Manual on PROTECTION OF GENERATORS, GENERATOR TRANSFORMERS AND 220 kV AND 400 kV NETWORKS PUBLICATION NO. 274 (Revised) Editors C.VJ. VARMA PK.LAL CENTRAL BOARD OF IRRIGATION AND POWER Malcha Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110 021 New Delhi November 1999Section 2 LINE PROTECTION 1.0 GENERAL ‘The line protection relays are required to protect the line and clear all type of faults on it within shortest possible time with reliability, selectivity and sensitivity. The line protection relays shall be suitable for use with capacitive voltage transformers having passive damping and transient response as per IEC 186. Recommendation for provisions of line protection at different voltage levels are as follows: 1.1 400 KV Lines ‘There should be two independent high speed main protection schemes called Main-I and Main- Il with at least one of them being carrier aided non-switched three zone distance protection. The other protection may be a phase segregated current differential (this may require digital communication) phase comparison, directional comparison type or a carrier aided non-switched distance protection. Further, if Main and Main-Il are both distance protection schemes, then they should be preferably of different types. However, they need not necessarily be of different make. Both the protections should be suitable for single and three phase tripping. In addition to above following shall also be provided: {i) Two stage over-voltage protection. However in such cases where system has grown sufficiently or in case of short lines, utilities on their discretion may decide not to provide this protection. (i) Auto reclose relay suitable for 1 ph/3 ph (with deadline charging and synchro check facility) reclosure. {it) Sensitive IDMT directional E/F relay 1.2 220 kV Lines ‘There should be atleast one carrier aided non-switched three zone distance protection scheme. In addition to this another non-switched/switched distance scheme or directional over current and earth fault relays should be provided as back up. Main protection should be suitable for Single and three phase tripping, Additionally, auto-reclose relay suitable for 1 ph/3 ph (with dead line charging and synchro-check facility) reclosure shall be provided. In case of both line protections being Distance Protections, IDMT type E/F relay shall also be provided additionally 2.0 REQUIREMENTS 2.1 Distance Protection Distance Protection scheme shall have the following attributes: (i) Three independent zones (i) Non-switched type with separate measurements for all phase to phase and phase to ground faults. Capable of single and three phase tripping Directional (mho or quadrilateral or other suitably shaped) characteristics for zone 1, zone 2 and zone 3 19(v) (vi) (wit) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi) (xii) Capable of operation for close-up three phase faults and switch on to faults Adjustable characteristic angle to match line angle wherever applicable Accuracy of better than or equal to 5% of set value for reach measurement in zone 1 and better than or equal to 10% of set value for zone 2 and zone 3 Accuracy of better than or equal to 5% of set value for time measurement of zone 2 and zone 3 Variable residual compensation. Shall include power swing detection feature for selectively blocking, as required. Shall include suitable fuse-failure protection to monitor all types of fuse failure and block the protection. Maximum operating time under given set of condition shall be as follows: {sir 4 15, Relay setting 10 Ohms 2 Ohms Fault location (as % of relay setting) 60% 60% Trip duty Contacts per phase” 4 4 Fault resistance Zero Ohms Zero Ohms Max. Operating Times 45 ms 45 ms for 3 phase faults Including trip relays (if any) for all faults 60 ms for other faults and with CVT za (i) (i) (ii) (iv) Ww (vi) (vii) (viti) 2.3 ‘These trip duty contacts can be provided either in-built in the distance relay or through additional relay. Making capacity of trip contracts shall be 30 A for 0.25 $ with an inductive load of L/R > 10 ms Directional Comparison Protection Shall be a unit system of protection Shall be directional comparison type suitable for operation with one signalling channel, e.g., PLCC Shall have high speed fault detection based on principles like detection of post fault travelling wave, superimposed components, etc. Shall have high sensitivity for all types of faults Shall be suitable for 1 and 3 phase tripping Shall not be affected by heavy load transfer, power swings, CT saturation, CVT transients, VT fuse failure, line charging currents, distorted primary currents and voltages, external switching activities, sudden power reversal, zero sequence, mutual coupling, shunt reactor “in-zone” switching ete. and lightning strokes Shall have features like switch on to fault, weak end infeed, echo system Shall have feature to cover nearby fault at high speed in the event of channel fail Phase Segregated Line Differential Protec The relay shall be all digital multi microprocessor based, designed for use with modern digital telecommunication system multiplexer conforming to ITU-T (CCITT) specifications and Fibre Optic medium, 20