CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF MATRICES A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns. Consider the matrix A below. a, ] e 9" (3.1) Such ann x n matrix is called a square matrix. The matrix can be real or complex. Note that a complex number X = Xp + jX, is memorized in two fields (areas) in the memory of the machine. One field contains real values and the other contains the imaginary part. The matrix A can also be written in the form: A = [ay a. 5m | (3.2) where a; = the first column vector; az = the second column vector @m = the m™ column vector. Or, it can be written as: (3.3) where, b, = is the first row vector ; b2 = is the second row vector , and so on. 65Chapter 3: Review of Matrices 66 3.1 Elementary Properties of Matrices Sum of Matrices Suppose we have two matrices A & B. That is, A, Be R"*" The sum C =A + Bis still a matrix of same order. ie. C =A +Be #”*" with the elements cy = ay + by. Likewise, if 4¢ Hand A « #”*", then B= 7A © #”*", with by = Aay. Moreover, the sum of two matrices is commutative. Product of Matrices LetA be anm xp matrix (ce. Ae 9"*”) and Bbeap xn matrix (i.e. Be RP*"). Then, the product of A and B is the matrix C such that: C=(AxB) ce R™", (3.4) where, the element cy s aby fori 1 Note: It is a necessary condition that the number of columns of the first matrix\be equal to the number of rows of the second matrix in order to obtain the product of the two matrices. : Example: ay ay where, cn = @nbu + aiba + 41363 and in general: ey = Deady for B= Nyeerents J = r= Note: The product of two matrices is not in general commutative. Null or Zero Matrix : is a matrix with all its elements equal to zero.Chapter 3: Review of Matrices 67 Unit (Identity) Matrix: is a matrix which has all elements zero except in the principal diagonal where all the elements are equal to 1. That is, the identity matrix J ¢ #"*" is represented as: Determinant of a Matrix Associated with every square matrix A is a number called the determinant of the matrix and is denoted by det(4) or |A|. If A = [aj] is ann x n matrix, then the determinant of A is defined by: det(A) = LopA1,p142,po0..--Anpn (3.5) P where the sum is taken over all n! permutations p of degree n, and © is 1 or -1, depending on whether p is even or odd. Hence, if n = 1, then: det(A) = det[a,;] = ayy and when n = 2, then: a a, det(4) = ae a | F Aya, 41.0, (3.6) an ay For n = 3, six products have to be summed up and for z = 10, over 3 million products, each with 10 factors, have to be computed and summed for the evaluation of the right side of Eqn. (3.5)! Hence, definition (3.5) is not very useful for the calculation of determinants. A more formal definition of determinants is given next. The determinant of a matrix A can also be defined as: ara emer a, By Wan sessvane Ar, || = Agy - Fyaissreeree an and it is equal to the sum of the products of the elements of any row or column and their Tespective cofactors.