Grammar Appendix Present Simple and Continuous FORM USE I EXAMPLES PRESENT SIMPLE | a. ahabtual action ora fact | watch sport al the weekends, bare intinitive (8 /-e8) b. a general ruth The earth revolves around the sun, (© dosdoes + not +baro intinitve |. stave voros (208, hear, ete.) | don’t remember the adress. (2) Do/ Does + subject + bare 4. future (imetabe / schedule) University starts next Monday. Infinitive My train leaves in two hours, . narrative, commentary about a ‘| | arrive athe hotel and I find 7 sporting event, joke, ete. He alm forthe basket... oh, ha misses! PRESENT CONTINUOUS ‘a. an action in progress at the We're watching the nows now. ‘am /Is /are + verb-ing time of speaking (9 am/is//are + not + verb-ing | B- an incompte action stiin Frm taking a judo cours. (2) Am/18 Are subject + verb-ing | Proatess, usualy temporary 6. an arrangement or plan in the We are meating Sue atthe cine | near future j erin | d. With always, forever, constantly, | Paul is always losing things. | te fran action hat happens | Seis forever arranging it suprises very otten (usually acitcism or | jo complaint) Passive They grow oranges here. + Oranges are grown hee. ‘The teacher is marking our tests now. ~+ Our tests are being marked by the teacher now. ‘Time Expressions + Present Simple: always, often, usvally, occasionally, sometimes, rarely, hardly ever, scarcely, never, every week, ‘once / twice a year, on Monday + Present Continuous: now, right now, al the moment, today, tonight With a future meaning: this week, next week, tomorrow, soon, an Tuesday Stative Verbs 1. Stative verbs refer to the state of things rather than an action and are not usually used in the continuous form. These verbs express: + senses: feel, hear, smell, sound, see, taste, notice, recognise + mental activities: appear, believe, consider, depend, doubt, expect, feel forget, forgive, guess, hope, imagine, know, mean, mind, prefer, realise, remember, seem, suppose, think, understand + possession: belong to, have, own, owe, possess + emotion: adore, desire, dislike, fear, hat, lke, love, need, want, wish + measurements: cost, equal, measure, woigh 2. Some of these verbs can be used in the continuous form when the meaning changes from a state to an activity in progress. I nave a new bicycle. (possess) Mum feels that I've made a good choice. (opinion) V'm having supper at home. (eating) Are you feeling better? (physical feeling) | think i's a good idea. opinion) Do you see what | mean? (understand) '’m thinking of traveling abroad. (considering) Jane is seeing her boyfriend tonight, (meeting) ) 1‘The Future: Future Simple and Continuous, be going to, Future Perfect, Present Simple and Continuous GRAMAMAR APPENDIX EXAMPLES (2) Will+ subject + bare infinitive FORM Use FUTURE SIMPLE information about te future Well visit you tomorow. wills bare infinitive a spontaneous decision 1 do the shapaing, (9. will not « bare infinitive a suggestion /offer/ request ‘Will you play the plane for us, please? ‘prediction or warning willagness or refusal to do something 1. opinion or speculation about the future (ottenaftor vorbs like: think, know, expect, suppose, be sure) ‘You'll catch cold it you don't wear a hat, Ph make the salad, but | won't clean the chicken 1 know she wil ike this CD. ‘Ym sure he'l arrive soon. FUTURE CONTINUOUS ill be + verb-ing (will not be + verb-ing (2) Wills subject + be + verb-ing ‘8, when we know an action wil be in progress at a certain tm in the future b. a future action that has been pre-arranged Vibe writing a test between 3.00 and 5.00 this afternoon, Kyjie Minogue will be appearing here xt month, 'be going to + bare Infinitive ‘a. aplan or intention a prediction based on present evidence ram going to visit thom in May. The wind is strong, There's going to be a storm soon, FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE will have + past participle ‘an activity that willbe completed by a certain time in the future By tomorow, the cleaners will have tinished all the office carpets. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS will have been + verb-ing to omphasige how long an activity has ‘been going on by a specific time inthe future By June, | will have been living inthis, hou for throe yeas. PRESENT SIMPLE ‘a planned future action or sees of | My dontist appointment is tomorrow, actions connected with a timetable, | t cart come to the cinema with you. a programme or a journey Har plane arrives al 2.00 a.m, PRESENT CONTINUOUS personal arrangements and fixed plans | tam getting my bicycle back this aternoon. Passive ‘The newspaper will publish your article, -» Your article willbe published by the newspaper. The police are going fo question the suspect. + The suspect is going to be questioned by the police. By tomorrow, the cleaner will have washed the windows, + By tomorrow, the windows have been washed, ‘Tho Future Continuous and the Future Perfect Continuous have no passive form. Notes 4, Be about to + bare infinitive can be used to oxpress the future. It efers to something that will happen very soon. | am about to leave for Pats. 2. Some words, such as time expressions (temporals) and conditional, are followed by the prasent tense although they have a future meaning. Phone me if you need Nnelp tomorrow. (conditional) Call me when Tom arrives. (temporal) “Take an umbrella in case it rains later.GRAMMAR APPENDIX __caamman aprenox: GRAMMAR APPENDIX Past Simple and Continuous, Past Perfect Simple and Continuous, used to! would FORM USE EXAMPLES PAST SIMPLE ‘2. a completed action that took place | We bought the house a year aga, ‘verived (except irregular verbs) ata dofnite time in the past | didn't understand the instructions. (9. did not + bare intinitive ». several actions that happened inthe | She got up, took her bag and lat. (2) Did + subject + bare infinitive pert che coal atone ‘c. the main events in a narrative The speeding car hit a dog and del not E stop. PAST CONTINUOUS ‘2. anacton in progress ata spectic | At 9.00 pm lastnight, we were visiting | was / wore + vert-ing time in the past eens. © was / were not + verb-ing », two Incomplete actions taking place || was playing the guitar while Cindy (7) Was /Wore + subject+verb-ing | *the same time in the past was singing (can action in progress (Past ‘We were walking home when the storm Continuous) interrupted by another | broke. action (Past Simple) J backround oa arate We looked outset was raining hard | and the wind was howl PAST PERFECT SIMPLE | an activity that happened betore Ho dd wel in his exam: he hed studied had» past participle nother actviy ortimein te past realy hare (© had not + past participle | 8 ta time we foe th hal the meeting had started, No sooner hac! wo heard the thunder than the lights went out (2) Had + subject + past participle PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS | @. an actionwhich stared before a__| She realised that she had been reading hhad boon + vorbing paricuar ime inthe past and was | the same page for haan hour. | silin progress a tha time | b. an action that had just frshed ata_| was tred wien! gothome bocause a Particular time inthe past butwas | been working hard al day stil elevant at that ime | (© had not been +. verb-ing (2) Had + subject + been + verb-ing . tosay how long something had | Ann had bon waiting for 20 minutos been happening before something | when she realised she was in the wrong ‘lse happened ote, Passive We bought the house a year ago. + The house was bought a year ago. The students were discussing the exam. ~+ The exam was being discussod by the students, By 10 pm, we had collected £5,000, + By 10 pm, £5,000 had been collected, “The Past Perfect Continuous has no passive form. Time Expressions + Past Simple: a month /yoar ago, yesterday, last week / mont, in 1969 /November, when, tho other day + Past Continuous: yesterday, at 9 o'clock, as, white + Past Perfect Simple: by the time, ater, before, when, as soon as, aleady, for, no sooner. than + Past Perfect Continuous: fr since) al right wook ® continued