Structural Steel Design Third Edition

LRFD Method
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION TO
BEAMS
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering •Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Part II – Structural Steel Design and Analysis

By

8d
FALL 2002 Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf

ENCE 355 - Introduction to Structural Design

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park

CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 1

ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Location of Plastic Hinge for

Uniform Loadings
Q Location of Plastic Hinge
– For a uniformly loaded fixed-end beam
shown in Fig. 1, the location of the plastic
hinge along the length of the beam is at the
midspan of the beam.
– This was concluded due to the fact that
beam is symmetrical in terms of both the
uniform loading and the end supports.

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CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 2
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Location of Plastic Hinge for

Uniform Loadings
Figure 1. Uniformly Loaded Fixed-end Beam
wn (k/ft)

L = 18 ft
wn L

A
θ θ C
δ
Collapse Mechanism B 2θ
L L
2 2

CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 3

ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Location of Plastic Hinge for

Uniform Loadings
Q Location of Plastic Hinge (cont’d)
– For other beams with uniform loads, such
as propped or continuous beams, the
determination of the location of plastic
hinge may be rather difficult.
– For this reason, a value, expressed as
fraction of the length L, that determines the
location of the plastic hinge is needed for
the analysis of both the propped and
continuous beams.

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CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 4
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Location of Plastic Hinge for

Uniform Loadings
Q Location of Plastic Hinge (cont’d)
– Consider the propped beam of Fig. 2.
– The elastic moment diagram for this beam
is shown as the solid line in part (b) of the
figure.
– As the uniform load is increased in
magnitude, a plastic hinge will first form at
the fixed end.

CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 5

ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Location of Plastic Hinge for

Uniform Loadings
Figure 2. Propped Beam
wn (k/ft )

(a)
L
Mn

(b)
x
Mn

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CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 6
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Location of Plastic Hinge for

Uniform Loadings
Q Location of Plastic Hinge (cont’d)
– At this time the beam will, in effect, be a
“simple” beam with a plastic hinge on one
end and a real hinge on the other.
– Subsequent increases in the load will
cause the moment to change as
represented by the dashed line in part (b)
of Fig. 2.

CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 7

ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Location of Plastic Hinge for

Uniform Loadings
Q Location of Plastic Hinge (cont’d)
– The process will continue until the moment
at some other point (a distance x from the
right support in the figure) reaches Mn and
create another plastic hinge.
– The virtual-work expression for the
collapse mechanism for the beam shown in
Fig. 3 is written as follows:
[wn L]  1 (θ )(L − x ) = M n θ + θ + L − x θ  (1)
2   x 

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 CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 8
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Location of Plastic Hinge for

Uniform Loadings ( ) wn k/ft
Figure 3.
Collapse
Mechanism L
Mn

L−x
α1 = θ x
x
Mn
α 2 = θ + α1 θ (L − x ) Real Hinge
L−x α1
=θ + θ θ
x
α2

CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 9

ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Location of Plastic Hinge for

Uniform Loadings
Q Location of Plastic Hinge (cont’d)
Or  L−x  1 
M n θ + θ + θ  = [wn L ]  (θ )(L − x ) (2)
 x   2 

[wn L]  1 (θ )(L − x )

Mn = 2 

θ + θ +
L − x 
θ (3)
 x 
Solving for Mn by taking the derivative of
Mn with respect to x and equate it to zero,
that is dM n
=0 (4)
dx

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CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 10
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Location of Plastic Hinge for

Uniform Loadings
Q Location of Plastic Hinge (cont’d)
– Solving for x, it can be shown that Eq. 4
yields a value of x as given by

x = 0.414 L (5)

– This value is applicable to uniformly loaded

end spans of both propped and continuous
beams with simple supports.

CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 11

Continuous Beams
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Q Continuous beams are very common in

engineering structures (Fig. 4).
Q They can be analyzed by both the
elastic and the plastic theories.
Q However, the plastic analysis can be
more complicated.
Q Plastic analysis can be applied to
continuous beams as it is to one-span
beams.

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CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 12

Continuous Beams
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Figure 4. Continuous Beams

CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 13

Continuous Beams
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q The resulting values definitely give a

more realistic picture of the limiting
strength of a structure than can be
obtained by elastic analysis.
Q Continuous statically indeterminate
beams can be handled by virtual-work
method as they were for single-span
statically indeterminate beams.

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CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 14

Continuous Beams
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Virtual-Work Method for Continuous

Beams
– For each span of the continuous beams,
virtual-work expressions are written
separately.
– From the resulting expressions, it is
possible to determine the limiting or
maximum loads that the beams can
support.

CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 15

Continuous Beams
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Example 1
A W18 × 55 (Zx = 112 in3) has been
selected for the beam shown in the figure.
Using 50 ksi steel and assuming full lateral
support, determine the value of wn.

wn (k/ft )

24 ft 30 ft

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 CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 16

Continuous Beams
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Example 1 (cont’d)
– The nominal (plastic) moment of the beam
is calculated first:
50(112 )
M n = Fy Z = = 466.7 ft - k (6)
12
– The virtual-work expressions are written
separately for each span of the continuous
beams.
– The collapse mechanisms for the two
spans are drawn as shown in Fig. 5b.

CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 17

Continuous Beams
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Example 1 (cont’d) Figure 5

wn (k/ft )

(a)
24 ft 30 ft

Real hinge

α θ θ θ
δ2 δ1
(b)
α +θ 2θ
x 24 ft - x 15 ft 15 ft

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CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 18

Continuous Beams
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Example 1 (cont’d)
Calculation of rotation angles:
Using Eq. 4, the location of the plastic hinge for
the left span is
x = 0.414 L = 0.414(24 ) = 9.94 ft

• From the triangle of the right span:

δ1
tan θ ≈ θ = ⇒ δ 1 = 15θ
15
• From the triangle of the left span:

24 − x = 24 − 9.94 = 14.06 ft

CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 19

Continuous Beams
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Example 1 (cont’d)
• Also
δ2
tan θ ≈ θ = ⇒ δ 2 = 14.06θ
14.06
• Therefore,
δ2 14.06θ
tan α ≈ α = = = 1.414θ
9.94 9.94

– Virtual-work applied to right span:

External work = Internal work
Wext. = Wint.

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CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 20

Continuous Beams
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Example 1 (cont’d)
(wn L1 )× (δ 1 )avg = M n (θ + θ + 2θ )
(wn × 30) 1 ×15θ  = M n (4θ ) Controls
2 
2(4 M n ) k
∴ wn = = 0.01778M n = 0.01778 (466.7 ) = 8.30
30(15) ft

– Virtual-work applied to left span:

(wn L2 )× (δ 2 )avg = M n (α + θ + θ )
(wn × 24) 1 ×14.06θ  = M n (1.414θ + θ + θ )
2 
2(3.414 M n ) k
∴ wn = = 0.0.02023M n = 0.02023 (466.7 ) = 9.44
24(14.06 ) ft

CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 21

Continuous Beams
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Example 2
Using a W21 × 44 (Zx = 95.4 in3) consisting
of A992 steel, determine the value of Pn for
the beam shown.
Pn 1.5 Pn Pn

15 ft 15 ft 15 ft 15 ft 15 ft 15 ft

30 ft 30 ft 30 ft

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 CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 22

Continuous Beams
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Example 2 (cont’d) Figure 6

Collapse Mechanisms:
Pn Pn
1.5 Pn

(a)
15 ft 15 ft 15 ft 15 ft 15 ft 15 ft
30 ft 30 ft 30 ft

(b) θ θ θ θ θ θ
15θ 15θ 15θ

Real hinge 2θ 2θ 2θ
Real hinge

CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 23

Continuous Beams
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Example 2 (cont’d)
– The nominal (plastic) moment of the beam
is calculated first:
50(95.4 )
M n = Fy Z = = 397.5 ft - k
12
– The virtual-work expressions are written
separately for each span of the continuous
beams.
– The collapse mechanisms for the three
spans are drawn as shown in Fig. 6b.

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CHAPTER 8d. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 24

Continuous Beams
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Example 2 (cont’d)
For the first and third spans:
Wext. = Wint.
Pn (15θ ) = M n (θ + 2θ )
M n (3)
Pn = = 0.2 M n = 0.2 (397.5) = 79.5 kips
15
For the center span:
Wext. = Wint.
Controls
1.5 Pn (15θ ) = M n (θ + θ + 2θ )
M n (4 )
Pn = = 0.1778M n = 0.1778 (397.5) = 70.7 kips
1.5(15)

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