PETROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

GV: ÑAØO THÒ KIM THOA

Boä moân CNCB daàu khí, Khoa CNHH, ÑH Baùch Khoa Tp. HCM
Baøi 2: QUAÙ TRÌNH SAÛN XUAÁT CAÙC HYDROCARBONS
TRUNG GIAN CHO HOÙA DAÀU

1. Steam cracking
ethylene
Khí hydrocarbon
nheï Olefins propylene
Steam
Phaân ñoïan trung Cracking butylenes
gian
B,T,X
Phaàn caën To cao
P thaáp

CH3-CH3 CH2=CH2 + H2 ΔH=+143 kJ

· ·
R-CH2-CH2-CH2-R R-CH2-CH2-CH2 + R
· ·
R-CH2-CH2-CH2 R-CH2 + CH2=CH2
 Giaûm aùp suaát rieâng phaàn cuûa chaát phaûn öùng

Giaûm carbon do nhieät phaân hydro ôû nhieät ñoä cao

Hôi quaù nhieät CH3-CH3 2C + 3H2
C + H2O CO + H2
Pha loõang laøm giaûm tieáp xuùc cuûa hydrocarbon vôùi
thaønh thieát bò
To: toái ña löôïng olefin vaø toái thieåu caën C
Cracking ethane: 800oC
Cracking naphtha hay gas oil: 675-700oC
Steam: nguyeân lieäu naëng caàn nhieàu hôn
Cracking ethane: steam/ethane=0.2/1
Cracking naphtha hay gas oil: steam/nglieäu=1/1.2

Thôøi gian löu: ngaén cho nhieàu olefin

Cracking ethane: 0.5-1.2s
Cracking naphtha hay gas oil: taïo olefin vaø B,T,X: thôøi
gian löu töông ñoái daøi hôn
 Cracking xuùc taùc

• Naâng caáp nguyeân lieäu: naëng thaønh nheï

• Nguyeân lieäu: gas oil, caën daàu

• Xöû lyù: loïai boû kim loïai vaø asphaltenes ( ñaàu ñoäc xuùc taùc vaø
haáp phuï leân taâm hoïat ñoäng)
 Reforming xuùc taùc

Muïc ñích: saûn xuaát B,T,X

Nhaäp lieäu: naphtha naëng
Xöû lyù: hydro hoùa olefins (olefins taïo coke, giaûm hoïat tính xuùc taùc)
hydro-desulfurize
hydro-denitrogenate (S,N ñaàu ñoäc chaát xuùc taùc)
Xuùc taùc: 2 chöùc naêng: taâm kim loïai: Pt: hydro – dehydro hoùa
Chaát mang: alumina (acid)
 The reaction chemistry

1: The dehydrogenation1: The dehydrogenation of naphthenes to convert them

into aromatics as exemplified in the conversion methylcyclohexane (a
naphthene) to toluene (an aromatic), as shown below:
2: The isomerization2: The isomerization of normal paraffins to isoparaffins2:
The isomerization of normal paraffins to isoparaffins as exemplified in the
conversion of normal octane to 2,5-Dimethylhexane (an isoparaffin), as shown
below:
3: The dehydrogenation and aromatization3: The dehydrogenation and
aromatization of paraffins to aromatics (commonly called dehydrocyclization) as
exemplified in the conversion of normal heptane to toluene, as shown below:
4: The hydrocracking4: The hydrocracking of paraffins into smaller molecules
as exemplified by the cracking of normal heptane into isopentane and ethane,
as shown below:
Composition change in a catalytic reformer

%V
Feed Product
paraffins 50 35
naphthenes 40 10
aromatics 10 55
 C4 and
lighter
Recycled
H2

catalyst

catalyst

catalyst
naphtha

heater reactor Hydrogen stabilizer

separator
TBPÖ 1: ít xuùc taùc hôn 2 TBPÖ coøn laïi: chuû yeáu laø
phaûn öùng dehydro hoùa naphthenes taïo aromatics

TBPÖ 2 vaø 3: nhieàu xuùc taùc hôn: taêng cöôøng caùc

phaûn öùng chaäm vaø cho pheùp thôøi gian ñeå cho ra
aromatic vaø paraffins nhaùnh

Dehydro hoùa laø phaûn öùng thu nhieät neân caàn gia
nhieät sau khi ra TBPÖ 1 vaø 2

To: 500 – 525oC

Muïc ñích: saûn xuaát khí toång hôïp: CO + H2
Nhaäp lieäu: khí thieân nhieân, caùc phaân ñoïan daàu thoâ
Xuùc taùc: Ni hoïat hoùa
Steam/khí thieân nhieân = 4-5

To: 700 – 800oC

P: 30 – 50 atm
Saûn phaåm: H2, CO, CO2, CH4 , H2O
Caùc phaûn öùng chính:
CH4 + H2O CO + H2
CH4 + 2 H2O CO 2 + 4 H2

ÖÙng duïng cuûa khí toång hôïp:

Saûn xuaát methanol
Saûn xuaát NH3
Fischer Troopsch hydrocarbon