sinusoidaluri denis martivi eleqtruli wredebi

yvela SesaZlo formis perioduli denebidan farTod

moixmareba sinusoidaluri deni. sxva formis denebTan SedarebiT
sinusoidalur dens aqvs is upiratesoba, rom iZleva saSualebas
ekonomiurad vawarmooT, gadavceT da movixmaroT gamomuSavebuli
eleqtruli energia. mxolod sinusoidaluri denis gamoyenebiT
SesaZlebelia Zabvas da dens SevunarCunoT mrudebis forma rTu-
li eleqtruli wredebis yvela ubnebze.E
garda aRniSnulisa, rogorc viciT, umetes SemTxvevebSi
nebismieri formis deni (Zabva an signali) SeiZleba daiSalos
sxvadasxva sixSiris sinusoidalurad cvladi signalebis alge-
brul jamad.
am mizezebis gamo eleqtroteqnikis wredebis TeoriaSi mniS-
vnelovani adgili ukavia wredebSi sinusoidalurad cvladi
sidideebis Seswavlas.

sinusoidaluri emZ-ebi, Zabvebi da denebi

zogadad, droSi sinusoidalurad cvladi sididis myisier

mniSvnelobas aqvs saxe

a  Am sin( ωt   )  Am sin[ ω(t 
)] ,
ω
sadac Am maqsimaluri mniSvnelobaa, anu amplituda;
ω - kuTxuri sixSire.Mmisi sazomi erTeulia
radiani/wamze (rad/wm)
ωt   - faza (fazuri kuTxe);
 - sawyisi fazis mniSvneloba aRricxvis drois
sawyis momentSi (t= 0). (sawyisi fazuri kuTxe);

- sawyisi fazuri wanacvleba.
ω
kuTxuri sixSire ω , sixSire f da periodi T dakavSi-rebuli
arian TanafardobebiT
2 1
  2f  ; f  .
T T
sadac f - denis sixSirea. misi sazomi erTeulia herci (hc);
T - periodi. misi sazomi erTeulia wami (wm).
periodi ewodeba drois umcires intervals, romlis ganma- vlo-
baSi eleqtruli denis mniSvneloba meordeba.

35
 Nnax. 3.1 naCvenebia sinusoida da Sesabamisi veqtoruli dia-
grama, sadac veqtori Am brunavs mudmivi kuTxuri siC-qariT ω
saaTis isris moZraobis sapirispiro mimarTule-biT).

nax. 3.1.

perioduli funqciis moqmedi mniSvnelobebi

mudmivi da cvladi perioduli denebis moqmedebebis Sesa-

faseblad miRebulia maT mier erTsa da imave winaRo-baSi da
drois imave periodSi gamoyofili siTbos erTna-iri raodenoba,
anu Q~ = Q= .
cnobilia, rom joul-lencis kanonis Tanaxmad periodu lad
cvladi denisaTvis gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba ga
T


nisazRvreba Semdegnairad Q~  i 2 rdt .imave periodSi mudmivi den-
0
T
isaTvis ki Q  I 2 rT , maSin  i rdt  I
2 2
rT . cxadia,rom mudmivi deni
0
T


1 2
tolia I  i dt . radgan i=Imsin t+  i ),
T
0
T T T
1 2 [1  cos 2( t  i )]dt
  
1 2 2 1 2 dt I m
I I m sin ( t  i )dt  Im  Im  .
T T 2 T 2 2
0 0 0
vinaidan nebismieri harmoniuli (Cven SemTxvevaSi kosinu-
soidaluri) funqciis rxevis integralis mniSvneloba erT peri-
T
odSi udris nuls, anu 
( cos 2( t   i )dt  0) .
0

36
 analogurad ganisazRvreva emZ-is da Zabvis moqmedi mniSvnelo-
E U
bebi E  m  0,707 E m U  m  0,707U m . 
2 2
gansazRvra. perioduli denis moqmedi mniSvneloba ric-xobrivad
iseTi mudmivi denis tolia, romelic imave dro-is SualedSi,
imave winaRobaSi gamoyofs iseTive raodeno-bis siTbos, rogorsac
perioduli eleqtruli deni.

perioduli funqciis saSualo mniSvnelobebi

vinaidan erTi periodis ganmavlobaSi harmoniuli fun-qciis

rxevis saSualo mniSvnelobis sidide udris nuls, zog Sem-
TxvevaSi saWiroa vicodeT periodulad cvladi emZ-is, Zabvis da
denis saSualo mniSvnelobebi dadebiTi naxevarperiodis ganmav-
lobaSi.
sinusoidaluri denisaTvis
T /2 T /2 T /2

  
2 2 2 1
I saS.  idt  I m sin ( t )dt  I m sin ( t )d (t ) 
T T T 
0 0 0
2 1 2 1 T 2
  I m ( cos(t )) |T0 / 2    I m [(cos( )  cos(    I m  analo-
T  T  2 
 0,637 I m
2
giurad miviRebT EsaS.  Em  0,637 Em ;

2
U saS.  U m  0,637U m .

magaliTi: vipovoT U  16sin(t  150 ) v Zabvis moqmedi da saSu-
alo mniSvnelobebi.
16 2 16
amoxsna: U  11,3 v da U saS.   10,2
2 3,14

erTi da igive sixSiris sinusoidebis Sekreba

Tu gvaqvs erTidaigive sixSiris ori sinusoida

a1  A1m sin( ωt  1 ) da a2  A2m sin(ωt  2 ) miiReba faziT wana-
cvlebuli igive sixSiris a saxis sinusoida (ix. nax. 3.2.)

37
 nax. 3.2.
a  a1  a2  A1m sin (ωt  1 )  A2 m sin (ωt   2 )  Am sin (ωt   ) .
miRebuli sinusoidis Am amplituda da faza  udris

Am  A12m  A12m  2 A1m A2 m cos (1   2 ) ;


A sin1  A2m sin 2 
tg  1m . 
A1m cos1  A2m cos 2 
sinusoidaluri denis da Zabvis myisieri mniSvnelo-
bebi mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli r, L da C elementebisagan Sedgenil
wredSi

kirxhofis meore kanonis Tanaxmad mimdevrobiT SeerTe-buli r,

L da C elementebisagan Sedgenili erTkonturiani wredisaTvis
(nax. 3.3.) u = ur + uL + uc , sadac ur – Zabvis vardnaa aqtiur
winaRobaze;
uL – Zabvis vardnaa induq-tiurobaze,
amasTan
di
u L  e L  L ,
dt
eL - TviTinduqciis emZ-aa,
xolo cvladi deni
nax. 3.3.
t


1
udris i  u L dt  i(0) ; uC – Zabvis vardnaa tevadobaze.
L
0
t
du C

1
deni tolia i  C , xolo Zabva uC  idt  uC (0) .
dt C
0

38
 vinaidan wredi CarTulia cvlad Zabvaze u  U m sin(t   u ) , da
masSi gadis cvladi deni i  I m sin(t   u   ) , maSin denis da Zabvis
amplituduri mniSvnelobebisaTvis omis kanons eqneba saxe:
1
L 
Im 
Um

Um
; tg  C ; (90 0    90 0 ).
z 1 2 r
r 2  (L  )
C
Zabvis da denis moqmedi mniSvnelobebisaTvis omis kanons eqne-
ba saxe:
U U U U U
I     ,
z 1 2 r 2  ( x L  xC ) 2 r 2  x2 z
r 2  (L  )
C
sadac xL = L induqtiuri winaRobaa;
xC = C - tevaduri winaRoba;
x = xL - xC - reaqtiuli winaRoba;
z  r 2  x 2 - sruli winaRoba.

Zabvis, denis da winaRobis samkuTxedebi

idealur induqtiur da tevadur winaRobebSi cvladi denis

moqmedeba iwvevs Zabvis da denis erTmaneTis mimarT faziT
daZvras. es ar exeba rezistorul winaRobebs, romlebSic denis
da Zabvis mimarTulebebi (fazebi) emTxveva erTmaneTs.
induqtiur winaRobebSi modebuli Zabva uswrebs denis mimar-
Tulebas 900 gradusiT, xolo tevadurSi denis mimarTuleba us-
wrebs Zabvis mimarTulebas 900 gradusiT.

davamtkicod analizurad.
 induqciuri winaRobisaTvis i  I m sin t , maSin koWaze modebuli
Zabva toli iqneba
di 
uL  L  LI m  cos t  LI m sin(t  ) ,
dt 2
anu Zabva uswrebs dens 900 gradusiT.
 tevaduri winaRobisaTvis uC  U m sin t , maSin kondensatorSi
gamavali deni toli iqneba
du 
iC  C  CU m cost  CU m sin(t  )
dt 2
39
 anu deni uswrebs Zabvas 900 gradusiT.
** uL da uC Zabvebi erTmaneTis mimarT sapirispirod arian
mimarTuli da Seadgenen 1800 graduss. es garemoeba gamoiyeneba
denis da Zabvis rezonansul wredebSi (ix. TaviV).
ganvixiloT wredi nax. 3.3. mis momWerebze modebuli Zabva
SeiZleba davSaloT mdgenelebad nax. 3.4.: Ua=Ir –

a
b
nax. 3.4.
aqtiuri,
misi
faza
emTxveva
denis
fazas da Ur – reaqti-uli Zabvis veqtori uswrebs dens 900 gra-
dusiT im Sem-TxvevaSi, Tu wredis induqciuri winaRoba metia
tevadur winaRobaze (ix. nax. 3.4.a), xolo Tu naklebia masze, maSin
CamorCeba 900 gradusiT (ix. nax. 3.4.b):
U a  Ir  U cos ;
U r  Ix  U sin  ;
U  U a2  U r2  Iz.
analogiurad SegviZlia warmovidginoT winaRobebis da denebis
samkuTxedebi, romlebic gagviadvileben aqtiuri da reaqtiuli
parametrebis mdgenelebis dadgenas.
winaRobaTa samkuTxedidan (nax.3.5.) gamomdinareobs Tanafardo-
bebi

r
cos  ;
z
x
sin   ;
z
x
tg  .
r
nax. 3.5.
denebis samkuTxedidan (nax.3.6.) gamomdinareobs Tanafa-rdobebi
I a  I cos ;

I r  I sin  ;

I  I a2  I r2 .
nax. 3.6.

40
 topografiuli diagramebi

cvladi denis wredis elementebis SeerTebis wertile-bis po-

tencialebi warmoadgenen kompleqsur sidideebs. am wertilebis
asaxvisas kompleqsur sibrtyeze gamoiyeneba

a b
nax. 3.7.
e.w. topografiuli diagramebi, romlebic amartiveben wertilebis
kompleqsuri potencialebis gaangariSebas.
topografiuli diagramis asagebad erT-erTi wertilis poten-
cials miiCneven nulis tolad da mis mimarT awarmoeben konturis
Semovlas.
ganvixiloT nax. 3.7. moyvanili eleqtruli sqema (a) da misi
topografiuli diagrama (b). sawyis anu nulovan wertilad
aRebulia wertili b. am wertilidan mimdevrobiT vuvliT wredSi
Semaval yvela elements da miRebuli mniSvnelobebis Sesabamisad
kompleqsur sibrtyeze dagvaqvs Sesabamisi wertilebi. Ddiagramis
Sedgenis Semdeg SesaZlebelia vipovoT nebismier or wertils
Soris potencialTa sxvaoba da ra saxis datvirTasTan gvaqvs
saqme, rac mniSnelovan rols TamaSobs eleqtruli sqemis ana-
lizisaTvis.

aqtiuri, reaqtiuli, sruli simZlavreebi

da simZlavreebis balansi

miRebulia Semdegi aRniSvnebi: aqtiuri simZlavre P, reaqtiu-

li simZlavre Q da sruli simZlavre S. simZlavreebis gamosaan-
gariSebeli gamosaxulebebia:

41
 U2
P  I 2r   UI cos ;
r
2
Q  I 2 x  U  UI sin  ;
x
U2
S  P 2  Q 2  UI  I 2 z  .
z
nebismieri eleqtruli wredisaTvis WeSmaritia Semdegi simZla-
vreebis balansi:
Pwyaroebis  P momxmareblebis ;
Q wyaroebis  Q momxmareblebis.

42