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Assignment
Origami is a type of art first originated from Japan. Ori means “folding” and gami
means “paper”. It is possible to fold many beautiful shapes in origami. Most
amazingly, many astonishing pieces of origami are produced from a single piece of
paper, with no cutting. Just like constructions using straight edge and compass,
constuctions through paper folding is both mathematically interesting and aestheric,
particularly in origami. Origami can be related with mathematics because every edge
of the origami’s has their own length and angle. It is fun to fold origami and at the
same time we can learn some mathematics formula from it. Some of the different
categories of origami are represented below:
Modular origami
Origami tessellation
Origami animal
The folding of an Origami crane
Origami (折り紙, from ori meaning "folding", and kami meaning "paper"
(kamichanges to gami due to rendaku)) is the art of paper folding, which is often
associated with Japanese culture. In modern usage, the word "origami" is used as an
inclusive term for all folding practices, regardless of their culture of origin. The goal
is to transform a flat square sheet of paper into a finished sculpture through folding
and sculpting techniques. Modern origami practitioners generally discourage the use
of cuts, glue, or markings on the paper. Origami folders often use the Japanese
word kirigami to refer to designs which use cuts, although cutting is more
characteristic of Chinese papercrafts.
The small number of basic origami folds can be combined in a variety of ways
to make intricate designs. The best-known origami model is the Japanese paper
crane. In general, these designs begin with a square sheet of paper whose sides may
be of different colours, prints, or patterns. Traditional Japanese origami, which has
been practiced since the Edo period (1603–1867), has often been less strict about
these conventions, sometimes cutting the paper or using nonsquare shapes to start
with. The principles of origami are also used in stents, packaging and other
engineering applications.
Origins and the traditional designs. The Japanese word "Origami" itself is a
compound of two smaller Japanese words: "ori" (root verb "oru"), meaning to fold,
and "kami", meaning paper. Until recently, not all forms of paper folding were
grouped under the wordorigami.
Origami cranes
Mathematics of Paper Folding.
Flat folding
Mountain-valley counting
Two-colorability
1. Maekawa's theorem: at any vertex the number of valley and mountain folds
always differ by two.
It follows from this that every vertex has an even number of creases, and
therefore also the regions between the creases can be colored with two colors.
2. Kawasaki's theorem: at any vertex, the sum of all the odd angles adds up to
180 degrees, as do the even.
3. A sheet can never penetrate a fold.
Paper exhibits zero Gaussian curvature at all points on its surface, and only folds
naturally along lines of zero curvature. Curved surfaces that can't be flattened can be
produced using a non-folded crease in the paper, as is easily done with wet paper or a
fingernail.
Assigning a crease pattern mountain and valley folds in order to produce a flat model
has been proven by Marshall Bern and Barry Hayes to be NP-complete. Further
references and technical results are discussed in Part II of Geometric Folding
Algorithms.
Huzita–Hatori axioms
Contructions
The function changing the length AP to QC is self inverse. Let x be AP then a number
of other lengths are also rational functions of x. For example:
AP BQ QC AR PQ
The classical problem of doubling the cube can be solved using origami. This
construction is due to Peter Messer:[13] A square of paper is first creased into
three equal strips as shown in the diagram. Then the bottom edge is positioned so
the corner point P is on the top edge and the crease mark on the edge meets the
other crease mark Q. The length PB will then be the cube root of 2 times the
length of AP.[14]
The edge with the crease mark is considered a marked straightedge, something
which is not allowed in compass and straightedge constructions. Using a marked
straightedge in this way is called a neusis construction in geometry.
Trisecting an angle
Trisecting the angle CAB
Angle trisection is another of the classical problems that cannot be solved using a
compass and unmarked ruler but can be solved using origami. This construction
is due to Hisashi Abe.[13] The angle CAB is trisected by making folds PP' and QQ'
parallel to the base with QQ' halfway in between. Then point P is folded over to lie
on line AC and at the same time point A is made to lie on line QQ' at A'. The angle
A'AB is one third of the original angle CAB. This is because PAQ, A'AQ and A'AR
are three congruent triangles. Aligning the two points on the two lines is another
neusis construction as in the solution to doubling the cube.[15]
Related problems[edit]
The problem of rigid origami, treating the folds as hinges joining two flat, rigid
surfaces, such as sheet metal, has great practical importance. For example,
the Miura map fold is a rigid fold that has been used to deploy large solar panel
arrays for space satellites.
The fold-and-cut problem asks what shapes can be obtained by folding a piece of
paper flat, and making a single straight complete cut. The solution, known as the
fold-and-cut theorem, states that any shape with straight sides can be obtained.
From what I have learn frome this project, it make me realise that origami is not just
about folding paper but it is actually more than that. We get to know that every angle
and edge of the origami have their own value. Conclusion that origami is so powerful.
In addition to these intriguing constructional properties, origami is worth studying
and exploring in other math related fields. For example, there is a connection
between origami and topology, even to graph theory, something that we don’t usually
assume origami would associate with. Even beyond its mathemtical properties, they
are partically useful and artistically pleasing.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origami
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