"8,+9:(<31(51,
5,.

(:0<50/
)861,<(
;
)05(8564
909:,4;

%
+,*04(3564
)861564
909:,4;
76>0:0<50
)861,<0
9,
78,+9:(<31(1;
>5(264
FG
5(709(504
0978,+
*0-(8(
261,
+,-050D;
(7963;:5;
<8,+569:
)861(
6+56956
>5(264
FG
>(
5,.(:0<5,
)861,<,

%
)05(8564
)861564
909:,4;
1,
;9<61,56
+(
*0-8(
5(
4,9:;
5(1<,?,
:,E05,
78,+9:(<31(
>5(2
0
:6
FG
(

FG
!9:(3,
*0-8,
+,-050D;
(7963;:5;
<8,+569:
)861(
 "804,8
 05(850
)861,<0 >(709(50
7646?;
>5(2(
0
(7963;:5,
<8,+569:0

7 (10)  0111 (2)

 7 (10)  1111 (2)

12 (10)  01100 (2)

 12 (10)  11100 (2)


(+
)05(8504
)861,<04(
78,+9:(<31,504
>5(264
0
(7963;:564
<8,+56D?;
:,D26
9,
<8D,
(80:4,:0A2,
67,8(*01, 9()08(51,
6+;>04(51,

,+(5
6+
5(1A,D?,
2680D?,50/
5(A05(
78,+9:(<31(51(
5,.(:0<50/
)05(850/
)861,<(
26104
9,
8,D(<(
.68,
5(<,+,50
786)3,4
1,
 

 
6473,4,5:
+<612,


26+
)861,<(
>(709(50/
;
26473,4,5:;
+<612,
5,.(:0<50
)861,<0
04(1;
1,+050*;
(
76>0:0<50
5;3;
>(
78<;
*0-8;

6473,4,5:
+<612,
5,26.
)861(
9,
<836
1,+569:(<56
46E,
5(709(:0
:(26
D:6
9,
;
51,.6<61
76>0:0<561
)05(8561
78,+9:(<0 *0-8,
05<,8:;1;
1,+050*, 9, >(4,5,
5;3(4(
(
5;3,
1,+050*(4( 0
:(26
+6)01,50
)861
9(),8,
9(


"6>0:0<504
)861,<04(
46E,46
+6+(<(:0
<6+,?,
5;3,
(
5,.(:0<504
<6+,?,
1,+050*,
(
+(
9,
<8,+569:
)861(
5,
7864,50
 "804,8


>8(A;5(<(51,
2643,4,5:(
+<612,

"8,+9:(<0:0
)861 -7(10) ;
26473,4,5:;

+<612,

7(10) = 0111( 2)
invertujemo sve cifre ⇒ dobijamo 1000
na dobijeni broj dodamo 1 ⇒ dobijamo1001
− 7(10) = 1001( 2)
 "804,8

861,<0
>(709(50
;
26473,4,5:;
+<612,

+ 5(10 ) = 0101( 2 ) = 0 ⋅ 23 + 1 ⋅ 2 2 + 0 ⋅ 21 + 1 ⋅ 2 0 = 4 + 1 = 5
− 5(10 ) = 1011( 2 ) = −1 ⋅ 23 + 0 ⋅ 2 2 + 1 ⋅ 21 + 1 ⋅ 2 0 = −8 + 2 + 1 = −5

+ 6(10 ) = 0110 ( 2 ) = 0 ⋅ 23 + 1 ⋅ 2 2 + 1 ⋅ 21 + 0 ⋅ 2 0 = 4 + 2 = 6
− 6(10 ) = 1010 ( 2 ) = −1 ⋅ 23 + 0 ⋅ 2 2 + 1 ⋅ 21 + 0 ⋅ 2 0 = −8 + 2 = −6
− 6(10 ) = 11010 ( 2 ) = −1 ⋅ 2 4 + 1 ⋅ 23 + 0 ⋅ 2 2 + 1 ⋅ 21 + 0 ⋅ 2 0 =
= −16 + 8 + 2 = −6
 

!+;>04(51,
0
9()08(51, 6>5(A,50/ )861,<(

861,<0
2610
;A,9:<;1;
;
8(A;59204
67,8(*01(4(
468(1;
04(:0
;5(78,+
6+,8,C,50 )861
*0-(8(
2(26
)0
9,
>5(36
261(
*0-8(
78,+9:(<31(
>5(2
(
261,
-68408(1;
<8,+569:
)861(

$8,)(
<6+0:0
8(A;5(
+(
78030264
6)(<31(51(
(80:4,:0A20/ 67,8(*01( 5,
+6+1,
+6
78,268(A,51(
<8,+569:0
)861(
261(
9,
46E,
78,+9:(<0:0
;9<61,504
)861,4
*0-(8(
05(A,
;
:64
93;A(1;
6)(<,>56
+63(>0
+6
.8,D2,

#()08(51,
0
6+;>04(51,

9,
6)(<31(
76
78(<0304(
)05(856.
9()08(51(
0
6+;>04(51(
5,
<6+,?0
8(A;5(
6
>5(2;
76+
;936<64
+(
9,
8,>;3:(:
5(3(>0
;5;:(8
679,.(
)861,<(
2610
9,
46.;
78,+9:(<0:0
;9<61,504
)861,4
*0-(8(

(
7804,8
9(

)05(85,
*0-8,
46.;?,
1,
78,+9:(<0:0
)861,<,
;
679,.;
6+ 
+6

 "804,8

#()08(51,
)861,<(
>(709(50/
;
26473,4,5:;
+<612,

+2 0010 +2 0010
+ +3 +0011 + −6 +1010
+5 0101 −4 1100

−5 1011 +6 0110
+ −1 +1111 + +7 + 0 1 1 1
−6 11010 +13 1 1 0 1 = −3
 "804,8

!+;>04(51,
)861,<(
>(709(50/
;
26473,4,5:;
+<612,

A − B = A + (− B)
+4 0100 0100
− +2 −0010 → + 1110
+2 (1) 0 0 1 0

−7 1001 1001
− −3 −1101 → + 0011
−4 1100
 
!79,.
)861,<(
2610
9,
46E,
>(709(:0
9(
6+8,+1,504
)861,4
*0-(8(

!79,.
5,6>5(A,50/
)861,<(

{ } n
x ∈ 0 ,1,..., 2 − 1 ⇒ 2 ≥ x + 1
n

gde je n broj upotrebljenih cifara

n = 4 ⇒ x ∈ {0 ,1,..., 15 } ⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤ 15
n = 8 ⇒ x ∈ {0 ,1,..., 255 } ⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤ 255

!79,.
)861,<(
;
26473,4,5:;
+<612,

x ∈{− 2n−1 n−1

,...,−1,0,1,...,2 −1} ⇒ 2n-1
≥ x +1, x ≥ 0
⇒ 2n-1 ≥ x , x ≤ 0
gde je n broj upotrebljenih cifara

n = 4 ⇒ x ∈{− 8,...,−1,0,1,...,7}⇒ −8 ≤ x ≤ 7
n = 8 ⇒ x ∈{−128,...,−1,0,1,...,127}
⇒ −128 ≤ x ≤ 127
 5-684(*01,
78,+9:(<31,5, ;
)05(8564 )861564 909:,4;

630A05(
05-684(*01,
6+
1,+5,
)05(85,
*0-8,
5(>0<(
9,
)0:  )

630A05(
05-684(*01(
6+

)0:(
5(>0<(
9,
)(1:
 



)(1:(
A05,

2036)(1:
 



2036)(1:(
A050

4,.()(1:
 
6+56956

= 
  
)(1:(



4,.()(1:(
A050

.0.()(1:
 
6+56956

= 
= 
  

)(1:(
 ,20
6+
:076<(
76+(:(2(
2610
9,
26809:,
;
<0D04
786.8(49204
1,>0*04(

Oznaka Pun naziv Broj Opseg koji se

bajta može predstaviti
INT Integer 2 -32768 do 32767
UNSIGNED INT Unsigned Integer 2 0 do 65535

LONG Long Integer 4 -2,147,483,648

do 2,147,483,647
CHAR Character 1 Brojevima 0 do 255 se
koduju karakteri ASCII
tabele

FLOAT Floating Point 4 1.2·10-38 ≤ |X| ≤

3.4·10+38
#
4,80*(5
#:(5+(8+
6+,
-68
5-684(:065
5:,8*/(5.,
:(),3(
'(709
)861,<(
9(
7628,:504
>(8,>64
 


 

$076<0
 $
% # 
 $
0
! 
9,
26809:,
>(
>(7090<(51,
6>5(A,50/
0
5,6>5(A,50/ 

)861,<(
'(
8(>302;
6+
510/ :07
!$
9,
26809:0
>(
>(709  
)861,<(
)861,<(
2610
04(1;
+,*04(35;
:(A2;

'(709
8,(356.
)861(
; 7628,:564
>(8,>; 9,
9(9:610
6+
93,+,?,

264765,5:,
 >5(2(
 ,29765,5:(
0
 4(5:09,
-8(2*01,
31 0
Znak Eksponent Mantisa

&8,+569:
)861(
1,
;
67D:,4
93;A(1;
1,+5(2(
(ZNAK)MANTISA·2EKSPONENT

&8,4,564
9;
9,
8(><030
)86150
9:(5+(8+0
2610
+,-050D;
263026
9,
)0:(
26809:0
>(
261;
264765,5:;
0
; 264
-684(:;
0
264
6)302;
9;
264765,5:,
>(709(5,
"693,+510
0
67D:,
780/<(?,50
9:(5+(8+
>(
>(709
)861,<(
;
7628,:564
>(8,>;
1,
9:(5+(8+

 
 #:(5+(8+

 
>(
>(709
)861,<(
9(
7628,:504
>(8,>64

"6
9:(5+(8+;

 
>(
>(709
)861(
;
7628,:564
>(8,>;
26809:0
9,

)0:
>(
>5(2
 
)0:(
>(
,29765,5:


)0:(
>(
4(5:09;

861
1,
76>0:0<(5
(26
)05(85(
*0-8(
261(
78,+9:(<31(
>5(2
04(
<8,+569:

6+56956
5,.(:0<(5
(26
*0-8(
>5(2(
04(
<8,+569:

 29765,5:

29765,5:
9,
76

 
78,+9:(<31(
9(

)0:(
0
:6
2(6
:(26><(50
;<,?(50
,29765,5:
(
)0
9,
+6)03(
78(<(
<8,+569:
,29765,5:(
76:8,)56
1,
6+;>,:0
<8,+569:
>(
261;
1,
65
;<,?(5
"6
9:(5+(8+;

 
,29765,5:
9,
;<,?(<(
>(



(26
9,
9(

)0:(
46.;
>(709(:0
+,*04(350
)861,<0
6+

+6


;4(51,51,4
>(


<8,+569:
,29765,5:(
46E,
+(
);+,
;
679,.;
6+ 

+6


 (5:09(

(5:09(
9,
76

 
78,+9:(<31(
9(


)0:(
,2(
9;
*0-8,
4(5:09,
6),3,E,5,
9(
4 +6
4

76A,<D0
9(
3,<(
5(
+,956
$(+(
9,
+,*04(35(
<8,+569:
4(5:09,
+6)01(
5(
93,+,?0
5(A05
MANTISA(10)=20+m12-1+m22-2+m32-3+...+m232-23

%9<61,56
1,
+(
9,
+,*04(350
)861
5;3(
76
9:(5+(8+;

 
>(709;1,
2(6
9<,
5;3,


5;3,
030
2(6

0
9<,
5;3,

1,+050*(
0

5;3(

 "804,8
6+8,+0:0
+,*04(35;
<8,+569:
)861(
>(709(56.
;
7628,:564
>(8,>;

0 10000010 11100000000000000000000
Znak: cifra znaka je 0 → broj je pozitivan
Eksponent: 128+2-127 = 3
Mantisa: 20+2-1+2-2+2-3 = 1+1/2+1/4+1/8 = 15/8
Vrednost broja: +15/8·23 = +15/8·8 = +15
&,E),
 !>5(A,50
)05(850
)861,<0

"8,+9:(<0:0
;
26473,4,5:;
+<612,
93,+,?,
)861,<,
( 

)  
* 
+  
 ( 

Prvo se određuje broj binarnih cifara n potrebnih za zapis broja u
komplementu dvojke. n se određuje na osnovu sledećih jednačina:
2 n -1 ≥ x + 1 , x ≥ 0
2 n -1 ≥ x , x < 0
Kako je x = -26, iz jednačina dobijamo da je n=6.
Kada smo utvrdili koliko je n, zapisujemo broj +26 u binarnom
formatu koristeći n cifara.
+26(10)=011010(2),
Invertovanjem cifara i sabiranjem sa 1 dobijamo vrednost za -26.
-26(10)=100101+1=100110(2)
)  
Za x = -57 dobijamo da je 2n-1≥57, odnosno n=7.
57:2=28 (1)
28:2=14 (0)
14:2=7 (0)
7:2=3 (1)
3:2=1 (1)
1:2=0 (1)

57(10)=0111001(2)
-57(10)=1000110+1=1000111(2)
* 
Za x = -368 dobijamo da je 2n-1≥368, odnosno n=10.
368:2=184 (0)
184:2=92 (0)
92:2=46 (0)
46:2=23 (0)
23:2=11 (1)
11:2=5 (1)
5:2=2 (1)
2:2=1 (0)
1:2=0 (1)

368(10)=0101110000(2)
-368(10)=1010001111+1=1010010000(2)
+  
Za x = -546 dobijamo da je 2n-1≥546, odnosno n=11.
546:2=273 (0)
273:2=136 (1)
136:2=68 (0)
68:2=34 (0)
34:2=17 (0)
17:2=8 (1)
8:2=4 (0)
4:2=2 (0)
2:2=1 (0)
1:2=0 (1)
546(10)=01000100010(2)
-546(10)=10111011101+1=10111011110(2)

>8(A;5(:0
+,*04(35;
<8,+569:
6>5(A,50/
)05(850/
)861,<(
78,+9:(<31,50/
;
2643,4,5:;
+<612,
( 10001010100(2)
) 1101110101(2)
* 0100100(2)
( 10001010100(2)=-1024+64+16+4=-940(10)

) 1101110101(2)=
=-512+256+64+32+16+4+1=-139(10)
1101110101(2)=101110101(2)=
=-256+64+32+16+4+1=-139(10)

* 0100100(2)=32+4=+36(10)

63026
*0-(8(
1,
76:8,)56
+(
)0
9,
>(709(30
93,+,?0 6>5(A,50 )861,<0 ;
)05(8564
-684(:;
2(6 26473,4,5:
+<612,
( 
) 
*

+ 
 2 n -1 ≥ x + 1 , x ≥ 0
2 n -1 ≥ x , x < 0
20=1, 21=2, 22=4, 23=8, 24=16, 25=32, 26=64, 27=128, 28=256

a. X=67 → 2n-1 ≥ 68 → n-1=7 → n=8

b. X=-34 → 2n-1 ≥ 34 → n-1=6 → n=7
c. X=63 → 2n-1 ≥ 64 → n-1=6 → n=7
d. X=-88 → 2n-1 ≥ 88 → n-1=7 → n=8

63026
*0-(8(
1,
76:8,)56
+(
)0
9,
>(709(30
93,+,?0 5,6>5(A,50 )861,<0 ;
)05(8564
-684(:;
(

)

*


+


 2n ≥ x + 1

20=1, 21=2, 22=4, 23=8, 24=16, 25=32, 26=64,

27=128, 28=256, 29=512

a. X=34 → 2n ≥ 35 → n=6
b. X=68 → 2n ≥ 69 → n=7
c. X=320 → 2n ≥ 321 → n=9
d. X=127 → 2n ≥ 128 → n=7
 #()08(51,
6>5(A,50/
)05(850/
)861,<(
78,+:9(<31,50/
;
26473,4,5:;
+<612,

1. 11111110
+103 01100111
+ -98 +10011110
+5 (1)00000101

2. 11000111
+87 01010111
+-27 +11100101
+60 (1)00111100
3. 0111000
+24 00011000
+-72 +10111000
-48 11010000
!+;>04(51,
6>5(A,50/
)05(850/
)861,<(
78,+9:(<31,50/
;
26473,4,5:;
+<612,

1.
+24 00011000 00011000
-+67 -01000011 +10111101
-43 11010101

2.
+42 00101010 00101010
--82 -10101110 +01010010
+124 01111100
3.
-48 11010000 11010000
--45 -11010011 +00101101
- 3 11111101

6302(
1,
+,*04(35(
<8,+569:
93,+,?0/
)861,<(
>(709(50/
;
7628,:564
>(8,>;
a. 01000001011100000000000000000000(2)
b. 00111100100000000000000000000000(2)
c. BF1A0000(16)

0 10000010 11100000000000000000000
Znak: cifra znaka je 0 → broj je pozitivan
Eksponent: 128+2-127 = 3
Mantisa: 20+2-1+2-2+2-3 = 1+1/2+1/4+1/8 = 15/8
Vrednost broja: +15/8·23 = +15/8·8 = +15

0 01111001 00000000000000000000000
Znak: cifra znaka je 0 → broj je pozitivan
Eksponent: 64+32+16+8+1-127 = -6
Mantisa: 20 = 1
Vrednost broja: +1·2-6 = +1/64 = +0.015625

BF1A0000(16)=
1011 1111 0001 1010 0000 0000 0000 0000(2)=
1 01111110 00110100000000000000000=
Znak: cifra znaka je 1 → broj je negativan
Eksponent: 64+32+16+8+4+2-127 = -1
Mantisa: 20+2-3+2-4+2-6 = 1+1/8+1/16+1/64 = 77/64
Vrednost broja: -77/64·2-1 = -77/128 = -0.6015625
"8,:<(8(51,
)861,<(

   

  

 





  

610
1,
5(1<,?0
0
5(14(510
+,*04(350
)861
2610
9,
46E,
7802(>(:0
9

)0:(
;
8(A;5(8;
;
93;A(1;
+(
7802(>;1,46
78086+5,
)861,<,
(
2610
;
93;A(1;
+(
7802(>;1,46
*01,3,
)861,<,
+<61504 26473,4,5:64



"8,:<680:,
931,+,?,
)05(85,
)861,<,
;
+,2(+5,



     

  

  

610
1, 5(4(510 0 5(1<,?0 )861 2610 9, 46E,
7802(>(:0 9(  )0:(  (26 9, 7802(>;1; 0
5,.(:0<50 )861,<0

"8,:<680:,
931,+,?,
)05(85,
)861,<,
;
+,2(+5,



    

   

 

"8,:<680:,
931,+,?, /,29( )861,<,
;
)05(85,


 

  
%
93;A(1;
76:8,),
>(628;E0:,
)05(850
)861
5(

41,9:(
+,956
6+
:(A2,