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أساسيات الجبر PDF
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أساسيات الجبر PDF
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אאא
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אאאא
אא
א
5
אאאאא
אא אא א
א אאאא
KאאאאWאא
WאאאWאא
KאאאJ 1
KאאאאאאJ 2
KEFאאJ 3
KאאJ 4
KאאJ 5
KאאJ 6
KאאאאאJ 7
K٪95אאאWאאא
K30Wאא
KאאאאWאא
-1-
אא אא א
א אאאא
WאאאE1–1F
،אאאאאאא،אאא
Wאאאא
( ) Natural Numberאא• א
= {1, 2, 3, 4, …..}
Kאאאאא،א
( ) Integer Numbers אא• א
Kאאאא،אאאא
= { …..,-5 , -4 ,-3 ,-2 ,-1 ,0 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,….. }
( ) Rational Numbersאא• א
א،אאא
18 2
KKKKKKKKKK א
5 3
( ) Irrational Numbersאא• א
KKKKπ 2 אאא
-2-
אא אא א
א אאאא
Wאאאאא
אאא אאא
4 − 5 11 − 8
9 8 4
15
אאא
0 -6 -4
π
אאא π
1 2 3
14 50
E1J 1F
Wאאא
،
א
K
-3-
אא אא א
א אאאא
Wאאאא
אא،אאא
א
،(O)אא( 0 ) אא
…… ، 3 ، 2 ، 1 א…… ، +3 ، +2 ، +1אאאא
אאאE2J 1אאFאאאא
…… ، 3 ، 2 ، 1 א……،-3 ، -2 ، -1א
Kאאאא
π
E2J 1F
1
אא،+10אPאא אא
2
1 −3
Kא 1 R
2 2
Aאא، אאאאאא
אBאאAאאאB
KAאאBא
-4-
אא אא א
א אאאא
Wאאאא
: a,b,c ∈ WE1F
a + b = b + a (1)
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c = a + b + c (2)
ac = bc ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙa + c = b + c ﻓﺈﻥa = b ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ3)
a b = b a (4)
a (bc) = (a b) c = a b c (5)
(-a)(-b) = ab ، -a (b) = -ab ، a (-b) = -ab ، -(-a) = a (6)
a . o = o (7)
.א b=o ﺃﻭa = o ﻓﺈﻥ ab = o ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ8)
a (b + c) = a b + a c (9)
a o
Kﻏﻴﺭ ، = o (10)
o a
Wאא
אאאאאאאא
אאE180Fאאאאאא
אא {9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1} א
א{ 9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1 } אאא،אא
Wאא
-5-
אא אא א
א אאאא
،אא{0،0}אאא
אאאאE731–654Fאאאאא
אאאאא،אאאא
E440–362Fאא،אאאאא
א،EאאF π
Fאאא،E 3.1459265358979325 F π
KED،x،J ،HFאאאאאE891–813
-6-
אא אא א
א אאאא
WאאאאE2–1F
Wאאאאאאא
א
KאאאE1
Kאאאאא E2
KאאאאאE3
W
אאאאאאאאJ 1
Kאא
KאאאאJ 2
WאWE1F
I) 9 + 6 – 2 II) 10 – 23 + 5 III) 4 – (– 7) IV) 2 – (7 – 9)
14 + 3 − 17
V) 4 + (16 – 20) VI) 3.7 + 5.3 – 9 VII)
5 − 3 +1
Wא
I) 9 + 6 – 2 = 15 – 2 = 13
II) 10 – 23 + 5 = -13 + 5 = – 8
III) 4 – (– 7 ) = 4 + 7 = 11
IV) 2 – ( 7 – 9 ) = 2 – (– 2 ) = 2 + 2 = 4
V) 4 + ( 16 – 20 ) = 4 + ( - 4 ) = 4 – 4 = 0
VI) 3.7 + 5.3 – 9 = 9 – 9 = 0
14 + 3 − 17 17 − 17 0
V II) = = =0
5 − 3 +1 2 +1 3
-7-
אא אא א
א אאאא
>KKKKKKK
WאאאE1F
(+)+(+)=(+) ، (-)+(-)=(-)
( + ) + ( - ) = ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ
WאאאאE2F
( −) ( −) (+)
= ( −) = ( +) = (+)
(-)(+)=(-) ، (-)(-)=(+) ، (+)(+)=(+) ، (+) ، ( −) ، (+)
WאWE2F
I) 24 D 4x5x8 II) 12x3D4III) 10x6 D 5 D 3 IV) 1.6 x 10 D 4 V) 0.9 D 9
Wא
I) 24 D 4x5x8 = 6x5x8 = 30x8 = 240
II) 12x3 D 4 = 36 D 4 = 9
III) 10x6 D 5 D 3 = 60 D 5 D 3 = 12 D 3 =4
IV) 1.6 x 10 D 4 = 16 D 4 = 4
V) 0.9 D 9 = 0.1
WאאאWE3F
1 − 2(3 + 4)
I) 9 + 6 D 3 II)
5 + 6x2
Wא
I) 9 + 6 D 3 = 9 + 2 = 11
1 − 2(3 + 4) 1 − 2(7) 1 − 14 −13 13
II) = = = =–
5 + 6x2 5 + 12 17 17 17
WאאאWE1F
12 + 14 D ( 11 – 4 ) x 6 – 16
-8-
אא אא א
א אאאא
Wא
KEאFd , c , b , a WE2F
a c
.( אאאא ) = ⇔ ad = bc
b d
E1
a −a a a c ad ± bc a c a±c
= =− E4 ± = E3 ± = E2
−b b b b d bd b b b
a c a d ad a c ac −a a
÷ = x = E7 ⋅ = E6 = E5
b d b c bc b d bd −b b
WWE4F
25 11 17 4 7 7 1 5 7 2
I) + II) − + III) − IV) − + × =
6 6 3 3 3 11 3 12 4 3
2
1 5 9 5 2 −8
V) 3 VI) ÷ + VII) ÷ +
5 3 2 2 7 5 14
7
Wא
25 11 25 + 11 36
I) + = = =6
6 6 6 6
17 4 7 17 − 4 + 7 13 + 7 20
II) − + = = =
3 3 3 3 3 3
7 1 3(7) − 11(1) 21 − 11 10
III) − = = =
11 3 11(3) 33 33
5 7 2 − 5 7(2) − 5 14 9
IV) − + × = + = + =
12 4 3 12 4(3) 12 12 12
-9-
אא אא א
א אאאא
2
2 5 2 7 2(7) 14
V) 3 = ÷ = x = =
5 3 7 3 5 3(5) 15
7
1 5 9 1 2 9 2 9 2(2) + 15(9) 4 + 135 139
VI) ÷ + = x + = + = = =
3 2 2 3 5 2 15 2 15(2) 30 30
5 2 −8 5 5 −8 5(5) −8 25 −8 25 + ( −8) 25 − 8 17
VII) ÷ + = x + = + = + = = =
7 5 14 7 2 14 7(2) 14 14 14 14 14 14
>KKKKKא
EאאאאFאא
3 1 3 −1 2
− ≠ =
7 4 7−4 3
- 10 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
Wאא
Wc , b , a
c ac c ab ± c
a x = E2 a± = E1
b b b b
c c 1 c c b ab
÷a = x = E4 a ÷ = a× = E3
b b a ba b c c
WאWE5F
2 10 5 1
I) 4 + II) −1 III) −2x +
5 15 3 3
7 1 11 5 1 17
IV) ÷ 2×5 V) 6 ÷ − VI) 2x ÷ −
4 4 2 11 4 11
Wא
2 4 2 5(4) + 1(2) 20 + 2 22
I) 4 + = + = = =
5 1 5 1(5) 5 5
10 10 1 10(1) − 15(1) 10 − 15 −5
II) −1= − = = =
15 15 1 15(1) 15 15
5 1 − 2(5) 1 − 10 1 − 10 + 1 9
III) − 2 × + = + = + = = − = −3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
7 7 1 7(1) 7 7(5) 35
IV) ÷ 2x5 = x x5 = x5 = x5 = =
4 4 2 4(2) 8 8 8
1 11 4 11 6(4) 11 24 11 2(24) − 11(1) 48 − 11 37
V) 6 ÷ − = 6x − = − = − = = =
4 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2(1) 2 2
5 1 17 2(5) 1 17 10 4 17 40 17 40 − 17 23
VI) 2x ÷ − = ÷ − = x − = − = =
11 4 11 11 4 11 11 1 11 11 11 11 11
- 11 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
1
Wb = 2، a = אWE6F
2
I) 8 a + 18 b II) 12 a – 2 b
Wא
1
I) 8 a + 18 b = 8 ( ) + 18 ( 2 ) = 4 + 36 = 40
2
1
II) 12 a – 2 b = 12 ( )–2(2)=6–4=2
2
WWE2F
4 2 1
I) x3 ÷ +
11 5 2
1 2
II) 5 ÷ − 7x
6 7
3
2+
III) 4 IV) 24 D2 a – b ؛Ea = 3 , b = – 5 F
2
- 12 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
E1–1F
WאE1
I) 24 ÷ 4x5x8 II) −9 + 6 − 5 + ( −8) III) −6( −4 + 12x5)
15 ÷ 5x4 ÷ 6 − 8 16 − 8x3 ÷ 6
IV) V) 14 ÷ 2 − 3x3 + 1 VI)
−6 − ( −5) − 8 ÷ 2 −7 + 18 ÷ 9 + 10
VII) −17 + 12 − 6x14 ÷ 3 VIII) 18 ÷ 9x10 − 10 + 8x10
WאאאE2
3 5 2 3⎛ 1⎞ 4 2 3 2
I) − ÷ II) ⎜8− ⎟ ÷ III) − +
7 2 3 10 ⎝ 7⎠ 9 5 5 7
2 1
+
4 5
IV)
3
WאאE3
4 12 1 5
I) 5 − II) 6x III) x ÷ 3
9 8 6 4
6
IV) 11 ÷ x( −2) + 20
7
2
c = ،b = –1، a = 4 אE4
3
W
2a − 7b
I) a + 3 c II) c – 2 b III) 15 – IV) 5a D 2 c – 3 b
3
- 13 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
WאE3–1F
J W
WEaFEnF
KאEnF אא،אEaFאא
W
4
⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 2 2 2 16
4 = 4x4x4 = 64 ، ( −6) = ( −6)( −6) = 36 ، ⎜ ⎟ = x x x =
3 2
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 3 3 3 81
>KKKKKא
אאא
23 ≠ 2(3) = 6
WאאאWE7F
II) −2
2
I) 4 ×2
3
III ) (3 + 42)(33 − 52)
IV) 3 x 52 − 25 + 14
Wא
I) 4 ×2 = 4 × 8 = 32
3
II) −2 = −(2 ) = −4
2 2
III) (3 + 42 ) − (33 − 52) = (3 + 16)(27 − 25) = (19)( 2) = 38
IV) 3 x 52 − 25 + 14 = 3 x 25 – 32 +14 = 75 – 32 + 14 = 43 + 14 = 57
>KKKKKא
W
2(3) 2 ≠ (2 × 3) 2 =6 2
−2 2 ≠ (−2) 2 = 4
- 14 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
Wאא
W
Wn , mb , a
n
a
= an−m E2
(a ) = a
n m nm
(3 a m
a xa = a
n m n+ m
(1
n n
1 ⎛a⎞ a
(a ≠ o)a − n = E6 (b ≠ o) ⎜ ⎟ = n E5
an ⎝b⎠ b (axb)n = an xbn E4
⎛a⎞ ⎛b⎞
−n n
⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ E7
( ؟.. ) ﻟﻤﺎذاa = 1 (8)
o (a,b ≠ o) ⎝b⎠ ⎝a⎠
WWE8F
4 2 o
1
III ) ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ IV ) ( ( −2)3 )
4
I) 3 x 3 II ) ( −2) ( −2)
3 5
V ) −7−2
⎝7⎠
10
−3
4
⎛ ⎞
2 χ −5 7
χ
VII ) ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
3
VI ) −4o VIII ) IX ) X) ⎜ 1 ⎟
3 ⎝ ⎠
1
53 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
χ3 ⎝γ ⎠
Wא
1
( )
4
I ) 34 x32 = 36 II ) ( −2)3 ( −2)5 = ( −2)8 III ) ( )o = 1 IV ) ( −2)3 = ( −2)12
7
−3 3
−2 1 o ⎛2⎞ ⎛3⎞ 3
3
V ) −7 =− 2 VI ) −4 = −1 VII ) ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 2
7 ⎝3⎠ ⎝2⎠ 2
4 10
4 1 3 ⎛ ⎞
χ3 − −5 7 ⎜ χ ⎟ χ10 χ10
VIII ) 1
=χ 3
3 = χ3 =χ IX ) 3 = −54 X) ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 1 10 = γ 5
5 ⎜ γ2 ⎟ ⎛ ⎞
χ3 ⎝ ⎠ ⎜ γ2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
- 15 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
אאאאאאאאWE9F
Kא
10κ −3
I ) ⎛⎜ 6 y 3 ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 2 y 2 ⎞⎟
2 1
−2 −1 −5 2
II ) 3χ (4 χ ) III )
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ 5κ −5
IV ) ( −z 2r )(4zr + 3 ) V ) ( −5 κ) −2
Wא
I ) ⎛⎜ 6 y 3 ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 2 y 2 ⎞⎟ = 12 y 3 2 = 12 y
2 1 2 1 4+3 7
+
6
= 12 y 6
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
II) 3χ −2 (4 −1 χ −5 )2 = 3χ −2 (4 −2 χ −10 ) = 3x4 −2 χ −2+ ( −10)
1 1 3
= 3x4 −2 χ −12 = 3x x =
42 χ12 16χ12
10κ−3
III ) −5
= 2κ −3−( −5) = 2κ2 IV ) ( −Z 2r )(4Z r +3 ) = −4Z 3r +3
5κ
1 1 1
V ) ( −5κ)−2 = = =
( −5κ)2 ( −5)2 κ2 25κ2
Wa = 5 , b = 1 , c = 10 אWE10F
II) (c + 3b)
2
I) (2a )
2
Wא
I) (2a) (2(5)) = (10) = 100
2 2 2
II) (c + 3b) = (10 + 3(1))2 = (10 + 3) 2 = (13) = 169
2 2
>KKKKKא
(a ±b) ≠ a ±b
n n n
אאא
- 16 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
a = 10 , b = 2 2 a 2 ÷ 5 b3 − 5 J 1WE3F
WאJ 2
−2 −3 −4
(5χ) (χ )
I ) 56 (5−3 )(54 ) II )
(25−1 χ −3) )−1
E2–1F
KאאאאאE1
I) an ⋅ bm = (ab)n+m II ) an ⋅ am ⋅ ar = an+m+r III ) (a + b)2 = a2 + b2
a4 a2
IV ) (a − b)2 = a2 − b2 V) 2 4 = 4
a +b b
WאאאE2
I ) 2 a −1 =
1 −2 2
1) 2) 3) − 2a 4)
2a a a
−2
II ) (3b) =
1 1 9 −6
1) 2
2) 2
3) 2
4) 2
9b 6b b b
III ) 5 a −1b2 =
− 5b
2 2 2
5
1) 5ab 2) b 3) 4) b
5a a a
−1
− 2a 3
IV ) ( ) =
b
− 8b
3 3
6a −8 −6
1) 3
2) 3
3) 3 3
4) 3 3
b a ab ab
WE3
−2
4 4 ⎛2⎞
I ) −2 II ) ( −2) III ) ⎜ ⎟ IV ) 4 a 4 − b2 ÷ 2 , (a = 2 , b = 4 )
⎝5⎠
3
IV ) a , (a = 4 , b = 3 )
a − b4 b
2
- 17 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
KEאאאאאFאאאאE4
1 2
3 −6 10 (t 5 )(t −3 ) − −
I ) (4 )(2 )(2 ) II ) III ) (m + 7) 6 (m + 7) 3
t −7
3 1 1
r 3−2r
− (3χn )3
IV ) 5P (6P ) V) (2 γ Ζ)(3γ Ζ )
4 4 3 VI ) 2 n−1
(χ )
2 1 4
χ 5 χ −3
VII ) (χ 3 )(χ 2 )(χ 3 ) VIII ) −2 ÷ 4
γ γ
- 18 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
WאE4J 1F
W
1
א an אn،אaא
1
n
a = an
W
EאFאא2אאא E1F
K a א
E2F
n a>o a<o a=o
n a
n
n a n
a =o
n
( a) = a
( n a)n = a n a n
a =o
WWWE11F
I ) 3 1000 II ) 5
−32 III ) ( −5)2 IV) −4 V) − 4 16
Wא
I) 3
1000 = 3 103 = 10 II ) 5
−32 = 5 ( −2)5 = −2
III ) ( −5)2 = 25 = 5 IV ) −4
V ) − 4 16 = − 4 24 = −2
- 19 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
Wאא
:n , m b،a
n
a na
=
m n
a = mn a E3 n
b b b ≠ o E2 n
ax n b = n ab E1
m
a = ( a ) = a E4
n m n m n
WאWE12F
20 5
I) 49 II ) 16 × 9 III ) 64x5 IV ) 12x 3 V) x
3 3
VI ) 4 2 − 2 VIII ) 4 81 ÷ 12 + 5
4
VII ) 3
(27) IX ) 3
64
Wא
I) 49 = 7 II ) 16 + 9 = 25 = 25 III ) 64x5 = 64x 5 = 8 5
IV ) ) 12x 3 = 12(3) = 36 = 6
20 5 20(5) 100 100 10
V) x = = = =
3 3 3(3) 9 9 3
VI ) 4 2 − 2 = 3 2 (27) = ( 27 ) = (3) = 81
4 4
VII ) 3 3 4
VIII ) 4 81 ÷ 12 + 5 = 4(9) ÷ 12 + 5 = 36 ÷ 12 + 5 = 3 + 5 = 8
IX ) 3
64 = 6 64 = 2
>KKKKKא
אאא
n
a±b ≠n a ±n b
- 20 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
KEאאאאF
WE13F
I ) 4 3 − 5 12 + 3 75 II ) 72χ 3 γ
χ3 γ 5
III )
γ3
Wא
I ) 4 3 − 5 12 + 3 75 = 4 3 − 5 4(3) + 3 25(3)
= 4 3 − 5(2) 3 + 3(5) 3
= 4 3 − 10 3 + 15 3
=9 3
II ) 72χ 3 γ = 36(2)χ 2 χγ = 36χ 2 2χγ = 6χ 2χγ
χ3 γ 5 3 5−3 2 2
III ) = χ γ = χ γ χ = χγ χ
γ3
WE4F
3 64 ÷ 4 E1
WאאE2
2 5 − 3 20 + 2 45
- 21 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
E3–1F
WE1
I ) ( 3)3 II ) 81 III ) 5 × 20 IV ) (3 2)2
3
V) 4
(81) VI ) 81
KE Ζ > o ، γ > o ، χ > o FWאE2
χ5 γ 3 Ζ2 2 4 2 χ3 γ 5 x χ2 γ 6
I) _ 3 II ) 3
2γ χ x 4 γ χ
3
III )
8 χ3 γ 7
IV ) χ7 γ 3 − 3 χ7 γ 3 + χ7 γ 3
- 22 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
WאאE5J 1F
אאאא،אאאא
100
15
15 %=
100
KE%אאF1515 %
100אא
37
37 % =
100
אא
26
26 % = = 0.26
100
WE14F
Wאאא
I ) 70 % II ) 36 % III ) 5 % IV ) 82 % V ) 163 %
Wא
70
I ) 70 % = = 0.70
100
36
II ) 36 % = = 0.36
100
5
III ) 5 % = = 0.05
100
82
IV ) 82 % = = 0.82
100
163
V ) 163 % = = 1.63
100
- 23 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
WE15F
Wא
I ) 120 cm 50 % II ) 10 g 11 %
III ) 50 sec 44 % IV ) 2 L1 18 %
V ) 80 Kg 75 % VI ) 50 Km 12 %
VII ) 200 r.s 150 %
אאאאWא
I ) 50 % = 0.50 ⇒ 0.50 x 120 = 60 cm
II ) 11 % = 0.11 ⇒ 0.11 x 10 = 1.1 g
III ) 44 % = 0.44 ⇒ 0.44 x 50 = 22 sec
IV ) 18 % = 0.18 ⇒ 0.18 x 2 = 0.36 L
V ) 75 % = 0.75 ⇒ 0.75 x 80`= 60 Kg
VI ) 12 % = 0.12 ⇒ 0.12 x 50 = 6 Km
VII ) 15 % = 1.5 ⇒ 1.5 x 200 = 300 r.s
WE16F
אאאא15%אאאא
W6280אאאאא1426
Kאאאאא J
Kאאאא J
Wא
, 15 % = 0.15 אאא6280
WאאאאאאאJ
942 = 0.15 x 6280
- 24 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
WאאאאJ
7222 = 6280 + 942
WE17F
Wאא
I ) 40 20 II ) 4 3
III ) 50 15 IV ) א 60 א 12
אאאאאאאאאאWא
20
I) x 100 = 0.5 x 100 = 50 %
40
3
II ) x 100 = 0.75 x 100 = 75 %
4
15
III ) x 100 = 0.3 x 100 = 30 %
50
12
IV ) x 100 = 0.2 x 100 = 20 %
60
WE18F
300270אאאאא
אאאא،אאאא،
Kא
Wא
270אא
300אא
אא
100 X Z
אא
אא
- 25 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
270
⇒ × 100 = 0.9 × 100 = 90%
300
WE4F
אאא، 40 % אאא
W 185
KאאאJ
KאאJ
E4–1F
Wאאאא E1
I ) 51 % II ) 97 % III ) 10 % IV ) 250 % V)7%
VI ) 152 % VII ) 100 % VIII ) 111 %
Wא E2
I ) 100 Kg 60 % II ) 10 m 17 % III ) 730 r.s 115 %
III ) 12 Km 5 %
אא72 %אאא E3
؟אאא،75
א،15 %،40 א E4
؟אאא،אא
אאאאאאאא E5
Wא،א35 %،5280אאא
KאאJ
KאאאJ
- 26 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
Wאא E6
I ) 28 7 II ) 50 20
III ) 600 120 IV ) 1000 137
V ) 120 30 VI ) אא 20 א 12
Wא، E7
؟אאאJ
؟אאאJ
אאא،80 Kmאאא E8
،40 Kmא ،א
Kאא،60 Km
؟אאאאJ
؟אאאאJ
؟אאאאJ
א85 אאאE9
Kאאא،212.5
WאאE6J 1F
אאEאFאאא
Kאאאא
،אאאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
Wא
אא، 4 x 2 y ، 3 x א
א،אא،א
KKKKKKKg(x)h(x)f(x)
- 27 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
Wא
5 6 x 5 א،אאאא
Kאאאא،2 + 1 = 3 4 x 2 y א
א، אאאא
1
אאאא x א x −1 אאאא
2
Kא
Wאא
8 x 3 5 x 3 אאאא
W
אnאאא
f ( x ) = a n
x n
+ a n −1
x n −1
+ ........... + a1 x + a0 , an ≠ 0
א an , an−1 ,......... ..., a1 , a0 אא
א a0 ،א an ،א
- 28 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
WE19F
f ( x) = 3 x 5 − 2 x 4 + x 2 + 7 x
אאאא f (x) א
Wא
5 f (x)
a5 = 3 ، a4 = −2 ، a3 = 0 א
a2 = 1 ، a1 = 7 ، a0 = 0
a0 = 0 אא a5 = 3 אא
Wאא
WאאJ
W
x ∈ f (x) = 0 אא
f 0 (x)
J
W
f1 ( x ) = an x n + an−1 x n−1 + .......... .. + a1 x + a0 א
f 2 ( x ) = bm x m + bm−1 x m−1 + .......... .. + b1 x + b0
אאא f1 ( x) = f 2 ( x)
Kא n = m E1F
א an = bn , an−1 = bn−1 ,.........a1 = b1 , a0 = b0 E2F
א
- 29 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
WE20F
f 2 ( x) = 4 x 5 + 2 x 3 + qx 2 + 3 ، f1 ( x) = px 5 + 2 x 3 − x 2 + 3 א
K f1 ( x) ، f 2 ( x) אq،p
Wא
W f1 ( x) = f 2 ( x)
q = -1 ، P=4
WאJ
W
f ( x ) = an x + an −1 x
n n −1
+ ............ + a1 x + a0 א
Κ ∈ an ≠ 0
kf ( x) = kan x + kan−1 x + ......... + ka1 x + ka0
n n −1
Kאא
WE21F
3 f (x) f ( x) = 3 x 4 − 2 x 3 − x + 4 א
Wא
3 f ( x) = 3(3 x 4 − 2 x 3 − x + 4)
= 3(3) x 4 − 3(2) x 3 − 3(1) x + 3(4)
= 9 x 4 − 6 x 3 − 3 x + 12
- 30 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
WאאJ
W
، f1 ( x) ± f 2 ( x) f 2 ( x) ، f1 ( x) א
، אאEFאאEF
f 2 ( x) ، f1 ( x) אא
f ( x)
Kא f 2
( x ) ، 1 f1 ( x) ± f 2 ( x)
WE22F
f 2 ( x) = 3 x 3 − x 2 + 2 x + 4 ، f1 ( x) = 2 x 4 − 4 x 3 − x + 5 א
I ) f ( x) + f ( x)
1 2
II ) f ( x) − f ( x)
1 2
Wא
f1 ( x) + f 2 ( x) = (2 x 4 − 4 x 3 − x + 5) + (3 x 3 − x 2 + 2 x + 4)
= 2 x 4 + (4 + 3) x 3 − x 2 + (−1 + 2) x + (5 + 4)
= 2x4 + 7 x3 − x2 + x + 9
f1 ( x) − f 2 ( x) = (2 x 4 + 4 x 3 − x + 5) − (3 x 3 − x 2 + 2 x + 4)
= 2 x 4 + (4 − 3) x 3 − (−1) x 2 + (−1 − 2) x + (5 − 4)
= 2x4 + x3 + x2 − 3 x + 1
K אאאאא
>KKKKKK
E2J 1Fאאאאאאאא
W
( f ± f )( x) אאא f ( x) ± f ( x) אאJ
1 2 1 2
- 31 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
b ∈ an ≠ 0 f ( x) = an x n + an−1 x n−1 + .... + a1 x + a0 אJ
f (b) = an (b) n + an−1b n−1 + .... + a1b + a0
WE23F
f1 ( x) = 2 x 3 + 4 x + 3 ، f 2 ( x) = 3 x 4 + 2 x 3 − x + 4 א
W
I ) (3 f − 2 f ) (x)
1 2
II ) ( f + f ) (1)
1 2
Wא
I ) (3 f − 2 f )( x) = 3(2 x + 4 x + 3) − 2(3 x + 2 x − x + 4)
1 2
3 4 3
= (6 x 3 + 12 x + 9) + (−6 x 4 − 4 x 3 + 2 x − 8)
= −6 x 4 + (6 − 4) x 3 + (12 + 2) x + (9 − 8)
= −6 x 4 + 2 x 3 + 14 x + 1
II ) ( f + f ) (1)
1 2
( f1 + f 2 )( x)
( f1 + f 2 )( x) = (2 x 3 + 4 x + 3) + (3 x 4 + 2 x 3 − x + 4)
= 3 x 4 + (2 + 2) x 3 + (4 − 1) x + (3 + 4)
= 3x4 + 4 x3 + 3x + 7
(1) (x)
( f 1 + f 2 ) (1) = 3(1) 4 + 4(1) 3 + 3(1) + 7
= 3 + 4 + 3 + 7 = 17
Kאאא(1)א
>KKKKKKא
a n
≠ a ( n)
f (b) ≠ bf ( x)
- 32 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
WE5F
r ,q f 2 ( x) = 6 x 6 − px 3 + qx 2 + r ، f1 ( x) = 6 x 6 + 13 x 3 + x 2 + 2 אJ 1
,p
f 2 ( x) = 3 x 4 + 2 x 3 − x + 4 ، f1 ( x) = 2 x 3 + 4 x + 3 אJ 2
K 4( f1 ( x) + f 2 ( x))
WאאJ
W
אא n , m f 2 ( x) ، f1 ( x) א
n+mא f 2 K f1
אאא f 2 f1 א
Kאא، א
WE24F
f 2 ( x) = x 2 + x + 2 ، f1 ( x) = x + 2 א
K، ( f1 . f 2 )( x)
Wא
( f1 ⋅ f 2 )( x) = ( x + 2)( x 2 + x + 2) = x( x 2 + x + 2) + 2( x 2 + x + 2)
= x3 + x2 + 2 x + 2 x2 + 2 x + 4
= x3 + 3 x2 + 4 x + 4
( f 2 + f1 )3 ( f1 ⋅ f 2 )( x)
>KKKKKK
אא
- 33 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
WE25F
f 3 ( x) = x 3 + 2 x 2 ، f 2 ( x) = 2 x 2 + 3 ، f1 ( x) = 3 x 4 + 2 x − 1א
K (( f 3 − f 2 ) f1 ) (-1)
Wא
(( f 3 − f 2 ) f1 ) (x)
(( f 3 − f 2 ) f1 )( x) = (( x 3 + 2 x 2 ) − ( 2 x 2 + 3))(3 x 4 + 2 x − 1)
( x 3 + 2 x 2 − 2 x 2 − 3)(3 x 4 + 2 x − 1)
= ( x 3 − 3)(3 x 4 + 2 x − 1)
= x 3 (3 x 4 + 2 x − 1) + (−3)(3 x 4 + 2 x − 1)
= 3 x 7 + 2 x 4 − x 3 + (−9 x 4 − 6 x + 3)
= 3 x 7 + (2 − 9) x 4 − x 3 − 6 x + 3
= 3 x7 − 7 x4 − x3 − 6 x + 3
(−1) x
(( f 3 − f 2 ) f1 )(−1) = 3( −1) 7 − 7( −1) 4 − ( −1) 3 − 6( −1) + 3
= 3(−1) − 7(1) − (−1) + 6 + 3
= −3 − 7 + 1 + 6 + 3
=0
>KKKKKK
אאאאאא
Kא
- 34 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
WאאJ
W
h(x) ≤ f (x) h( x) ≠ f ( x) h( x), f ( x)
0
f ( x) = h( x).q( x) + r( x) r ( x), q( x)
q(x) h(x) > r (x) f 0 (x) r (x)
r (x)
WE26F
h( x) = x − 2 f ( x) = x 2 − 5 x + 6
Wא
x2 − 3x אאא
x x
f(x)אאJ 1
x−3 h(x)אא
h(x) x−2 x2 − 5 x + 6 f (x) E1FאJ 2
x( x − 2) = x 2 − 2 x h(x)
( x 2 − 5 x + 6) − ( x 2 − 2 x) − 3x + 6 אאJ 3
− 3( x − 2) − 3x + 6 א
א
(−3 x + 6) − (−3 x + 6) 0 0
321אאJ 4
Kא
⇒ ( x − 3) א
>KKKKKK
אא
- 35 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
WE27F
h( x) = x 2 + 1 ، f ( x) = 2 x 3 − x 2 + 5 x − 3
K h(x) f (x)
Wא
2x3 − x2
x2 x
q(x) א
2x − 1
x + 1 2 x3 − x2 + 5 x − 3
2
2 x( x + 1)
2
2x3 + 2x
− x + 3x − 3
2
(2 x 3 − x 2 + 5 x − 3) − (2 x 3 + 2 x)
− x2 − 1
− 1( x 2 + 1)
r (x) א
(− x + 3 x − 3) − (− x − 1)
2 2
3x − 2
r ( x) = 3 x − 2 א q( x) = 2 x − 1 א
WE6F
h( x) = 2 x − 4 ، f ( x) = 8 x 2 − 10 x + 8
K f ( x) ⋅ h( x) J
K h(x) f (x) J
- 36 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
E5J 1F
f 2 ( x) = 13 x 5 − qx 4 − 17 x 2 + r ، f1 ( x) = 13 x 5 − 2 x 4 + px 2 − 6 אE1
Kr , q , p
WאאאE2
I) (5 x 4 − 2 x 2 + x) + (3 x 3 + x 2 − 4 x)
II) (6 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 5 x + 1) − 2(− x 3 − x 2 − 4)
1
III) (4 x 5 + 8 x 3 − 3) + 4( x 5 + 2 x 2 − 1)
2
1
IV) ( x 3 − 3 x) + 2( x 2 + 2 x − ) + (4 x 3 − 3)
2
V) (3 x − 5)(2 x + 1)
VI) 4 x 2 (3 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 5 x + 1)
VII) (3 x − 1)(9 x 2 + 3 x + 1)
VIII) (4 x + 2 y ) 2
IX ) (3 x + 2) 3
X ) (3 x 2 − 2)(3 x 2 + 2)
h(x) f (x) E3
I) f ( x) = 10 x 8 − 16 x 6 − 4 x 4 ; h( x ) = 2 x 6
II) f ( x) = x 4 − 4 x 2 + 2 x + 5 ; h( x ) = x 2 + 1
III) f ( x) = 3 x 4 − 6 x 2 + 9 x − 5 ; h( x) = 3 x + 3
IV) f ( x) = 2 x 3 + 6 x 2 − 8 x + 10 ; h( x) = 2 x − 1
- 37 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
WE1
2 1 −42 + 3x5 + 7
I ) 21 ÷ 7 − 4 II ) 15x ÷ 5 ÷ III )
3 2 1 1
−
2 3
5 3 13 16 3
IV ) (7x2 − 2) ÷ 5 V) ÷5+ − VI ) 12 ÷ x( −3) + 54
6 4 20 20 7
5x23 ÷ 10 1 2 1
VII ) VIII ) − + ÷
13 − 32 5 3 4
WאאאאאE2
2
⎛3⎞ 6
I) (2 5)2 = 2(5) II) 16 ÷ 4 − 2 = 8 III) −34 = 81 IV) ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝5⎠ 5
V) 2× 8 = 4 VI) ( −2)3 = −8 VII) (χ5 )(χ2 ) = χ10
VIII) −42 = −8 IX ) 5χ − 2χ = 3 X ) 10γ + 2 γ = 12γ 2
Kאאא،אE3
14 2 −1 (5)10 (5) 4 χ8 γ17 2X 8
I ) (χ − 1) (χ − 1) (χ − 1) II ) III ) _ 4
(5)12 16
χ4 χ −1
IV ) 3 ÷ 4 V ) 11χ3r (2χ2−3r ) VI ) χ 4 γ 3 + 2 9χ 4 γ 3
γ γ
3
χ6 γ −2 Ζ x 3
χγ 9 Ζ2
VII )
3
χ4 γ
WE4
−2
( ) ( ) ⎛ 1⎞
3 2
3 4
I) −1 II ) ( −3) III ) 2 7 IV ) ⎜ ⎟
⎝8⎠
V ) 16 × 4 ( )
VI) 4 3 2 VII ) 53 64 ÷ 22 − 6
- 38 -
אא אא א
א אאאא
WE5
I ) 100 Kg 16 % II ) 24 70 %
III ) 200 7 % IV ) 940 125 %
א75 %אאא، 44אאאאE6
W؟،א
WאאE7
I ) 160 40 II ) 105 15
III ) 51 71 IV ) 50 15
W16 9 80אאE7
؟אאJ
؟אאJ
WאאE8
I ) (6 x 3 + 2 x 3 − 5 x + 1) − (− x 3 − x 2 + 4 ) + (3 x 2 + 2)
1
II ) 4(2 x 6 − x 3 + 2 x − 1) − (5 x 6 − x 5 + 2 x 3 + 8 x )
2
III ) (3 x 3 + 1)(4 x 2 − 2 x + 1)
IV ) (5 x + 2)(5 x − 2)
V ) (4 x − 3)
2
W h(x) f (x) E9
I ) f (x) = 6 x 3 + 7 x 2 − 4 x + 2 ؛h(x) = 3 x + 2
II ) f (x) = −4 x 7 − 14 x 6 + 10 x 4 − 14 x 2 ؛h(x) = −2 x 2
III ) f (x) = 4 x 4 + 2 x 3 + 6 x − 1 ؛f (x) = 2 x 2 + 1
- 39 -
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