STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONS OF HARMONY By ARNOLD SCHOENBERG Revised Edition with Corrections Edited by Lroxani Saber and faber' First published in 1954 by Williams and Norgate Limited. ‘Second (revised) edition 1969 published by Emnest Bern Limited First published in Faber Paperbacks in 1983 by Faber and Faber Limited 3 Queen Square London WCIN 3AU Printed in Great Britain by Whitstable Litho Lid Whitstable All rights reseed Copyright © 1954, 1969 by Nuria Schoenberg Nono, Ronald Schoenberg, 1 cand Lawrence Schoenberg Bt This boot i sold sujet 6 the ebtion tht it shell mt, by say of \ fred of ahr Se lt, esd, ed at of shred ‘hat the plies rie oman nny fom of ining aot Str th the in whi Wis pied ant itt slr etn Inning hi condition being ined he sea arth ur Vv v British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Schoenberg, Arnold Structural functions of harmony.——2nd (rev.) ed VI 1. Harmony. vu I. Tile II. Stein, Leonard 7313 MTS0 ISBN 0-571-13000-3 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PREFACE TO THE Revise EpiTion Eprtok’s PREFACE To THE Fiast EprTtow Tue Use oF Tas BOOK FoR TEACHING AND Setr-Insteucrion SravctuRat Fuxcrions oF HARMONY Pruvciptes or Harwony (A Brig REcAPITULA- 0%) Part-Leading Dissonances and Their Treatment Root Progressions ‘The Minor Tonality Establishment of Tonality The Cadence I The §.Chord of the Cadence The Half Cadence: Other Cadences Suasrrrures and REGioNs Derivation of the Substitutes Introduction of Substitutes Regions I Introduction of Regions Chromatic Procedure Functional Limitations of Artificial Dominants ‘The Cadence IT (enriched) Reo1oNs 1 Minor, Regions II ‘TRANSFORMATIONS ‘Transformations of the Second Degree Transformations of Other Degrees in the Tonic Region Restrictions ‘Vacrant Harnontes InrercnaNcrasttty oF Major ano Minor (Tomic Miso, Svspowivant MINOR AND ¥-Mivor Recions) Regions III (Major) Tonic Minor Region ix xv oun ry 1% 15 5 8 19 a1 23 28 30. 35 35, 38 a 51 5IVIII Inpirect sur Crose Retavioxs (A ‘CONTENTS Subdominant Minor Region Five-Minor Region (v) fEDIANT. ‘Mayor, Sumueptant Major, Flat Mepianr Major ap Mixon, Fiat Susqeptant Major ‘axp MiNoR Regions IV Major Minor Remotely Related Intermediate Regions IX Chassrtcation oF RELATionsia1P Regions in Major Regions in Minor X_ Exrenvep Tonaury (Exaupces prom Mustcat Lrreratore) XI Progressions rox Various Compostrionat Pur- Poses: Sentence Period Codetta Contrasting Middle Section Sequence Variation of the Sequence Pedal ‘Transition Durchfithrung (Elaboration) Roving Harmony ‘The So-Called “ Free Forms” XII Apontosia Evavarion or 4 Dionysian Eoct, Grossany ano Taste or Deorzss APPENDIX Iypex oF Nawes Ivpex oF TeRws ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I map been constantly dissatisfied with the knowledge of har- ‘mony of my students of composition at the University of California, Los Angeles. To remedy this shortcoming I instituted a new class to which the conventional harmony teaching should be the prerequisite: StrucruRAL. FuNcTIONS or Haraoxy. At this time (1939) a young former student ‘of mine, Leonard Stein, had already become my assistant ‘and remained in this capacity for the next three years. ‘Thus naturally when I started to write the present book I ‘could not select one better to help me express my ideas. He had observed the development of these ideas from the very eginning and had watched me struggling with their formula- tion. T was not wrong in this selection. While perhaps a perfec~ tionist might have tortured me with corrections of my English, upsetting the flow of ideas, he had the patience to let me pro- rnounce my sentences in their rudest forms if only they expressed theidea clearly. Of course the gravest grammatical errors had to be eliminated, but the polishing of the style could be post- poned. In spite of the preliminary work done in classes and Mr. in’s collection of notes and examples at this time, the real writing and frequent rewriting of the book demanded nearly two years. The extreme number of examples necessary for illustrating and clarifying every problem; the application of the theories in the analysis of the examples from literature and the inevitable work of writing and copying are indications of ‘Mr. Stein’s share in the production of this book. T use with pleasure this opportunity to thank him for his intelligent, careful, assiduous and discriminating assistance. ARNOLD SCHOENBERG 28 March 1948