Earhquate Enercon, Trt Wid Conerence © 1992 Bakara, Rotem ISBN60 56100505 Seismic design practices of industries EAreL. Pt. Chilean Earthquake Engineering Society Santiago, iile ABSTRACT: Sedante Design codes are developed for bulléings and houses and, thereby, they are hot applicable co industrial structures chat are altogether different. Because of chia reasen Genign of Andustrial fecilicies in most countries is not regulaced and te based {nthe engineers experience and specifications prepared for each project. Nevertheless, because of the Frese Inpace of industrial selsmic losses in the economy, chere iz a trend to incorporate there facilities in the codes. Chile, probably the nest active seismic country in che vorld, has developed, since 1960, design practices for industries chat have been perticularly successfut The Chilean experience is compared vith other 3 countries and recommendations for cesign nethodology, specifications and code writings are subsiteed a awrRopuctio8 hile is probably the most incense setente country of the vorld. Im its 450 years Matortcally, selente codes were fire iatory {e haz been struck by 33. aajor developed for buildings and houses, Decause destructive earthquakes, one every 7.1 years it ds there vhere nost Lives are lost, Once in chis century, a frequency much higher than the goal of Iife protection vas achieved, inJapan, Californta, Mexico or other seianic fenrchquake engineering tured ite attention areas,” On May 22, 1960, 9.5. Richter to the inpact of sefenic losses in the earthquake, the largest ver recorded in econoay, which {s spectally significant in world history, seruck southern Chile, There industries, as investnents are usually high vere many industries in the epicentral eree and lost. production {2 ost taporcant, including 2 Paper and 1 Pulp Mill, a Steel Thereby, seismic codes for industries, chat Plant, en OL] Refinery and 3 Sugar Plants. are aleogether different chan for buildings, Denagea were anal, les than 0.58 of ire relative Lateconere in engineering Anvestaencs, and shutdowns ranged fron none ‘Ihe econonte tapact of tetanic disasters in toa fev days, in the opinion of “the che davelopnent of Che affected aren has Anerican Engines John A. Blune, these plants feldon been analyzed, In 1991, in a aynpostun auffered the vorst known selante exposure of organized by the UN within ies program of the any Industrial facility co dave. Afver 1960 Decade on the Mitigation of the effects of Chilean industries, including 6 Pulp and natural disasters, Arze quoted the following Paper Mi1Ls up to 900 ADID, have been equally Figures proposed by several researcher for successful int gore destructive earthquskes, Chile: Megnitudes 7,5 t0 7.9. Only $n 1989 the National Sefenie Code ih, 433 incorporazea Setamie cost as ¥ of GNP a chapter for. industrial structures end Dizece cost of danages 2.9% fackl ition, based in the quoted experience of Lost production and other indtrect 50 years) conte: L.70 "Inthe vast coast of the USA, eaten Prevention: O13 peacetee and research of gery years gave Total seisate cost LIN Origin to the SeLante Design Reconaendetions, published in 1908 by the Structural Engineers The quoted figure is « trenendous burden AssocLation of California (SEAOC) under the when compared with che country GNP growth, title "Non Buflding Structures"; chese thet has ranged between 5b and 6¥. It can be recommendations vere. {ncorporated, in the stated that earthquakes are Largely same year version of the Unifora Building Tesponstble for Chile not being a fully Code UBC. Reported danages to industries in developed nation. the ME. Alaska earthquake of 1964, and the The induscrfal seismic experience of & recent H7.1 Lona Prieta earthquake of 1989 in countries, Chile, the USA, New Zealand and Calfforn{a, were alnor’ but slightly worse the URSS ie summarized below, than in Chile, There vere no collapres and soreonly short shutdowns in major indurerien, but Uighe induseries in the eplcencral region suffered significancly, and in most cases suspended production Nev Zeeland Bullding Code, one of the world's most advanced, is not applicable co Industries, To overcome the defietency, the Ministry of Public Works published in'1981 recomendations for the Selaate Design of Petrochenicals Planes, that engineers use in others industries as well, The 46.3, 1987, Esgecuabe earthquake vas che Last co\ affect New Zealand, In spite of its low magntcude, ddanages at the 1300 1/0 Tasman Pulp and Paper Go, Plant, located at Kaverau, 16 Ka. from the epicenter, were extensive and serfous Cost of repairs was reported at US$ 85 illion and shutdowns in some iaporeant units Tasted several months. Because the plant vas duile between 1955 end 1975, before applicable selamic codes existed, most of the dimage occurred in facilities not engineered or defletently | engineered to resist eurthguakes. It Is noted chat damages affected mainly equipents, not structure Nev Zealend engineers, | vhose seismic fxpertence and Knevchow is ineernationally Tecognized, ‘reported that very seldom they are allowed by the oimers of suppliers to pereteipace in the design of equipments, Perhaps this 12 the mein reason for the failures at that afll. Tee URSS Standard Regulations for Construction has specific requirenents for industries chat, according” co Russian Engineers, are ortented in aodern technical yrineiples. Nevertheless che 7.0 Arnenia Sarthguake of 1988 consequences on industries Sere, in the opinion of the Joint American Russian Reconnaissance teas, disastrous Authorities eseinaced chat 65 of modern agineered structures in the strongly shaken Fegion were destroyed. Many, if net most, {edusteial structures collapsed and at Teast 180. factories suffered long erm Interruptions. Tt has not been reported Lf there were any Pulp end Paper Plants snong, thea, “Apparently, fatlures vere mainly due fo. deflelent’ construetion and Lack of Adequate inspection. ‘Avsumary ‘of the quoted experience in 6 earehquakes Se given below, Beene. Mag, Accel. Danages to Riche, industries chine 1960 9.5 Minor Chile 1985 47.90.67 Minor Usa 1964 Kou: Moderace Usa 1989, HTL 0.98g Hederate USS 1987 M613 0.25 g Extensive N.2esland '68 47.0 0.21 g Extensive 5020 2. seIsuIc DEstew METHODOLOGY induseey has a great varlety of Structures and equipments, sany of then goed in” other countries, by the suppliers, often sechanteal engineers with no felanic experience. Additionally, the ease Of energency Inspection end repatr has to be Mlvays considered, Because of these unfque features, an adequate methodology of work and coordination systens between the selsnic A large Speclalists, the plant designers, the jerators and) the suppliers ust be ab lished Ta Chile, after many years in vhich problens have not been absent, che Rethodology deserived below has proved Successful. Delays, claine, bad will and Inck of cooperation have thus been avoided. Generally speaking, vendors and suppliers have a good attitude covards modifying their equipment design for selemic reliability, 26 long as clear specifications are nade avallable co then Cinely, during che bidding Stage. Usually, they will modify. their Gesiga at no extra costs 2.1 Preliminary studies and coordination The setemte factor must be considered since the initial phases of project organization An early study of the site geology ant Seleatcley {2 required, Investignce selanic Fisk, Including tidal vaves for coastal Locations, and select the design earthquake considering the plant Life (sot codes use « 50 years ‘event with 10s probability of excedence); locate active faults that, ££ e50 Close, may require relocation of che plant. = Proceed with soils investigations as oon ‘location is decided. Spectal attention Should be given to Liquefaction of granular Soils and dynamic sectlenent of loose sands and sites, chat aay produce extrenely dangerous seisale settlements + Select the equipment chat aay be earthquake eritical and prepare recommendations for the Gesigners, ommers and suppliers, Meetings say be advisable at this stage + Establish procedures for seteale design, Eeview and” approval, consigering the experience of potential suppliers 2.2 Complete Seismic and Structurel Design Specifications for designers and suppliers should be prepared before actual design and procurenent starts, ‘This document should be Encluded in the quotation requests and bes andatory appendix of the contracts, If Suppliers do not have earthquake experience fe ts convenient to” prepare "TechnicalInstructions co Suppliers" with applications of the Spectttextion Folloving setters must be included ta the specification: sample + Seleate Design PhtLosophy. * Related material and design codes, 2 Methods of selanic analysis, that may be 4) Static, a simplified systen that replaces Che earchquake effects by sets of horizontal forces; 5) Dynanic, in which « athenatical, nodel of che structure ts analyzed for the accelerations of the expected earthquakes Eepresented by 2 "Design Spectrum Hiscorical, that applies to the mubjected ‘to recordings of actual areifictal earchquakes, The Static Method can be used by structural engineers with Lftete “setsmic | ‘experience, but Lee applications are Limited, The Dynaaic and Mistorical Wethods are general, but require increasingly sophieticated software and must be used by experienced spectelises + Design paraneters such as selanic zone, ground acceleration, soils coefficients, load Combinations, allovable deforastions, ets. 2.3. Selente Classification ALL setsnte codes classify the structure tn accordance vith thelr importance and risk fnvolved ina failure, Each Claes har an importance coefficient (*I") applicable to the selente forces: ‘The Chilean Classification thova below coincides fatrly vell vith the Anerican and New Zealander. = Class A, 1 = 1.25 Essential Pactitcies A fallure results in long thutéomne and serious production losses. It also includes Emcilities that aust renain operative during che energency. Typical of this class are, for instance, the Blast Furnace and the Fire Station of a Steel Mi11 = Class B, T= 1.25 Hazardous. A eetante failure involves risk of explosion, fire, potsoning, burning and similar. Typical ‘Sxamples are high preasure steam or chlorine piping, flanmable fuel storage, ete. + Clase ¢. T= 1.0 Normal, not tneluded tn Aor B. euch as buildings, conveyors, Ordinary pping, ete. < Class D. I = 1.0. Minor, equipment and erieical bur tha, Produce costly shutdowns tn which setante forces are not incase of failure, say Typical of echis Class are pumps, suall ators and process Vessels, ete. ‘The selanie engineer, Jointly with the process angineere and the operators, sure Prepare complete lists of all the’ plant ateuctures, equipsents and factiittes, with Indication of the class, sethod of analysis, ain. peraneters and other relevant [nforastion for each tes. A sample sheet for typical Pulp and Paper MILI ts shown below. SEISHIC CLASSIFICATION LIST PROJECT: XYZ PULP AND PAPER MILL err 2.4 Setemte review and approval Experience in all selenite areas indicate that ore than 854 of iaportant failures are ue fo gross errors of construction oF design concept. Modern codes, thereby, require fandacety and independent design review and construction inspection. Accordingly, all Gravinge computations and Anepection reports must be submitted to che selsnic reviewers, ho matter how irrelevant they may sees Setanle review {5 done by steps, depending on the el ‘classes A and B: Step 1, Concept. Draving shoving the reructural Tayout, weights a Centers of gravity are suonitted, At this Stage {c 42 often useful to schedule meetings with suppliers co agree in concepts and pethods. ‘To filustrate the point, the folloving figure shows a Lisestone kiln thet {e typical in the cenent, pulp, steel and other industries