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HEART
DISEASE
& STROKE
CANCER
CHRONIC
DIABETES RESPIRATORY
DISEASE
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Package of essential noncommunicable (PEN) disease interventions for primary health care in low-resource settings.
1.Primary health care. 2.Chronic disease. 3.Delivery of health care. 4.Health services - organization and administration.
5.Developing countries. I.World Health Organization.
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Contents
Executive Summary 9
References 62
4
A multidisciplinary group of international experts in the field of
noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), with specific expertise in car-
diovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and
cancer contributed to them and for the peer review of this report.
Collectively, the expertise of the group covered general medicine,
cardiology, neurology, diabetes, oncology, respiratory medicine,
nephrology, general practice, palliative care, public health and epi-
demiology. The composition of the group included specialists, pri-
mary care physicians, generalists, health-care managers and nurse
practitioners. They were from Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Ban-
gladesh, Botswana, Cameroon, China, Denmark, Eritrea, France,
India, Ireland, Kenya, Mexico, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands,
Nigeria, Pakistan, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa,
Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey,
Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
and United States of America.
This work was coordinated by Dr Shanthi Mendis under the overall
supervision of Dr Ala Alwan and Dr Benedetto Saraceno. The full
list of participants and affiliations are included in the compact disc
attached to the back cover.
Conflicts of interest
All participants were asked to provide conflict of interest state-
ments using the Declaration of Interests for WHO Experts. None
have declared one that was considered significant. Only WHO funds
were used for the meetings.
5
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
BP blood pressure
DM diabetes mellitus
TB tuberculosis
6
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
Executive Summary
9
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
Further, two billion people in the world are living below the
poverty line and poverty and NCDs are linked through many
pathways. Although providing good quality care for the poor
is an ethical imperative, due to weak health systems and inad-
equate health-care expenditure of many countries, the poor
do not have access to services at all or receive substandard
services. Furthermore, out-of-pocket expenditure is unac-
ceptably high in many LMIC. Countries need to transform
and regulate health systems for universal access and social
protection . This transformation will take several years given
the global financial status and wide disparities in domestic
resources between countries. In the meantime, Ministries of
Health (MoHs) need to take steps to improve health outcomes
and to reduce rising health-care costs due to NCDs and their
preventable complications.
The WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease
Interventions (WHO PEN) for primary care in low-resource
settings is an innovative and action-oriented response to the
above challenges. It is a prioritized set of cost-effective inter-
ventions that can be delivered to an acceptable quality of
care, even in resource-poor settings. It will reinforce health
system strengthening by contributing to the building blocks
of the health system. Cost effectiveness of the selected inter-
ventions will help to make limited resources go further and
the user-friendly nature of the tools that are been developed,
will empower primary care physicians as well as allied health
workers to contribute to NCD care. It should not be consid-
ered as yet another package of basic services but, rather, an
important first step for integration of NCD into PHC and for
reforms that need to cut across the established boundaries
of the building blocks of national health systems. WHO PEN
is the minimum standard for NCDs to strengthen national
capacity to integrate and scale up care of heart disease, stroke,
cardiovascular risk, diabetes, cancer, asthma and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease in primary health care in low-
resource settings. Most importantly, it defines a minimum set
10
Executive Summary
11
1. Conceptual Framework
Essential NCD Interventions for strengthening equity and
efficiency of health systems in low-resource settings
13
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
Europe
Africa
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Death rate per 1000 adults aged 15–59 years
Stroke
8
Deaths (millions)
4 Acute respiratory
infections
Road traffic accidents
2 Perinatal conditions, HIV/AIDS
Tuberculosis
Malaria
0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
14
Conceptual Framework
15
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
16
Conceptual Framework
17
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
Infancy:
■ exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months
■ nutritionally adequate and safe complementary feeding
starting from the age of 6 month with continued
breastfeeding up to 2 years of age or beyond.
Adulthood:
■ improve maternal nutrition;
■ implement tobacco prevention and cessation programmes;
■ improve availability and affordability of food;
■ encourage physical activity (worksites, urban design);
■ provide access to effective prevention and care of risks and
diseases.
Adoption of the WHO Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the
Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs),
endorsed at the World Health Assembly 2008 (7,8), and its
implementation plan endorsed by governments, industry and
18
Conceptual Framework
19
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
20
Conceptual Framework
By any measure, NCDs account for a large enough share of the disease
burden of the poor to merit a serious policy response (World Bank)(16).
21
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
22
Conceptual Framework
23
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
24
Conceptual Framework
25
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
Table 2. A core set of evidence based interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality
from major NCDs, that are feasible for implementation in primary care in low resource
settings (see Annex A for information on cost effectiveness)
Type 1 diabetes:
■ Daily insulin injections (Level 1)
26
Conceptual Framework
Type 2 diabetes:
! Oral hypoglycemic agents for type 2 diabetes, if glycemic targets are not achieved
with modification of diet, maintenance of a healthy body weight and regular physical
activity (Level 1)
! Metformin as initial drug in overweight patients (Level 1) and non overweight (Level 4).
! Other classes of antihyperglycemic agents, added to metformin if glycemic targets are
not met (Level 3)
! Reduction of cardiovascular risk for those with diabetes and 10 year cardiovascular
risk >20% with aspirin, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and statins (Level 1)
Bronchial asthma:
! Relief of symptoms: Oral or inhaled short-acting ß2 agonists (Level 1)
! Inhaled steroids for moderate /severe asthma to improve lung function, reduce asthma
mortality and frequency and severity of exacerbations (Level 1)
Cancer:
! Identify presenting features of cancer and refer to next level for confirmation of
diagnosis (Level 3)
27
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
28
Conceptual Framework
WHO PEN includes tools (see example in compact disc) that have
been developed and validated to support the implementation of
essential NCD interventions and evaluation of their impact:
9 Training material
29
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
Leadership/ ■ Assess needs and gaps and facilitate the use of available
governance resources for prevention and control of NCDs efficiently and
equitably
Health workforce ■ Provide training material to enhance knowledge and skills for
NCDs prevention and control
■ Audit performance
30
Conceptual Framework
31
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
Vision
Effective and equitable prevention and care for people with NCDs
Goals
Closing the gap between what is needed and what is currently available to
reduce the burden, health-care costs and human suffering due to major NCDs by
achieving higher coverage of essential interventions in LMIC
■ To reduce the suffering and socioeconomic burden associated with major NCDs
■ To protect poor and vulnerable populations from heart disease, stroke, hypertension
cancer, diabetes, asthma and chronic respiratory disease
■ To provide effective and affordable prevention and treatment through primary care
32
Conceptual Framework
Objectives
Equity and efficiency objectives
Improve the efficiency of care of major NCD in primary care through:
■ provision of cost effective interventions based on need rather than ability to pay;
■ targeting limited resources to those who are most likely to benefit due to high risk;
■ reduction of the average delay in the diagnosis of NCD by the health services;
■ reduction of the risk of heart attacks, strokes, amputations and kidney failure;
■ prolongation of the duration of stable clinical periods for CVDs, diabetes, asthma and
COPD patients.
33
Conceptual Framework
35
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
36
Conceptual Framework
37
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
38
Conceptual Framework
39
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
Optimal distribution
Present distribution
% of
Population
High risk
0 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10–year cardiovascular disease risk
40
Conceptual Framework
and type 2 diabetes mellitus only are also available for use
in countries that do not have national survey data (compact
disc). By using the charts for grading risk, lipids assays could
be restricted only to those with an initial coronary risk above
a predetermined cutoff level (e.g. 30% or more risk of CVD in
10 years). This would help to further select those who would
benefit most from treatment, and also guide the intensity and
nature of drug treatment.
41
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
Figure 4. WHO/ISH risk prediction chart for use in settings where blood cholesterol can be
measured. 10-year risk of a fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular event by gender, age, systolic blood
pressure, total blood cholesterol, smoking status and presence or absence of diabetes mellitus.
Risk Level <10% 10% to <20% 20% to <30% 30% to <40% ≥40%
180
160
70
140
120
180
160
60
140
120
180
160
50
140
120
180
160
40
140
120
4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8
Cholesterol (mmol/l)
180
160
70
140
120
180
160
60
140
120
180
160
50
140
120
180
160
40
140
120
4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8
Cholesterol (mmol/l)
2. Technical and operational outline
Integration of essential NCD Interventions into
primary care in low-resource settings
43
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
44
Technical and operational outline
45
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
Sustainable
national extension
46
Technical and operational outline
47
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
48
Technical and operational outline
49
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
50
Technical and operational outline
51
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
52
Technical and operational outline
53
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
Technical and operational outline
55
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
Quality assurance
The minimum quality assurance standards identified below
can be achieved with modest investments, even in low-resource
settings. They form a core set of standards for improving
the quality of care for people with major NCDs and will also
provide simple indicators to measure the performance of the
health services with regard to NCD care. Audits of these stan-
dards can be conducted to evaluate how well major NCDs are
managed in primary care, given the availability of a minimum
set of technologies and essential medicines. The core set of
standards could be expanded when more services are deliv-
ered as the resource situation improves.
56
Technical and operational outline
Action
■ entering relevant data of people who access the health-
care facility using paper registers or appropriate computer
software.
Action
■ increasing community awareness through community
engagement and mobilization;
■ targeted early detection;
■ opportunistic screening in primary care centres.
57
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
Action
■ adherence to follow-up;
■ appropriate control of blood sugar, blood pressure and blood
lipids;
■ counseling for smoking cessation, adopting a healthy diet
and weight control;
■ use of evidence-based clinical protocols;
■ conduct medical audits.
58
Technical and operational outline
Action
Training medical staff to use evidence-based clinical protocols
to provide emergency care using available resources and for
appropriate referral of:
■ acute myocardial infarction
■ stroke
■ unconscious patient
■ hypoglycaemia
■ diabetic ketoacidosis
■ severe asthma and COPD.
59
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
5. Monitoring of complications
Objective: Minimize complications through early detection
and appropriate intervention.
Action
■ measurement of urine albumin;
■ setting up foot care service (implementing foot care pro-
tocols and training of nurses in essential elements of foot
care and prevention of amputation);
■ appropriate referral for diagnosis, assessment and manage-
ment of coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease,
diabetic retinopathy and renal impairment.
Action
■ improving existing networks to facilitate and coordinate
research and training;
■ establishing an advisory board (central);
■ establishing primary care working groups in each
district;
■ establishing a team of trainers to train health workers in
each district.
60
Technical and operational outline
61
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
References
1. World Health Report 2008. Primary health care – now more than ever. Geneva, World Health
Organization, 2008.
2. Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development. United Nations General
Assembly, A/CONF 199/20, 4 September 2002, article 54(o). (www.un.org/esa/sustdev/
documents/WSSD_POI_PD/English/WSSD_PlanImpl.pdf http://www.un-documents.net/jburgpln.
htm).
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December 2007).
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WHO study on Prevention of REcurrences of Myocardial Infarction and StrokE (WHO-PREMISE).
Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2005, November, 83(11):820–828.
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PublicPolicyandNCDsWorldBank2007FullReport.pdf).
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outcomes. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007.
62
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in Africa: achieving a better health for Africa in the new millennium. A declaration by the Member
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Quarterly, 2005, 83(3):457–502.
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336:518–519.
24. De Maeseneer J et al. Primary health care as a strategy for achieving equitable care. Literature
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63
Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
Annex A
Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions19
(HIV/AIDS treatment given for comparison)
Condition Intervention Target Cost effectiveness
population
HIV/AIDS Antiretroviral therapy for primary prevention in All ages 922 US$/DALY (Sub
clinic Saharan Africa)
Ischemic heart disease Legislation with public education to reduce salt All ages 1937 US$/DALY
stoke and Diabetes content policy level intervention
Diabetes Screening of individuals at increased risk for Adults over 25 3870 US$/QALY
undiagnosed diabetes in clinic
Diabetes Annual screening for microalbuminuria and treating Adults 3310 US$/QALY
those who test positive
Diabetes Life style intervention for type 2 diabetes Adults 60 US$/QALY
Diabetes Optimal Glycemic control in clinic Adults 1810 US$/QALY (SSA)
Diabetes Cholesterol control in clinic Adults 3330 US$/QALY (SSA)
Diabetes Smoking cessation, counselling and medication Adolescents and 660 US$/QALY (SSA)
in clinic adults
Diabetes ACE inhibitor for blood pressure control Adults 620 US$/QALY (EAP)
Diabetes Annual eye examination to detect proliferative Adults 320 US$/QALY (SSA)
diabetic retinopathy and macular odema followed
by photocoagulation to prevent blindness
Cervical cancer One-visit VIA (screening and treatment in one visit Women 35-42 43 per YLS
in district hospital) yrs
Cervical cancer Three visit cytology in district hospital Women 35-48 331 US$/YLS
yrs
Breast cancer Examination of breast by health worker in clinic Women 40-60 522-722 per YLS
annually years
64
Annex A Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
65
HEART
DISEASE
& STROKE
CANCER
CHRONIC
Why do we need WHO PEN ?
DIABETES RESPIRATORY
DISEASE