Answer (2):

a) Association is reference based relationship between two classes. Here a class A

holds a class level reference to class B. Association can be represented by a line
between these classes with an arrow indicating the navigation direction. In case
arrow is on the both sides, association has bidirectional navigation.

?Aggregation is same as association and is often seen as redundant relationship. A

common perception is that aggregation represents one-to-many / many-to-many / part-
whole relationships (i.e. higher multiplicity), which of course can be represented
by via association too (hence the redundancy). As aggregation doesn�t convey
anything more effective about a software design than an association, there is no
separate UML representation for it (though some developers use a hollow diamond to
indicate aggregation). You can give aggregation a miss unless you use it to convey
something special.

b) Generalization is the process of extracting shared characteristics from two or

more classes, and combining them into a generalized superclass. Shared
characteristics can be attributes, associations, or methods.

In contrast to generalization, specialization means creating new subclasses from an

existing class. If it turns out that certain attributes, associations, or methods
only apply to some of the objects of the class, a subclass can be created. The most
inclusive class in a generalization/specialization is called the superclass and is
generally located at the top of the diagram. The more specific classes are called
subclasses and are generally placed below the superclass.

c) Class diagrams are one of the most useful types of diagrams in UML as they
clearly map out the structure of a particular system by modeling its classes,
attributes, operations, and relationships between objects. With our UML diagramming
software, creating these diagrams is not as overwhelming as it might appear. This
guide will show you how to understand, plan, and create your own class diagrams.

==============================

Answer (8):

Both are programming processes whereas OOP stands for �Object Oriented Programming�
and POP stands for �Procedure Oriented Programming�. Both are programming languages
that use high-level programming to solve a problem but using different approaches.

Difference between OOP and POP Definition:

Definition:

OOP stands for Object-oriented programming and is a programming approach that

focuses on data rather than the algorithm, whereas POP, short for Procedure-
oriented programming, focuses on procedural abstractions.

Programs: ?In OOP, the program is divided into small chunks called objects which
are instances of classes, whereas in POP, the main program is divided into small
parts based on the functions.

Accessing Mode: ?Accessing Mode Three accessing modes are used in OOP to access
attributes or functions � �Private�, �Public�, and �Protected�. In POP, on the
other hand, no such accessing mode is required to access attributes or functions of
a particular program.

Focus: ?The main focus is on the data associated with the program in case of OOP
while POP relies on functions or algorithms of the program.

Execution: ?In OOP, various functions can work simultaneously while POP follows a
systematic step-by-step approach to execute methods and functions.

Data Control

In OOP, the data and functions of an object act like a single entity so
accessibility is limited to the member functions of the same class. In POP, on the
other hand, data can move freely because each function contains different data.

Security: ?OOP is more secure than POP, thanks to the data hiding feature which
limits the access of data to the member function of the same class, while there is
no such way of data hiding in POP, thus making it less secure.

Ease of Modification: New data objects can be created easily from existing objects
making object-oriented programs easy to modify, while there�s no simple process to
add data in POP, at least not without revising the whole program.

Process: OOP follows a bottom-up approach for designing a program, while POP takes
a top-down approach to design a program.

Examples: Commonly used OOP languages are C++, Java, VB.NET, etc. Pascal and
Fortran are used by POP.
=============================

Answer (7):

A deployment diagram in the Unified Modeling Language models the physical

deployment of artifacts on nodes.[1] To describe a web site, for example, a
deployment diagram would show what hardware components ("nodes") exist (e.g., a web
server, an application server, and a database server), what software components
("artifacts") run on each node (e.g., web application, database), and how the
different pieces are connected (e.g. JDBC, REST, RMI).

The nodes appear as boxes, and the artifacts allocated to each node appear as
rectangles within the boxes. Nodes may have subnodes, which appear as nested boxes.
A single node in a deployment diagram may conceptually represent multiple physical
nodes, such as a cluster of database servers.

There are two types of Nodes:

Device Node
Execution Environment Node
Device nodes are physical computing resources with processing memory and services
to execute software, such as typical computers or mobile phones. An execution
environment node (EEN) is a software computing resource that runs within an outer
node and which itself provides a service to host and execute other executable
software elements.