OPHTHALMIC OPTICS FILE Ne 4 ophthalmic optics files 4, OPHTHALMIC LENSES THE DIFFERENT TYPES ( hoOphthalmic lenses PART III The different types 1. Single-vision lenses (continued) Astigmatic lenses e Plano/cylindrical lenses (PI/Cyl) __p. — definitions and descriptions — principal sections of the cylinder — assessment of a plano/cy! lens using a lens measure — images produced by positive plano/cyl lenses — manufacture of plano/cylindrical lenses Bicylindrical lenses p- Sphero/cylindrical lenses (Sph/Cyl) p. principal power meridians — lens permutations — transposition — astigmatic beams - Sturm’s conoid e Toric lenses (Tor) p- — schematic diagram of a toric lens. — powers in the principal meridians — the use of toric and sph/cyl lenses — cylindrical value — convex toric, concave toric, transposition — the manufacture of toric lenses — the effect of a slit on a plano/cyl and on an astigmatic system 19Astigmatic lenses ‘These lenses can be made by the combination of a cyindrical surface with a plano or a spherical surface and include: ~ plano/eyiindrical (olano/cy! lenses. Which are used in tral cases and are occasionally used as spectacle lenses. = sphero/eylindrcal (sph/cy)) lenses, which can be rep- resented by a combination of a plano/cy! and a spherical lens ‘These lenses have bean used to correct astigmatism. In the early 1930's they were repiaced by lenses of toric design, Being fat, sph/oy! and plano/cy! lenses generally give poorer ‘quaity images towards the periphery of the lens. — Sphero/torie - toric lenses (tor) These are lenses in which the astigmatic surface is a torus rather than a cylinder (a torus is defined as a surtate with two radii of curvature, the meridians of which are at 90° to each other. A car tyre is a good example of ane. For more deta, see Fig. 27). Image qualty excepted, toric and sphero/cylindrical lenses can produce the samie powers, so that the toric lens is often designed from its sph/cy! equivalent. plano/cylindrical (pl/cyl) lenses @ definitions - descriptions ¢.1) = Cylinder xx’ axis of rotation [AB generatrix of cylinder AB Frags of cylinder base = Plano/cylindrical lenses ‘These are shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1 as the blus- shaded areas, = Cylinder axis is the generatrix AB parallel to the rotation axis. Principal sections of the cylinder: Shows the shape of the power meridian of a convex or concave cylinder. — Shows a section through the axis with zero power. With the former, their shape is plano/spherical lenses (OX or CC), and with the latter, plano parallel surface lenses, | planoley! Cx (+) plano/ey CC (-) Fig