En 1994 PDF

EUROCODES
Background and Applications
“Dissemination of information for training” workshop
18-20 February 2008
Brussels
EN 1994
Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and
concrete structures
Organised by
European Commission: DG Enterprise and Industry, Joint Research Centre
with the support of

CEN/TC250, CEN Management Centre and Member States
Wednesday, February 20 – Palais des Académies
EN 1994 - Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures

Prigogine room
9:00-9:20 General presentation of EN1994 J. Raoul
SETRA
9:20-10:40 Structural analysis and ultimate limit U. Kuhlmann
state Universität Stuttgart
10:40-11:00 Coffee
11:00-12:00 Serviceability limit state G. Hanswille
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
12:00-13:30 Lunch
13:30-14:30 Composite columns G. Hanswille
14:30-15:40 Composite slabs S. Hicks
Steel Construction Institute
15:40-16:00 Coffee
16:00-17:30 Composite bridges L. Davaine & J. Raoul
SETRA
All workshop material will be available at

http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu
GENERAL PRESENTATION OF EN1994
J. Raoul
SETRA
EUROCODES EUROCODES EUROCODE 4
Background and Applications Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 1 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 2
General presentation of Eurocode 4 EUROCODE 4 :

Design of composite steel and
concrete structures
Joël RAOUL
EN 1994-1-1 : general rules and rules for buildings

EN 1994-1-2 : structural fire design
EN 1994-2 : general rules and rules for bridges
The general rules valid for bridges from part 1-1 are repeated
in part 2 to get a self sufficient document.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications EN 1994-1-1 EUROCODES
Background and Applications EN 1994-2
Forward Forward
Section 1 General
Common to all EC
Section 1 General
Section 2 Basis of design Section 2 Basis of design
Section 3 Material Section 3 Material
Section 4 Durability Section 4 Durability
Layout
Section 5 Structural analysis common to all EC Section 5 Structural analysis
Section 6 ULS
Section 6 ULS
Section 7 SLS
Section 8 Composite joints in frames for buildings
Section 7 SLS
Section 9 Composite slabs for buildings Section 8 Precast concrete slabs in bridges
Annex A (informative) Stiffness of joint in buildings Section 9 Composite plates in bridges
Annex B (informative) Standard tests Annex C Headed studs that cause splitting in the slab
Annex C (informative) Shrinkage of concrete for buildings thickness
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Rules for drafting EUROCODES
Background and Applications Rules for drafting
The paragraphs specific to buildings are put at the end The paragraphs specific to bridges are added at the end
to be easily modified. of the clauses.
EN 1994-1-1 EN 1994-2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Rules for drafting EUROCODES
Background and Applications Scope of EN 1994-1-1
Avoid cascades of references

Composite members
Composite beams
Composite columns
Composite slabs
Composite joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Composite beams EUROCODES
Background and Applications Composite columns
Solid slab
Concrete Partially encased

encased
Partially encased
Composite
slab
Concrete filled
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Composite slabs EUROCODES
Background and Applications Composite joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Scope of EN 1994-2 EUROCODES
Background and Applications Composite bridges
Composite bridges
I girders
Box sections
Cable stayed bridges not fully covered
Composite members
Filler beam decks
Tension members
Composite plates
EUROCODES
Composite members EUROCODES
Filler beam decks
transversal
longitudinal
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Tension members EUROCODES
Background and Applications Composite plates
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Coordination EC4-EC3 : materials EUROCODES
Background and Applications Coordination EC4-EC2 : materials
EC4 EC3
EC4 EC2
Concrete C20 – C60 C12 – C90
Grade of steel S 235 – S 460 S 235 – S 460 strength
+ EN 1993-1-12 (S 690)
shrinkage As in EC2 or annex C
Coefficient of 10 10-6 12 10-6 (3,25x10-4 in dry environment)
expansion equal for steel and Modulus of 210 000 (as in EC3) 200 000
concrete elasticity equal for steel and reinforcement
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Coordination EC4-EC3 : design rules EUROCODES
Background and Applications Coordination EC4-EC2 : design rules
EC4 EC3 EC4 EC2
Design fcd = fck / γC fcd = αcc fck / γC

Effective width Slab : EC4 (same at SLS/ULS) EN 1993-1-5 value 0.85 is a calibration factor of Mpl,Rd
steel flange : EN 1993-1-5 (SLS ≠ ULS)
Effective
width
Shear Vertical shear resistance of the cracked slab in EC2 has been modified
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND ULTIMATE
LIMIT STATE
U. Kuhlmann
Universität Stuttgart
Institute of Structural Design Institute of Structural Design
Universität Stuttgart Prof. Dr.-Ing. U. Kuhlmann Universität Stuttgart Prof. Dr.-Ing. U. Kuhlmann
A short introduction
Design of composite beams
according to Eurocode 4-1-1
Institute of Structural Design
Main Fields: Steel, Timber and Composite
Lecture: Pfaffenwaldring 7
70569 Stuttgart
Ultimate Limit States Germany
Phone +49 711 685 66245

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrike Kuhlmann fax +49 711 685 66236
Email sekretariat@ke.uni-stuttgart.de
Institute of Structural Design http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/ke/
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrike Kuhlmann
Germany

Design of composite beams according to Eurocode 4-1-1
Contents
1 - SCOPE
2 - SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Car park,
Messe Stuttgart
3 - METHODS OF GLOBAL ANALYSIS Part 1:
4 - VERIFICATION FOR BENDING AND SHEAR FOR ULS

SCOPE
5 - SHEAR CONNECTION

Definitions according EN 1994-1-1 [§1.5.2]

COMPOSITE BEHAVIOUR
COMPOSITE MEMBER
a structural member with components of concrete and of structural or cold-formed composite beam steel beam with concrete slab
steel, interconnected by shear connection so as to limit the longitudinal slip between
concrete and steel and the separation of one component from the other
SHEAR CONNECTION
an interconnection between the concrete and steel components of a composite
member that has sufficient strength and stiffness to enable the two components to be
designed as parts of a single structural member H H
composite behaviour no composite behaviour
COMPOSITE BEAM acting as one section acting as two individual sections
a composite member subjected mainly to bending
1 Scope 1 Scope
Materials according EN 1994-1-1 [§ 3]

TYPICAL COMPOSITE BEAMS
concrete
CONCRETE
> C 20/25; LC 20/25
< C 60/75; LC 60/75 reinforcement
REINFORCEMENT
Acc. EN 1992-1-1 § 3.2
Seite 4 von Hanswille einfügen
strength: 400 N/mm2 fy,k 600 N/mm2
ductility: 1,05 (ft/fy)k 1,35
structural steel
STRUCTURAL STEEL
fy 460 N/mm2
connecting devices
CONNECTING DEVICES
[Source: Hanswille]
Headed stud shear connector acc. EN 13918
1 Scope 1 Scope

Characteristics
• Non-linear material behaviour
• Influence of erection and load history

source:[ESDEP] Part 2: source:[ESDEP]
• Influence of creep and shrinkage
SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS • Influence of composite interaction
OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis

Non-linear material behaviour Non-linear material behaviour

Cross-section Cross-section
q q
in span at support in span at support
q4 q4
q3 q3
q2 q2
M M
q1 w q1 w
w w
w M-pl,Rd w M-pl,Rd
w1 w2 w3 w4 M+pl,Rd w1 w2 w3 w4 M+pl,Rd
q1 – first cracking (concrete slab) at support
2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis 2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis


Cross-section Cross-section
q q
in span at support in span at support
q4 q4
q3 q3
q2 q2
M M
q1 w q1 w
w w
w M-pl,Rd w M-pl,Rd
w1 w2 w3 w4 M+pl,Rd w1 w2 w3 w4 M+pl,Rd
q2 – first yielding (steel section) at support q3 – first plastic hinge M-pl.Rd at support


Cross-section
q
q M
in span at support Dcfcd
q4
-
Cross-section in span
M+ pl,Rd
q4
q3 +
q2 M+pl,Rd
Cross-section at support fyd
q3 M-pl,Rd
q2
M
fsd
q1 w
w q1
+
+
w M-pl,Rd N fyd
-
w1 w2 w3 w4 M+pl,Rd M-pl,Rd
fyd
q4 – last plastic hinge M+pl.Rd in span


q
ql2
q=
Mpl,F
12,0 l l
q4 = qpl
10,0
load level q3
8,0 'q
Mpl,St
6,0
4,0 load level q4= qpl

q3
2,0 Mpl,St
Mpl,St
Kpl =
Mpl,F Mpl,F
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
High efficiency of plastic hinge theory due to difference of plastic bending moment in span [Source: Hanswille]
and at support - requires rotation capacity of section with first plastic hinge (at support)

Non-linear material behaviour Non-linear material behaviour Classes 1 and 2
[Source: Hanswille] [Source: Hanswille]

Non-linear material behaviour Class 3 Non-linear material behaviour Classification with partial concrete
encasement

Non-linear material behaviour Reinforcement in tension flanges Influence of erection and load history
3 spans
R = 900 m
Example:
Bridge Arminiusstraße in Dortmund
- erection steel structure
[Source: Hanswille]

Influence of erection and load history Influence of erection and load history
Raising at inner supports
Example:
Bridge Arminiusstraße in Dortmund
- raising at inner supports

- scaffolding hanging at steel structure
- concreting and hardening of concrete
- lowering at inner supports
- finalizing (pavement etc.)
- traffic opening
[Source: Hanswille]

Influence of erection and load history Influence of erection and load history
The bending capacity Mpl,Rd is

independent of the loading
A unpropped construction history in case of Class 1 or
Class 2 cross sections
B propped construction
Using Class 3 or Class 4 cross
sections the elastic behaviour of
propped construction + the loading history has to be
C taken into account in ULS
jacking of props

Influence of creep and shrinkage Influence of creep and shrinkage
[Source: Hanswille]
Due to creep and shrinkage:
For statically determinate structures: only external deformations
For Class 1 and 2 sections bending capacity independent of creep and shrinkage
The effects of shrinkage and creep of concrete result in internal forces in cross sections, and
curvatures and longitudinal strains in members
For Class 3 and 4 sections creep and shrinkage has to be considered
[Source: Hanswille]

Influence of creep and shrinkage Influence of composite interaction

e
Ncf normal force in the concrete slab
MR Nc=0
due to Mpl,Rd
A
Mpl,Rd C
MRd MEd
B
[Source: Hanswille]
B
Mpl,a,Rd
C
In statically indeterminate structures the primary effects of shrinkage and creep are A
associated with additional action effects, such that the total effects are compatible; Nc
h=
These shall be classified as secondary effects and shall be considered as indirect hi 1,0 Ncf
actions in any case
K...degree of shear connections

[Source: Hanswille]

Influence of composite interaction

e Bridge crossing Mosel
Ncf normal force in the concrete slab at Bernkastel-Kues
MR Nc=0
due to Mpl,Rd
no shear connection acting as 2
A K= 0
independent sections
Mpl,Rd C
partial shear connection acting as
MRd MEd
B 0 < K< 1 one section with slip at interface
bending resistance depending on
B shear connection
Mpl,a,Rd
C K= 1 full shear connection acting as Part 3:
A one section without slip full
h=
Nc plastic resistance Mpl,Rd METHODS OF GLOBAL ANALYSIS
hi 1,0 Ncf
2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis

Structural stability
Bridge crossing Mosel • Portal frames w/ shallow roof
at Bernkastel-Kues slopes
General case
• Beam-and-column type plane
frames
F cr y undeformed y § H Ed · § h ·
¨ ¸ t 10
D cr t 10
geometry
D cr ¨¨ V ¸¸ ¨ ¸
F Ed © Ed ¹ © G H ,Ed ¹
5.2.1(3) 5.2.1(4)B
• Structural stability
n n
• Calculation of action effects deformed geometry
based on elastic theory
• Rigid plastic analysis

3 alternatives of
• Stresses based on elastic theory verification
3 Methods of global analysis 3 Methods of global analysis

Structural stability Structural stability
3 alternatives of verification 3 alternatives of verification
Global second-order analysis +

Second-order analysis Second-order analysis
individual stability check of Equivalent column method
of whole system of whole system
members
w0
EN 1994-1-1 5.2.2 (3) EN 1994-1-1 5.2.2 (6) b) Only for steel columns:
EN 1994-1-1 6.7.3.6 / 7 and 5.2.2 (6) c) EN 1993-1-1 5.2.2 (3) c) accounting for
5.2.2 (8) global and local w0
imperfections
I0

Structural stability Structural stability
3 alternatives of verification 3 alternatives of verification

members
neither global nor local

including global imperfections
imperfections
Individual stability check of Equivalent column

members acc. to EN 1994-1-1 method for member acc.
6.7.3.4 or 6.7.3.5 EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1/2/3
Buckling length = system length Buckling length by global

eigenvalue determination

Structural stability Calculation of action effects based on elastic theory
3 alternatives of verification

Second-order analysis
of whole system
members
accounting for neither global nor local

including global imperfections
global and local imperfections
imperfections
Individual stability check of Equivalent column
members acc. to EN1994-1-1 method for member acc.
6.7.3.4 or 6.7.3.5 EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1/2/3
Buckling length = member length Buckling length by global

[Source: Hanswille]
eigenvalue determination
Calculation of action effects based on elastic theory - General method Calculation of action effects based on elastic theory

Calculation of action effects based on elastic theory Relation Classification - method of global analysis - resistance

Rigid plastic analysis Rigid plastic analysis
Limitation of span ratio: Beam with single load and

Rigid plastic global analysis may be used for ultimate limit
rotation requirements at span:
state verifications other than fatigue, where second-order
zpl
effects do not have to be considered and provided that all the
members and joints of the frame are steel or composite, the Le Li -
0pl,Rd
steel material satisfies ductility requirements EN 1993-1-1,
h +
the cross-sections of steel members have sufficient
rotation capacity and the joints are able to sustain their Lmax Lmin
plastic resistance moments for a sufficient rotation capacity.
Fd
exterior span: Le < 1,15 Li
interior span: Lmax/Lmin 1,50 qd
zpl Fd
0,15 if > 0,5
h Fd + qd L
[Source: Hanswille]


Where rigid-plastic global analysis is used, at each plastic hinge location: For composite beams in buildings, the rotation capacity may be assumed to be sufficient where:
a) the cross-section of the structural steel section shall be symmetrical about a plane parallel to the a) the grade of structural steel does not exceed S355,
plane of the web or webs,
b) the contribution of any reinforced concrete encasement in compression is neglected when calculating
b) the proportions and restraints of steel components shall be such that lateral-torsional buckling the design resistance moment,
does not occur,
c) all effective cross-sections at plastic hinge locations are in Class1; and all other effective cross-
c) lateral restraint to the compression flange shall be provided a tall hinge locations at which plastic sections are in Class1 or Class2,
rotation may occur under any load case,
d) each beam-to-column joint has been shown to have sufficient design rotation capacity, or to have a
d) the rotation capacity shall be sufficient, when account is taken of any axial compression in the design resistance moment at least 1,2 times the design plastic resistance moment of the connected
member or joint, to enable the required hinge rotation to develop and beam,
e) where rotation requirements are not calculated, all members containing plastic hinges shall have e) adjacent spans do not differ in length by more than 50% of the shorter span,
effective cross-sections of Class 1 at plastic hinge locations.
f) end spans do not exceed 115% of the length of the adjacent span,
g) in any span in which more than half of the total design load for that span is concentrated within a length
of one-fifth of the span, then at any hinge location where the concrete slab is in compression, not more
than 15% of the overall depth of the member should be in compression; this does not apply where it
can be shown that the hinge will be the last to form in that span,
h) the steel compression flange at a plastic hinge location is laterally restrained.


Stresses based on elastic theory Stresses based on elastic theory
Modular ratios taking into account effects of creep

Elastic cross section properties taking into account creep


Primary effects due to shrinkage Primary effects due to shrinkage

Part 4: • General
• Resistance of class 1 and 2 sections

VERIFICATION FOR BENDING AND SHEAR
• Resistance of class 3 and 4 sections
FOR ULTIMATE LIMITE STATE • Lateral torsional buckling
4 Verification for bending and shear for ULS

General - Basis of design General - Basis of design
Ultimate limit
Ed Rd
state:
Partial safety factor for concrete

Serviceabilitliy JC according to EN 1992-1-1 e.g. JC = 1.5
Ed Cd
limit state: Partial safety factor for reinforcement steel
JS according to EN 1992-1-1 e.g. JS= 1.15
Rd=Mpl,Rd
Partial safety factor for structural steel
J0a according to EN 1993-1-1 e.g. JM0 = 1.0
4 Verification for bending and shear for ULS 4 Verification for bending and shear for ULS

General - Basis of design General - Required verifications for composite beams
[Source: Hanswille]

General - Required verifications for composite beams General – Critical cross section
General – Effective width General – Effective width of concrete flanges
[Source: Hanswille]
[Source: Hanswille]

General – Non-linear bending resistance Classification girders
[Source: Hanswille]
[Source: Hanswille]

Resistance of class 1 and 2 sections - classification Reduction of plastic bending resistance
Reduction of plastic bending resistance Resistance of class 1 and 2 sections
0,5 1,0

Resistance of class 1 and 2 sections - Full and partial shear connection Resistance of class 1 and 2 sections - Partial shear connection - general
design resistance of studs


Resistance of class 1 and 2 sections Resistance of class 1 and 2 sections

Partial shear connection – determination of moment resistance Partial shear connection – determination of moment resistance
Resistance of class 3 and 4 sections - class 3 Resistance of class 3 and 4 sections - class 4


Class 4 – Determination of stresses Cross section: class 4 – bending resistance (method I)


Resistance to vertical shear Resistance to vertical shear
Resistance of class 3 and 4 sections Lateral torsional buckling

Method I – Interaction of bending and shear

Lateral torsional buckling – reduction factor Lateral torsional buckling – elastic critical bending moment

Lateral torsional buckling – simplified verification Lateral torsional buckling – stabilizing forces on lateral frames
Lateral torsional buckling – without direct calculation
Part 5:
SHEAR CONNECTION
[Source: Hanswille]

• Longitudinal shear forces • Longitudinal shear forces

• Determination of longitudinal shear forces • Determination of longitudinal shear forces
• Full and partial shear connection • Full and partial shear connection
• Requirements for shear connectors • Requirements for shear connectors
• Headed studs • Headed studs

• Head studs as shear connector • Head studs as shear connector
• Horizontally lying studs • Horizontally lying studs
• Headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting • Headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting
• Longitudinal shear forces in concrete slab • Longitudinal shear forces in concrete slab
Part 5: Part 5:
SHEAR CONNECTION SHEAR CONNECTION
5 Shear connection 5 Shear connection

Longitudinal shear forces Determination of longitudinal shear forces - general

Determination of longitudinal shear forces - by simplified method for Nc Partial shear connection – determination of longitudinal shear forces

Requirements for shear connection – uniformly distribution Requirements for shear connection – minimum degree
M qd

Requirements for shear connection – ductility

• Longitudinal shear forces
• Determination of longitudinal shear forces
• Full and partial shear connection
• Requirements for shear connectors
• Headed studs
• Head studs as shear connector
• Horizontally lying studs
• Headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting
• Longitudinal shear forces in concrete slab

Part 5:
SHEAR CONNECTION
[Source: Hanswille]

Headed studs Headed studs – typical load-slip behaviour
Pw … flash
PZ … stud inclination
PB … stud bending
flash PR … friction
[Source: Hanswille]

Headed studs – typical load-slip behaviour Headed studs – design shear resistance
d diameter of stud shank 16 d 25mm

fu specified ultimate tensile strength of the stud
material fu 500 N/mm²
fck cylinder strength of concrete
Ecm secant modulus of elasticity of concrete
a =0.2 [(h/d)+1] for 3 h/d 4
=1.0 for h/d > 4
[Source:
EC4-1
JV =1.5 partial safety factor concrete failure
[Source: Hanswille] =1.25 partial safety factor steel failure & Hanswille]

Headed studs – detailing Headed studs – uplift forces


Horizontally lying studs – examples Horizontally lying studs – examples
cast-in-place concrete
prefabricated
concrete slab
[Source: Hanswille]

Horizontally lying studs – failure modes and position Horizontally lying studs – load resistance for longitudinal shear
middle position section A-A edge position
Longitudinal shear Vertical shear

due to beam bending due to vertical beam support
Concrete edge Splitting
failure failure PRd ,L

1.4 kv fck d a'r
0 .4
a / s 0.3 stirrups Td 0.3 PRd ,L
Jv
a‘r effective edge distance d … diameter of the stud shank 19 d 25 mm

a‘r = ar – cv - s/2 50 mm h … overall height of the stud h/d 4
kv factor for position of shear connection s … spacing of stirrups a/2 s a
Longitudinal kv = 1 edge position s/a‘r 3
shear Vertical shear kv = 1.4 middle position s… diameter of stirrups s 8 mm
Edge position Middle position Jv partial factor 1.25 l… diameter of longitudinal reinforment l 10 mm
[Source: EN1994-2]

Horizontally lying studs – load resistance for vertical shear Headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting
middle position section A-A edge position
0.012 fck l 0.5 d a / s 0.4 s0.3 a'r ,o 0.7 kv a … spacing of studs

PRd ,V 110 a 440 mm
Jv
h … overall height of the stud
h 100 mm
s… diameter of stirrups
Interaction: s 12 mm
l… diameter of longitudinal reinforment
1 .2 1 .2
§ Fd ,L · § F · l 16 mm
¨
¨P
¸
¸ ¨¨ d ,V ¸
¸ d1
© Rd ,L ¹ © PRd ,V ¹
[Source: EN1994-2] [Source: Hanswille]

Headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting – load-slip behaviour Headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting – load resistance


Headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting – load resistance

• Longitudinal shear forces
• Determination of longitudinal shear forces
• Full and partial shear connection
• Requirements for shear connectors
• Headed studs
• Head studs as shear connector
• Horizontally lying studs
• Headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting
• Longitudinal shear forces in concrete slab

Part 5:
SHEAR CONNECTION
[Source: Hanswille]

Longitudinal shear forces in concrete slab - determination Longitudinal shear forces in concrete slab – strut-and-tie model
Slab in compression
Slab in tension

Longitudinal shear forces in concrete slab – shear plane

Acknowledgement
and many thanks to
section a-a: Acv= hc av
section b-b, c-c, d-d: Acv = Lv av
with Lv = Lb-b, Lc-c, Ld-d
My co-workers Prof. Dr.-Ing.
section
Dipl.-Ing. Gunter Hauf Gerhard Hanswille
Dipl.-Ing. Matthias Konrad
Dipl.-Ing. Ana Ožbolt for allowance
Dipl.-Ing. Lars Rölle to base on his ppt - presentation
Dipl.-Ing. Markus Rybinski prepared for lectures in Riga
for their support in 2006
[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection

Literature
Thank you very much Bode, H.: Euro-Verbundbau, Konstruktion und Berechnung, publisher Werner Verlag, Düsseldorf, 1998
Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik: Slim-Floor Träger mit UPE-Profilen, Allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Zulassung
Nr. Z-26.2-48, Technical Approval, 2005.
for your kind attention ! DIN 18800-5: Steel structures – Part 5: Composite structures of steel and concrete – Design and Construction, German
Standard, 2006.
DIN EN 1994-1-1: Design of composite steel and concrete structures: General rules and rules for buildings, European
Standard, 2002
Universität Stuttgart Hanswille, G., Schäfer, M., Verbundtragwerke aus Stahl und Beton, Bemessung und Konstruktion - Kommentar zu DIN V
188000 Teil 5 Ausgabe November 2004, Stahlbaukalender 2005, editor Ulrike Kuhlmann, publisher Verlag Ernst &
Institute for Structural Design Sohn, Berlin
Steel, Timber and Composite Structures Hanswille G.: The new German design code for composite bridges,
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrike Kuhlmann Engineering Foundation Conferences Composite Construction V, South Africa, Juli 2004
Pfaffenwaldring 7 Hanswille G., Bergmann R.: New design methods for composite columns including high strength steel,
Engineering Foundation Conferences Composite Construction V, South Africa, Juli 2004
70569 Stuttgart Hanswille G., Piel W.: Composite shear head systems for improved punshing shear resistance of flat slabs,
Phone +49 711 685 66245 Hanswille G., Porsch M.: Load introduction in composite columns with concrete filled hollow sections,
Fax +49 711 685 66236
Roik, K., Bergmann, R., Haensel, J., Hanswille, G. Verbundkonstruktionen: Bemessung auf der Grundlage des Eurocode 4
Email sekretariat@ke.uni-stuttgart.de Teil 1, Betonkalender 1993, publisher Verlag Ernst & Sohn, Berlin
Institute of Structural Design

Universität Stuttgart Prof. Dr.-Ing. U. Kuhlmann
Literature
Breuninger, U.; Kuhlmann, U.: Tragverhalten und Tragfähigkeit liegender Kopfbolzendübel unter
Längsschubbeanspruchung, Stahlbau 70, p. 835-845, 2001.
Breuninger, U.: Zum Tragverhalten liegender Kopfbolzendübel unter Längsschubbeanspruchung, PhD-Thesis, Universität
Stuttgart, Mitteilung Nr. 2000-1, 2000.
Kuhlmann, U.; Breuninger, U.: Behaviour of horizontally lying studs with longitudinal shear force, In: Hajjar, J.F., Hosain, M.,
Easterling, W.S. and Shahrooz, B.M. (eds), Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete IV, American Society of
Civil Engineers, p.438-449, 2002.
Kuhlmann, U.; Kürschner, K.: Structural behaviour of horizontally lying shear studs, In: Leon, R.T. and Lange, J. (eds),
Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete V, American Society of Civil Engineers, p.534-543, 2006.
Kuhlmann, U.; Rieg, A.; Hauf, G.; Effective Width Of Composite Girders With Reduced Height, Prof. Aribert - Symposium, July
2006, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (Rennes), France, 2006.
Kürschner, K.; Kuhlmann, U.: Trag- und Ermüdungsverhalten liegender Kopfbolzendübel unter Quer- und Längsschub,
Stahlbau 73, p.505-516, 2004.
Kürschner, K.: Trag- und Ermüdungsverhalten liegender Kopfbolzendübel im Verbundbau, PhD-Thesis, Universität Stuttgart,
Mitteilung Nr. 2003-4, 2003.
Raichle, J.: Fatigue behaviour and application of horizontally lying shear studs, In: 6th International PhD Symposium in Civil
Engineering, Zurich, Switzerland, 2006.
Rybinski, M.: Structural behaviour of steel to concrete joints on basis of the component method, In: 6th International PhD
Symposium in Civil Engineering, Zurich, Switzerland, 2006.
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
G. Hanswille
G. Hanswille G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and Contents Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany University of Wuppertal-Germany
Eurocodes
Dissemination of information for training
18-20 February 2008, Brussels Part 1: Introduction
Part 2: Global analysis for serviceability limit states
Eurocode 4 Part 3: Crack width control

Part 4: Deformations
Serviceability limit states of
composite beams Part 5: Limitation of stresses
Part 6: Vibrations
Univ. - Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Hanswille
Institute for Steel and Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal
Germany
1 2
Serviceability limit states Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and Serviceability limit states Institute for Steel and
characteristic combination: {
Ed = E ∑ Gk, j + Pk + Qk,1 + ∑ ψ 0,i Qk,i }
Serviceability limit states
frequent combination: {
Ed = E ∑ Gk, j + Pk + ψ1,1 Qk,1 + ∑ ψ 2,i Qk,i }
Limitation of stresses
quasi-permanent combination: {
Ed = E ∑ Gk, j + Pk + ∑ ψ 2,i Qk,i }
Limitation of deflections serviceability limit states
Ed ≤ Cd:
crack width control - deformation

- crack width
- excessive compressive stresses in concrete
vibrations Cd= - excessive slip in the interface between steel
and concrete
- excessive creep deformation
web breathing - web breathing
- vibrations
3 4
Institute for Steel and Global analysis - General Institute for Steel and
Calculation of internal forces, deformations and stresses at

serviceability limit state shall take into account the following
effects:
shear lag;
Part 2: creep and shrinkage of concrete;
cracking of concrete and tension stiffening of concrete;
Global analysis for serviceability limit states
sequence of construction;
increased flexibility resulting from significant incomplete
interaction due to slip of shear connection;
inelastic behaviour of steel and reinforcement, if any;
torsional and distorsional warping, if any.
5 6
1
Shear lag- effective width Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
Effective width of concrete flanges Institute for Steel and
shear lag bei Le=0,25 (L1 + L2) for beff,2 be,1 bo be,2
bei < 0,2 Le=2L3 for beff,2
bi
σ m ax
real stress distribution
σ(y) ⎡ y⎤
4
Le=0,85 L1 for beff,1
σ( y ) = σmax ⎢1− ⎥ Le=0,70 L2 for beff,1
σ m ax σmax ⎣ bi ⎦
b
b1 bo b2
5 bei
be stresses taking into
y L3
account the effective L1 L2
width bi
bei
L1/4 L1/2 L1/4 L2/4 L2/2 L2/4
bei
≥ 0,2
The flexibility of steel or σmax σR bi midspan regions and
concrete flanges affected by σ(y) beff,0 beff,2 internal supports:
shear in their plane (shear ⎡b ⎤ beff,1
σR = 1,25 ⎢ ei − 0,2⎥ σmax beff,1 beff,2
lag) shall be used either by ⎣ bi ⎦ beff = b0 + be,1+be,2
rigorous analysis, or by using 4
⎡ y⎤ be,i= Le/8
an effective width be σ( y ) = σR + [σmax − σR ] ⎢1− ⎥ end supports: beff = b0 + β1 be,1+β2 be,2
y ⎣ bi ⎦ Le – equivalent length
bi β i = (0,55+0,025 Le/bi) ≤ 1,0
7 8
Effects of creep of concrete

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
redistribution of the sectional Types of loading and action effects:

primary effects Initial sectional
forces due to creep
forces
In the following the different types of loading and action effects are distinguished by a
Mc,o -Mc,r subscript L :
L=P for permanent action effects not changing with time
-Nc,o L=PT time-dependent action effects developing affine to the creep coefficient
-zi,c Nc,r
L=S action effects caused by shrinkage of concrete
ast ML L=D action effects due to prestressing by imposed deformations (e.g. jacking of
zi,st Mst,o Mst,r supports)
action effects caused by

Nst,o -Nst,r time dependent action prestressing due to imposed
MPT(t) effects ML=MPT: deformation ML=MD:
MPT (t=∞)
The effects of shrinkage and creep of concrete and non-uniform changes of MD
temperature result in internal forces in cross sections, and curvatures and
longitudinal strains in members; the effects that occur in statically determinate
MPT(ti) δ
structures, and in statically indeterminate structures when compatibility of the
deformations is not considered, shall be classified as primary effects. ϕ(t,to) ML=MD
ϕ(ti,to) ϕ(t∞,to) +
9 10
Modular ratios taking into account

G. Hanswille
Elastic cross-section properties of the G. Hanswille
effects of creep
composite section taking into account creep Institute for Steel and
University of Wuppertal-Germany effects University of Wuppertal-Germany
centroidal axis of the concrete section

Modular ratio taking into
centroidal axis of the
account creep effect:
zis,L -zic,L zc -zis,L zc
concrete section
centroidal axis of the transformed -zic,L nL =n0 (1+ ψL ϕ( t, t0 ) )
ast centroidal axis of the
zi,L composite section
zist,L ast zist,L zi,L
composite section
centroidal axis of the steel section Est
(structural steel and reinforcement)
centroidal axis of the no =
zst zst steel section Ecm ( to )
nL = no [ 1+ ψ L ϕ( t, t o ) ]
Ea
Modular ratios: no =
Ecm Transformed cross-section properties of Distance between the centroidal axes of
the concrete section: the concrete and the composite section:
action creep multiplier
A c,L = A c / nL Jc,L = Jc / nL zic,L =− A st ast /A i,L
short term loading Ψ=0
permanent action not changing in time ΨP=1,10
Transformed cross-section area of the Second moment of area of the
shrinkage ΨS=0,55 composite section: composite section:
prestressing by controlled imposed deformations ΨD=1,50
time-dependent action effects ΨPT=0,55 A i,L =A St +A c,L J i,L = Jst + Jc,L + A st A c,L a2st / A i,L
11 12
2
Effects of cracking of concrete and tension Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Influence of tension stiffening of concrete on Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
stiffening of concrete between cracks Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
stresses in reinforcement Composite Structures
εsm
σc(x) Ns
Ns mean strain εsm=εs,2- βΔεs,r fct,eff equilibrium:
Δε s = β zs
ρs Es σc(x) Ms≈0
τv M Ma = M − Ns a
Nsy β = 0,4 σs(x) σs,2 a
σc(x)
Ma εa Na = − Ns
Δε s = β Δε s,r ρs = A s / A c -κ
za Na
Nsm
σs(x) compatibility:
Ns,cr fully
cracked mean strain in the concrete slab: εsm = εa + κ a
section Ns Ns
Δε s,r Ns a2 M a
Ns
σ εsm + + =
εsr,1 εsr,2 εsm,y εsy ε ε s,2 = s2 Ea A a Ea A a Ea Ja
Es
εsm β Δε s,r
Δεs=β Δεs,r
A B C
εs(x) εs,2 mean strain in the concrete
fct εs,m slab:
stage A: uncracked section Ec εc(x) x
εs
stage B: initial crack formation Ns fct,eff
ε sm = ε s2 − βΔε sr = −β
stage C: stabilised crack formation εc Es A s ρs Es
13 14
Redistribution of sectional forces due to tension Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Stresses taking into account tension stiffening of Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
stiffening Composite Structures
concrete Composite Structures
fully cracked section tension stiffening

fully cracked tension stiffening
Ns,2 ΔNts Ns Ns
Ns,2 ΔNts
-zst,s -Ms,2 -Ms -Ms,2 -Ms
a -zst,s
+ = -MEd
zst,a ΔNts a a + = -MEd
z2=zst -Ma,2 -Ma zst zst,a -Ma,2 ΔNts a
-Ma
-Na,2 -ΔNts -Na -Na,2 -ΔNts
za -Na
A J f A Sectional forces: Jst = J2
Ns α st = st st ΔNts = β ct,eff s
A a Ja ρs α st
A s z st,s reinforcement: structural steel:
Ns = Ns2 + ΔNts = MEd + ΔNts
ΔNts Jst fctm α st =
A st Jst
σ s = σ s,2 + β ΔNts ΔNts a
σa = σ a,2 − + za A a Ja
J ρs α st Aa Ja
Ms = MEd s
Ns Jst
fctm A s
Ns,2 A a z st,a MEd f MEd ΔNts ΔNts a ΔNts = β
Na = Na2 − ΔNts = MEd − ΔNts σs = z st,s + β ctm σa = z st − + za ρs α st
Jst Jst ρs α st Jst Aa Ja
Nsε
M Ja
Ma = Ma2 + ΔNts a = MEd + ΔNts a
MEd Jst 15 16
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Effects of cracking of concrete - General Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Influence of tension stiffening on flexural stiffness Institute for Steel and Institute for Steel and
University of Wuppertal-Germany method according to EN 1994-1-1 Composite Structures
Ns εsm Curvature: EaJ1 – un-cracked flexural stiffness • Determination of internal forces by un-
EaJ2 – cracked flexural stiffness cracked analysis for the characteristic
M Ma M − Ns a
κ= = = combination.
-Ms -M Est I2,ts Est Ja Est Ja
a • Determination of the cracked regions
zst κ
-Ma Effective flexural L1 L2 with the extreme fibre concrete tensile
εa L1,cr L2,cr
stiffness: stress σc,max= 2,0 fct,m.
-Na
• Reduction of flexural stiffness to EaJ2 in
Ea Ja EaJ1 EaJ1 the cracked regions.
Est J2,ts = EaJ2
M EJ (N − Ns,ε ) a
1− s
M • New structural analysis for the new
Est J1 distribution of flexural stiffness.
ΔM
Est J2,ts EstJ1 uncracked section
EstJ2 EstJ2 fully cracked section ΔM Redistribution of
EstJ2,ts EstJ2
EstJ2,ts effective flexural bending moments due to
EstJ1 stiffness taking into cracking of concrete
M
κ account tension un-cracked analysis
MR MRn stiffening of concrete cracked analysis
17 18
3
Effects of cracking of concrete – Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
simplified method Composite Structures
For continuous composite beams with

the concrete flanges above the steel
L1 L2
0,15 L1 section and not pre-stressed, including
0,15 L2
beams in frames that resist horizontal
forces by bracing, a simplified method Part 3:
EaJ1
EaJ2 may be used. Where all the ratios of
the length of adjacent continuous
spans (shorter/longer) between
Limitation of crack width
ΔMII
supports are at least 0,6, the effect of
cracking may be taken into account by
using the flexural stiffness Ea J2 over
Lmin / Lmax ≥ 0,6 15% of the span on each side of each
internal support, and as the un-
cracked values Ea J1 elsewhere.
19 20
Control of cracking Institute for Steel and Recommended values for wmax Institute for Steel and
General considerations reinforced members, prestressed

members with unbonded tendons prestressed members with
Exposure and members prestressed by bonded tendons
minimum reinforcement controlled imposed deformations
class
If crack width control is required, a minimum amount of bonded quasi - permanent
frequent load combination
reinforcement is required to control cracking in areas where tension due to load combination
restraint and or direct loading is expected. The amount may be estimated XO, XC1 0,4 mm (1) 0,2 mm
from equilibrium between the tensile force in concrete just before cracking
and the tensile force in the reinforcement at yielding or at a lower stress if XC2, XC3,XC4 0,2 mm (2)
necessary to limit the crack width. According to Eurocode 4-1-1 the XD1,XD2,XS1,
0,3 mm
minimum reinforcement should be placed, where under the characteristic decompression
XS2,XS3
combination of actions, stresses in concrete are tensile.
control of cracking due to direct loading (1) For XO and XC1 exposure classes, crack width has no influence on
durability and this limit is set to guarantee acceptable appearance. In
Where at least the minimum reinforcement is provided, the limitation of absence of appearance conditions this limit may be relaxed.
crack width for direct loading may generally be achieved by limiting bar
spacing or bar diameters. Maximum bar spacing and maximum bar (2) For these exposure classes, in addition, decompression should be
diameter depend on the stress σs in the reinforcement and the design checked under the quasi-permanent combination of loads.
crack width.
21 22
Exposure classes according to EN 1992-1-1 Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Cracking of concrete (initial crack formation) Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
(risk of corrosion of reinforcement) Composite Structures
Class Description of environment Examples

w
Ns Equilibrium in longitudinal direction:
no risk of corrosion or attack Ns
XO for concrete without reinforcement, for
concrete with reinforcement : very dry
concrete inside buildings with very low air humidity
σs A s = σs,1 A s + σc,1 A c
Corrosion induced by carbonation ε εs Compatibility at the end of the introduction
XC1 dry or permanently wet concrete inside buildings with low air humidity
εc length:
σ σ
XC2 wet, rarely dry concrete surfaces subjected to long term water contact, foundations ε s,1 = ε c,1 ⇒ s,1 = c,1
Es Ec
XC3 moderate humidity external concrete sheltered from rain
Les Les ⎡ ρ n ⎤ E
no = s
XC4 cyclic wet and dry concrete surfaces subject to water contact not within class XC2 σ σs,1 = σs ⎢ s o ⎥ Ec
Corrosion induced by chlorides Δσs ⎣ 1+ ρs no ⎦
moderate humidity concrete surfaces exposed to airborne chlorides σs Change of stresses in reinforcement
XD1 σc,1 σs,1 due to cracking:
wet, rarely dry swimming pools, members exposed to industrial waters containing
XD2 σs
chlorides Δσ s = σ s − σ s,1 =
cyclic wet and dry car park slabs, pavements, parts of bridges exposed to spray containing Les Les 1+ ρ s n o
XD3
Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water
σc,1 Ns,r = fctm A c (1+ ρs no )
σs,2
XS1 exposed to airborne salt structures near to or on the coast
σs,1 As cross-section area of reinforcement
XS2 permanently submerged parts of marine structures
ρs =
As ρs reinforcement ratio
XS3 tidal, splash and spray zones parts of marine structures Ac fctm mean value of tensile strength of concrete
23
Les 24
4
G. Hanswille Determination of the mean strains of G. Hanswille
Cracking of concrete – introduction length Institute for Steel and reinforcement and concrete in the stage of initial Institute for Steel and
University of Wuppertal-Germany crack formation University of Wuppertal-Germany
w w
Change of stresses in reinforcement Mean bond strength:
Ns Ns Ns Ns
due to cracking:
1 LEs
σs τs,m = ∫ τs ( x ) dx ≈ 1,8 fctm
Δσs = σs − σs,1 = L es o
ε εs 1+ ρs no
ε εs,m εs(x) Δεs,cr
εc Equilibrium in longitudinal direction Mean stress in the reinforcement:
εs
L es Us τ sm = Δσ s A s σ s − Δσ sm
π d2s εc,m εc(x) εcr σ s,m = σ s − β Δσ s ⇒ β =
Les Les L es π ds τsm = Δσ s Δσ s
σ 4
As
Δσs ρs = Les Les 1 Les 4 x
introduction length LEs Ac Δσsm = ∫ Δσs( x) dx Δσ s ( x ) = ∫ τs ( x ) dx
σs Les 0 Us 0
σc,1 σs,1
σs ds E
1 no = s σ
L es = Ec Mean strains in reinforcement and concrete:
4 τsm 1+ no ρs
Les Les σs,m βΔσs Δσs
σc,1 crack width σs σs,1 ε s,m = ε s,2 − β Δε s,cr
τsm σs,2 Us -perimeter of the bar σs(x)
σs,1
As -cross-section area σc,1
ρs -reinforcement ratio w = 2 Les (εsm − εcm ) Les Les εc,m = β εcr
τsm -mean bond strength
Les 25 x 26
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Maximum bar diameters acc. to EC4 Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Determination of initial crack width Institute for Steel and Institute for Steel and
w
Ns ∗ Crack width w:
Ns crack width σs maximum bar diameter ds for
[N/mm2] (1 − β) σ 2s ds 1 σ 2s ds
wk= 0,4 wk= 0,3 wk= 0,2 w= ≈
εs,2 w = 2 L es (εsm − εcm ) 2 τsm E s 1+ no ρs 6 fct,m E s
ε 160 40 32 25
εs,m εs(x) Δεs,cr Maximum bar diameter for a
200 32 25 16
εc(x) εs,m − εcm = (1 − β) εs,2 required crack width w:
εc,m εcr 240 20 16 12
2 τsm Es ( 1+ no ρs )
280 16 12 8 ds = w
σs ds 1 σ2s (1 − β)
Les Les L es =
4 τsm 1+ no ρs 320 12 10 6
With τsm= 1,8 fct,mo and the reference
σs 360 10 8 5 value for the mean tensile strength of
τsm ≈ 1,8 fctm
400 8 6 4 concrete fctm,o= 2,9 N/mm2 follows:
σs,m βΔσs Δσs
σs,1 (1 − β) σ2s ds 1 450 6 5 - 3,6 fctm,o Es ( 1+ no ρ s )
σs w= d*s = w k
2 τsm Es 1+ no ρs σ 2s (1 − β)
σc,1 β= 0,4 for long term loading and w k fctm,o E s
with β= 0,6 for short term loading und repeated loading d*s ≈ 6
Les Les σ 2s
β= 0,4 for long term loading
x 27 28
Crack width for stabilised crack formation

Crack width for stabilised crack formation Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Crack width for high bond bars w

w The maximum crack spacing sr,max in the
Ns
Ns w = sr,max (ε sm − ε cm ) stage of stabilised crack formation is twice
the introduction length Les.
Mean strain of reinforcement and ε σ
ε σ s2 concrete: εs,2 = s w = sr,max (ε sm − εcm )
ε s,2 = Es
Es
εs,m = εs,2 − β Δ εs
εs(x)
εs(x) A f f εs(x)- εc(x) f A fctm ds
εs(x)- εc(x) εs,m = εs,2 − β c ctm = εs,2 − β ctm fct Les = ctm c =
fct
Es A s E s ρs Ec Us τsm ρs 4 τsm
Ec εc(x)
εc(x) f
εcm = β ctm maximum crack width for sr= sr,max
Ec
sr,max= 2 Les sr,min= Les
sr,max= 2 Les sr,min= Les
σs f f d ⎛σ f ⎞
β= 0,6 for short term loading εsm − εcm = − β ctm (1 + no ρs ) β= 0,6 for short term loading w = ctm s ⎜⎜ s − β ctm (1 + no ρs ) ⎟⎟
Es E s ρs
2 τsm ρs ⎝ Es ρs E s ⎠
β= 0,4 for long term loading and β= 0,4 for long term loading and
repeated loading repeated loading
29 30
5
G. Hanswille Determination of the cracking moment Mcr and G. Hanswille
Crack width and crack spacing according Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and the normal force of the concrete slab in the Institute for Steel and
Eurocode 2 Composite Structures Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany stage of initial cracking University of Wuppertal-Germany
w = sr,max (ε sm − εcm ) cracking moment Mcr:

Crack width cracking moment Mcr
σc + σc,ε = fct,eff = k1 fctm
σ f σ Mc+s σc
εsm − εcm = s − β ctm (1+ no ρs ) ≥ 0,6 s
[ ]z
no Jio
Es Es ρs Es hc Mcr = fct,eff − σc,ε
+ hc / 2
Nc+s
Mcr o
zo
β= 0,6 [ ]z
for short term loading ast no Jio
Mcr = fct,eff − σc,ε
β= 0,4 for long term loading and repeated loading zio zi,st ic,o (1+ hc /( 2 z o )
sectional normal force of the concrete

Crack spacing In Eurocode 2 for the maximum crack spacing a semi- slab:
empirical equation based on test results is given primary effects due to shrinkage
A co z o + A s zis
Mc,ε Ncr = Mcr + Nc + s,ε
ds ds-diameter of the bar σcε Jio
sr,max = 3,4 c + k1 ⋅ k 2 ⋅ 0,425
ρs Nc,ε A c ( fct,eff − σc,ε ) (1+ ρs no )
c- concrete cover Ncr = + Nc + s,ε
1+ hc /( 2 z o )
k1 coefficient taking into account bond properties of kc,ε≈ 0,3

the reinforcement with k1=o,8 for high bond bars
⎡ kc A c σ c,ε (1+ ρs no ) ⎤
⎢ Nc + s,ε − ⎥
k2 coefficient which takes into account the distribution 1 1+ hc /(2 z o )
Ncr = A c fct,eff (1 + ρs n0 ) ⎢ + ⎥
of strains (1,0 for pur tension and 0,5 for bending) ⎢ 1 + hc /( 2 z o ) A c fct,eff (1 + ρs n0 ) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
31
⎣ ⎦ 32
Simplified solution for the cracking moment Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Determination of minimum reinforcement Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and Institute for Steel and
and the normal force in the concrete slab Composite Structures Composite Structures
Mc Mc,ε
cracking moment Mcr simplified solution for the normal hc Nc,ε
force in the concrete slab: zo Nc Mcr
Mc+s σc
cracking shrinkage
hc Mcr moment
zo Nc+s zi,o Ma,ε
Ncr ≈ A c fctm k s ⋅ k ⋅ k c
zi,st
Na,ε
k = 0,8 coefficient taking into account the effect of A f 1 f

non-uniform self-equilibrating stresses A s ≥ c ct,eff k k s k c kc = + 0,3 ≤ 1,0 ds = d∗s ct,eff fcto= 2,9 N/mm2
σs 1+ hc z o fct,o
primary effects due to shrinkage ks= 0,9 coefficient taking into account the slip
effects of shear connection
k = 0,8 Influence of non linear residual stresses due to shrinkage and temperature effects
Mc+s,ε
σcε ks = 0,9 flexibility of shear connection
1
kc = + 0,3 ≤ 1,0 kc Influence of distribution of tensile stresses in concrete immediately prior to
h
Nc+s,ε 1+ c cracking
2 zo
d∗s maximum bar diameter
ds modified bar diameter for other concrete strength classes
cracking moment shrinkage σs stress in reinforcement acc. to Table 1
fct,eff effective concrete tensile strength
33 34
Control of cracking due to direct loading – Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Maximum bar diameters and maximum bar Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Verification by limiting bar spacing or bar diameter Composite Structures spacing for high bond bars acc. to EC4 Composite Structures
fully cracked tension stiffening

Ac Ns Table 1: Maximum bar diameter Table 2: Maximum bar spacing
Ns,2 ΔNts
As ∗
-Ms,2 -Ms σs maximum bar diameter ds for σs maximum bar spacing in [mm]
-zst,s
[N/mm2] [N/mm2] for
a -MEd wk= 0,4 wk= 0,3 wk= 0,2
+ = wk= 0,4 wk= 0,3 wk= 0,2
zst zst,a -Ma,2 ΔNts a 160 40 32 25
-Ma 160 300 300 200
Aa
-Na,2 -ΔNts 200 32 25 16
za -Na 200 300 250 150
240 20 16 12
240 250 200 100
stresses in reinforcement σ = σ 280 16 12 8
s,2 + Δσ ts 280 200 150 50
The calculation of stresses is taking into account tension s 320 12 10 6
based on the mean strain in the MEd f
stiffening for the bending 320 150 100 -
concrete slab. The factor β σs = z st,s + β ct,eff
results from the mean value of
moment MEd of the quasi J2 ρs α st 360 10 8 5
360 100 50 -
crack spacing. With srm≈ 2/3 permanent combination: 400 8 6 4
sr,max results β ≈ 2/3 ·0,6 = 0,4 A A J
ρs = s β = 0,4 α st = 2 2
A a Ja 450 6 5 -
Ac
The bar diameter or the bar spacing has to be limited

35 36
6
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stresses in reinforcement in case of bonded Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Direct calculation of crack width w for Institute for Steel and Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures tendons – initial crack formation Composite Structures
composite sections based on EN 1992-2 University of Wuppertal-Germany University of Wuppertal-Germany
Ap, dp Equilibrium at the crack:

As -Ms
σs, As, ds
Ns σ s A s + Δσp A p = N = fct,eff A c ( 1 + no ρ tot )
Equilibrium in longitudinal direction:
-zst,s
-Ma MEd σs=σs1+Δσs
σs A s = π ds τsm L e,s
zst
σp Δσp A p = π dp τpm L ep
-Na
N Compatibility at the crack:
crack width for high bond bars:
σ s − σ s1 Δσp − Δσp1
σp=σpo+σp1+Δσp δs = δp ⇒ L es = L ep
Es Ep
w = sr,max (εsm − εcm ) Δσs
MEd f With Es≈Ep and σs1=Δσp1=0 results:
σs = zst,s + β ct,eff Δσp
Jst ρs α st σ fctm σs σs,1
εsm − εcm = s − β (1 + no ρs ) ≥ 0,6 Stresses:
Es Es ρs Es Δσp1
α st =
A st Jst
ρs =
As
β = 0,4 N ξ1 N
A a Ja Ac Les σs = Δ σp =
d A s + ξ1 A p A s + ξ1 A p
sr,max = 3,4 c + 0,34 s Lep
ρs
τpm τsm τpm ds
ξ1 =
c - concrete cover of reinforcement τsm dv
37 38
Stresses in reinforcement for final crack Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Determination of stresses in composite Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
formation Composite Structures sections with bonded tendons Composite Structures
Ap, dp
Equilibrium at the crack:
Ap As
As, ds N − Po = σs2 A s + Δ σp2 A p σs,σp Stresses σ*s in reinforcement
at the crack location
Maximum crack spacing: neglecting different bond
σs
[ ]
sr,max -zst,s behaviour of reinforcement
fct A c = τsm ns ds π + τpm np dp π MEd and tendons:
2
Δσp2
ds fct,eff A c zst MEd f
sr,max = σ *s = z st,s + β ctm
2 τsm ( A s + ξ A p )
2 Jst ρtot α st
A st Jst
σs2 Equilibrium in longitudinal direction: α st = β = 0,4
A a Ja
Up Stresses in reinforcement taking into account the
Δσp2 s U
σ s2 − σs1 = r,max s τsm
s
σp2 − σp1 = r,max τpm different bond behaviour:
2 As 2 Ap
Δσp1
Compatibility at the crack: ⎡ Ac Ac ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ A s + Ap
σs1 σs = σ *s + 0,4 fct,eff ⎢ − ⎥ = σ *s + 0,4 fct,eff ⎢ − ⎥ ρtot =
⎢ 2 A s + Ap ⎥ ⎣ ρeff ρ tot ⎦ Ac
x σ − β (σ s2 − σ s1) Δσp,2 − β( Δσp2 − Δσp1) ⎣ A s + ξ1 A p ⎦
σc=fct,eff δs = δp = s2 =
σc Es Ep ⎡ A ⎤ A s + ξ12 A p
ξ12 A c ⎡ 1 ξ2 ⎤ ρeff =
Δσp = σ*s − 0,4 fct,eff ⎢ c − ⎥ = σ *s − 0,4 fct,eff ⎢ − 1 ⎥ Ac
mean crack spacing: sr,m≈2/3 sr,max ⎢ A s + A p A s + ξ12 A p ⎥ ⎣⎢ ρ tot ρeff ⎦⎥
⎣ ⎦
sr,max
39 40
Deflections Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Effects of cracking of concrete
L1 L2
0,15 L1 0,15 L2 Deflections due to loading applied to the
composite member should be calculated
using elastic analysis taking into account
EaJ2
effects from
Part 4: EaJ1
ΔM - cracking of concrete,
Deformations - creep and shrinkage,
- sequence of construction,
Sequence of construction - influence of local yielding of
gc structural steel at internal supports,
- influence of incomplete interaction.
F steel member
F composite member
41 42
7
Deformations and pre-cambering Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and Effects of local yielding on deflections
combination limitation
general quasi - δ1 deflection of the steel girder For the calculation of deflection of un-propped beams, account may
permanent δmax ≤ L / 250
δc deflection of the composite be taken of the influence of local yielding of structural steel over a
risk of damage of adjacent quasi – girder
parts of the structure (e.g. permanent
support.
finish or service work) δ w ≤ L / 500 Pre-cambering of the steel
(better frequent) For beams with critical sections in Classes 1 and 2 the effect may be
girder:
taken into account by multiplying the bending moment at the support
δp = δ1+ δ2+ δ3 +ψ2 δ4
δ1 δ1
δp with an additional reduction factor f2 and corresponding increases are
δ2 δmax maximum deflection made to the bending moments in adjacent spans.
δ3 δc δw δw effective deflection for finish
and service work f2 = 0,5 if fy is reached before the concrete slab has
δ4 δmax hardened;
f2 = 0,7 if fy is reached after concrete has hardened.
δ1 – self weight of the structure This applies for the determination of the maximum deflection but not
δ2 – loads from finish and service work for pre-camber.
δ3 – creep and shrinkage
δ4 – variable loads and temperature effects
43 44
More accurate method for the determination of Institute for Steel and Effects of incomplete interaction on deformations Institute for Steel and
the effects of local yielding on deflections University of Wuppertal-Germany University of Wuppertal-Germany
The effects of incomplete interaction may be ignored

provided that:
L1 L2 The design of the shear connection is in accordance
lcr lcr +
with clause 6.6 of Eurocode 4,
z2
- Mel,Rk
- either not less shear connectors are used than half
Mpl,Rk the number for full shear connection, or the forces
σa=fyk fyk resulting from an elastic behaviour and which act on
EaJ1 EaJ2 the shear connectors in the serviceability limit state
(EJ)eff P do not exceed PRd and
PRd in case of a ribbed slab with ribs transverse to the

EaJeff EaJ2 beam, the height of the ribs does not exceed 80 mm.
ΔM
EaJeff P
P
cD
s s
Mel,Rk MEd Mpl,Rk su
45 46
Differential equations in case of incomplete Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Deflection in case of incomplete interaction for Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
interaction Composite Structures single span beams Composite Structures
concrete section
Mc Vc+dVc F composite section
Ec, Ac, Jc Vc Mc+ dMc
vL uc , u′c = ε c Aco=Ac/no, Jco= Jc/no
ac N Nc+dNc w
c
a zc vL Aio, Jio
aa L steel section no=Ea/Ec
Ma Ma+ dMa Aa, Ja
Ea, Aa, Ja
ua , u′a = εa ⎡ λ ⎤
sinh 2 ( ) ⎥
za (w) Na Na+dNa F L3 ⎢ 12 48 2
w= ⎢1 + −
) ⎥⎥
Va
Va+dVa 48 E a Ii,o ⎢ αλ
2 αλ3 sinh( λ
⎣ ⎦ 1+ α
dx λ2 =
Slip: sv = ua − uc + w′ a q αβ
Ec A c u′c′ + c s (ua − uc + w ′ a) = 0
L E a A c,o A a
Ea A a u′c′ − c s (ua − uc + w ′ a ) = 0 β=
A i,o c s L ²
(Ec Jc + Ea Ja ) w ′′′′ − c s a (u′a − u′c + w ′′ a) = q
⎡ λ ⎤ 1
Nc = E c A c u′c Mc = − Ec Jc w ′′ Vc = − Ec Jc w ′′′ ≈ 0 4 cosh( ) − 1⎥ α=
5 q L ⎢ 48 1 384 1 2
w= ⎢1 + − ⎥ Ji,o
384 E a Ji,o ⎢ 5 α λ2 5 α λ4 cosh( λ ) ⎥ −1
Na = E a A a u′a Ma = − Ea Ja w ′′ Va = − Ea Ja w ′′′ ⎣ 2 ⎦ Ja + Jc,o
x
47 48
8
Mean values of stiffness of headed studs Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Simplified solution for the calculation of Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
deflections in case of incomplete interaction Composite Structures
su q(ξ ) = q sin πξ
spring constant per stud:
CD = The influence of the flexibility of the shear connection is
PRd
taken into account by a reduced value for the modular
cs
spring constant of the shear C n ratio.
cs = D t
connection: eL
L L4 1 L4 1
wo = q =q
x π4 βo Ecm A c Ea A a π 4 Ea Jio,eff
P type of shear connection CD [kN / cm] ξ= EcmJc + Ea Ja + a2
L Ea A a + βo Ecm A c
PRd headed stud ∅ 19mm 2500
in solid slabs Ec, Ac, Jc Mc A c,eff A a 2
P headed stud ∅ 22mm εc Jio,eff = Jc,o + Ja + a
P 3000 Nc A c,eff + A a
in solid slabs
cD zc Ac
headed studs ∅ 25mm 3500
a A c,eff =
s in solid slab Ma no,eff
s
su
headed stud ∅ 19mm 1250 za Ea, Aa, Ja εa Na effective modular ratio for the
with Holorib-sheeting and concrete slab
one stud per rib
headed stud ∅ 22mm
π2 Ecm A c
1500 no,eff = no ( 1 + βs ) βs =
with Holorib-sheeting and L2 c s
eL nt=2 one stud per rib
49 50
Comparison of the exact method with the Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Deflection in case of incomplete interaction- Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
simplified method Composite Structures comparison with test results Composite Structures
q w/wc
1,5 F
load case 1
cD = 1000 KN/cm 1875 1875
1,4
L η=0,4 F
1,3
load case 2 F/2 F/2
w 1,2
beff
1,1 η=0,8
Ecm = 3350 KN/cm² L [m] F [kN] Deflection at
99 1,0
5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 200
midspan
51
exact solution 1875 3750 1875
simplified solution with no,eff
450 mm w/wc 150
7500
1,25
load case 2
cD = 2000 KN/cm
1,2
100
1,15 η=0,4 1500
wo- deflection in case of 50
neglecting effects from slip 1,1 50
175
of shear connection 1,05 η=0,8 load case 1

445
L [m]
η
270
degree of shear connection 1,0 δ

5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 IPE 270 0
20 40 60 [mm]
51 52
Deflection in case of incomplete interaction- Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Comparison with test results Composite Structures Composite Structures
F
F
160 push-out test
120
s
780
80
40 Part 5:
s[mm]
10 20 30 40
125 50 Limitation of stresses
second moment Load case 1 Load case 2
of area F= 60 kN F=145 kN
cm4 Deflection at midspan in mm
Test - 11,0 (100%) 20,0 (100 %)
Theoretical value, neglecting flexibility Jio= 32.387,0 7,8 (71%) 12,9 (65%)
of shear connection
Theoretical value, taking into account Jio,eff= 21.486,0 11,7 (106%) 19,4 (97%)
flexibility of shear connection
53 54
9
Limitation of Stresses Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Local effects of concentrated longitudinal Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Composite Structures shear forces Composite Structures
σc MEd composite section steel section bc

Stress limitation is not required for beams if gc
beff
in the ultimate limit state,
- + - no+ verification of fatigue is required and
σa zio
- no prestressing by tendons and /or x y
σs
+ - - no prestressing by controlled imposed z Ac,eff
MEd
deformations is provided. MEd
MEd(x) +
σa Concentrated longitudinal shear force at
- sudden change of cross-section
combination stress limit recommended VEd(x) VEd - 2 MEd A c,eff zio
Lv=beff
values ki + v L,Ed,max =
E a / Ec Jio b eff
structural steel characteristic σEd ≤ ka fyk ka = 1,00 vL,Ed,max
longitudinal shear forces Nc
reinforcement characteristic σEd ≤ ks fsk ks = 0,80
+
concrete characteristic σEd ≤ kc fck kc= 0,60 -
headed studs characteristic PEd ≤ ks PRd ks = 0,75

55 56
Local effects of concentrated longitudinal Institute for Steel and Ultimate limit state - longitudinal shear forces Institute for Steel and
shear forces University of Wuppertal-Germany University of Wuppertal-Germany
gc,d
EN 1994-2
system ULS
x [cm]
L = 40 m
FE-Model
P FE-Model:
cD
cross-section s
bc=10 m
300 shear connectors
y P FE-Model
500x20
14x2000 P
800x60 L = 40 m
CD = 3000 kN/cm cD s
per stud x
z δ
57 58
Serviceability limit state - longitudinal Institute for Steel and Institute for Steel and
shear forces University of Wuppertal-Germany University of Wuppertal-Germany
vL,Ed[kN/m]
SLS EN 1994-2
500
x [cm]
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
-500
-1000
P FE-Model: Part 6:
cD Vibrations
-1500 s
-2000
-2500 FE-Model
-3000 P
L = 40 m
-3500 cD s
x
-4000
59 60
10
Vibration- General Institute for Steel and Vibration - General Institute for Steel and
EN 1994-1-1: The dynamic properties of floor beams should satisfy EN 1990-A1.4.4:

the criteria in EN 1990,A.1.4.4
For serviceability limit state of a structure or a structural member not to
EN 1990, A1.4.4: To achieve satisfactory vibration behaviour of be exceeded when subjected to vibrations, the natural frequency of
buildings and their structural members under vibrations of the structure or structural member should be kept
serviceability conditions, the following aspects, above appropriate values which depend upon the function of the
among others, should be considered: building and the source of the vibration, and agreed with the client
and/or the relevant authority.
the comfort of the user
Possible sources of vibration that should be considered include walking,
the functioning of the structure or its structural
synchronised movements of people, machinery, ground borne vibrations
members
from traffic and wind actions. These, and other sources, should be
Other aspects should be considered for each project specified for each project and agreed with the client.
and agreed with the client
Note in EN 1990-A.1.4.4: Further information is given in ISO 10137.
61 62
Vibration – Example vertical vibration due Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Vibration –vertical vibrations due to Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
to walking persons Composite Structures walking of one person Composite Structures
The pacing rate fs dominates the dynamic During walking, one of the feet is always in
Span effects and the resulting dynamic loads. The Fi(t) right foot contact with the ground. The load-time function
length
speed of pedestrian propagation vs is a left foot can be described by a Fourier series taking into
F(x,t) function of the pacing rate fs and the stride account the 1st, 2nd and 3rd harmonic.
length ls.
⎡ 3 ⎤
pacing forward stride time t ∑
F( t ) = Go ⎢1 + αn sin (2 n π fs t − Φ n )⎥
⎢⎣ n =1 ⎥⎦
rate speed length
ls fs [Hz] vs = fs ls ls
F(t) Go weight of the person (800 N)
time t [m/s] [m]
xk 1. step 2. step 3. step αn coefficient for the load component of n-th harmonic
F(x,t) slow walk ∼1,7 1,1 0,6 n number of the n-th harmonic
tk normal walk ∼2,0 1,5 0,75 fs pacing rate
fast walk ∼2,3 2,2 1,00 Φn phase angle oh the n-th harmonic
ts
slow running ∼2,5 3,3 1,30
xk (jog) Fourier- α1=0,4-0,5 Φ1=0
ls both feet
x fast running > 3,2 5,5 1,75 coefficients and α2=0,1-0,25 Φ2=π/2
(sprint) phase angles:
α3=0,1-0,15 Φ3=π/2
63 ts=1/fs 64
Vibration – vertical vibrations due to walking Institute for Steel and Logarithmic damping decrement Institute for Steel and
of persons University of Wuppertal-Germany University of Wuppertal-Germany
F(t) acceleration results of measurements in buildings For the determination of the maximum
( t ) = k a
w
Fn π
Mgen δ
(
sin ( 2 π fE t ) 1 − e − δ fE t ) t=
L
vs Damping with finishes
acceleration the damping coefficient ζ or
the logarithmic damping decrement δ
Mgen
ratioξ [%]
without finishes must be determined. Values for composite
maximum acceleration a, vertical deflection w and beams are given in the literature. The
w(t) maximum velocity v 6 logarithmic damping decrement is a
c a
w max =
δ
a =k
max
Fn π
a
Mgen δ
(
1 − e − fE δ L / v s )
( 2 π fE )2 5 function of the used materials, the
damping of joints and bearings or support
xk a conditions and the natural frequency.
Fn(t) v max = 4
2 π fE
m For typical composite floor beams in
3
fE natural frequency buildings with natural frequencies
w(xk,t) Fn load component of n-th harmonic 2 between 3 and 6 Hz the following values
δ logarithmic damping decrement for the logarithmic damping decrement
L/2 vs forward speed of the person 1 δ = 2π ξ can be assumed:
ka Fn(t) ka factor taking into account the different δ=0,10 floor beams without not load-
positions xk during walking along the beam bearing inner walls
3 6 9 12
Mgen generated mass of the system
w(t) δ=0,15 floor beams with not load-
(single span beam: Mgen=0,5 m L) fE [Hz]
L bearing inner walls
65 66
11
Vibration –vertical vibrations due to walking of Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and Limitation of acceleration-recommended Institute for Steel and
persons Composite Structures Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany values acc. to ISO 10137 University of Wuppertal-Germany
People in office buildings sitting or standing many

3 hours are very sensitive to building vibrations. acceleration [m/s2]
F( t ) = Go + ∑ Fn sin (2 n π fs t − Φ n ) Therefore the effects of the second and third
n =1 harmonic of dynamic load-time function should be natural frequency of
considered, especially for structure with small 0,1 typical composite
F(t)/Go mass and damping. In case of walking the pacing beams
rate is in the rage of 1.7 to 2.4 Hz. The verification 0,05
fs=1,5-2,5 Hz
can be performed by frequency tuning or by Multiplying factors Ka for the basic curve
0,4 limiting the maximum acceleration.
2fs=3,0-5,0 Hz Residential (flats, hospitals) Ka=1,0
In case of frequency tuning for composite 0,01 Quiet office Ka=2-4
0,2
structures in office buildings the natural frequency General office (e. g. schools) Ka=4
3fs=4,5-7,5 Hz 0,005
normally should exceed 7,5 Hz if the first, second basic curve ao
0,1 and third harmonic of the dynamic load-time
function can cause significant acceleration. a ≤ ao K a
2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0
Otherwise the maximum acceleration or
velocity should be determined and limited to 1 5 10 50 100
acceptable values in accordance with
ISO 10137 frequency [Hz]
67 68
12
COMPOSITE COLUMNS
G. Hanswille
Contents Institute for Steel and
Eurocodes
Dissemination of information for training
18-20 February 2008, Brussels
Eurocode 4 Part 1: Introduction

Composite Columns Part 2: General method of design
Part 3: Plastic resistance of cross-sections and interaction curve
Part 4: Simplified design method
Univ. - Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Hanswille
Part 5: Special aspects of columns with inner core profiles
Institute for Steel and Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal Part 6: Load introduction and longitudinal shear
Germany
1 2
Institute for Steel and Composite columns Institute for Steel and
concrete encased
sections
concrete
Part 1: Introduction filled hollow
sections
partially concrete
encased sections
3 4
Special Cross-Sections Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Concrete encased sections Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
hollow sections with advantages:

additional inner high bearing resistance
profiles
high fire resistance
economical solution with regard to
material costs
disadvantages:
partially concrete
encased sections high costs for formwork
difficult solutions for connections
with beams
difficulties in case of later

strengthening of the column
in special case edge protection is

necessary
5 6
1
Partially concrete encased sections Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Casting of partially concrete encased sections Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
reinforcing pocket 1
advantages:
high bearing resistance, especially in case
of welded steel sections casting pocket 1
no formwork
simple solution for joints and load
introduction turning the steel profile
easy solution for later strengthening and
additional later joints
no edge protection reinforcing pocket 2
disadvantages:
lower fire resistance in comparison with
concrete encased sections. casting pocket 2
7 8
Concrete filled hollow sections Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Casting of concrete in case of concrete filled Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Composite Structures hollow sections Composite Structures
hole for vent

hole for vent
advantages: pumping in inclined position
high resistance and slender columns

e ≤ 5m
advantages in case of biaxial bending Outside compactor
no edge protection
Opening for casting H ≈ 0,2L
disadvantages :
high material costs for profiles
difficult casting
L
additional reinforcement is needed for fire Casting from Pumping in
resistance the top vertical
direction
9 10
Concrete filled hollow sections with Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Composite columns with hollow sections Institute Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
for Steel and
additional inner profiles Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany and additional inner core-profiles Composite Structures
advantages:
extreme high bearing resistance in
combination with slender columns
constant cross section for all stories is
possible in high rise buildings
high fire resistance and no additional
reinforcement
no edge protection
disadvantages:
high material costs
difficult casting
Commerzbank
Frankfurt
11 12
2
Design of composite columns Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Methods of verification in accordance Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
according to EN 1994-1-1 Composite Structures
with EN 1994-1-1 Composite Structures
Methods of verification
Verifications for composite columns
Resistance of the member for general method:

structural stability
• any type of cross-section and any
General method combination of materials
Simplified method
simplified method:
Resistance to local Buckling
• double-symmetric cross-section
• uniform cross-section over the member length
Introduction of loads
• limited steel contribution factor δ
• related Slenderness smaller than 2,0
Longitudinal shear outside the areas of load • limited reinforcement ratio
introduction
• limitation of b/t-values
13 14
Resistance to lokal buckling Institute for Steel and
bc
concrete encased cross-sections cy b cy
cz
⎧40 mm
Verification is not necessary where cz ≥ ⎨
⎩ b/6 hc
h
y
cz
concrete filled hollow section
z
t
⎛ d⎞ ⎛ d⎞ t
max ⎜ ⎟ = 90 ε2 d max ⎜ ⎟ = 52 ε
⎝t⎠ d Part 2:
⎝t⎠
partially encased I sections General design method

fyk,o ⎛ d⎞
ε= max ⎜ ⎟ = 44 ε
fyk ⎝t⎠
t
fyk,o = 235 N/mm2
b
15 16
General method Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
General method of design Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
σc
Design for structural stability shall take account of F e fcm
second-order effects including residual stresses, 0,4 fc concrete

geometrical imperfections, Ecm
local instability, εc
geometrical
wo cracking of concrete, w fct εc1 εc1u
L creep and shrinkage of concrete
imperfection
yielding of structural steel and of reinforcement. cracked concrete σs
L fy ftm
wo = The design shall ensure that instability does not occur for the plastic zones in structural steel
1000 most unfavourable combination of actions at the ultimate limit fsm
-
state and that the resistance of individual cross-sections reinforcement
subjected to bending, longitudinal force and shear is not Es
σE +
exceeded. Second-order effects shall be considered in any fs - εs
stresses in structural steel section
+ - direction in which failure might occur, if they affect the structural
fc σa
+ stability significantly. Internal forces shall be determined by Ev
residual fu
stresses due elasto-plastic analysis. Plane sections may be assumed to
- - - - - - fy
remain plane. Full composite action up to failure may be -
to rolling or
assumed between the steel and concrete components of the +
welding - Ea structural
member. The tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected. steel
The influence of tension stiffening of concrete between cracks stresses in concrete and reinforcement
εa
on the flexural stiffness may be taken into account. εv
17 18
3
elasto - plastic resistance of the cross-section

Typical load-deformation behaviour of Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
composite columns in tests Composite Structures
A elasto-plastic B full plastic F [kN] e

A concrete encased section and
fcm fsm bending about the strong axis:
fy fy 1600 F Failure due to exceeding the
fsm NRu e=100mm
- NRu - - ultimate strain in concrete, buckling
A of longitudinal reinforcement and
MRu,N + w spalling of concrete.
fsm Mpl,u,,N 1200
NR e=160mm
Npl,R F
B B concrete encased section and
1,0 M=F (w+wo) bending about the weak axis :
800 Failure due to exceeding the
F
NRu ultimate strain in concrete.
Npl,R Case I: ultimate load of the system is
II B w+wo reached due to elasto-plastic failure of
I 400 concrete filled hollow section:
the critical cross-section C e=130mm C
cross-section with high ductility
A and rotation capacity. Fracture
Case II: stability failure before reaching
the elasto-plastic resistance of the of the steel profile in the tension
0 20 40 60 80 100 zone at high deformations and
cross-section.
MR local buckling in the
Deflection w [mm] compression zone of the
MRu,N 1,0 Mpl,R
Mpl,R structural steel section.
19 20
General Method – Safety concept based G. Hanswille G. Hanswille

Composite columns for the Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
on DIN 18800-5 (2004) and German Composite Structures
central station in Berlin Composite Structures
national Annex for EN 1994-1-1
σc fcm σs σa
fu 800
ftm Ev
fy t=25mm 550
concrete fsm
0,4 fc Ecm
reinforcement structural S235
Es Ea
εs
εc1 εc1u εc εa
steel t=50mm
εv
χ
1200
700
fct
λu : amplification factor for ultimate
S355
Rpl,m buckling curve a
system capacity γR =
Rpl,d 1,0
Verification λu ≥ γR buckling curve b
N
E geometrical Residual buckling curve c
Imperfection stresses
λu Ed
Rpl,m e +- 0,5 buckling curve d
Ed
+ -
Rpl,d
NEd - Residual stresses
Ed wo=L/1000 wo
M -
MEd
wu w +
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0
λ
21 22
Institute for Steel and Resistance of cross-sections Institute for Steel and
fyd ν fcd
fsd
Npla,Rd Nplc,Rd Npls,Rd
y
z Npl,Rd = Npla ,Rd + Nplc ,Rd + Npls ,Rd

Design value of the plastic
resistance to compressive forces: Npl,Rd = A a fyd + ν A c fcd + A s fsd
Characteristic value of the plastic

Npl,Rk = A a fyk + A s fsk + νA c fck
resistance to compressive forces:
Design strength: fyk fsk fck

fyd = fsd = fcd =
γa γs γc
Part IV-3:
Increase of concrete
strength due to better ν = 1,0 ν = 0,85
Plastic resistance of cross-sections and curing conditions in case
interaction curve of concrete filled hollow
sections:
23 24
4
Confinement effects in case of concrete Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Confinement effect acc. to Eurocode 4-1-1 Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
filled tubes Composite Structures
fck ,c concrete
structural steel fck
Design value of the plastic resistance to compressive forces t
σc,r σa2,Rd + σa2,ϕ − σa,Rd σa2,ϕ = fyd
2
α1=1,125 fck,c taking into account the confinement effect: y
2.0 α2= 2,5 ⎛ t fyk ⎞
d
σa,Rd = ηa fyd α1=1,00
Npl,Rd = ηa fyd A a + A c fcd ⎜⎜1 + ηc ⎟
1.5 α2= 5,0
⎝ d fck ⎠⎟
ηa fyd σc,r 1.25 σc,r z MEd
1.0 e=
Basic values η for stocky columns ηao = 0,25 ηco = 4,9 NEd
σ c ,r centrically loaded: MEd
0.5
fck ,c = α 1 fck + α 2 σ c ,r NEd
fck
σaϕ σaϕ 0
influence of ηa,λ = ηao + 0,5 λK ≤ 1,0
0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
slenderness for
0 0.05 0.10
t d d-2t λ ≤ 0,5 ηc,λ = ηco − 18,5 λK (1 − 0,92 λK ) ≥0
fc
For concrete stresses σc>o,8 fck the Poisson‘s ratio of concrete is higher than the influence of load e ⎛ e⎞
Poisson‘s ratio of structural steel. The confinement of the circular tube causes radial eccentricity : ηa = ηa,λ + 10 (1 − ηao ) ηc = ηc,λ ⎜ 1− 10 ⎟
compressive stresses σc,r. This leads to an increased strength and higher ultimate
d ⎝ d⎠ fy
strains of the concrete. In addition the radial stresses cause friction in the interface e/d>0,1 : ηa=1,0 and ηc=0
between the steel tube and the concrete and therefore to an increase of the
longitudinal shear resistance.
25 26
Plastic resistance to combined bending and Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Influence of vertical shear Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
compression Composite Structures
N The resistance of a cross-section to combined Va,Ed Vc,Ed The shear force Va,Ed should not exceed
interaction curve compression and bending and the corresponding
fyd 0,85fcd the resistance to shear of the steel section.
Npl,Rd
interaction curve may be calculated assuming VEd The resistance to shear Vc,Ed of the
fsd MRd
rectangular stress blocks. zpl - - reinforced concrete part should be verified
NEd fyd in accordance with EN 1992-1-1, 6.2.
The tensile strength of the concrete should be
fsd NEd
neglected. +
Mpl,N,Rd= μ Mpl,Rd Unless a more accurate analysis is
The influence of transverse shear forces on the used, VEd may be distributed into
resistance to bending and normal force should be MRd= Ma + Mc+s NEd = Na +Nc+s Va,Ed acting on the structural steel
M considered when determining the interaction curve, if and Vc,Ed acting on the reinforced
the shear force Va,Ed on the steel section exceeds 50% concrete section by :
Mpl,Rd of the design shear resistance Vpl,a,Rd of the steel Ma fsd -
- zpl - Mc,+s Ma Mpla,Rd
section. The influence of the transverse shear on the Na Va,Ed = VEd ≈
fyd 0,85 f MRd Mpl,Rd
cd
fsd resistance in combined bending and compression fsd Nc+s
NEd should be taken into account by a reduced design fyd + Vc,Ed = VEd − Va,Ed
zpl
y - steel strength (1 - ρ) fyd in the shear area Av.
+ - VEd
Verification for vertical Mpl,a,Rd is the plastic resistance
(1-ρ) fyd Va,Ed ≤ 0,5 Vpla,Rd ⇒ ρ = 0 moment of the steel section.
z Mpl,N Rd
2
shear:
⎡2 V ⎤ Mpl,Rd is the plastic resistance moment
Va,Ed > 0,5 Vpla,Rd ⇒ ρ = ⎢ a,Ed − 1⎥ Va,Ed ≤ Vpla,Rd Vc,Ed ≤ Vc,Rd
of the composite section.
⎣⎢ Vpla,Rd ⎥⎦
27 28
Determination of the resistance to normal Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Simplified determination of the interaction curve Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
forces and bending (example) Composite Structures
0,85fcd fsd fyd

b N Npl,Rd
fyd Naf 0,85fcd
tf Ns A - -
Naw,c VEd -
Nc Mpl,N,Rd A
As zpl zs Npl,Rd
- zaw,c -
y tw zc
hw 0,85fcd fsd MB,Rd = Mpl,Rd
zaw,t NEd fyd
fsd zs C zpl
(1-ρ) fyd Naw,t Npm,Rd - - -
+ B hn
Ns +
Naf Npm,Rd +
D fyd
2
Position of the plastic neutral axis: ∑ Ni = NEd 0,85fcd fsd MC,Rd = Mpl,Rd
B fyd
NEd + h w t w (1 − ρ) fyd M
Nc + Naw ,c − Naw ,t = NEd zpl = zpl - -
Mpl,Rd Mmax,Rd C 2hn
(b − t w ) 0,85 fcd + 2 t w (1 − ρ) fyd
(b − t w ) zpl 0,85 fcd + t w zpl (1 − ρ) fyd − t w (h w − zpl ) (1 − ρ) fyd = NEd + Npm,Rd
Naw ,c = zpl t w (1 − ρ) fyd fyd
Plastic resistance to bending Mpl,N,Rd in case of the As a simplification, the interaction 0,85fcd fsd
simultaneously acting compression force NEd and the
Naw ,t = (h w − zpl ) t w (1 − ρ) fyd curve may be replaced by a polygonal fyd MD,Rd = Mmax,Rd
vertical shear VEd: Naf = b t f fyd diagram given by the points A to D. zpl - - fyd
D
Nc = (b − t w ) zpl 0,85 fcd +
Mpl,N,Rd = Nc zc + Naw,c zaw,c + Naw,t zaw,t + Naf (hw + t f ) + 2 Ns zs
0,5 Npm,Rd
Ns = 2A s fsd
29 30
5
Resistance at points A and D Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Bending resistance at Point B (Mpl,Rd ) Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
0,85fcd At point B is no resistance to

Point A Nplc,Rd Npls,Rd - 0,85fcd - 0,85
Npla,Rd fcd
compression forces. Therefore
+ hn the resistance to compression
Npl,Rd = Npla ,Rd + Nplc ,Rd + Npls ,Rd
forces at point D results from the
- M A ,Rd = 0 additional cross-section zones in
-
- b fsd + + + compression. With ND,Rd the
fcd fsd fyd 2 fsd - depth hn and the position of the
tf
Point D hn plastic neutral axis at point B can
tw
hh + = + be determined. With the plastic
bc fsd bending moment M
0,5 Mplc,Rd Mpls,Rd n,Rd resulting
Mpla,Rd from the stress blocks within the
- zsi - fyd ND,Rd = 0,5 Nplc ,Rd + + + depth hn the plastic resistance
hc - moment Mpl,Rd at point B can be
0,85 fcd + zsi fsd + MD,Rd = Mmax, Rd - + hn calculated by:
fyd + 2fyd fyd +
⎡ (h − 2t ) t 2 ⎤ Mpl,Rd = MD,Rd − Mp ln,Rd
Mmax, Rd = Mpla ,Rd + Mpls ,Rd + 1 2 Mplc ,Rd Mpla,Rd = Wpl,a f yd = ⎢ f w + b t (h − t ) f
f f ⎥ yd
⎣⎢ 4 ⎥⎦ Point D
Wpl,a plastic section modulus of the
Mpls,Rd = Wpl,s fsd = [∑ A si z si ] f ys ND,Rd Mpln,Rd zpl
structural steel section zpl
Wpl,s plastic section modulus of the cross- + hn = Mpl,Rd
⎡ b h2 ⎤ hn
section of reinforcement c c
Mplc,Rd = Wpl,c 0,85 fcd = ⎢ − Wpl,a − Wpl,s ⎥ 0,85 fcd MD,Rd ND,Rd Point B
Wpl,c plastic section modulus of the concrete ⎢ 4 ⎥
section ⎣ ⎦ 31 32
Plastic resistance moment at Point C Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Determination of Mn,Rd Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
- 0,85 fcd 0,85fcd 0,85fcd A

- The bending resistance at point C 0,85 fcd 2 fsd 2 fyd Mn,Rd The stress blocks acc. to A
- 2hn is the same as the bending hn - - and B give the same
resistance at point B. - bending moment Mn,Rd
ND,Rd= Npm,Rd
fsd + + + MC,Rd= Mpl,Rd
- ⎡ h ⎤ h
The depth hn results from
2 fsd Mn,Rd = ⎢(b − t w ) hn 0,85 fcd n − ( 2A s ) fcd z s ⎥ + ( 2 fsd )(2A s ) z s + (2 f yd ) hn t w n the equilibrium condition
⎣ 2 ⎦ 2
+ 2hn = fsd The normal force results from the
∑Ni= Npm,Rd
stress blocks in the zone 2hn. B Mn,Rd
+ fsd fyd
0,85 fcd
fyd + +
+ NC,Rd = 2 ND,Rd = Ncpl,Rd = Npm,Rd hn - -
(b − t w ) hn 0,85 fcd ⎫
⎪
2fyd 2hn + ( 2fsd − fcd ) (2A s )⎬ = Npm,Rd
hn +
- - + ( t w hn )2f yd ⎪⎭
- 2hn
+ +
fyd
⎡ h ⎤ h
Mn,Rd = ⎢(b − t w ) hn 0,85 fcd n − ( 2A s ) fcd z s ⎥ + (2A s ) fsd 2 z s + fyd hn t w 2 n
Point B Point C ⎣ 2 ⎦ 2
zpl Mc,Rd Wpl,c, W pl,s und W pl,a are
+ 2hn = 2hn
Mn,Rd = Mpl,cn =
1
Wplc 0,85 fcd + Mpl,sn = Wpl,s fsd + Mpl,an = Wpl,a fyd
the plastic section moduli
of the cross-section within
hn Mpl,Rd
Nc,Rd 2
NC,Rd the depth 2hn.
33 34
Determination of hn and Mpl,Rd for concrete filled Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Determination of hn and Mpl,Rd for concrete filled Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
rectangular hollow sections Composite Structures circular hollow sections Composite Structures
b t
1 1
Mmax,Rd = Wpl,a f yd + Wpl,c 0,85 fcd + Wpl,s fsd Mmax,Rd = Wpl,a f yd + Wpl,c 0,85 fcd + Wpl,s fsd
2 2
t ra
Mpl,Rd = Mmax,Rd − Mn,Rd Npm,Rd = A c 0,85 fcd Mpl,Rd = Mmax,Rd − Mn,Rd Npm,Rd = A c 0,85 fcd y d
ri
1 y d 1 ez
Mn,Rd = Wpl,an f yd + Wpl,cn 0,85 fcd + Wpl,sn fsd Mn,Rd = Wpl,an f yd + Wpl,cn 0,85 fcd + Wpl,sn fsd
2 ez 2
Depth hn and plastic section moduli ey z

within the depth hn: ey Depth hn and plastic section moduli
z within the depth hn: Plastic section moduli of the
Npm,Rd − A sn (2 fsd − fcd ) Plastic section moduli of the
hn =
composite section: composite section:
2 b fcd + 4 t (2 fyd − fcd ) Npm,Rd − A sn ( 2 fsd − fcd )
hn =
(b − 2t ) (d − 2t )2 2 3 2 d 2 d fcd + 4 t ( 2 fyd − fcd ) (d − 2t )3
n Wpl,c = − ri − ri ( 4 − π)( − ra ) − Wpl,s Wpl,c = − Wpl,s
Wpl,sn = ∑ A sni e zi 4 3 2 6
i =1
bd2 2 3 d Wpl,an = 2 t hn2 n
Wpl,a = − ra − ra2 ( 4 − π)( − ra ) − Wpl,c − Wpl,s Wpl,s = Σ A si e zi
Wpl,an = 2 t hn2 4 3 2 i=1
n
n Wpl,sn = ∑ A sni e zi
Wpl,cn = (b − 2t ) hn2 − Wpl,sn Wpl,s = Σ A si ezi i =1 d3
i=1 Wpl,a = − Wpl,c − Wpl,s
n 6
Wpl,sn = ∑ A sni e zi
i =1
35 36
6
Determination of hn and Mpl,Rd for concrete Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Determination of hn and Mpl,Rd for concrete Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
encased sections – strong axis Composite Structures encased sections – weak axis Composite Structures
bc 2 hc
1 ( h − 2t f ) t w t b2
1 bc hc 2 Mmax,Rd = Wpl,a f yd + Wpl,c 0,85 fcd + Wpl,s fsd Wpl,a = + f
Mmax,Rd = Wpl,a f yd + Wpl,c 0,85 fcd + Wpl,s fsd Wpl,c = − Wpl,a − Wpl,s b 2 4 2 h
2 4
Mpl,Rd = Mmax,Rd − Mn,Rd Npm,Rd = A c 0,85 fcd h b 2
Mpl,Rd = Mmax,Rd − Mn,Rd Npm,Rd = A c 0,85 fcd (h − 2t f )2t w Wpl,c = c c − Wpl,a − Wpl,s
Wpl,a = + b t f (h − tf ) 4 tw
4 1
1 n Mn,Rd = Wpl,an f yd + Wpl,cn 0,85 fcd + Wpl,sn fsd n tf
Mn,Rd = Wpl,an f yd + Wpl,cn 0,85 fcd + Wpl,sn fsd
Wpl,s = Σ A si e zi y tw 2 Wpl,s = Σ A si e yi z b bc
2
i=1 h hc i=1 ey
ez tf
Plastic neutral axis outside the steel section: h/2 ≤ hn < hc/2 plastic neutral axis outside the steel section b/2 ≤ hn < bc/2
Npm,Rd − A a (2 fyd − 0,85 fcd ) − A sn (2 fsd − 0,85 fcd ) W Npm,Rd − A a (2 fyd − 0,85 fcd ) − A sn (2 fsd − 0,85 fcd ) Wpl,an = Wpl,a ez y
hn = pl,an = Wpl,a z hn =
2 bc 0,85 fcd ey 2 hc 0,85 fcd
Wpl,cn = hchn2 − Wpl,an − Wpl,sn
Plastic neutral axis in the web of the steel section: 2 hn ≤ h/2-tf Wpl,cn = bc hn2 − Wpl,an − Wpl,sn plastic neutral axis in the web of the steel section : 2 hn ≤ tw/2
n
Npm,Rd − A sn (2 fsd − 0,85 fcd ) n Npm,Rd − A sn (2 fsd − 0,85 fcd ) Wpl,sn = ∑ A sni e yi
hn = Wpl,an = t w hn2 Wpl,sn = ∑ A sni e zi hn = Wpl,an = hhn2
2 b 0,85 f + 2 t (2 f − 0,85 f ) 2 hc 0,85 fcd + 2 h ( 2 f yd − 0,85 fcd ) i =1
c cd w yd cd i =1
Plastic neutral axis in the flange of the steel section: h/2-tf < hn < h/2 Plastic neutral axis in the flange of the steel section : tw/2 < hn < b/2
t
Npm,Rd − ( A a − b h) ( 2 f yd − 0,85 fcd ) − A sn ( 2 fsd − 0,85 fcd )
Wpl,an = Wpl,a −
b 2
(h − 4hn2 ) Npm,Rd − ( A a − 2 t f h)(2 fyd − 0,85 fcd ) − A sn (2 fsd − 0,85 fcd ) Wpl,an = Wpl,a − f (b2 − 4hn2 )
hn = 4 hn = 2
2 bc 0,85 fcd + 2 b ( 2 f yd − 0,85 fcd ) 2 hc 0,85 fcd + 4 t f (2 f yd − 0,85 fcd )
37 38
Institute for Steel and Simplified Method Institute for Steel and
Methods of verification acc. to the simplified method

κ
Design based on the
European buckling curves
λK
Axial
compression
Design based on second order

wo
analysis with equivalent geometrical
bow imperfections
Part 4:
Resistance
Simplified design method of member Design based on second order
in combined analysis with equivalent geometrical wo
compression bow imperfections
and bending
39 40
Effects of creep of concrete Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Scope of the simplified method Composite Structures Composite Structures
double symmetrical cross-section e

Load
uniform cross-sections over the member length with rolled, F [kN] F
cold-formed or welded steel sections The horizontal deflection and
Fu = 2022 kN the second order bending
short term test
steel contribution ratio 2000 moments increase under
L = 800 cm
wt
A a fyd Fu = 1697 kN permanent loads due to creep of
0,2 ≤ δ ≤ 0,9 δ= wo concrete. This leads to a
Npl,Rd 1500 long term test reduction of the ultimate load.
relative slenderness
Npl,Rk
λ = ≤ 2,0 30 cm
Ncr 1000
longitudinal reinforcement ratio The effects of creep of

30 cm
Fv = 534 kN concrete are taken into

500 account in design by a
A
0,3 % ≤ ρs ≤ 6,0 % ρs = s permanent e=3 cm reduced flexural stiffness of
Ac load the composite cross-section.
0
the ratio of the depth to the width of the composite cross- 20 40 60 80 100
section should be within the limits 0,2 and 5,0 deflection w [mm]
41 42
7
Effects of creep on the flexural stiffness Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Verification for axial compression with the Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
European buckling curves Composite Structures
NRd
The effects of creep of concrete are χ=
Ecm Secant modulus of concrete cross-section buckling Npl,Rd a
taken into account by an effective curve
modulus of elasticity of concrete NEd total design normal force 1,0
Ecm NG,Ed part of the total normal force that is buckling about b 0,8
Ec,eff = Npl,Rk
NG,Ed permanent strong axis λ = ≤ 2,0
1+ ϕ( t, t o ) ν = 0,85 0,6 Ncr
NEd ϕ(t,to) creep coefficient as a function of the time at
buckling about c
loading to, the time t considered and the 0,4
notional size of the cross-section for weak axis b
notional size of the cross-section ν = 0,85
the determination of the creep c Npl,k
coefficient ϕ(t,to) a 0,2 λ=
ρs ≤ 3% ν = 1,00 Ncr
2 Ac In case of concrete filled hollow section the drying of the
ho = 0,2 0,6 1,0 1,4 1,8
U concrete is significantly reduced by the steel section. A
good estimation of the creep coefficient can be 3% < ρs ≤ 6 % b NEd
effective perimeter U of the cross-
ν = 1,00 Verification: ≤ 1,0
achieved, if 25% of that creep coefficient is used, which NRd
section
b b results from a cross-section, where the notional size ho
is determined neglecting the steel hollow section. ν = 1,00 b
Design value of NRd = χ Npl,Rd
h h resistance
ϕt,eff = 0,25 ϕ(t,to) b
ν = 0,85
Npl,Rd = A a fyd + A s fsd + ν A c fcd
U = 2 (b + h) U ≈ 2 h + 0,5b
43 44
relative slenderness Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Verification for combined Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
compression and bending Composite Structures
fck N wo equivalent Verification

fcd = relative slenderness: Npl,Rd
geometrical bow
γc
Npl,Rk imperfection max MEd ≤ MRd = αM μ Mpl,Rd
ν = 0,85 λ = ≤ 2,0 NEd
Ncr αM= 0,9 for S235 and S355
wo
characteristic value of the plastic αM= 0,8 for S420 and S460
resistance to compressive forces αM μ Mpl,Rd
bending moments taking into
Mpl,N,Rd
Npl,Rk = A a fyk + A c ν fck + A s fsk M account second order effects:
1
MRd Mpl,Rd max MEd = NEd w o
fck elastic critical normal force NEd
fcd = 1−
fyd 0,85fcd Ncr
γc π2 (EJ)eff Mpl,N Rd
ν = 1,00 Ncr = β - buckling length factor π2 (E J)eff ,II
(β L )2 - - NEd Ncr =
β2L2
effective flexural stiffness (1-ρ) fyd +
Effective flexural stiffness
fsd VEd
(EJ)eff = (EaJa + K e Ec,eff Jc + EsJs ) Ke=0,6 The factor αM takes into account the (EI)eff ,II = K o (EaJa + K e Ec,eff Jc + Es Js )
difference between the full plastic and the
elasto-plastic resistance of the cross-section with K e,II = 0,5 K o = 0,9
45 resulting from strain limitations for concrete. 46
Favourable effects of the compression force on Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and Global analysis Institute for Steel and
the bending resistance of the cross-section Composite Structures Composite Structures
N MEd,R First-order analysis may be used if the increase of the relevant internal
Npl,Rd Case A Case B
NEd,A NEd,B forces or moments caused by the deformations given by first-order
μ = 1,0 MEd,R=NEd e
analysis is less than 10%. This condition may be assumed to be fulfilled if
MEd,max MEd,max
the following criterion is satisfied:
μ d,max αcr ≥ 10
0,5 Npm,Rd
μ d,A where αcr is the factor by which the design loading would have to be
NEd,A M Case A: Bending moment depends
μ d,B μ= increased to cause elastic instability.
NEd,B Npl,Rd directly on the action of the normal force
Case B: Bending moment and normal Appropriate allowances shall be incorporated in the structural analysis to
1,0 μ d,max force result from independent actions. cover the effects of imperfections, including residual stresses and
geometrical imperfections such as lack of verticality, lack of straightness,
Values μd greater than 1,0 should only be used where the bending moment MEd depends
directly on the action of the normal force NEd, for example where the moment MEd results from and unavoidable minor eccentricities in joints of the unloaded structures.
an eccentricity of the normal force NEd. Otherwise an additional verification is necessary,
because an overestimation of the normal force leads to an increased bending resistance (see
The assumed shape of imperfections shall take account of the elastic
normal forces NEd,A and NEd,B). For composite compression members subjected to bending buckling mode of the structure or member in the plane of buckling
moments and normal forces resulting from independent actions, the partial factor γF for those considered, in the most unfavourable direction and form.
internal forces that lead to an increase of resistance should be reduced by 20%.
47 48
8
Equivalent initial bow imperfections Institute for Steel and Imperfections for global analysis of frames Institute for Steel and
Buckling curve Global initial sway imperfection acc. to EN 1993-1-1:

sway imperfection
a b c NEd,1 NEd,2
φ = φo α m α h
φ φ Φo basic value with Φo = 1/200

h
3% < ρ s ≤ 6 % αh reduction factor for the height h in [m]
2 2
αh = but ≤ αh ≤ 1,0
h 3
ρ s ≤ 3% equivalent forces
αm reduction factor for the number of columns in a row
NEd,2 ⎡ 1⎤
Φ NEd,1 NEd,1 Φ NEd,2 αm = 0,5 ⎢1+ ⎥
⎣ m⎦
Member imperfection m is the number of columns in a row including only

those columns which carry a vertical load NEd not
Φ NEd,2
wo= L/300 wo= L/200 wo= L/150 Φ NEd,1 less than 50% of the average value of the column
in a vertical plane considered.
49 50
Frames sensitive against second order effects Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Second order analysis Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
imperfections Within a global analysis, member imperfections in Bending moments including second order effects:
NEd,1 NEd,2 N
composite compression members may be r MR
neglected where first-order analysis may be r MR ⎛ r sin ε (1 − ξ) + sin ε ξ ⎞ ⎛ cos ε (0,5 − ξ) ⎞
Npl,Rk used. Where second-order analysis should be M( ξ) = MR ⎜ ⎟ + Mo ⎜ − 1⎟
λ > 0,5 ⎝ sin ε ⎠ ⎝ cos ( ε / 2) ⎠
NEd,2 used, member imperfections may be neglected
L1
φ1 within the global analysis if:
L2 M ε⎛ r cos ε (1 − ξ) + cos ε ξ ⎞ ⎛ sin ε (0,5 − ξ) ⎞
φ2 EJ Vz ( ξ)= R ⎜ ⎟ + Mo ⎜ − 1⎟
L ⎝ sin ε ⎠ ⎝ cos ( ε / 2) ⎠
Npl,Rk w0 Npl,Rk NEd
λ ≤ 0,5 λ ≤ 0,5 q wo 1 ε= L
NEd,1 NEd,i L Mmax Mo = ( q L2 + 8 N w o )
ε2 (E J)eff ,II
NEd,1 ζM ⎛ dM ⎞
NEd,2 wo Npl,Rk Maximum bending moment at the point ξM: ⎜ dξ = 0 ⎟
4 NEd,2 λ = ζ ⎝ ⎠
L2 Ncr
NEd,2 φ2 1+ c 2
NEd,1 φ1 Mmax = [0,5 M ( 1 + r ) + Mo ] − M0
wo π2 (EJ)eff cos( 0,5 ε )
equivalent
q= 8 NEd,2 Ncr =
L2i MR
NEd,1 φ1
forces L22 M (r − 1) 1 arctan c
c= ξM = 0,5 +
(EJ)eff = (EaJa + 0,6 Ec,eff Jc + EsJs ) MR M (1 + r ) + 2 Mo tan (0,5ε ) ε
NEd,2 φ2 w
4 o NEd,2
L2 51 52
Simplified calculation of second order effects Institute for Steel and Background of the member imperfections Institute for Steel and
k Exact solution:
r=1,0 NEd=NRd Bending moment based on second
r MR N NRd
N ε =L order analysis:
4,0 1+ c 2 (EJ)eff ,II
r=0,5
r MR Mmax = 0,5 MR ( 1 + r ) 8 w o (EJ)eff ,II ⎡ 1 ⎤
cos( 0,5 ε ) M= ⎢ cos( ε / 2) − 1⎥
L2 ⎣ ⎦
r −1 1 NRd
r=0 c= wo Resistance to axial compression
3,0 EJ 1 + r tan (0,5ε )
based on the European buckling
r= - 0,5
L ζM Mmax μ Mpl,Rd curves:
arctan c NEd
ξM = 0,5 + ε= L NRd = χ Npl,Rd
ε (E J)eff ,II
2,0 ζ Bending resistance:
M
MRd Mpl,Rd MRd = αM μ Mpl,Rd
simplified solution:
MR
The initial bow imperfections were Determination of the equivalent bow
1,0
MR Mmax β β = 0,66 + 0,44 r recalculated from the resistance to imperfection:
exact Solution k= =
MR 1− NEd compression calculated with the
αM μ d Mpl,Rd L2
simplified solution
Ncr β ≥ 0,44 European buckling curves. wo =
N ⎡ 1 ⎤
8 (EJ)eff ,II ⎢ − 1⎥
0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 Ncr ⎣1 − cos (ε / 2) ⎦
53 54
9
Geometrical bow imperfections – G. Hanswille Comparison of the simplified method with non- G. Hanswille
comparison with European buckling Institute for Steel and linear calculations for combined compression Institute for Steel and
curves for axial compression University of Wuppertal-Germany and bending University of Wuppertal-Germany
NRd ( κ) N
j δ=
δ NRd ( w o ) Npl,Rd Resistance as a function of the
1 C20/S235 related slenderness
500 λk = 0,50
1,2 2 C40/S355 1,0
1 Plastic cross-section
2 resistance
λk = 1,00
400 1 3 3 C60/S355 Npl,Rk
1,1 0,8 λ = λk = 1,50
Ncr
2 1,0 λk = 2,00
300 0,6
0,9
L 3 wo= l/300
j= 0,4
200 wo 0,8 general method
1,0 2,0
λ λ
0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2,0 0,2 simplified method
The initial bow imperfection is a The use of constant values for wo leads to
function of the related slenderness M
maximum differences of 5% in
and the resistance of cross-sections. comparison with the calculation based on Mpl,Rd
In Eurocode 4 constant values for w0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
the European buckling curves.
are used.
55 56
Resistance to combined compression Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and Verification in case of compression an biaxial
and biaxial bending Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany bending
The resistance is given by a three- N

N dimensional interaction relation. For For both axis a separate verification Npl,Rd
NEd simplification a linear interaction is necessary.
Npl,Rd
Npl,Rd between the points A and B is used. NEd
Interaction My,Ed Mz,Ed Npl,Rd
≤ αM ≤ αM μdy
Mz, N Interaction My,Rd (NEd ) = μ dy Mpl,y,Rd
μ dy Mpl,y,Rd μdz Mpl,y,Rd
My, N Mz,Rd (NEd ) = μ dz Mpl,y,Rd My,Rd
μ z,Ed μ y,Ed
Verification for the interaction of biaxial Mpl,y,Rd
μ dy Interaction My,Ed = μ y,Ed My,Rd
B bending.
μ dz My, Mz, NEd N
Mz,Ed = μ z,Ed My,Rd My,Ed Mz,Ed Npl,Rd
+ ≤ 1,0
A μ dy Mpl,y,Rd μ dz Mpl,y,Rd
Approximation: NEd
μ y,Ed μ z,Ed approximation for the
+ ≤ 1,0 μdz
μdy μ dz interaction curve: Npl,Rd
Imperfections should be considered
μ y,Ed μ
My + z,Ed ≤ 1,0 only in the plane in which failure is Mz,Rd
μ dy μ dz expected to occur. If it is not evident Mpl,z,Rd
Mz Mpl,y,Rd
My,Ed Mz,Ed which plane is the most critical,
Mpl,z,Rd Interaction + ≤ 1,0 αM= 0,9 for S235 and S355
checks should be made for both
My, Mz μ dy Mpl,y,Rd μ dz Mpl,z,Rd
planes. αM= 0,8 for S420 and S460
57 58
Institute for Steel and Composite columns – General Method Institute for Steel and
Commerzbank Frankfurt
Millennium Tower Vienna
Part 5:
New railway station in Berlin
Special aspects of columns with inner core profiles (Lehrter Bahnhof)
Highlight Center
Munich
59 60
10
Composite columns with concrete filled Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Residual stresses and distribution of the Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
tubes and steel cores – special effects Composite Structures yield strength Composite Structures
Resistance based on stress blocks (plastic distribution of yield strenght

MRd σED [N/mm2]
resistance) αM = fyk fy(r)
μ Mpl,Rd 300
tube core concrete fyk – characteristic value
fy 250
fy fc Cross-sections with of the yield strenght
M massive inner cores have 200 U = π dk 2
a very high plastic shape fy (r ) ⎛r⎞
factor and the cores can
150 A = π dk2 / 4 rk
fyk
= 0,95 + 0,1⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
N ⎝ rk ⎠
have very high residual 100 dk
stresses. Therefore these
Non linear resistance with strain limitation for concrete 50
columns can not be U/A [1/m]
design with the simplified
strains ε fy 10 20 30 40 50
fy fc method according to EN residual stresses:
dK [mm]
1944-1-1. σED
M σED 400 200 130 100 80
⎡ 2r2 ⎤
σE (r ) = σED ⎢1− ⎥
N d
⎢
⎣ rK2 ⎦⎥
dK
r r, rk
61 62
General method – Finite Element Model

Influence of residual stresses - comparison of Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
resistance with the European buckling curves Composite Structures
stresses in the tube

load introduction initial bow imperfection
χ
buckling curve a tube 406x6,3 - S235
(no residual stresses)
1,0 buckling curve d
(considering residual stresses)
σE=fy concrete C30

stresses in concrete core dK=300 mm
cross-section 0,5 fy=265 N/mm2
dK NRd= χ Npl,Rd
λK
0,5 1,0 1,5
63 64
Load introduction and shear connection Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Basic requirements
Provision shall be made in regions of load introduction for internal forces

and moments applied from members connected to the ends and for
loads applied within the length to be distributed between the steel and
concrete components, considering the shear resistance at the interface
between steel and concrete. A clearly defined load path shall be
provided that does not involve an amount of slip at this interface that
would invalidate the assumptions made in design.
Part 6: Where composite columns and compression members are subjected to
significant transverse shear, as for example by local transverse loads
Load introduction and and by end moments, provision shall be made for the transfer of the
longitudinal shear corresponding longitudinal shear stress at the interface between steel
and concrete. For axially loaded columns and compression members,
longitudinal shear outside the areas of load introduction need not to be
considered
65 66
11
Load introduction over the steel section Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Load introduction for combined comression and Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
bending Composite Structures
NEd load introduction by headed studs within the sectional forces due to NEd
und MEd sectional forces based on plastic theory
load introduction length LE
MEd NEd MRd = Ma,Rd + Mc + s,Rd NRd = Na,Rd + Nc + s,Rd
d minimum transverse dimension of
⎧ 2d 0,85fcd MRd
LE ≤ ⎨ the cross-section Ma;Rd fsd Mc,+s,Rd
⎩L / 3 zpl - -
PD LE < 2,0 d L member length of the column N + =
Npl,Rd fyd
+ Na,Rd Nc+s,Rd NRd
sectional forces of the cross-section :
1,0 fsd
Nc,Ed Ns,Ed Npl,a Npl,s Npl,c
Na,Ed = NEd Ns,Ed = NEd Nc,Ed = NEd Na,Ed Ma,Ed Ed Na,Ed Ma,Ed Nc + s,Ed Mc + s,Ed
Na,Ed Npl,Rd Npl,Rd Npl,Rd NRd = = = =
Aa R d Na,Rd Ma,Rd Nc + s,Rd Mc + s,Rd
As Npl,Rd
Nc,Ed +Ns,Ed
NEd
required number of studs n resulting from the Rd 2 2
Mc,Ed +Ms,Ed Npl,Rd ⎛ M ⎞ ⎛ N ⎞
sectional forces NEd,c+ NEd,s: M Rd = ⎜ Ed ⎟ + ⎜ Ed ⎟
Ac ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
d Ed Mpl,Rd ⎝ Mpl,Rd ⎠ ⎝ Npl,Rd ⎠
⎡ Npl,a ⎤ VL,Rd = n PRd
VL,Ed = Nc,Ed + Ns,Ed = NEd ⎢1− ⎥ MEd MRd 1,0
⎣⎢ Npl,Rd ⎦⎥ Mpl,Rd Mpl,Rd ⎛ M ⎞ ⎛ N
2
⎞
2
Ed = ⎜ Rd ⎟ + ⎜ Rd ⎟
⎜ Mpl,Rd ⎟ ⎜ Npl,Rd ⎟
PRd – design resistance of studs ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
67 68
Load introduction – Example Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Load introduction by end plates Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
sectional forces based on stress blocks: sectional forces of the steel and
concrete section of the column:
fyd
fsd fcd -Ns,i
Nc + s,Rd = Nc + ∑ Nsi Npl,a
- Ma;Rd -Nc Zs Na,Ed = NEd
zpl - Mc,+s,Rd Npl,Rd
Mc + s,Rd = Nc zc + ∑ Nsi zsi
zc Nc + sEd = NEd − Na,Ed
Na,Rd Zs
-Nc+s,Rd
+ I I
fsd Ns,i bcx bcy sectional forces in Section I-I:
distribution with a
shear forces of studs based on elastic theory shear forces of studs based on plastic theory ratio 1:2,5 ⎡ Npl,a1 ⎤
Na1,Ed = NEd ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ Npl,c1 + Npl,a1 ⎥⎦
2 2
⎡N M ⎤ ⎡M ⎤ N M
⎢ c + s,Ed + c + s,Ed xi ⎥ + ⎢ c + s,Ed zi ⎥ max PEd = c + s,Ed + c + s,Ed NEd Nc1,Ed = NEd − Na1,Ed
max PEd =
⎢ n ∑ ri
2 ⎥ ⎢ ∑ r2 ⎥ n eh 0,5 n NEd, c+s
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ i ⎦ Section I-I Ac1 NEd,a
Npl,a1 = A a1 fyd
n – number of verification in Section I-I A c1
zi bcy Npl,c1 = A c1 fcd ≤ 3 fcd A c1
PEd(N) studs within the Ac
xi
Ped,v ri load introduction
eh Aa1 Na1,Ed Nc1,Ed Longitudinal shear force:
Ped,h length bcx ≤ 1,0 ≤ 1,0
PEd(M) Npl,a1 Npl,c1
Nc+s,Ed Mc+s,Ed VL,Ed = (Nc + s,Ed − Nc1,Ed ) ≤ VL,Rd
Mc+s,Ed Nc+s,Ed
69 70
Shear resistance of stud connectors welded Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
to the web of partially encased I-Sections Composite Structures
to the web of partially encased I-Sections Composite Structures
PRd PRd PRd PRd PRd PRd
VLR,Rd/2
PRd
Dc < 300 < 400 < 600
µ PRd / 2 µ PRd / 2
Where stud connectors are attached to the web of a fully or

partially concrete encased steel I-section or a similar
VL,Rd = PRd + VLR,Rd
section, account may be taken of the frictional forces that 1
develop from the prevention of lateral expansion of the PRd,1 = 0,29 α d2 fck Ecm
PRd= min γv
concrete by the adjacent steel flanges. This resistance may VL,Rd = n PRd + VLR,Rd VLR,Rd = μ PRd ⎛ π d2 ⎞ 1
be added to the calculated resistance of the shear PRd,2 = 0,8 ⋅ fu ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
connectors. The additional resistance may be assumed to ⎝ 4 ⎠ γv
be on each flange and each horizontal row of studs, where μ
is the relevant coefficient of friction that may be assumed.
In absence of better information from tests, the clear distance between
For steel sections without painting, μ may be taken as 0,5.
VLR,Rd = μ PRd PRd is the resistance of a single stud. the flanges should not exceed the values given above.
71 72
12
Load introduction – longitudinal shear Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
to the web of partially encased I-sections Composite Structures
forces in concrete Composite Structures
F F F F NEd NEd Longitudinal shear force in section I-I:

F [kN]
3500 ⎡ Npl,a ⎤ A c1 0,85 fcd + A s1 fsd
VL,Ed = NEd ⎢1− ⎥
⎣⎢ Npl,Rd ⎦⎥ A c 0,85 fcd + A s fsd
3000 Dc Dc
Longitudinal shear resistance of concrete struts:
θ Zs
2500 LE θD c y ν 0,85 fcd
Zs Zs VL,Rd,max = 4 LE
c θ =45o
cot θ + tan θ
2000
test series S1 test series S2
ν = 0,6 (1 − ( fck / 250 )) with fck in N / mm 2
1500 I I
test S3/3
I longitudinal shear resistance of the stirrups:
1000 I
test S1/3 As
500 VL,Rd,s = 4 fyd cot θ LE
cy bc cy sw
w [mm]
0 sw- spacing of stirrups
not directly connected concrete
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 area As1
As- cross-section area of the stirrups
73 74
Load introduction – longitudinal shear Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Load introduction – Examples Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
forces in concrete – test results Composite Structures
(Airport Hannover) Composite Structures
F [kN]
2000
Fu = 1608 kN
1500
1000 F
F
w test I/1
500
Load introduction with
gusset plates
w [mm]
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 75 76
Load introduction with partially loaded Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Load introduction with distance plates for Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
end plates Composite Structures
columns with inner steel cores Composite Structures
distance plates
Load introduction with Post Tower Bonn

partially loaded end plates
77 78
13
Composite columns with hollow sections – Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and Confinement effects in partiallly loaded areas Institute for Steel and
Load introduction Composite Structures Composite Structures
stiffeners and
gusset plate distance plates The confinement by the tubes leads to a high
end plates resistance in partially loaded areas.
Stiffener
σc
σc σc
Distance
plate
σc
σa σc,r
σa,t σa,y
79 80
Typical load-deformation curves Institute for Steel and Mechanical model Institute for Steel and
P [MN]
series SXIII
2.5 Pu
2.0 Pu,stat
Ac ⎡ t fy ⎤
P PcR,m = fc A1 ⎢1+ ηcL ⎥
1.5
P [MN] A1 ⎣ d fc ⎦ σc
1.0 Pu series SV σa
δ 5.0 A1
0.5
δ [mm] 4.0 Pu,stat
0
P Effect of
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 3.0
Effect of partially
confinement by the Ac
loaded area
2.0 tube
1.0 δ
δ [mm] σc,r
σa,t
0 5 10 15 20
σa,t
ηc,L = 3,5 ηc,L = 4,9
81 82
Test evaluation according to EN 1990 Institute for Steel and
Load distribution by end plates Institute for Steel and
re [MN]
10,0 Pc,Rm
~1d
8,0
41 tests
Vr= 0.14 F [kN]
6,0
Pc,Rk = 0.78 Pc,Rm σc Fu
4,0 σa,x 6000
A1
ts tp
2,0 Pc,Rd = 0.66 Pc,Rm Fu = 6047 kN
rt [MN] 4000 Fu,stat = 4750 kN
σc
δu = 7.5 mm
2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 Ac
2000 bc
⎡ t fy ⎤ Ac
PcR,m = fc A 1 ⎢1+ η cL ⎥ σc,r
⎢⎣ d fc ⎥⎦ A1 δ [mm] bc = t s + 5 t p
σa,y σa,y 5,0 10,0 15,0
83 84
14
Design rules according to EN 1994-1-1 Institute for Steel and Contribution of reinforcement Institute for Steel and
For concrete filled circular hollow sections, longitudinal reinforcement may be taken into
ts Load distribution 1:2,5 account for the resistance of the column, even where the reinforcement is not welded to
the end plates or in direct contact with the endplates, provided that verification for fatigue
⎡ t fyk ⎤ A c A c fcd tp
σc,Rd = fcd ⎢1+ ηcL ≤ ≤ fyd A1 is not required and the gap eg between the reinforcement and the end plate does not
⎣ d fck ⎥⎦ A1 A1 exceed 30 mm.
fck concrete cylinder strength Ac Pu= 8258 kN A1

≤ 20 σc,Rd
P [kN]
t wall thickness of the tube A1 reinforced
d diameter of the tube
8000 - 8∅25 eg σc
bc bc Pu= 5917 kN ΔP
fyk yield strength of structural steel δ
A1 loaded area bc = t s + 5 t p 6000
unreinforced
Ac cross section area of the concrete
ηc,L confinement factor 4000 concrete C40/50 Ns = A s fsd ηs
tube 323,9 x 5,6
ηc,L = 4,9 (tube) Reinforcement
e = 20 mm outside the load e ≤ 30 mm
ηc,L = 3,5 (square hollow sections)
2000 introduction area A1 ηs = 1.5 - 0.5 A c /A1
is not effective.
δ [mm] with A c /A1 ≤ 2
0
0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0
85 86
Verification outside the areas of load introduction

Design shear strength τRd Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
bc
F τRd,o= 0,30 N/mm2
cy b cy
Outside the area of load introduction, cz
A concrete τRd = τRd,o βc
longitudinal shear at the interface
δ encased ⎡ c ⎤
pure bond
between concrete and steel should be h hc βc = 1 + 0,02 c z ⎢1− z,min ⎥ ≤ 2,5
sections ⎣ cz ⎦
(adhesion) verified where it is caused by y
transverse loads and / or end cz cz- nominal concrete cover [mm]
moments. Shear connectors should z cz,min=40mm (minimum value)
B be provided, based on the distribution
of the design value of longitudinal
mechanical
shear, where this exceeds the design concrete filled tubes flanges of partially
interlock encased I-sections
shear strength τRd. τRd= 0,55 N/mm2 τRd= 0,20 N/mm2
In absence of a more accurate
method, elastic analysis, considering
C concrete filled
long term effects and cracking of webs of partially
rectangular hollow encased I-sections
friction concrete may be used to determine
sections τRd= 0,0 N/mm2
the longitudinal shear at the interface.
σr τRd= 0,40 N/mm2
87 88
15
COMPOSITE SLABS
S. Hicks
Steel Construction Institute
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Composite slabs
Welded mesh reinforcement for crack Concrete cast in situ

control, transverse load distribution and
fire resistance
EN 1994 - Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and

concrete structures
Composite Slabs
Stephen Hicks
Headed stud connectors for shear

connection to the composite beam and,
when required, end anchorage to the slab
EUROCODES
Through-deck welding of headed stud shear connectors EUROCODES
Conventional composite construction
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Benefits of composite beams EUROCODES
Background and Applications Benefits of composite slabs
• Bending resistance increased by a factor of • Profiled steel sheeting acts as a safe

1.5 to 2.5 working platform and permanent formwork.
• Stiffness increased by a factor of 3 to 4.5 • Unpropped construction may be achieved.
• Steel weight reduced by typically 30 to 50% • Sheeting can stabilise beams during
construction.
• Reduction in beam depth (span:depth ≈ 25)
• Sheeting can provide all, or part, of the main
• Lightweight construction tension reinforcement to the slab.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Examples of composite construction in UK EUROCODES
Background and Applications Examples of composite construction in UK
Commercial sector Residential sector Health sector
EUROCODES
Types of profiled steel sheeting defined in EN 1994-1-1 EUROCODES
Practical examples of open trough and re-entrant profiled steel
sheets used for composite slabs
9 mm
Multideck 60
60 mm
Cover width: 1000
15 mm 323 mm
ComFlor 60
60 mm
Cover width: 600
300 mm
Re-entrant profiled steel Cofrastra 40

40 mm
Confraplus 60 Cover width: 750
sheet 58 mm
150 mm
Cover width: 1035
207 mm
73 mm Cofrastra 70
Cover width: 732 51 mm Super Holorib 51
183 mm
152.5 mm Cover width : 610
15 mm 145 mm
70 mm
Open trough profiled steel 80 mm ComFlor 80
sheet Cover width: 600

180 mm 120 mm
9 mm
80.5 mm Multideck 80
Cover width: 900
300 mm
EUROCODES
Composite construction with services passed under EUROCODES
Background and Applications Examples of fixings for ceilings and services
structural zone
Wedge attachment Clip attachment
Alternative wedge attachment

EUROCODES
Background and Applications EN 1994-1-1 detailing requirements EUROCODES
EN 1994-1-1 composite slab bearing requirements
Re-entrant trough profile Scope limited to sheets with narrowly bc

bo br spaced ribs : br / bs ≤ 0,6
Slab thickness
hc When slab is acting compositely with
h beam or is used as a diaphragm:
hp h ≥ 90 mm & hc ≥ 90 mm
bb bs bs bs
When slab is not acting compositely
bs bc bs
with beam or has no stabilizing bs
function: (a) (b) (c)

h ≥ 80 mm & hc ≥ 40 mm The bearing length shall be such that damage to the slab and the bearing is avoided;
Open trough profile
bo br that fastening of the sheet to the bearing can be achieved without damage to the
Reinforcement ≥ 80 mm²/m in both
bearing and that collapse cannot occur as a result of accidental displacement during
directions
erection.
hc Spacing of reinforcement bars
h s ≤ 2h & 350 mm •For bearing on steel or concrete: lbc = 75 mm and lbs = 50 mm
hp •For bearing on other materials: lbc = 100 mm and lbs = 70 mm
bb Maximum aggregate size
1/2 h p dg ≤ 0,4 hc, b0 / 3 and 31,5 mm
bs
EUROCODES
Actions and action effects on profiled steel sheeting EUROCODES
Analysis for internal forces and moments - set-up for double
span tests on profiled steel sheeting
a) Imposed load on a 3 m × 3 m
working area (or the length of
a c a c the span if less), with an
b b b b
intensity of 10% of the self-
weight of the concrete but
3000 3000
≤ 1,5kN/m² and ≥ 0,75 kN/m
b) Imposed load of 0,75 kN/m²
c) Self weight load

corresponding to the design
thickness of the slab plus
ponding effects if δ > h / 10 Combined bending and
crushing at internal
support
EUROCODES
Typical forms of shear connection in composite slabs EUROCODES
Background and Applications Longitudinal shear resistance
(a) (c)
(b) (d)
a) Mechanical interlock through the provision of indentations or

embossments rolled into the profile.
b) Frictional interlock for re-entrant profiles.
c) End anchorage from through-deck welded stud connectors or other
local connection.
d) End anchorage from deformation of the ends of the ribs at the end of the
sheeting. Test set-up from EN 1994-1-1, Annex B
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Classification of ductile or brittle behaviour EUROCODES
Determination of longitudinal shear resistance without end
anchorage for the partial connection method
f cm
Load M -
PF M p,Rm N cf
(kN) Slip at 2
(kN) +
50 first end M test A
M p,Rm B
40 F/2
P/2 F/2
P/2
f yp
Lo Ls
30 f cm F F
2 2
20 Slip at -
Nc
second end δ
-
10 1 +
f yp
10 20 30 40 50 - C M
η test 1.0 N M test
Deflection δ (mm) + f yp η= Nc
cf
1. Brittle behaviour
o m-k method Mean value for the ultimate shear stress with
Mean value for the ultimate shear stress:
additional longitudinal shear resistance
2. Ductile behaviour - failure load exceeds the load causing a η test N cf caused by the support reaction:
recorded end slip of 0,1 mm by more than 10% τu = η test N cf − µVt
b(Ls + Lo ) τu =
o
o
Partial connection method
m-k method b(Ls + Lo )
EUROCODES
Determination of design value for τu,Rd from tests EUROCODES
Neutral axis above the sheeting and full shear connection (η = 1)
For each variable investigated:

0.85 f cd
Nc,f
• 3 test specimens with the shear span Ls as long as possible, x pl -
whilst still providing failure in longitudinal shear. dp z M pl,Rd
+
Np
• 1 test specimen with the shear span Ls as short as possible
(but not less than 3 × overall slab thickness), whilst still f yp,d
providing failure in longitudinal shear to classify the Centroidal axis of the profiled steel sheeting
behaviour
Design compressive normal force in the concrete flange:

Characteristic value of the longitudinal shear strength τu,Rk Nc,f = Np = Ape fyp,d
calculated from the test values as the 5% fractile from EN1990, Depth of the concrete in compression
Annex D xpl = Nc,f / (0,85 fcd b) ≤ hc
Design moment resistance of the composite slab in sagging bending
τu,Rk is divided by the partial safety factor γVS to obtain a design MRd = Nc,f (dp - 0,5 xpl)
value τu,Rd
EUROCODES
Neutral axis within the sheeting and full shear connection (η = 1) EUROCODES
Partial shear connection (0 < η < 1)
0.85 f cd 0.85 f cd
Nc,f Nc
- -
hc - - hc
- f yp,d
f yp,d z M pr - z - M pr
+ +
= +
e ep + + e ep + = + +
f yp,d f yp,d
Plastic neutral axis of the profiled steel sheeting Plastic neutral axis of the profiled steel sheeting
Centroidal axis of the profiled steel sheeting Centroidal axis of the profiled steel sheeting
Design compressive normal force in the concrete flange: Nc,f = 0,85 fcd b hc Design compressive normal force in the concrete flange: Nc = τu,Rd b Lx ≤ Nc,f
 N cf   N c 
Reduced plastic moment resistance of the sheeting: M pr = 1,25M pa 1 − Reduced plastic moment resistance of the sheeting: M pr = 1,25M pa 1 −
 Ape f yp,d   Ape f yp,d 
 
z = h − 0,5hc − ep + (ep − e ) z = h − 0,5hc − ep + (ep − e )
N cf Nc
Lever arm: Lever arm:
Ape f yp,d Ape f yp,d
Design moment resistance of the composite slab in sagging bending Design moment resistance of the composite slab in sagging bending
MRd = Nc,f z + Mpr MRd = Nc z + Mpr

EUROCODES
Background and Applications End anchorage EUROCODES
Variation of bending resistance along a span: uniform distributed
load
According to EN 1994-1-1, design resistance of a headed stud welded through the steel
sheet used for end anchorage should be taken as the lesser of:
M
PRd kt MRd with end anchorage q
or M
M pl,Rd
Rd
Ppb,Rd = kφ ddo t fyp,d

where PRd is the design resistance of a headed stud embedded in concrete, kt is a MEd Lx
reduction factor for deck shape, ddo is the diameter of the weld collar (which may be
taken as 1,1 times the shank diameter), t is the sheet thickness and kφ = 1 + a / ddo ≤ 6,0 L
a ≥ 1.5 d d0
MRd without end anchorage M Ed

f yp /2
MM
pl,p,Rd
pa
d d0 Stud
L sf L Lx
Ppb, RdVe,Rd PRd k t
or
b τ u,Rd whichever is the lesser
τ u,Rd b τ u,Rd b
f yp /2
EUROCODES
Variation of bending resistance along a span: Point load EUROCODES
Background and Applications Classification of ductile or brittle behaviour
Load
PF
M (kN) Slip at 2
(kN)
MRd without end anchorage F
50 first end
MMpl,Rd 40
Rd F/2
P/2 F/2
P/2
30
Lx 20 Slip at
second end δ
MEd L
10 1
10 20 30 40 50
M Ed
Deflection δ (mm)
1. Brittle behaviour
o m-k method
MM
pl,p,Rd
pa
L sf L Lx 2. Ductile behaviour - failure load exceeds the load causing a
recorded end slip of 0,1 mm by more than 10%
o Partial connection method
o m-k method
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Determination of m-k values from tests EUROCODES
Background and Applications Determination of m-k values from tests
Characteristic regression line

calculated from the test values
Vt
b.d p as the 5% fractile
Vertical shear
2 Vt
b.d p Mean value Vertical shear
m F/2 F/2
2
m F/2 F/2
1 Longitudinal shear
Ls Ls
Flexural 1 Longitudinal shear
k Ls Ls
Long Ls Short
Flexural
Ap
b Ls
k
For each variable investigated: Long Ls Short
• 3 test specimens with the shear span Ls as long as possible, whilst still providing failure Ap
in longitudinal shear.
b Ls
• 3 test specimens with the shear span Ls as short as possible (but not less than 3 × overall
slab thickness), whilst still providing failure in longitudinal shear to classify the behaviour
bdp  mAp 
Design shear resistance Vl, Rd =  + k 
γ VS  bLs
If behaviour brittle, Vt = 0,8 (F / 2)

EUROCODES
Background and Applications Disadvantages of m-k method EUROCODES
Effective width for slabs with concentrated loads
bp For hp / h ≤ 0,6
Finishes Reinforcement
hf
For bending and longitudinal shear:
i) for simple spans and exterior spans of
• The results contain all the influencing parameters, but are continuous slabs
impossible to separate from one another. hc  Lp 
bem = bm + 2 Lp 1 −  ≤ b
 L
hp
ii) for interior spans of continuous slabs
• Methodology is not based on a mechanical model and is
bm  Lp 
therefore less flexible than the partial connection approach b cm
bem = bm + 1,33Lp 1 −  ≤ b
 L 
(contribution from end anchorage and reinforcement need to
For vertical shear
be evaluated from additional tests).  Lp 
bp
bev = bm + Lp 1 −  ≤ b
1 b  L 
• Other loading arrangements that differ from the test loading Width of slab over which load is distributed
can be problematical. L bm = bp + 2 (hc + hf)
Case c – Concentrated loads applied parallel
to the span
Case d – Concentrated loads applied
2 b bp perpendicular to the span
Lp
EUROCODES
Transverse reinforcement for concentrated loads EUROCODES
Vertical shear resistance of composite slabs
bp Vv,Rd should be determined using EN 1992-1-1, 6.2.2 which gives the following:
Finishes Reinforcement
hf Vv,Rd = [CRd,c k(100ρl fck)1/3 + k1 σcp] bsd (6.2a)
with a minimum of
hc
Vv,Rd = (vmin + k1 σcp) bsd (6.2b)
hp where ρl = Asl / bs d, Asl is the area of the tensile reinforcement which extends ≥ (lbd + d)
beyond the section considered and other symbols are defined in EN1992-1-1.
bm
b cm
For normal loading conditions, and the fact that the sheeting is unlikely to be fully
anchored, the vertical shear resistance will commonly be based on Eq (6.2b).
If the characteristic imposed loads do not exceed the values given below, a nominal For heavily loaded slabs, additional reinforcement bars may be required at the support
transverse reinforcement of not less than 0,2% of the area of concrete above the ribs of and the vertical shear resistance based on Eq (6.2a). According to the ENV version of
the sheet (which extends ≥ the minimum anchorage length beyond bem), may be EN 1994-1-1, it is permitted to assume that the sheeting contributes to Asl provided that
provided without any further calculation: it is fully anchored beyond the section considered.
• concentrated load: 7,5 kN;
• distributed load: 5,0 kN/m².
For characteristic imposed loads greater than these values, the distribution of bending
moments and the appropriate amount of transverse reinforcement should be evaluated
according to EN 1992-1-1.
EUROCODES
Punching shear resistance EUROCODES
Background and Applications Serviceability limit states for composite slabs
The punching shear resistance Vp,Rd Crack widths

should be calculated according to EN For continuous slabs that are designed as simply-supported, the minimum cross-sectional area of
the anti-crack reinforcement within the depth hc should be:
hc b p+ 2h f hc
1992-1-1. For a loaded area ap × bp, which
• 0,2% of the cross-sectional area of the concrete above the ribs for unpropped construction
is applied to a screed with a thickness hf, • 0,4% of the cross-sectional area of the concrete above the ribs for propped construction.
dp
Critical
perimeter
the critical perimeter is given by: The above amounts do not automatically ensure that wmax ≤ 0,3 mm as given in EN1992-1-1 for
certain exposure classes.
ap +2h f ap cp = 2πhc+ 2(bp+ 2hf) + 2(ap+ 2hf+ 2dp –2hc) If cracking needs to be controlled, the slab should be designed as continuous, and the crack widths
in hogging moment regions evaluated according to EN 1992-1-1, 7.3.
Loaded area of
dimensions a p x b p Deflection
dp bp hc Deflections due to loading applied to the composite member should be calculated using elastic
A A
analysis, neglecting the effects of shrinkage.
For an internal span of a continuous slab, the deflection may be estimated using the following
approximation:
hf
• the average value of the cracked and uncracked second moment of area may be taken.
• for the concrete, an average value of the modular ratio for long-term and short-term effects may
be used.
hc
dp For external, or simply supported spans, calculations of the deflection of the composite slab may be
omitted if:
Section A - A
• the span/depth ratio of the slab does not exceed 20 for a simply-supported span and 26 for an
external span of a continuous slab (corresponding to the lightly stressed concrete limits given
in EN 1992-1-1; and
• the load causing an end slip of 0,5 mm in the tests on composite slabs exceeds 1,2 times the
design service load.
EUROCODES Standard push test EUROCODES Position of studs in open trough sheeting and reduction factor
Background and Applications Background and Applications
formula according to EN 1994-1-1
Compression e
in slab
P
Cover 15 hsc
hp,g hp,n
Force from stud bo

150 PRk Edge of
Load per stud P (kN) beam
(a) Central (b) Favourable (c) Unfavourable

250
kt = 0.85 / √nr (b0 / hp) {(hsc / hp) – 1} ≤ kt,max
250 Number of stud Thickness t of Studs not Profiled steel

connectors per rib sheet exceeding 20 mm sheeting with
(mm) in diameter and holes and studs
welded through 19 mm or 22 mm
δu profiled steel in diameter
Slip δ (mm)
sheeting
150 260 150 6 mm
nr = 1 ≤ 1,0 0,85 0,75
> 1,0 1,00 0,75
nr = 2 ≤ 1,0 0,70 0,60
> 1,0 0,80 0,60
EUROCODES
Stud ductility demonstrated in full-scale composite beam tests EUROCODES
Background and Applications Load-slip curves for push tests cf. beam tests
with studs through-deck welded in open trough sheeting
140
120
100
80
Load per stud (kN)
60
40
nr = 1
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-20
-40
Slip (mm)
Push test Beam test

180 160
140
90
160
Point at which deck Point at which maximum
delamination was moment was applied
140 120 80
observed in Cycle 5
100
120 70
Axial force (kN)
Axial force (kN)
80
100
60
Load per stud (kN)
60
nr = 2
80
50
40
60
40
20
40
0 30
20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-20
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -40
10
Slip (mm) Slip (mm)
7th pair 6th pair Strong Central Weak 0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Slip (mm)
Push test Beam test
EUROCODES
Recommended detailing to push test with open trough EUROCODES
Background and Applications Where can I get further information?
profiled steel sheeting
Back-breaking failure http://www.access-steel.com/

A P
T C
30 recess
optional
150 260 150 250 250 250
Bedded in mortar or gypsum
Steel section:
254 x 254 89 UC
or HE 260 B
4d minimum 750
s.hicks@steel-sci.com
COMPOSITE BRIDGES
L. Davaine & J. Raoul

SETRA
EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 2
Eurocodes - Background and applications
Dissemination of information workshop
1. Introduction to composite bridges in Eurocode 4
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008
2. Global analysis of composite bridges
3. ULS verifications
EN 1994 Part 2 4. SLS verifications
Composite bridges 5. Connection at the steel–concrete interface
6. Fatigue (connection and reinforcement)
Joël RAOUL 7. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in compression
Laurence DAVAINE
All points are illustrated with numerical applications to a

Ministry for Ecology, Sustainable development and Spatial Planning (Paris) twin-girder bridge with upper reinforced concrete slab.
Technical Centre for Highways & Motorways
46, avenue Aristide Briand
BP 100
F - 92 225 Bagneux Cedex
EUROCODES
Introduction to composite bridges in EN1994 EUROCODES
Introduction to composite bridges in EN1994
Filler beam decks

Composite bridges with steel girders under the slab
in longitudinal direction in transverse direction (National Annex)
© Sétra
© Sétra
Box-girder bridges
Half through composite bridges Bowstring arches
NOTE : The cable stayed

bridges with composite
deck are not completely
© Sétra covered by EN 1994-2.
© Sétra
EUROCODES
The main others EN called when using EN1994-2 EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts
EN 1090 :
Execution
EN 1993 – 1-5 :
Stiffeners ; Plate buckling EN 1993 – 1-8 :
Joints
EN 1990 :
Basis of design
EN 1993 – 1-1 :
EN 1993 – 1-9 :
Fatigue 2. Global analysis of composite bridges
General rules for steel
Combinations
Annex A2 :
application to
bridges
EN 1993 – 2 : Steel bridges
EN 1993 – 1-10 : 4. SLS verifications
Brittle fracture
EN 1994 – 2 : Composite bridges 5. Connection at the steel–concrete interface
EN 1993 – 1-12 :
S690 EN 1993 – 1-11 :
Cables
EN 1991 : 6. Fatigue (connection and reinforcement)
1-1 Permanent loads
1-3 Snow
1-4 Wind
EN 1992 – 2 : Concrete bridges 7. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in
1-5 Temperature
1-6 Loads during execution compression
1-7 Accidental loads EN 1992 – 1-1 : General rules for concrete
2 Traffic
1
EUROCODES
Global analysis for composite bridges EUROCODES
CLASS 1 sections which can form a plastic hinge
with the rotation capacity required for a global plastic
analysis
• Elastic global analysis without bending redistribution
• Second order effect to be considered for structures
where Fcr BUILDINGS
α cr = ≤ 10 CLASS 2 sections which can develop M pl,Rd with
FEd ,ULS limited rotation capacity
In this elastic global analysis, the following points should be taken into account :
• effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete,
• effective width of flanges for shear lag,
CLASS 3 sections which can develop M el,Rd
• stages and sequence of construction,
• effects of cracking of concrete,
• temperature effects of heat of hydration of cement (only for construction stages).
COMPOSITE BRIDGES
• Non-linear global analysis may be used (no application rules) In general, non-uniform section
CL. 1 CL.3/4 (except for small spans)
EUROCODES
Actual behaviour of a continuous composite girder EUROCODES
Cracked global analysis 1
• Determination of the stresses σc in the extreme fibre of the concrete

When performing the elastic global analysis, two aspects of the non-linear slab under SLS characteristic combination according to a non-cracked
behaviour are directly or indirectly considered. global analysis
• In sections where σc < - 2 fctm, the concrete is assumed to be cracked
P
and its resistance is neglected
Static structure θ
Cracking of concrete 1 EI1
EI1
M
EI2
Deformed structure M at mid-span with
Yielding 2 increase of P
Mpl,Rd EI1 = un-cracked composite inertia (structural steel + concrete in compression)
Mel,Rd Class 1 EI2 = cracked composite inertia (structural steel + reinforcement)
θ ! An additional iteration is not required.
EUROCODES
Cracked global analysis 1 EUROCODES
Yielding 2
Simplified method usable if : Yielding at mid-span is taken into account if :

- no pre-stressing by imposed deformation – Class 1 or 2 cross-section at mid-span (and MEd > Mel,Rd )
– Class 3 or 4 near intermediate support
- Lmin/Lmax>0.6 0.15 (L1+ L2) – Lmin/Lmax < 0.6
EI2
Lmax Lmin
As L1 L2
Class 1 or 2 Class 3 or 4
EI1
Ac = 0
• Elastic linear analysis with an additional verification for the cross-
In the cracked zones EI2 : sections in sagging bending zone (M>0) :
• the resistance of the concrete in MEd < 0.9 Mpl,Rd
tension is neglected
• the resistance of the reinforcement is or
taken into account
• Non linear analysis
2
EUROCODES
Global analysis of composite bridges - Synthesis EUROCODES
Global analysis of composite bridges - Synthesis
• To calculate the internal forces and moments for the • To calculate the internal forces and moments for the
ULS combination of actions SLS combinations of actions
– elastic global analysis (except for accidental loads) – as for ULS (mainly used for verifying the concrete slab)
» linear
» non linear (behaviour law for materials in EC2 and EC3)
• To calculate the longitudinal shear per unit length (SLS
– cracking of the concrete slab
and ULS) at the steel-concrete interface
– shear lag (in the concrete slab : Le/8 constant value
for each span and calculated from the outside
longitudinal rows of connectors) – Cracked global analysis, elastic and linear
– neglecting plate buckling (except for an effectivep area – Always uncracked section analysis
of an element ≤ 0.5 * gross area) – Specific rules for shear connectors design in the elasto-
plastic zones for ULS (Mel,Rd < MEd < Mpl,Rd)
EUROCODES
Shear lag in composite bridges EUROCODES
Effectives width of the concrete slab – EN1994-2
bslab
• Concrete slab ⇒ EN 1994-2 • Global analysis : constant for each span for simplification
beff ,slab
– Same effectives width beff for (with a value calculated to that at mid-span)
σx
SLS and ULS combinations • Section analysis : variable on both sides of the vertical
of actions supports over a length Li /4
• Steel flange ⇒ EN 1993-1-5

– Used for bottom flange of a
box-girder bridge
– Different effectives width for
SLS and ULS combinations
of actions
– 3 options at ULS (choice to
be performed in the National
Annex)
beff ,flange
b flange
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Example : Composite twin-girder road bridge
C0 P1 P2 C3
60 m 80 m 60 m
Example : Twin-girder composite bridge
Application to a steel-concrete
composite twin girder bridge
2.5 m 7m 2.5 m
34 cm
Global longitudinal bending
b fs = 1000mm
IPE 600 2.8 m
Note:
IPE600 every 7.5m in
b fi = 1200mm side spans and every
8.0m in central span
3
EUROCODES
Example : Structural steel distribution EUROCODES
Example : Used materials
bfs = 1000 mm > Structural steel (EN1993 + EN10025) :

Note : Bridge dimensions verified
S355 N for t ≤ 80 mm (or S355 K2 for t ≤ 30 mm)
according to Eurocodes (cross-
section resistance at ULS, SLS S355 NL for 80 < t ≤ 150 mm
h = 2800 mm
stresses and fatigue)

Yield thickness t (mm)
strength
fy (MPa) t ≤ 16 16 < t ≤ 40 40 < t ≤ 63 63 < t ≤ 80 80 < t ≤ 100 100 < t ≤ 150
bfi = 1200 mm S 355 N 355 345 335 325

Longitudinal structural steel distribution of each main girder
S 355 NL 315 295
Note : the requirements of EN 1993-1-10 (brittle fracture and through-thickness properties)

should also be fulfilled.
18 26 18 26 18
> Cross bracing and stiffeners : S355
> Shear connectors : headed studs with fu = 450 MPa
40 mm 55 80 120 80 55 40 55 80 120 80 55 40 > Reinforcement : high bond bars with fsk = 500 Mpa
35 m 5 10 18 8 10 28 10 8 18 10 5 35 > Concrete C35/45 defined in EN1992 : fck,cyl (at 28 days) = 35 MPa
60 m 80 m 60 m fck,cube (at 28 days) = 45 MPa
C0 P1 P2 C3 fctm = -3.2 MPa
EUROCODES
Creep - Modular ratios for bridges EUROCODES
Example : construction phasing
n L = n 0 . (1 + ψ L φt ) 1. Concreting order of the slab 12.5-m-long segments

3 x 12.5 m 4 x 12.5 m
Ea A B
n0 = for short term loading (ψL = 0)
E cm
1 2 3 16 15 14 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 9 8
φt = φ ( t − t 0 ) creep function defined in EN1992-1-1 with :
{
D C
t = concrete age at the considered instant
3 x 12.5 m 6 x 12.5 m
t0 = mean value of the concrete age when a long-term
loading is applied (for instance, permanent loads) 2. Construction timing
t0 = 1 day for shrinkage action Non-structural equipments
Steel structure End of slab (pavement, safety barriers,…)
put in place concreting
ψL correction factor for taking account of the slight variations in the long-term load
put in place
intensity that could occur during the bridge life 1st 16th Pre-stressing
... Time (in days)
... ...
Permanent loads 1.1
t=0 t = 66 t = 80 t = 110
Shrinkage 0.55 16 concreting phases in a selected order
assuming :
Pre-stress by imposed deformations (for • 3 working days per segment assembling bridge
instance, jacking on supports) 1.5 equipments
• only 1 mobile formwork (2 kN/m²)
Note : 14 days are required in EN1994-2 before introducing pre-stressing by imposed deformations.
EUROCODES
Example : age of concrete EUROCODES
Example : creep function and modular ratio values
1st 16th
... ... Time EN1992-1-1, Annex B :
(in days) 0.3
t=0 t = 66 t = 80 t = 110  t − t0 
φ ( t, t 0 ) = φ0 .βc ( t − t 0 ) = φ0 .   
t → +∞
→ φ0
Phase 1 3  βH + t − t 0 
Phase 2 8 5
 RH 
 1−  
100 .α  .α .  16.8  . 
… … … … 
1
Phase 16 66 63 … 3 φ0 = φRH .β ( fcm ) .β ( t 0 ) = 1 + 1 2  0.2 
 0.10.3 h0   fcm   0.1 + t 0 
 
Mean value of the ages of concrete segments : + 14 days + 30 days
• RH = 80 % (relative humidity)
66 + 63 + ... + 3
t0 = = 35.25 days
16 phases • h0 = notional size of the concrete slab = 2Ac/u
used for all concreting phases t 0 = 49.25 days t 0 = 79.25 days
where u is the part of the slab perimeter which is directly in contact with the atmosphere.
(simplification of EN1994-2).
• C35/45 : as fcm = 35+8 > 35 MPa, α1 = (35/fcm)0.7, α2 = (35/fcm)0.2
φ1 = φ ( t = ∞, t 0 ) φ2 = φ ( ∞ , t 0 ) φ3 = φ ( ∞ , t 0 ) Short term loading Long term loading

Concrete self-weight nL,1 = 15.49
nL ,1 = n0 (1 + 1.1.φ1 ) nL ,2 = n0 (1 + 1.5.φ2 ) nL ,3 = n0 (1 + 1.1.φ3 ) Shrinkage nL,4 = 15.23
Ea
n0 = = 6.16
E cm Pre-stressing nL,2 = 18.09
Note : t0 = 1 day when shrinkage is applied to a concrete segment.
Bridge equipments nL,3 = 14.15
φ4 = φ ( ∞, t 0 ) nL ,4 = n0 (1 + 0.55.φ4 )
4
EUROCODES
Example: shear lag in the concrete slab EUROCODES
Example: shear lag in the concrete slab
beff
Equivalent spans Le : be1 b0=0.6 m be2
C0 P1 P2 C3

60 m 80 m 60 m
b2 b1 b1=3.5 m b2=2.5 m
in span 0.85x60 = 51m 0.7x80 = 56m 0.85x60 = 51m Le (m) be1 be2 β1 β2 beff (m)
on support 0.25 x (60+80) = 35m 0.25 x (60+80) = 35m Spans 1 and 3 51 3.2 2.2 / / 6.0
Span 2 56 3.2 2.2 / / 6.0
Internal supports P1 and P2 35 3.2 2.2 / / 6.0
 Le 
beff = b0 + β1 .be1 + β2 .be2 where: • bei = min  ;bi  End supports C0 and C4 51 3.2 2.2 0.948 1.129 < 1.0 5.83 < 6.0
 8 
• βi = 1.0 except at both end supports where: => No reduction for shear lag in the global analysis
Le
βi = 0.55 + 0.025 ≤ 1.0 => Reduction for shear lag in the section analysis :
bei
beff linearly varies from 5.83m at end supports to 6.0 m at a distance L1/4.
EUROCODES
Applied loads on the road bridge example EUROCODES
Effects of shrinkage in a composite bridge
εcs − Ncs
− Ncs = − E c ε cs .bchc
Permanent loads hc
Gmax , Gmin Self weight: EN1991 part 1-1 zcs

e.n.a.
• structural steel +
• concrete (by segments in a selected order)

• non structural equipments (safety barriers, pavement,…)
S Shrinkage (drying, autogenous and thermal shrinkage EN1992 part 1-1 Free shrinkage strain applied Shrinkage strain applied on
strains) EN1994 part 2 on concrete slab only (no the composite section (after
steel – concrete interaction) steel – concrete interaction)
Creep (taken into account through modular ratios)
P Possibly, pre-stressing by imposed deformations (for 1- Auto-equilibrated stress diagram in every section and an imposed rotation
instance, jacking on internal supports) due to the bending moment Miso = Ncszcs :
Variable loads bc,eff
Tk Thermal gradient EN1991 part 1-5
σ concrete = −E c ε cs .
bc 1 N (N z ) .z 
+ .  cs + cs cs
- 
UDL, TS Road traffic (for instance, load model LM1 with uniform EN1991 part 2 bc ,eff n  A I 
design loads UDL and tandem systems TS) e.n.a. + z
FLM3 Fatigue load model (for instance, the equivalent lorry FLM3) EN1991 part 2 N cs (N cs z cs ) .z
σ steel = +
- A I
EUROCODES
Effects of shrinkage in a composite bridge EUROCODES
Shrinkage and cracked global analysis
2- Curvature in an isostatic bridge due to the imposed deformations : Concrete in tension
L Cracked zone
Miso
Miso Miso Isostatic effects
neglected in cracked
P1 P2 zones for calculating
v (x) Miso Miso
hyperstatic effects Miso
3- Compatibility of deformations to be considered in an hyperstatic bridge :

SLS combinations iso + hyper effects hyper iso + hyper
P1 P3 P2 ULS combinations hyper effects hyper hyper
L1 L2
v (P3 ) = 0 - -
+ +
- -
Mhyper
Mhyper
1+2 = isostatic (or primary) effects
Effects of shrinkage
3 = hyperstatic (or secondary) effects
Mhyper
5
EUROCODES
Thermal gradient from EN 1991 part 1-5 EUROCODES
Traffic load LM1 from EN 1991 part 2
Longitudinal axis of the

• could be neglected if all cross-sections are in Class 1 or 2 most loaded girder
Bridge axis
3.5 m 3.5 m
1m 0.5 m
1- Non linear gradients : 2- Linear gradients :
Safety barrier
Safety barrier
Residual
Lane no. 1 Lane no. 2 Lane no. 3 area
16 °C -5 °C +15 °C -18 °C
0.6h 3m 3m 3m 2m
4 °C
400 -8 °C
girder no. 1 girder no. 2
3- Difference +/- 10 °C : +/- 10 °C UDL (Uniform

Design Load)
9 kN/m²
2.5 kN/m²
Characteristic
300 kN / axle values
200 kN / axle 100 kN / axle of traffic loads
TS (Tandem from LM1
System)
2m
EUROCODES
Combinations of actions EUROCODES
Un-cracked global analysis
σ (MPa) : Stresses in the extreme fibre of the concrete slab, under Characteristic SLS combination
when considering concrete resistance in every cross-section
For every permanent design situation, two limit states of the 8
bridge should be considered : 6
> Serviceability Limit States (SLS) 2

x (m)
0
• Quasi permanent SLS -2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.5 Tk -4
• Frequent SLS -6
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL + 0.5 Tk -8 −2.f ctm = −6.4 MPa
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.6 Tk -10
-12
x = 49.7 m x = 72.5 m x = 121.6 m x = 150.6 m
• Characteristic SLS
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + (TS+UDL) + 0.6 Tk Cracked Cracked
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + Qlk + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL + 0.6 Tk zone on zone on P2
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + Tk + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL P1
L1 = 60 m L2 = 80 m L3 = 60 m
> Ultime Limite State (ULS) other than fatigue 17 %.L1 15.6 %.L2 23 %.L2 17.7 %.L3
1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.35 (TS + UDL) + 1.5 (0.6 Tk)
1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.35 Qlk + 1.35 (0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL) + 1.5 (0.6 Tk) EI1 EI2 EI1 EI2 EI1
1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.5 Tk + 1.35 (0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL)
Note : Dissymmetry in the cracked lengths due to sequence of slab concreting.
EUROCODES
Cracked global analysis: bending moments EUROCODES
Cracked global analysis: shear forces
80 10
60 56.07 8 ELS caractéristique

Characteristic SLS
50.16 50.84 7.47 7.39
ELU fondamental
Fundamental ULS

Bending moment (MN.m)
40 37.06 41.33 37.59 6

5.54 5.49
4 4.38
20
Shear force (MN)
3.24 3.09
0 2
1.09
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-20 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-40 -2
-3.09 -2.92 -3.26
-60 -4
-4.40
-5.54 -5.49
-80 -80.69 -77.66 -6
ELS caractéristique
Characteristic SLS -7.46 -7.41
-8
-100 ELU fondamental
Fundamental ULS
-107.25 -103.54
-10
-120
x (m) x (m)
6
EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts EUROCODES
ULS verifications of a composite bridge
• resistance of the composite cross-sections

- for bending moment M (EN 1994-2, 6.2.1)
2. Global analysis of composite bridges - for shear force V (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.1 to 6.2.2.3)
3. ULS verifications - for interaction M+V (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.4)
• shear resistance in the concrete slab (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.5(3) )
4. SLS verifications
• concrete slab (EN 1992)
5. Connection at the steel–concrete interface • shear connection (see below, point 5)
• fatigue ULS (see below, point 6)
• LTB around intermediate supports (see below, point 7)
7. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in
compression
EUROCODES
ULS section resistance under M > 0 EUROCODES
ULS section resistance under M < 0
fck/γc 0.85 fck/γc

compression
tension fsk/γs
fsk/γs (−)
(+) (+) 0.85 fck/γc
p.n.a
p.n.a
(−)
e.n.a
fy/γM
e.n.a
(−) (−) (+)
(+)
fy/γM fy/γM
tension fy/γM
compression fy/γM
Elastic resistance Plastic resistance
(for classes 1 to 4) (for classes 1 and 2) Elastic resistance Plastic resistance
(for classes 1 to 4) (for classes 1 and 2)
e.n.a. = elastic neutral axis
p.n.a. = plastic neutral axis
EUROCODES
Class 4 composite section with construction phases EUROCODES
ULS resistance under V and interaction M + V
Ö Plastic resistance : ensured by the steel web

• Use of the final ULS stress distribution to look for the effective cross-section fy
Vpl,a,Rd is calculated by using Eurocode 3 part 1-1. VRd = Vpl,a,Rd = A V .
• If web and flange are Class 4 elements, the flange gross area is first reduced. The corresponding first γ M0 3
effective cross-section is used to re-calculate the stress distribution which is then used for reducing the
web gross area. Ö Shear buckling resistance :
See Eurocode 3 part 1-5. ηf yw h w t w
Mc,Ed MEd = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed
VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw ,Rd + Vbf ,Rd ≤
Ma,Ed γ M1 3
Ö Interaction between M and V :
• For Class 1 or 2 sections :
+ = – If VEd< 0.5.VRd, no interaction occurs.
– If not, the criterion MEd < Mpl,Rd is verified using a reduced Mpl,Rd value
2
Recalculation of the stress distribution A eff , Ieff , Geff  V 
respecting the sequence of construction η =  2 Ed − 1
1- Flange  VRd 
2- Web
Justification of the recalculated

stress distribution • For Class 3 or 4 sections : See Eurocode 3 part 1-5.
7
EUROCODES
ULS shear resistance in the concrete slab EUROCODES
Example: Analysis of 2 different cross-sections
• For the solid slab of a composite bridge:
VEd ≤ VRd,c Shear reinforcement (Ast for b = 1 m) is not necessary (nor the 60 m 80 m 60 m
=> minimum shear reinforcement area according to EN1992-2,9.2.2)
ΣA ΣB
VRd,c =  CRd,ck(100ρl fck )1 3 + k1σcp  bhc ≥ (v min + k1σcp )bhc

0.15 k1 = 0.12
• If the concrete flange is in tension : CRd,c = = 0.12
γC
N 10
σcp,0 = −1.85 MPa ≤ σcp = Ed
bhc
Lower fibre
8 Upper fibre
sigma_cp,0 Section ΣA Section ΣB
Stresses in the slab at ULS (MPa)
6
v min = 0.035.k1.5 fck 4 Concrete in tension Concrete in compression
2 M<0 M>0
200
k =1+ 0
Class 3 (elastic section analysis) Class 1 (plastic section analysis)
hc -2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
MULS = -107.25 MN.m MULS = +56.07 MN.m

A -4
ρl = st VULS = 7.47 MN VULS = 1.04 MN
bhc -6
-8 x (m)
-10
EUROCODES
Example: Cross-section ΣA under bending EUROCODES
Example: Cross-section ΣA under shear force
First cross-bracing
Stress diagram under bending P1 in central span
2.5 m 3.5 m 2
a = 8000 mm h 
-171.2 MPa k τ = 5.34 + 4  w  = 5.75
 a 
-149.2 MPa
-275.8 MPa VEd = 7.47 MN hw 31ε

≥ kτ
tw η
hw = 2560 mm
1000 x 120 mm²
VEd = 6.00 MN Shear buckling to be considered:
tw = 26 mm
1200 x 120 mm²
ηfywhw t w
2560 x 26 mm² VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw,Rd + Vbf ,Rd ≤
γM1 3
261.3 MPa Contribution of the web Vbw,Rd Contribution of the flange Vbf,Rd
τcr = k τσE = 19.58 MPa Vbf ,Rd = 0.245 MN can be neglected.

fsk
Elastic section analysis : −434.8 MPa = − ≤ σre inf . fyw
γS λw = = 1.33 ≥ 1.08
τcr 3
fy
−295 MPa = − ≤ σ steel,sup 1.37
γ M0 χw = = 0.675
0.7 + λ w
fy f
σsteel,inf ≤ = 295 MPa Vbw ,Rd = χ w yw hw t w = 8.14 MN
γ M0 γM1 3
EUROCODES
Example: Cross-section ΣA under M+V interaction EUROCODES
Example: Cross-section ΣB (Class 1)
VEd 2.5 m 3.5 m f

≥ 0.5 so the M+V interaction should be checked, and as the section is in 9.2 MPa 0.85 ck
VRd Class 3, the following criterion should be applied (EN1993-1-5) : γC
202.0 MPa +
p.n.a.
 fyf
M  2
η1 + 1 − f ,Rd  2η3 − 1 ≤ 1.0
1000 x 40 mm²
γ M0
 Mpl,Rd  −
fyw
-
2720 x 18 mm² γ M0
at a distance hw/2 from internal support P1.
-305.2 MPa
Mf ,Rd = 117.3 MN.m : design plastic resistance to bending of the effective composite section
excluding the steel web (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.5(2)). 1200 x 40 mm²
Mpl,Rd = 135.6 MN.m : design plastic resistance to bending of the effective composite section. MEd = 56.07 ≤ Mpl,Rd = 79.59 MN.m
Plastic section analysis under bending :
2
V h  h 31ε
η3 = Ed = 0.89 k τ = 5.34 + 4  w  = 5.80 and w ≥ k τ , so the shear buckling has to be considered:
 a  tw η
Vbw,Rd
ηfywhw t w
MEd M VEd = 2.21 MN ≤ VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw,Rd + Vbf ,Rd ≈ Vbw,Rd = 4.44 MN ≤ = 10.64 MN
η1 = = 0.73 ≤ f ,Rd = 0.86 As MEd < Mf,Rd, the flanges alone can be used to γM1 3
Mpl,Rd Mpl,Rd resist M whereas the steel web resists V.
VEd
=> No interaction ! ≤ 0.5 => No M+V interaction !
VRd
8
EUROCODES
SLS verifications in a composite bridge
• Limitation of stresses in cross-sections at characteristic SLS
1. Introduction to composite bridges in Eurocode 4 σc ≤ 0.6.fck (concrete in compression)
2. Global analysis of composite bridges M>0 σa ≤ 1.0.fyk
σs ≤ 0.8.fsk (reinforcement in tension)
M<0 σa ≤ 1.0.fyk
5. Connection at the steel–concrete interface
• Crack width control
7. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in • Limitations of deflections (national regulations)
compression • Web breathing (fatigue phenomenon, see EN1993-2)
Note : for shear connectors, see section 5 below
EUROCODES
Crack width control EUROCODES
Exposure classes for composite bridges (durability)
XC4, XS1*, XD3**, XF3 or XF4**

1. Minimum reinforcement required
XC3, XS1*
- in cross-sections where tension exists in the concrete slab for characteristic SLS waterproofing layer
combinations of actions
- estimated from equilibrium between tensile force in concrete just before cracking
and tensile force in the reinforcement (at yielding or at a lower stress level if XC4, XS1*, XD3**, XC4, XS1*, XD3***
necessary to limit the crack width)
XF1 or XF2**
XC4, XS1*, XD3***, * : for bridges near sea water
2. Control of cracking due to direct loading
XF1 or XF2** ** : for bridges subjected to (very) frequent salting
The design crack width wk should be limited to a maximum crack width wmax
*** : for the bottom surface of a bridge deck located
by limiting :
within 6 m above a road with (very) frequent salting
- bar spacing s ≤ smax
- or bar diameter Φ ≤ Φmax
Class Description of the environment
wmax depends on the exposure class of the considered concrete face XO No risk of corrosion or attack of concrete
smax and Φmax depend on the calculated stress level σs = σs,0 + ∆σs in the Risk of corrosion of reinforcement XC1 to XC4 Corrosion induced by carbonation
reinforcement and on the design crack width wk XD1 to XD3 Corrosion induced by chlorides
XS1 to XS3 Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water
3. Control of cracking due to indirect loading Attack to concrete XF1 to XF4 Freeze/thaw attack
XA1 to XA3 Chemical attack
For instance, concrete shrinkage.
XM Mechanical abrasion
EUROCODES
Exposure classes for composite bridges (durability) EUROCODES
Minimum reinforcement
fct,eff
Hypothesis : Bridge in a low-level frost area hc σc σs
The choice of exposure classes leads
z0
to define :
e.n.a.
XC4, XF3 • a minimum resistance for concrete calculated with n0 change in the
(according to EN1992 and EN206), location of the

XC3 for instance C30/37 neutral axis
waterproofing layer
• a concrete makeup (maximum E/C
ratio, minimum cement content) before after
according to EN206 cracking cracking
XC4, XF1
XC4 k sk. k c fct,eff A ct  = σs A s
XC4, XF1 • a structural class (S1 to S6) for
every face of the slab, chosen 1 stress distribution within the tensile concrete height hc before cracking
according to Table 4.3 in EN1992 kc = + 0.3 ≤ 1.0
h (including indirect loading) + change in the location of the neutral axis
and to the retained concrete 1+ c
2z0 at cracking time
ks = 0.9 reduction of the normal force in the concrete slab due to initial cracking
• a minimum concrete cover for and local slip of the shear connection
every face of the slab according to
the exposure class and the structural k = 0.8 effect of non-uniform shape in the self-equilibrating stresses within hc
class
fct,eff = fctm and σs = fsk give the minimum reinforcement section As,min.
9
EUROCODES
Example : minimum reinforcement EUROCODES
Maximum crack width wmax
The elastic neutral axis is located in the steel web for every section of the Recommended values defined in EN1992-2 (concrete bridges) :
bridge, so Act is the slab section : Act = 6 x 0.34 = 2.04 m²
hc = 0.34 m
fct,eff = fctm = -3.2 Mpa
z0 = 0.52 m
 
 1 
k c = min  + 0.3;1.0  = 1.0
1 + hc 
 2z 
 0 
fsk = 500 MPa

As,min = 94 cm² which means a minimum reinforcement ratio ρs,min = 0.46%
For the design, the following reinforcement ratios have been considered :
• Top layer : high bonded bars with φ = 16 mm and s = 130 mm, so ρs,top = 0.46% The stress level σs,0 in the reinforcement is calculated for the quasi-permanent SLS
• Bottom layer : high bonded bars with φ = 16 mm and s = 130 mm, so ρs,bottom = 0.46% combination of actions (in case of reinforced concrete slab).
The tension stiffening effect ∆σs should be taken into account.
We verify : ρs,top + ρs,bottom = 0.92% ≥ ρs,min
EUROCODES
Crack width control EUROCODES
Example : crack width control for direct loading
Ast is put in place through n high bonded bars of diameter φ per meter. The stress level σs due to direct loading at quasi-permanent SLS combinations of actions can be
calculated :
• Top and bottom layers : Ast with φ = 16 mm and s = 130 mm, so ρs,top = ρs,bottom = 0.46%
• σs,0 = 106 Mpa (maximum tension) at quasi-permanent SLS in the top layer
Diameter φ∗ fct ,eff

100
Φ = Φ*
(Table 7.1) 2.9 MPa
50
Stresses at QP SLS (MPa)
or
-
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-50
Spacing s = 1/n
(Table 7.2)
-100
Stresses in the upper layer
x (m) of reinforcement, calculated
by neglecting concrete
-150 resistance (in tension).
EUROCODES
Example : crack width control for direct loading EUROCODES
Example : crack width control for indirect loading
f
• Tension stiffening effect : ∆σs = 0.4 ctm The stress level σs due to indirect loading (for instance, concrete shrinkage) can not
ρs α st
be calculated in the reinforcement.
• in the considered cross-section (where σs,0 is maximum) : In the sections where the concrete slab is in tension for characteristic SLS
combinations of actions, σs is estimated using :
AI
α st = = 1.31 ρs = 0.92% (Reinforcement ratio)
A a Ia
A ct 2.04
fctm σs = k skk c fct,eff = 0.9 0.8 1.0 3.2 = 250.4 MPa
• ∆σs = 0.4 = 106.2 MPa As 0.92% 2.04
ρs α st
• σs = σs,0 + ∆σs = 212.2 MPa

The reinforcement layers are designed using high bonded bars with φ = 16 mm.
• Φ*max = 22.3 mm (interpolation in Table 7.1 of EN 1994-2) φ∗ = φ fct,eff/fct,0 = 2.9/3.2 = 14.5 mm
The interpolation in Table 7.1 from EN 1994-2 gives : σs,max = 255 Mpa
• Φ = 16 mm ≤ Φmax = Φ *max 3.2 / 2.9 = 24.6 mm
We verify :
or
smax = 235 mm (interpolation in Table 7.2 of EN 1994-2)
σs = 250.4 Mpa < σs,max = 255 Mpa
•
• s = 130 mm ≤ smax = 235 mm
10
EUROCODES
Steel-concrete connection
Objective :
Transmit the longitudinal shear force vL,Ed per unit length of the steel-concrete
interface
2. Global analysis of composite bridges
Performed by the use of shear connectors (only studs in EN1994) and transverse
3. ULS verifications reinforcement
• Full interaction required for bridges

• Elastic resistance design of the shear connectors at SLS and at ULS
5. Connection at the steel–concrete interface • Plastic resistance design of the shear connectors at ULS in Class 1 or
2 cross sections where Mel,Rd ≤ MEd ≤ Mpl,Rd
6. Fatigue (connection and reinforcement) • Shear connectors locally added due to concentrated longitudinal shear
force (for instance, shrinkage and thermal action at both bridge deck
7. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in ends or cable anchorage)
compression • ULS design of transverse reinforcement to prevent longitudinal shear
failure or splitting in the concrete slab
EUROCODES
Resistance of the headed stud shear connector EUROCODES
Elastic design of the shear connection
• SLS and ULS elastic design using the shear flow vL,Ed at the steel-concrete
≥ 1.5d PRk = min  PRk (1) ; PRk (2)  interface, which is calculated with an uncracked behaviour of the cross sections.
2.5 m 3.5 m
≥ 0.4d
 πd 2 
• Shank shear resistance : PRk (1) = 0.8f u .   Shear force from A z + As zs zs
h ≥ 3d  4  cracked global vL, Ed ( x ) = VEd ( x). c c zc
e.n.a.
d I
analysis
• Concrete crushing : PRk (2)
= 0.29αd 2
f ck E cm Uncracked
mechanical properties
t
h h 
if 3≤ ≤4 , then α = 0.2  + 1
16 ≤ d ≤ 25mm d d  SLS ULS
else α =1 For a given length li of the girder (to For a given length li of the girder (to be
be chosen by the designer), the Ni chosen by the designer), the Ni* shear
shear connectors are uniformly connectors are uniformly distributed and
distributed and satisfy : satisfy :
Limit State Design resistance National Annex
N i*
PRk Ni vL, Ed ULS ( x ) ≤ 1.1 .PRd
U.L.S. PRd = γ V = 1.25 vL, Ed SLS ( x ) ≤ .{ks PRd } li
γV li
li
S.L.S. k s .PRd k s = 0.75 ( 0 ≤ x ≤ li ) ∫v L , Ed
ULS
( x ) dx ≤ Ni*.PRd
0
EUROCODES
Example : SLS elastic design of connectors EUROCODES
Example : ULS elastic design of connectors
• Using the same segment lengths li as in SLS calculation

L1 = 29 m L2 = 41 m L3 = 41 m L4 = 29 m
and the same connector type
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1 v L,Ed ULS  1
v L,Ed SLS 
0.8 in MPa/m 0.8
in MPa/m
0.6 0.6
Studs with :
0.4 d = 22 mm 0.4
h = 150 mm Shear flow at ULS (MPa/m)
Shear flow at SLS (MPa/m) 0.2
0.2 in S235 Shear resistance of the studs (MPa/m)
Shear resistance of the studs (MPa/m)
0
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
11
EUROCODES
Example : longitudinal spacing of studs rows EUROCODES
Elasto-plastic design (ULS) of the shear connection
• Eventually adding shear connectors in the elasto-plastic zones

e (mm)
where Mpl,Rd > MEd > Mel,Rd
800
700
600
500
P1 A B C P2
400
Elasto-plastic zone
300
200
First yielding in at least one MEd
fibre of the cross-section
spacing at SLS (mm)
where MEd = Mel,Rd Mpl,Rd
100
spacing at ULS (mm)
• NB (or NB*) is determined by
0
x (m) Elastic Elasto-plastic using an interaction M-N
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
design design diagram in the section B.
•
n=
( )
N B or N*B − N A
NA NB
=> Elastic design governed by ULS. PRk γ V
connectors to put between
sections A and B.
EUROCODES
Interaction diagram in the cross-section B EUROCODES
Elastic resistance moment in the section B
• Two options : simplified diagram (straight line GH) / Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed = MEd
a,Ed c,Ed
more precise diagram (broken line GJH)
σc(2) σc
fcd=fck/γc
MB (N.m)
Mpl,Rd
σas(1) σas(2) σas fyk
MEd H
Mel,Rd
+ k . =
J fyk
σai (1) σai (2) σai
Step 1 : stress diagram Step 2 : stress diagram Step 3 : ULS stress

Ma,Ed for load cases applied for load cases applied diagram in Section B (if
G to the structure before to the structure after yielding is reached in the
NB (N) concreting Section B concreting Section B
0 Nel,B NB* NB Npl,B extreme bottom fibre)
• Plastic resistance of the concrete slab (within the 0.85.f ck k (< 1) is the maximum value for keeping
effective width) to compressive normal force :
N pl,B = .beff .h c step 3 within its elastic strength limits. => Mel,Rd = Ma,Ed + k. Mc,Ed
γC
(For instance, σai(1) + k.σai(2) = fyk )
EUROCODES
Example : Bending moment in section B EUROCODES
Example : Normal stresses in section B
Concreting
phases fy = -345 MPa
1 2 16 15 3 4 5 14 13 6 7 8 12 11 10 9
11.9 MPa
88.2 MPa σc
σas(2) 151.7 MPa
50 M_Ed+
M_Ed-
Section B
40 M_pl,Rd+
(Class 1) M_pl,Rd -
-63.0 MPa σai(2) -360.3 MPa
30
20 Mc,Ed(B) MEd(B) = 22.3 MN.m

Ma,Ed(B) = 2.7 MN.m
M (MN.m)
10
0
x (m) Mc,Ed(B) = 22.3 – 2.7 = 19.6 MN.m
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
-10 σai(2) = (-360.3) – (-63.0) = -297.3 Mpa
-20
fy − ( −63.0 )
-30 k is defined by k = = 0.95 ≤ 1.0
σai(2)
-40
Mel,Rd is then defined by Mel,Rd = Ma,Ed + k. Mc,Ed = 21.3 MN.m
-50
Ma,Ed(B) = 2.7 MN.m -----> MEd(B) = 22.3 MN.m < Mpl,Rd (B) = 25.7 MN.m
12
EUROCODES
Example : Interaction diagram in section B EUROCODES
Example : Limits of the elasto-plastic zone
beff = 5.6 m
k * ULS stresses
ULS Stresses (MPa) in the bottom steel flange
Section B
0.95*11.9 MPa
26.9 cm
400 (σmax = -360.3 Mpa)
300
3.6 cm 0.95*3.0 MPa

200
fck
0.85 = 19.8 MPa 100
0.65 m γC fy = -345 MPa

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
f Nel = 11.4 MN -100
Npl = 0.85 ck .A c,eff = 30.3 MPa
γC -200
3.3 m 2.8 m
-300
MB (MN.m) -400
Section A Section C
fy
Mpl,Rd = 25.7
MEd = 22.3
Mel,Rd = 21.3 Section A Section C
beff = 5.6 m
11.8 MPa 11.3 MPa
26.9 cm
3.6 cm 3.1 MPa 2.9 MPa
MaEd = 2.7
NB (MN)
Nel = 11.4 NB = 25.8 0.65 m Nel(A) = 12.1 MN Nel(C) = 11.5 MN
0
Npl = 30.3
NB* = 15.7
EUROCODES
Adding shear connectors by elasto-plastic design EUROCODES
Detailing for shear connectors
• 9 rows with 4 studs and a longitudinal spacing equal to 678 mm • for solid slabs :
(designed at ULS)
e = 678 mm
3300 mm 2800 mm
Section A Section B Section C

• to allow a correct welding of the connector : 25 mm ≤ eD
• and if the used shear connectors are studs :

Simplified (25.8-12.1)/(4x0.1095) = 28 (25.8-11.5)/(4x0.1095) = 33 rows
interaction rows • d ≤ 2.5.t f
spacing = 2800/33 = 84 mm
diagram
spacing = 3300/28 = 118 mm (which is even lower than 5d=110 mm !) d
• d ≤ 1.5.t f for a structural steel flange in tension, subjected to fatigue
h
• h ≥ 3d
More precise (15.7-12.1)/(4x0.1095) = 9 rows (15.7-11.5)/(4x0.1095) = 10 rows
interaction
• Φ head ≥ 1.5d
spacing = 3300/9 = 367 mm spacing = 2800/10 = 280 mm tf
diagram • hhead ≥ 0.4d
EUROCODES
Detailing for shear connectors EUROCODES
Transverse reinforcement for solid slabs
> Longitudinal spacing between shear connectors rows

Truss model for transverse reinforcement which supplements the shear strength of
– to insure the composite behaviour in all cross-sections : the concrete on potential surface of failure (a-a for instance)
emax = min (800 mm; 4 h )
b1 a b1 a
where h is the concrete slab thickness At
beff beff
– if the structural steel flange in compression which is connected to the

concrete slab, is a class 3 or 4 element : hc
235
emax ≤ 22t f Ab
tension
• to avoid buckling of the flange between two studs rows : fy a co
n
mp
io
Transverse re
ss
s
e
reinforcement sio
pr
n
m
235 1m
co
• to avoid buckling of the cantilever eD-long part of the flange : eD ≤ 9t f Ab+At

fy θf
– and if the used shear connectors are studs : 5.d ≤ e min vL ,Ed
> Transversal spacing between adjacent studs b

v aa = v L ,Ed ULS  . 1 a cracks
etrans ,min ≥ 2.5.d for solid slabs beff
etrans ,min ≥ 4.d in other cases
13
EUROCODES
Transverse reinforcement for solid slabs EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts
• tension in reinforcement : v aa .hc .(1m). tan θf ≤ ( A b + A t ) .fsd

 f 
v aa ≤ 0.6  1 − ck  fcd .sin θf cos θf
• compression in concrete struts :
 250  2. Global analysis of composite bridges
• for slab in tension at ULS : 1.0 ≤ co tan θf ≤ 1.25 (or 38.6° ≤ θf ≤ 45° ) 3. ULS verifications
• for slab in compression at ULS : 1.0 ≤ co tan θf ≤ 2.0 (or 26.5° ≤ θf ≤ 45° )
• Other potential surfaces of shear failure defined in EN1994-2 : 5. Connection at the steel–concrete interface
7. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in
compression
EUROCODES
Fatigue ULS in a composite bridge EUROCODES
Damage equivalent stress range ∆σE
In a given structural detail of the bridge which is subjected to repeated fluctuations of stresses
In a composite bridge, fatigue verifications shall be performed for : due to traffic loads, a fatigue crack could initiate and propagate. The detail fails when the
damage D in it reaches 1.0 : Log ∆σ (stress range)
• the structural steel details of the main girder (see EN1993-2 and EN1993-1-9)
• the slab concrete (see EN1992-2) Fatigue S-N curve of the
studied detail (EN1993-2)
• the slab reinforcement (see EN1994-2) weld 1
with 2 slopes (m=3 and m=5)
m
• the shear connection (see EN1994-2)
Longitudinal N = C.∆σ −m
∆σ stiffener on a web
Two assessment methods in the Eurocodes which differ in the partial factor γMf for crack ∆σC
fatigue strength in the structural steel :
Assessment method Consequence of detail failure for the bridge

(National Choice)
Low consequence High consequence damage Log N (cycles)
Damage tolerant ni ni
= di Ni NC = ND=5.106 NL=100.106
Required regular inspections and γMf = 1.0 γMf = 1.15 Ni 2.106
maintenance for detecting and repairing
fatigue damage during the bridge life ni
Total damage in the detail : D=∑
Safe life Ni
No requirement for regular in-service γMf = 1.15 γMf = 1.35
inspection for fatigue damage In term of D, the actual traffic (ni, ∆σi)i is equivalent to nE = Σ ni cycles of
the unique equivalent stress range ∆σE.
EUROCODES
Fatigue Load Model 3 « equivalent lorry » (FLM3) EUROCODES
Damage equivalence factor λ
axle = 120 kN In a structural steel detail (in EN 1993-2):

λ=λ1 λ2 λ3 λ4 < λmax
which represents the following parameters :
λ1 : influence of the loaded lengths, defined in function of the bridges

spans (< 80 m) and the shape of the influence line for the internal forces
and moments
λ2 : influence of the traffic volume
• 2.106 FLM3 lorries are assumed to cross the bridge per year and per slow lane defined λ3 : life time of the bridge ( λ3=1 for 100 years)
in the project λ4 : influence of the number of loaded lanes
• every crossing induces a stress range ∆σp = |σmax,f - σmin,f | in a given structural detail λmax : influence of the constant amplitude fatigue limit ∆σD at 5.106 cycles
• the equivalent stress range ∆σE in this detail is obtained as follows :
For shear connection (in EN1994-2): λ v = λ v ,1 .λ v ,2 .λ v ,3 .λ v ,4
∆σE = λΦ.∆σp where :
For reinforcement (in EN1992-2): λ s = ϕfat .λ s,1 .λ s,2 .λ s,3 .λ s ,4
• λ is the damage equivalence factor
For concrete in compression (in EN1992-2 and only defined for railway bridges):
• Φ is the damage equivalent impact factor
(= 1.0 as the dynamic effect is already λ c = λ c,0 .λ c,1 .λ c,2,3 .λ c,4
included in the characteristic value of the
axle load)
14
EUROCODES
Example : Damage equivalence factor λv EUROCODES
Stress range ∆σp = | σmax,f – σmin,f | in the structural steel
• for road bridges (with L< 100 m) : λ v ,1 = 1.55 Basic combination of non-cyclic actions Fatigue loads
• hypothesis for the traffic volume in the example (based for instance on the Gmax (or Gmin ) + 1.0 (or 0.0)S + 0.6Tk + FLM3
existing traffic description in EN 1991 part 2):
In every section : Mmax (or Mmin ) = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed MFLM3,max and MFLM3,min
Nobs = 0.5.106 lorries per slow lane and per year with the following distribution
• Bending moment in the section where the structural steel detail is located :
Q1 = 200 kN Q2 = 310 kN Q3 = 490 kN Q 4 = 390 kN Q5 = 450 kN MEd,max,f = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max MEd,min,f = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min
40% 10% 30% 15% 5% • Corresponding stresses in the concrete slab (participating concrete) :
15
 ∑ niQi5  v  v  v  v 
σc,Ed,min,f = Mc ,Ed  1  + MFLM3,min  1 
Qml =  = 407 kN σc,Ed,max,f = Mc,Ed  1  + MFLM3,max  1 
 ∑ n 
Mean value of lorries weight :
 i   I1 n  I1 n L
 I1 n 0
 I1 n L 0
(1 8)
Q  Nobs  407 Case σc,Ed,max,f > 0  va v1 v1   va v1 v1  v1
λ v ,2 = ml  = = 0.848 σc,Ed,min,f > 0 ∆σp = Ma,Ed I + Mc,Ed I + MFLM3,max I  − Ma,Ed I + Mc,Ed I + MFLM3,min I  = ∆MFLM3 I
480  0.5.106 
1
480  a 1 1   a 1 1  1
Case σc,Ed,max,f < 0 v2

• bridge life time = 100 years, so λ v ,3 = 1.0 2
∆σp = ∆MFLM3
σc,Ed,min,f < 0 I2
• only 1 slow lane on the bridge, so λ v ,4 = 1.0 λ v = 1.314 Case σc,Ed,max,f > 0 v v  v v
∆σp = Mc,Ed  1 − 2  + MFLM3,max 1 + MFLM3,min 2
3 σc,Ed,min,f < 0
 I1 I2  I1 I2
EUROCODES
Stress range ∆σp for the upper face of the upper steel flange EUROCODES
Stress range ∆σs,p = | σs,max,f – σs,min,f | in the reinforcement
Sequence of
1 2 3 16 15 14 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 9 8
concreting
Case σc,Ed,max,f > 0 v1
30 1 ∆σs ,p = ∆MFLM3
σc,Ed,min,f > 0 I1
Case σc,Ed,max,f < 0  v  M + MFLM3,max 
2 ∆σs ,p =  Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min 2 + ∆σs,f  1 − c,Ed 
σc,Ed,min,f < 0  Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min 
25  I2 
Case σc,Ed,max,f > 0 v1  v 
3 σc,Ed,min,f < 0 ∆σs ,p = (Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max ) −  M + MFLM3,min 2 + ∆σs,f 
Stress range (MPa)
20 I1  c,Ed I2 
15 • influence of the tension stiffening effect

fctm Fatigue : 0.2
10
∆σs,f = 0.2
αst ρs ! SLS verifications : 0.4
5 AI A s,eff
α st = ρs = .100
A aI a A c,eff
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 • in case 3, Mc,Ed is a sum of elementary bending moments corresponding to different
x (m)
Stress range from M_min Stress range from M_max
load cases with different values of v1/I1 (following nL).
always without concrete participation always with concrete participation
EUROCODES
Tension stiffening effect EUROCODES
Fatigue verifications
Tension ∆σc ∆τ
stiffening ∆σs,f • In a structural steel detail : γFf ∆σE ≤ γFf ∆τE ≤ c
effect γ Mf γMf
3 5
∆σs,p,2  γ Ff ∆σE   γFf ∆τE 
Slope v2/I2 (fully
  +  ≤ 1.0
cracked behaviour)
 ∆σC γMf   ∆τC γ Mf 
• In the reinforcement : ∆σRsk

γF,fat ∆σE ≤ γ S,fat = 1.15
∆σs,p,3 γ S,fat
Bending log ∆σRsk
moment in the
composite M fsk
k1 = 5
section k2 = 9
k1
∆σs ,p,1 1
case 2
Slope v1/I1 ∆σRsk = 162.5 MPa k2
1
case 3
case 1
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max σs Stresses in the reinforcement (>0 in compression)
N* = 1.106 logN
15
EUROCODES
Classification of typical structural details EUROCODES
Fatigue verifications for shear connectors
∆τR (log) ∆σR (log)
m=8 m=3
∆τc= ∆σc=
90 MPa
∆τE 80 MPa m=5
NR (log)
Nc =
∆σE NR (log)
Nc =
2.106 cycles 2.106 cycles
( ∆τR ) NR = ( ∆τC ) NC
m m
1. For a steel flange in compression at fatigue ULS :

∆τc γFf = 1.0
γ Ff ∆τE ≤ with the recommended values :
γMf ,s γMf ,s = 1.0
2. For a steel flange in tension at fatigue ULS :
∆σc ∆τc γ Ff ∆σE γ ∆τ

γ Ff ∆σE ≤ γ Ff ∆τE ≤ + Ff E ≤ 1.3
γ Mf γMf ,s ∆σC γ Mf ∆τC γ Mf ,s
EUROCODES
LTB around internal supports of a composite girder
To verify the LTB in the lower bottom flange (which is in compression

1. Introduction to composite bridges in Eurocode 4 around internal supports), two approaches are available :
2. Global analysis of composite bridges 1. Bridge with uniform cross-sections in

Class 1,2 or 3 and an un-stiffened web
(except on supports) : U-frame model
2. Bridge with non-uniform cross-sections :
4. SLS verifications general method from EN1993-2, 6.3.4
• 6.3.4.1 : General method
5. Connection at the steel–concrete interface • 6.3.4.2 : Simplified method
(Engesser’s formula for σcr)
fy σcr
αult with αult = and α cr =
λLT = σa
7. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in α cr σa
compression χLT = f λLT ( ) χLT αult

≥ 1.0 ?
γM1
EUROCODES
Example : lateral restraints EUROCODES
Maximum bending at support P1 under traffic
Traffic loads (with unfavourable

Lateral restraints are provided on each vertical support (piles) and in cross- transverse distribution for the TS = 409.3 kN/axle
udl = 26.7 kN/m
sections where cross bracing frames are provided: girder n°1)
• Transverse bracing frames every 7.5 m in end spans and every 8.0 m in +
central span
Dead loads (construction phases,
cracked elastic analysis,
shrinkage)
1100
2800
600
1100
IPE 600 MEd = -102 MN.m

7000
Cross section with transverse bracing frame in span NEd = MEd / h

= 38 MN
• A frame rigidity evaluated to Cd = 20.3 MN/m (spring rate)
16
EUROCODES
Elastic critical load for lateral flange buckling EUROCODES
EN1993-2, 6.3.4.1 (general method)
First order stresses in the mid plane

• EN 1993-2, 6.3.4.2 : ENGESSER of the lower flange (compression at support P1)
•NEd = constant = Nmax 400
t f bf 3 120.12003
• I = constant = Imax I= = c = Cd/a
12 12 300
Stresses in the mid-plane of the lower flange[MPa]

Ncr = 2 EIc = 192 MN  fyf  295
L = 80 m αult,k = min  = = 1.18
σ f  249
200
α cr = Ncr NEd = 5.1 < 10

100
α ult,k 1.18
λ op = =
• EN 1993-
1993-2, 6.3.4.1:
0 α cr,op 8.9
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
a = 7,5 m
General method a = 7,5 m a=8m
-100
= 0.37 ≥ 0.2
• I and NEd are variable
uy -200
• discrete elastic lateral
support, with rigidity Cd
(I)
-300
x
α cr = Ncr NEd = 8.9 (Mode I at P1) (II) -400
= 10.3 (Mode II at P2)

= 17.5 (Mode III at P1) χop = 0.875 ≤ 1.0
(III) Using buckling curve d:
α ult,k 1.036
χop = = 0.94 > 1.0 NO !
Lcr = 20 m γ M1 1.1
EUROCODES
More information about the numerical design example by

downloading the PDF guidance book :
“Eurocodes 3 and 4 – Application to steel-concrete
composite road bridges”
on the Sétra website :
http://www.setra.equipement.gouv.fr/In-English.html
Thank you for your kind attention
17

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EUROCODES

Background and Applications

“Dissemination of information for training” workshop

18-20 February 2008

with the support of

EN 1994 - Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures

All workshop material will be available at

General presentation of Eurocode 4 EUROCODE 4 :

EN 1994-1-1 : general rules and rules for buildings

Avoid cascades of references

Concrete Partially encased

Filler beam decks

EC4 EC3 EC4 EC2

Design fcd = fck / γC fcd = αcc fck / γC

Phone +49 711 685 66245

Institute of Structural Design Institute of Structural Design

Design of composite beams according to Eurocode 4-1-1

2 - SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

4 - VERIFICATION FOR BENDING AND SHEAR FOR ULS

Institute of Structural Design Institute of Structural Design

Definitions according EN 1994-1-1 [§1.5.2]

Materials according EN 1994-1-1 [§ 3]

Institute of Structural Design Institute of Structural Design

• Non-linear material behaviour

• Influence of erection and load history

2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis

Institute of Structural Design Institute of Structural Design

Non-linear material behaviour Non-linear material behaviour

q1 – first cracking (concrete slab) at support

2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis 2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis

Non-linear material behaviour Non-linear material behaviour

2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis 2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis

Institute of Structural Design Institute of Structural Design

Non-linear material behaviour Non-linear material behaviour

2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis 2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis

Institute of Structural Design Institute of Structural Design

Non-linear material behaviour Non-linear material behaviour

4,0 load level q4= qpl

2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis 2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis

Non-linear material behaviour Non-linear material behaviour Classes 1 and 2

[Source: Hanswille] [Source: Hanswille]

2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis 2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis

Institute of Structural Design Institute of Structural Design

[Source: Hanswille] [Source: Hanswille]

2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis 2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis

Institute of Structural Design Institute of Structural Design

- erection steel structure

2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis 2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis

- raising at inner supports

2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis 2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis

Institute of Structural Design Institute of Structural Design

The bending capacity Mpl,Rd is

[Source: Hanswille] [Source: Hanswille]

2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis 2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis

Institute of Structural Design Institute of Structural Design

Influence of creep and shrinkage Influence of creep and shrinkage

Due to creep and shrinkage:

For statically determinate structures: only external deformations

2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis 2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis

Influence of creep and shrinkage Influence of composite interaction

K...degree of shear connections

2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis 2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis

Institute of Structural Design Institute of Structural Design