 years - in case the absentee left no
person in charge of the administration of his b. Extra-ordinary Absence (there is danger of
property. death)
After 5 years - in case the absentee has left a After an absence of 4 years - presumed
person in charge of the administration of his dead for ALL purposes, including the
property. division of the estate among the heirs.
Note: In presumptive death there is no need of If the absentee appears, or without appearing his
judicial declaration except for purposes of existence is proved, he shall recover his property in
remarriage. the condition in which it may be found, and the price
of any property that may have been alienated or the
Illustrations: property acquired therewith; but he cannot claim
a. A disappeared in 1995 while there is a either fruits or rents. (Art. 392, NCC)
pending case filed by him against B for
damages, who is a partner is a partnership,
and he left a will instituting X and Y as
testate heirs.
XIV. CIVIL REGISTER All other matters pertaining to the registration of civil
status shall be governed by special laws. (Art. 413,
CIVIL REGISTER – record of acts, events and NCC)
judicial decrees concerning the civil status of
persons. (Art. 407, NCC) How May be Made
It is pursuant to parens patriae to constantly monitor 1. Judicial Proceedings (in rem – mere publication
those what are to be recorded. is sufficient)
What Must Be Registered (Art. 408, NCC) a. Summary – reception of evidence may be
a. Births done ex-parte
b. Marriages i. correction of clerical/typographical errors
c. Deaths (errors which are obvious to common
d. legal separations sense)
e. annulments of marriage
f. judgments declaring marriages void from the b. Adversarial – there is full blown trial if status
beginning of petitioner is directly affected. Also when
g. legitimations there is change of name if ground is publicly
h. adoptions known by such name.
i. acknowledgments of natural children e.g. change of sex from male to female;
j. naturalization petition to delete the date of marriage in
k. loss or recovery of citizenship birth certificate of child; petition to insert date
l. civil interdiction of marriage (contracted after recording of
m. judicial determination of filiation birth of child)
n. voluntary emancipation of a minor (no longer
applicable) Note: A person of alien parents cannot file a
o. changes of name petition for change of his former citizenship
to Filipino. He must file first for
Duty of Clerk of Court naturalization. If of Filipino mothers and born
before the 1973 Constitution, the child shall
In cases of legal separation, adoption, naturalization elect Philippine citizenship.
and other judicial orders mentioned in the preceding
article, the clerk of the court which issued the decree 2. Administrative Proceedings (RA 9048)
has the duty: a. By way of petition to be filed with the Local
a. to ascertain whether the same has been Civil Registrar. Copy furnished the Local
registered, and, Registrar General (NSO Administrator)
b. if this has not been done, to send a copy of said b. Grounds
decree to the civil registry of the city or i. Clerical errors
municipality where the court is functioning. (Art. ii. Name or nickname is ridiculous, tainted
409, NCC). In cases of legal separation, with dishonor or extremely difficult to
adoption, naturalization and other judicial orders write or pronounce
mentioned in the preceding article, it shall be the iii. New first name or nickname has been
duty of the clerk of the court which issued the habitually and continuously used by the
decree to ascertain whether the same has been petitioner and he has been publicly
registered, and if this has not been done, to known by the first name or nickname in
send a copy of said decree to the civil registry of the community
the city or municipality where the court is iv. Change will avoid confusion.
functioning. (n)
Change of Name, Mere Privilege
Probative Value of Civil Register
Change of name can only be made once because it
The books making up the civil register and all is a mere privilege. Convenience cannot defeat legal
documents relating thereto shall be considered purpose. SC did not allow the dropping of middle
public documents and shall be prima facie evidence name just because in Singapore do not usually use
of the facts therein contained. (Art. 410, NCC) middle name.
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Saint Louis University - College of Law
Comprehensive Reviewer in Persons and Family Relations
By:
Dick Francisco Fernandez & Claryl-Anne D. Laminato
XV. FUNERALS
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